DOCSLIB.ORG

Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: an International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: an International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease Sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development- Co-operative Research Programme (OECD-CRP) and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology Session 1: Microsporidia- a general introduction (Grant Stentiford, Chair) 8:30 am Grant Stentiford, Introduction 8:40 Primal Silva, Executive Director, Animal Health Science Directorate, Canada and Member Scientific Advisory Body, OECD – Introduction to the OECD/CRP. Stressors in the global food chain and the importance of pathogens. 8:50 Kristina Rösel, (International Livestock Research Institute, CGIAR Consortium): Parasites in Food Chains 9:10 James Becnel (USDA-ARS, Gainesville FL, USA): Introduction to the Microsporidia 9:30 Patrick Keeling (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research): The Microsporidia: where did they come from and where are they going? Session 2: Microsporidiosis in humans (Louis Weiss, Chair) 9:50 Louis Weiss (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY): Microsporidiosis in humans – an emerging issue? (Text not available) 10:10 Elizabeth Didier (Tulane University): Is global immunosuppresion linked to rising burdens of microsporidiosis in human and animal populations? 10:30 Coffee 11:00 Bryony Williams (University of Exeter): How do Microsporidia exploit the biochemistry and physiology of the host cell? Session 3: Microsporidiosis in terrestrial animals (James Becnel, Chair) 11:20 Louis Weiss (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY): Microsporidiosis in farmed animals and terrestrial wildlife – their role in zoonoses (Text not available) 11:40 Karen Snowden- (Texas A&M): Microsporidiosis in companion animals – their role in zoonoses (Video) 12:00 Susan Bjornson (St. Mary’s University): Microsporidia as regulators of insect populations and disease agents in mass-reared insects – a future threat to edible insect cultivation? 1 12:20 Lunch Session 4: Microsporidiosis in aquatic animals (Grant Stentiford, Chair) 13:30 Michael Kent (Oregon State University): Microsporidiosis in wild fish – an emerging issue? 13:50 Mark A. Freeman (University of Malaya): Wild and cultured fish as potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans 14:10 Grant D. Stentiford (European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Cefas, UK): Pathogens of aquatic arthropods – focus on the Enterocytozoonidae 14:30 Yuliya Sokolova (Louisiana State University): Clues for multiple-taxa lifecycles from invertebrate research 14:50 Break Session 5: Microsporidian role in pollinator health (Leellen Solter, Chair) 15:20 Mark Brown (Royal Holloway, University of London): Is microsporidian infection/disease becoming more common in bumble bees? 15:50 Leellen Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois): Interactions of Microsporidia with the global honey bee population Session 6: Future look and final discussion (Symposium Organizers) 16:00 Emily Troemel (University of California, San Diego): Current and future models for microsporidian research 16:30- 17:30 Panel Discussion Symposium Organizers: James Becnel, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL Leellen Solter, Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Grant Stentiford, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, UK Louis Weiss, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 2 Table of Contents Microsporidia- a general introduction Kristina Rösel and Delia Grace (International Livestock Research Institute, CGIAR Consortium): Parasites in Food Chains................................................................................................................. 5 James Becnel (USDA-ARS, Gainesville FL, USA): Introduction to the Microsporidia .................... 15 Patrick Keeling (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research): The Microsporidia: where did they come from and where are they going? ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Microsporidiosis in humans Elizabeth Didier (Tulane University): Is global immunosuppresion linked to rising burdens of microsporidiosis in human and animal populations? ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Bryony Williams (University of Exeter): How do Microsporidia exploit the biochemistry and physiology of the host cell? .................................................................................................................. 47 Microsporidiosis in terrestrial animals Karen Snowden- (Texas A&M): Microsporidiosis in companion animals – their role in zoonoses ................................................................................................................................................ 57 3 Table of Contents (continued) Susan Bjornson (St. Mary’s University): Microsporidia as regulators of insect populations and disease agents in mass-reared insects – a future threat to edible insect cultivation? .............. 65 Microsporidiosis in aquatic animals Michael L. Kent and Justin L. Sanders (Oregon State University): Microsporidiosis in wild fish – an emerging issue?..................................................................................................................... 71 Mark A. Freeman (University of Malaya): Wild and cultured fish as potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans ............................................................................................................. 79 Grant D. Stentiford (European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Cefas, UK): Pathogens of aquatic arthropods – focus on the Enterocytozoonidae ................................ 86 Yuliya Sokolova (Louisiana State University): Clues for multiple-taxa lifecycles from invertebrate research ........................................................................................................................... 93 Microsporidian role in pollinator health Mark Brown (Royal Holloway, University of London): Is microsporidian infection/disease becoming more common in bumble bees? ..................................................................................... 107 Leellen Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois): Interactions of Microsporidia with the global honey bee population ...................................................................... 120 Future look Emily Troemel (University of California, San Diego): Current and future models for microsporidian research .................................................................................................................... 128 4 Parasites in Food Chains Kristina Roesel1,2 and Delia Grace1 1International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; 2Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Author email: [email protected] Keywords: burden, foodborne parasitic diseases, globalization, OneHealth Abstract While in high-income countries, the majority people die from non-communicable, chronic conditions, nearly 40% of deaths in developing countries are among children under 15 years. Diarrhea is among the top ten leading causes of death and many cases are caused by pathogens transmitted in food and water supplies. This paper introduces major representatives of foodborne parasites and aims to show why they are no longer a public health concern of low- income countries only. Approaches used in assessing and managing the risk of foodborne parasitoses will be presented. Diseases in complex food production systems In high-income countries ca. 70% of people die above the age of 70 years, mostly due to non- communicable, chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Foodborne infections caused illness in 12.5% (4 million) Canadians in 2006, and 16.7% (48 million) US-Americans in 2011. In these countries, the majority of disease cases are caused by unknown agents and the top four of identified pathogens are Norovirus, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter species (Thomas et al. 2013; CDC 2011). In low-income countries, nearly 40% of deaths are among children under 15 years. People die mostly of infectious diseases (i.e. lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, malaria, diarrhoea and tuberculosis). Diarrhoea is among the top 10 leading causes of death in lower-middle income countries, killing 1.5 million people in 2012 (Word Health Organisation, 2014). Many of these 5 deaths are caused by pathogens transmitted to humans in food and water supplies (Gajadhar et al. 2006). Human food from both plants and animals is produced, processed and marketed in intricately linked systems of primary producers (i.e. corn or cattle), input and service providers (i.e. pesticides, water, veterinary drugs), transporters, processors, wholesalers, retailers, consumers and end-users of by-products (i.e. manure). Foodborne diseases are conditions that are commonly transmitted through ingested food and comprise a broad range of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens, parasites, chemical contaminants and biotoxins which are either naturally present in food (i.e. cyanogens in cassava) or contaminate food at different points in the food production and preparation process (WHO 2007). Humans harbour about 300 species of helminths and over 70 species of protozoa; many are transmitted by food and water (Ellin 2003). According to the International Classification of Diseases, eight out of the 21 etiological causes of death due to potentially
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback Alexander Stewart*, Joseph Jacksonx, Iain Barber{, Christophe Eizaguirrejj, Rachel Paterson*, Pieter van West#, Chris Williams** and Joanne Cable*,1 *Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom x University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom { University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom jj Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom #Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom **National Fisheries Service, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Stickleback Husbandry 7 2.1 Ethics 7 2.2 Collection 7 2.3 Maintenance 9 2.4 Breeding sticklebacks in vivo and in vitro 10 2.5 Hatchery 15 3. Common Stickleback Parasite Cultures 16 3.1 Argulus foliaceus 17 3.1.1 Introduction 17 3.1.2 Source, culture and infection 18 3.1.3 Immunology 22 3.2 Camallanus lacustris 22 3.2.1 Introduction 22 3.2.2 Source, culture and infection 23 3.2.3 Immunology 25 3.3 Diplostomum Species 26 3.3.1 Introduction 26 3.3.2 Source, culture and infection 27 3.3.3 Immunology 28 Advances in Parasitology, Volume 98 ISSN 0065-308X © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001 All rights reserved. 1 j ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 Alexander Stewart et al. 3.4 Glugea anomala 30 3.4.1 Introduction 30 3.4.2 Source, culture and infection 30 3.4.3 Immunology 31 3.5 Gyrodactylus Species 31 3.5.1 Introduction 31 3.5.2 Source, culture and infection 32 3.5.3 Immunology 34 3.6 Saprolegnia parasitica 35 3.6.1 Introduction 35 3.6.2 Source, culture and infection 36 3.6.3 Immunology 37 3.7 Schistocephalus solidus 38 3.7.1 Introduction 38 3.7.2 Source, culture and infection 39 3.7.3 Immunology 43 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Thousand Parasites Under The
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia Tesis Doctoral Twenty thousand parasites under the sea: a multidisciplinary approach to parasite communities of deep-dwelling fishes from the slopes of the Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean) Tesis doctoral presentada por Sara Maria Dallarés Villar para optar al título de Doctora en Acuicultura bajo la dirección de la Dra. Maite Carrassón López de Letona, del Dr. Francesc Padrós Bover y de la Dra. Montserrat Solé Rovira. La presente tesis se ha inscrito en el programa de doctorado en Acuicultura, con mención de calidad, de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Los directores Maite Carrassón Francesc Padrós Montserrat Solé López de Letona Bover Rovira Universitat Autònoma de Universitat Autònoma de Institut de Ciències Barcelona Barcelona del Mar (CSIC) La tutora La doctoranda Maite Carrassón Sara Maria López de Letona Dallarés Villar Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, diciembre de 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cuando miro atrás, al comienzo de esta tesis, me doy cuenta de cuán enriquecedora e importante ha sido para mí esta etapa, a todos los niveles.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Health Assessment of Glass Eels from Canadian Maritime Rivers
    Fish Health Assessment of Glass Eels from Canadian Maritime Rivers D. Groman, R. Threader, D. Wadowska, T. Maynard and L. Blimke Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College Ontario Power Generation Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College Kleinschimidt Associates Project Background Objective - Capture glass eels in NS/NB for stocking in Great Lakes Watershed Protocol - Transfer glass eels to quarantine Health Assessment ( G. L. F. H. C.) OTC Marking of glass eels Transfer and stocking ( Ontario & Quebec ) 1 Glass Eel / Elver Glass Eel Transport Bag 2 Glass Eel Acclimation and Transfer Boat Glass Eel Transfer 3 Glass Eel Stocking Glass Eel Stocking Data Number Purchase kg Price Stocking Stocking Number of Eels Mean Length Mean Mass Year Purchased (per kg) Date Location Stocked (mm) (g) Mallorytown 2006 102.07 $ 637 Oct. 12, 2006 166,7741 0.69 (n = 25) Landing Mallorytown 2007 151 $ 1,310 – $ 1,415 June 21, 2007 436,907 59.2 (n=49; ±0.5) Landing Mallorytown 0.17 May 15, 2008 797,475 60.9 (n=40; ±0.6) Landing (n=40; ±0.0006) 2008 370 $ 630 - $ 805 Mallorytown 0.14 May 29, 2008 518,358 60.4 (n=40; ±0.5) Landing (n=40; ±0.0004) June 11, 2008 Deseronto 685,728 56.5 (n=40; ±0.5) 0.14 (n=40; ±0.006) 651,521 June 2, 2009 Deseronto 59.14 (n=246; ±4.0) 0.18 (n=246; ±4.0) (±47,269) 2009 299 $ 630 Mallorytown 651,521 June 2, 2009 59.14 (n=246; ±4.0) 0.18 (n=246; ±0.04) Landing (±47,269) Estimated Total Number of Eels Stocked from 2006 - 2009 3,908,284 4 Health Assessment Objective - To screen subsamples of glass eel
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV): on the Search for Determinants Important for Virulence in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Nov 08, 2017 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss Olesen, Niels Jørgen; Skall, H. F.; Kurita, J.; Mori, K.; Ito, T. Published in: 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Olesen, N. J., Skall, H. F., Kurita, J., Mori, K., & Ito, T. (2015). Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. In 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish: Abstract book (pp. 147-147). [O-139] Las Palmas: European Association of Fish Pathologists. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DISCLAIMER: The organizer takes no responsibility for any of the content stated in the abstracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Workshop in Diagnosis of the Exotic Fish Diseases EHN and EUS and the 12Th Annual Meeting of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases
    Report on the Workshop in diagnosis of the exotic fish diseases EHN and EUS and the 12th Annual Meeting of the National Reference Laboratories for Fish Diseases Aarhus, Denmark June 17-20, 2008 Organised by the Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark Report from the 12th Annual Meeting of the National Reference Laboratories for fish diseases, 17-20 June 2008, Aarhus, Denmark Contents Introduction and short summary ............................................................................................................4 Programme .............................................................................................................................................5 Programme .............................................................................................................................................6 SESSION IA: Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV)..........................................................9 Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis (EHN) disease – a review...........................................................9 Comparison of isolation procedures for ranavirus in fish organs. ...................................................10 How to detect EHNV and related ranaviruses using IHC and IFAT ..............................................11 Ranaviruses - Molecular detection and differentiation ....................................................................12 SESSION IB: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS).........................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Fauna of Sardinella Aurita Valenciennes, 1847 from Algerian Coast
    Zoology and Ecology, 2020, Volume 30, Number 1 Print ISSN: 2165-8005 Online ISSN: 2165-8013 https://doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2020.2.3 PARASITIC FAUNA OF SARDINELLA AURITA VALENCIENNES, 1847 FROM ALGERIAN COAST Souhila Ramdania*, Jean-Paul Trillesb and Zouhir Ramdanea aLaboratoire de la zoologie appliquée et de l’écophysiologie animale, université Abderrahmane Mira-Bejaia, Algérie; bUniversité de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Article history Abstract. The parasitic fauna of Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 from the Gulf of Bejaia (east- Received: 10 May 2020; ern coast of Algeria) was studied. The parasites collected from 400 host fish specimens, comprised accepted 18 August 2020 10 taxa including 6 species of Digenea, 1 species of Copepoda, 1 species of Nematoda, 1 larva of Cestoda and an unidentified Microsporidian species. The Nematoda Hysterothylacium sp. and the Keywords: Copepoda Clavellisa emarginata (Krøyer, 1873) are newly reported for S. aurita. The Digenean Parasites; Clupeidae fish; parasites were numerous, diverse and constituted the most dominant group (P = 33.63%). The Gulf of Bejaia checklist of all known parasite species collected from S. aurita in the Mediterranean Sea includes 13 species, among which eight are Digeneans. INTRODUCTION disease in commercially valuable fish (Yokoyama et al. 2002; Kent et al. 2014; Phelps et al. 2015; Mansour Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847, is a small widely et al. 2016). distributed pelagic fish. It frequently occurs along the The aim of this study was to identify the parasitic fauna Algerian coastline as well as in Tunisia, Egypt, Greece infecting S. aurita from the eastern coast of Algeria, and and Sicily (Dieuzeide and Roland 1957; Kartas and to establish a checklist of all known parasite species Quignard 1976).
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2015
    CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2015 INSIDE › CAN FILTER-feeding bivALVES INGEST PLANKTONIC SEA LICE, LEADING TO REDUCED SEA LICE NUMBERS ON CULTIVATED SALMON? › DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO PROMOTE THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WALLEYE (SANDER VITREUS) larVAE IN INTENSIVE CULTURE › ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE OF ATLANTIC SALMON DEFORMITIES IN PRODUCtion – envirONMENTAL OR GENETIcs? › PREDICTIVE MODELING FOR PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING IN BAYNES SOUND, BC AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SPECIAL PUBLICAtion 24 Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2015 AAC Special Publication #24 ISBN: 978-0-9881415-5-1 © 2015 Aquaculture Association of Canada Cover Photo (Front): Juvenile California Sea Cucumber, Parastichopus californicus, perched on an oyster clump amid a forest of oyster culture strings (Photo courtesy of Dan Curtis – DFO) Photo Inside Cover (Front): New Brunswick aquaculture site (Photo: DFO) Photo Cover (Back): Shutterstock Photo Inside Cover (Back): Rainbow Trout hatchlings, New Dundee Ontario (Photo: DFO) The Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2015 has been published with support provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP) and the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). Submitted materials may have been edited for length and writing style. Projects not included in this edition should be submitted before the deadline to be set for the next edition. Editors: Dan McPhee, Tara Donaghy, Johannie Duhaime, and G. Jay Parsons Cited as: D McPhee, T Donaghy, J Duhaime, and GJ Parsons (eds). Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2015. Aquaculture Association of Canada Special Publication 24 (2015) CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEw 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ❙ FINFISH: FRESHWATER .................................... 3 ❙ FINFISH: SALMON ........................................... 15 ❙ SEA LICE ..............................................................28 ❙ FISH HEALTH .....................................................38 ❙ ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS .......
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017
    CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2017 INSIDE Effects of Cage Aquaculture on Freshwater Benthic Communities Impact of Mussel Culture on Infauna and Sediment Biogeochemistry Marine Reservoirs of Infectious Agents Associated with Proliferative Gill Disorders in Farmed Salmon Epidemiological Analysis and Modeling of Aquatic Pathogens Susceptibility of Sockeye Salmon to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia The Effect of Dietary Camelina Oil on Health of Salmon The Effects of Smolt Size on the Intensity of Kudoa thyrsites Infections in Atlantic Salmon AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SPECIAL PUBLICATION 25 Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017 AAC Special Publication #25 ISBN: 978-0-9881415-7-5 © 2017 Aquaculture Association of Canada Cover Photo (Front): Atlantic Salmon farm in Doctor's Cove, New Brunswick (Photo: Kobb Media) Photo Inside Cover (Front): La Butte Ronde on the island of Havre-aux-Maisons, Magdalen Islands (Québec), overlooking baie de Plaisance (Photo: Dan McPhee – DFO) Cover Photo (Back): Atlantic Salmon farm in Doctor's Cove, New Brunswick (Photo: Kobb Media) Photo Inside Cover (Back): Shoreline on the island of Havre-aux-Maisons in the Magdalen Islands Québec (Photo: Dan McPhee – DFO) The Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017 has been published with support provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada's Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP) and the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). Submitted materials may have been edited for length and writing style. Projects not included in this edition should be submitted before the deadline to be set for the next edition. Editors: Dan McPhee, Johannie Duhaime, Alex Tuen, and G. Jay Parsons Cited as: D McPhee, J Duhaime, A Tuen, and GJ Parsons (eds).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Xenoma of Vairimorpha Necatrix Provides Insights Into the Most Efficient Mode of Microsporidian Proliferation
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.699239 Characterizing the Xenoma of Vairimorpha necatrix Provides Insights Into the Most Efficient Mode of Microsporidian Proliferation † † Tian Li 1,2* , Zhuoya Fang 1,2 , Qiang He 1,2, Chunxia Wang 1,2, Xianzhi Meng 1,2, Bin Yu 1,2 and Zeyang Zhou 1,2,3* 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 2 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 3 College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China Edited by: Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Microsporidia are a group of obligated intracellular parasites that can infect nearly all Qingdao Agricultural University, China vertebrates and invertebrates, including humans and economic animals. Microsporidian Reviewed by: Vairimorpha necatrix is a natural pathogen of multiple insects and can massively proliferate Yongqi Shao, by making tumor-like xenoma in host tissue. However, little is known about the subcellular Zhejiang University, China Jinshan Xu, structures of this xenoma and the proliferation features of the pathogens inside. Here, we Chongqing Normal University, China characterized the V. necatrix xenoma produced in muscle cells of silkworm midgut. In result, Edilson Rodrigues Matos, the whitish xenoma was initially observed on the 12th day post infection on the outer surface of Federal Government of Brazil, Brazil the midgut and later became larger and numerous. The observation by scanning electronic *Correspondence: Tian Li microscopy showed that the xenoma is mostly elliptical and spindle with dense pathogen- [email protected] containing protrusions and spores on the surface, which were likely shedding off the xenoma Zeyang Zhou [email protected] through exocytosis and could be an infection source of other tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water Michael L. Kent1,* and Trygve T. Poppe2 1Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6, Canada; 2Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8196 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway Introduction transferred with them to sea cages. Brown and Bruno (Chapter 4) deal with these Salmonids are the primary fishes reared in freshwater diseases, and our emphasis is cold seawater netpens. This component of infectious diseases that are contracted after the industry produces approximately transfer to sea cages. − 500,000 t year 1 on a worldwide basis. The principle species reared in netpens are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), coho Viral Diseases salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Several viruses are important pathogens of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). salmonid fishes, particularly during their Additional species include minor produc- early development in fresh water (Wolf, tion of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), 1988). Viral diseases of fishes have histori- Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock cally been of great concern to fish health (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Atlantic managers because they can cause high mor- halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and tality. In addition, the presence of certain Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus). The viruses in a fish population causes eco- purpose of this chapter is to review the most nomic hardships to fish farmers due to important infectious diseases affecting fish restrictions on transfer or sale of these fish. reared in cold seawater netpens.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Myxozoans from the Urinary Tract of Topsmelt, Atherinops Affinis
    J. Parasitol., 101(5), 2015, pp. 577–586 Ó American Society of Parasitologists 2015 TWO MYXOZOANS FROM THE URINARY TRACT OF TOPSMELT, ATHERINOPS AFFINIS Justin L. Sanders, Alejandra G. Jaramillo*, Jacob E. Ashford*, Stephen W. Feist†, Kevin D. Lafferty‡, and Michael L. Kent§ Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Correspondence should be sent to: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Two myxozoan species were observed in the kidney of topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, during a survey of parasites of estuarine fishes in the Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve, California. Fish collected on 3 dates in 2012 and 2013 were sectioned and examined histologically. Large extrasporogonic stages occurred in the renal interstitium of several fish from the first 2 collections (5/8, 11/20, respectively) and, in some fish, these replaced over 80% of the kidney. In addition, presporogonic and polysporogonic stages occurred in the lumen of the renal tubules, collecting ducts, and mesonephric ducts. The latter contained subspherical spores with up to 4 polar capsules, consistent with the genus Chloromyxum. For the third collection (15 May 2013, n ¼ 30), we portioned kidneys for examination by histology, wet mount, and DNA extraction for small subunit ribosomal (SSU rDNA) gene sequencing. Histology showed the large extrasporogonic forms in the kidney interstitium of 3 fish and showed 2 other fish with subspherical myxospores in the lumen of the renal tubules with smooth valves and 2 spherical polar capsules consistent with the genus Sphaerospora. Chloromyxum- type myxospores were observed in the renal tubules of 1 fish by wet mount. Sequencing of the kidney tissue from this fish yielded a partial SSU rDNA sequence of 1,769 base pairs (bp).
    [Show full text]
  • View Full Text Article
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 4 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Fresh Water Laura L. Brown1 and David W. Bruno2 1National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; 2Fisheries Research Services, The Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK Introduction in flow-through or recirculation facilities. The book concerns diseases of finfish and Raising fish in fresh water is an ancient we shall examine those diseases that have practice and the earliest records of relevance to cage and tank culture. Diseases aquaculture date from 2000 BC in China, specific to channel or earthen pond culture although these relate to aquaculture in fresh will not be discussed. warm water (Brown, 1977). The rearing of To avoid excessive repetition of infor- animals in a cold freshwater environment mation given elsewhere, we have defined is a relatively recent phenomenon and dates infectious diseases of cold fresh water as from the 1930s when trout were first raised those that rarely, if ever, occur in water in ponds in Denmark (Shepherd, 1988). whose temperature exceeds 15°C. The Since then, coldwater aquaculture has majority of infectious diseases discussed grown exponentially and in 1996 the global are those that are normally associated with cold freshwater aquaculture production the dominant species cultured in cold fresh including trout, salmon, eels and sturgeon water: trout and juvenile salmonids. Many was in excess of 1.5 Mt (New, 1999). pathogens have been isolated in fish cul- In addition to fish that are cultured tured both in seawater and fresh water and exclusively in fresh water, juvenile for some diseases it was decided that most salmonids are raised in a freshwater cases are seen in fresh water and thus are environment prior to smoltification and in this chapter.
    [Show full text]