Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease Sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development- Co-operative Research Programme (OECD-CRP) and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology Session 1: Microsporidia- a general introduction (Grant Stentiford, Chair) 8:30 am Grant Stentiford, Introduction 8:40 Primal Silva, Executive Director, Animal Health Science Directorate, Canada and Member Scientific Advisory Body, OECD – Introduction to the OECD/CRP. Stressors in the global food chain and the importance of pathogens. 8:50 Kristina Rösel, (International Livestock Research Institute, CGIAR Consortium): Parasites in Food Chains 9:10 James Becnel (USDA-ARS, Gainesville FL, USA): Introduction to the Microsporidia 9:30 Patrick Keeling (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research): The Microsporidia: where did they come from and where are they going? Session 2: Microsporidiosis in humans (Louis Weiss, Chair) 9:50 Louis Weiss (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY): Microsporidiosis in humans – an emerging issue? (Text not available) 10:10 Elizabeth Didier (Tulane University): Is global immunosuppresion linked to rising burdens of microsporidiosis in human and animal populations? 10:30 Coffee 11:00 Bryony Williams (University of Exeter): How do Microsporidia exploit the biochemistry and physiology of the host cell? Session 3: Microsporidiosis in terrestrial animals (James Becnel, Chair) 11:20 Louis Weiss (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY): Microsporidiosis in farmed animals and terrestrial wildlife – their role in zoonoses (Text not available) 11:40 Karen Snowden- (Texas A&M): Microsporidiosis in companion animals – their role in zoonoses (Video) 12:00 Susan Bjornson (St. Mary’s University): Microsporidia as regulators of insect populations and disease agents in mass-reared insects – a future threat to edible insect cultivation? 1 12:20 Lunch Session 4: Microsporidiosis in aquatic animals (Grant Stentiford, Chair) 13:30 Michael Kent (Oregon State University): Microsporidiosis in wild fish – an emerging issue? 13:50 Mark A. Freeman (University of Malaya): Wild and cultured fish as potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans 14:10 Grant D. Stentiford (European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Cefas, UK): Pathogens of aquatic arthropods – focus on the Enterocytozoonidae 14:30 Yuliya Sokolova (Louisiana State University): Clues for multiple-taxa lifecycles from invertebrate research 14:50 Break Session 5: Microsporidian role in pollinator health (Leellen Solter, Chair) 15:20 Mark Brown (Royal Holloway, University of London): Is microsporidian infection/disease becoming more common in bumble bees? 15:50 Leellen Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois): Interactions of Microsporidia with the global honey bee population Session 6: Future look and final discussion (Symposium Organizers) 16:00 Emily Troemel (University of California, San Diego): Current and future models for microsporidian research 16:30- 17:30 Panel Discussion Symposium Organizers: James Becnel, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL Leellen Solter, Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Grant Stentiford, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, UK Louis Weiss, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 2 Table of Contents Microsporidia- a general introduction Kristina Rösel and Delia Grace (International Livestock Research Institute, CGIAR Consortium): Parasites in Food Chains................................................................................................................. 5 James Becnel (USDA-ARS, Gainesville FL, USA): Introduction to the Microsporidia .................... 15 Patrick Keeling (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research): The Microsporidia: where did they come from and where are they going? ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Microsporidiosis in humans Elizabeth Didier (Tulane University): Is global immunosuppresion linked to rising burdens of microsporidiosis in human and animal populations? ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Bryony Williams (University of Exeter): How do Microsporidia exploit the biochemistry and physiology of the host cell? .................................................................................................................. 47 Microsporidiosis in terrestrial animals Karen Snowden- (Texas A&M): Microsporidiosis in companion animals – their role in zoonoses ................................................................................................................................................ 57 3 Table of Contents (continued) Susan Bjornson (St. Mary’s University): Microsporidia as regulators of insect populations and disease agents in mass-reared insects – a future threat to edible insect cultivation? .............. 65 Microsporidiosis in aquatic animals Michael L. Kent and Justin L. Sanders (Oregon State University): Microsporidiosis in wild fish – an emerging issue?..................................................................................................................... 71 Mark A. Freeman (University of Malaya): Wild and cultured fish as potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans ............................................................................................................. 79 Grant D. Stentiford (European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Cefas, UK): Pathogens of aquatic arthropods – focus on the Enterocytozoonidae ................................ 86 Yuliya Sokolova (Louisiana State University): Clues for multiple-taxa lifecycles from invertebrate research ........................................................................................................................... 93 Microsporidian role in pollinator health Mark Brown (Royal Holloway, University of London): Is microsporidian infection/disease becoming more common in bumble bees? ..................................................................................... 107 Leellen Solter (Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois): Interactions of Microsporidia with the global honey bee population ...................................................................... 120 Future look Emily Troemel (University of California, San Diego): Current and future models for microsporidian research .................................................................................................................... 128 4 Parasites in Food Chains Kristina Roesel1,2 and Delia Grace1 1International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; 2Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Author email: [email protected] Keywords: burden, foodborne parasitic diseases, globalization, OneHealth Abstract While in high-income countries, the majority people die from non-communicable, chronic conditions, nearly 40% of deaths in developing countries are among children under 15 years. Diarrhea is among the top ten leading causes of death and many cases are caused by pathogens transmitted in food and water supplies. This paper introduces major representatives of foodborne parasites and aims to show why they are no longer a public health concern of low- income countries only. Approaches used in assessing and managing the risk of foodborne parasitoses will be presented. Diseases in complex food production systems In high-income countries ca. 70% of people die above the age of 70 years, mostly due to non- communicable, chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Foodborne infections caused illness in 12.5% (4 million) Canadians in 2006, and 16.7% (48 million) US-Americans in 2011. In these countries, the majority of disease cases are caused by unknown agents and the top four of identified pathogens are Norovirus, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter species (Thomas et al. 2013; CDC 2011). In low-income countries, nearly 40% of deaths are among children under 15 years. People die mostly of infectious diseases (i.e. lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, malaria, diarrhoea and tuberculosis). Diarrhoea is among the top 10 leading causes of death in lower-middle income countries, killing 1.5 million people in 2012 (Word Health Organisation, 2014). Many of these 5 deaths are caused by pathogens transmitted to humans in food and water supplies (Gajadhar et al. 2006). Human food from both plants and animals is produced, processed and marketed in intricately linked systems of primary producers (i.e. corn or cattle), input and service providers (i.e. pesticides, water, veterinary drugs), transporters, processors, wholesalers, retailers, consumers and end-users of by-products (i.e. manure). Foodborne diseases are conditions that are commonly transmitted through ingested food and comprise a broad range of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens, parasites, chemical contaminants and biotoxins which are either naturally present in food (i.e. cyanogens in cassava) or contaminate food at different points in the food production and preparation process (WHO 2007). Humans harbour about 300 species of helminths and over 70 species of protozoa; many are transmitted by food and water (Ellin 2003). According to the International Classification of Diseases, eight out of the 21 etiological causes of death due to potentially