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Auxilia Moesiae Superioris

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Auxilia Moesiae Superioris Florian Matei-Popescu • Ovidiu Ţentea Auxilia Moesiae Superioris NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ROMANIAN HISTORY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY “VASILE PÂRVAN” THE CENTRE FOR ROMAN MILITARY STUDIES 9 Series editors: OVIDIU ŢENTEA FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU Florian Matei-Popescu Ovidiu Ţentea AUXILIA MOESIAE SUPERIORIS MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE 2018 A first version of this work was made in the framework of the STRATEG Project – PNCDI II, P4, 91-010/ 2007, financed by the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS). Editors: Ovidiu Ţentea and Florian Matei-Popescu English translation: Gabriela Balica Cover design: Andrei Cîmpeanu DTP: Francisc Baja © Florian Matei-Popescu, Ovidiu Ţentea & CRMS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publishers and editors. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Roumania ISBN 978-606-020-063-5 Edited by Mega Publishing House Romania, Cluj-Napoca www.edituramega.ro e-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 1. State of research 7 2. Short history of Moesia Superior 9 3. The mining districts 13 4. Towns 13 5. Limes, army, fortresses and forts 17 Acknowledgements 18 THE GAZETTEER OF THE UNITS 19 ALAE 19 I. Ala I Claudia nova miscellannea 19 II. Ala Gallorum Flaviana 21 III. Ala I Hispanorum Campagonum c. R 23 IV. Ala II Pannoniorum (veterana) 24 V. Ala (Flavia) praetoria singularium 27 VI. Ala I Frontoniana Tungrorum 29 VII. Ala I civium Romanorum 31 COHORTES 31 VIII. Cohors I Alpinorum (equitata?) 31 IX. Cohors I Antiochensium sagittariorum 33 X. Cohors I Aurelia nova milliaria equitata c. R. 34 XI. Cohors II Aurelia nova milliaria equitata c. R. 35 XII. Cohors I Flavia Bessorum 36 XIII. Cohors VII Breucorum equitata c. R. 37 XIV. Cohors I Britannica milliaria c. R. equitata 39 XV. Cohors I Brittonum milliaria 39 XVI. Cohors II Brittonum / Britannorum milliaria eq. c. R. p. f. 40 XVII. Cohors III Brittonum equitata veterana 41 XVIII. Cohors III Augusta Nerviana (Pacensis milliaria?) Brittonum 42 XIX. Cohors V (Callaecorum) Lucensium 43 XX. Cohors III Campestris c. R. (milliaria?) 43 XXI. Cohors I Cilicum milliaria equitata sagittariorum 46 XXII. Cohors I Cisipadensium 47 XXIII. Cohors II Flavia Commagenorum sagittariorum equitata 48 XXIV. Cohors I Cretum sagittariorum 49 XXV. Cohors IIII Cypria c. R. 51 XXVI. Cohors II Dacorum 52 XXVII. Cohors I Aurelia Dardanorum (milliaria equitata) 53 XXVIII. Cohors II Aurelia Dardanorum milliaria equitata 53 XXIX. Cohors Flavia 54 XXX. Cohors II Gallorum Macedonica equitata 55 XXXI. Cohors V Gallorum Pannonica 56 XXXII. Cohors I Hispanorum p. f. c. R. equitata 58 XXXIII. Cohors I Flavia (Ulpia) Hispanorum milliaria equitata (c. R.) 59 XXXIV. Cohors II Hispanorum (scutata Cyrenaica) equitata 60 XXXV. Cohors IIII Hispanorum 62 XXXVI. Cohors V Hispanorum equitata 62 XXXVII. Cohors I (Augusta) Lusitanorum veterana equitata 63 XXXVIII. Cohors I Montanorum c. R. 64 XXXIX. Cohors I Pannoniorum veterana equitata p. f. 66 XL. Cohors I Ulpia Pannoniorum milliaria equitata 68 XLI. Cohors II Pannoniorum 68 XLII. Cohors IIII Raetorum 68 XLIII. Cohors VIII Raetorum equitata c. R. 69 XLIV. Cohors I Thracum c. R. 70 XLV. Cohors I Thracum Syriaca equitata 71 XLVI. Cohors VI Thracum veterana equitata 72 XLVII. Cohors I Vindelicorum milliaria c. R. p. f. 74 XLVIII. Cohors singularium 75 XLIX. Cohors VIIII Gemina voluntariorum 75 L. Pedites singulares Britanniciani 75 LI. Mauri equites 76 LII. (Numerus) Batavorum 76 LIII. Numerus Dalmatarum 77 CONCLUSIONS 79 INSCRIPTIONES AUXILIAE MOESIAE SUPERIORIS 85 TABLES 127 TABLE 1. Auxiliary Units of Moesia Superior attested by the Military Diplomas 127 TABLE 2. The Auxiliary Units of Moesia Superior and Trajan’s Dacian Expeditions 132 TABLE 3. Auxiliary Units of Moesia Superior transferred to Dacia. 133 TABLE 4. Auxiliary Units of Dacia attested by the Military Diplomas 134 TABLE 5. Auxiliary Units of Dacia Superior atestted by the Military Diplomas 135 TABLE 6. Auxiliary Units of Dacia inferior attested by the Military Diplomas 137 TABLE 7. Auxiliary Units of Dacia Porolissensis attested by the Military Diplomas 139 ABBREVIATIONS 141 REFERENCES 143 PLATES 155 INTRODUCTION 1 1. State of research he history of the Roman auxilia was for the first time closely examined by C. Cichorius1. An Tearly attempt to discuss various topics and aspects related to the place and role of the auxiliary units in the Roman army belongs to G. L. Cheesman2. For the study herein, of great significance are the studies of W. Wagner3 and K. Kraft4, who tackle, others also the units active on the territory of Moesia Superior. J. Beneš approaches the issue of auxiliaries from the two Moesiae and the Dacian provinces, initially in a 1970-study and then in a monograph issued in 19785. In 1980, P. A. Holder also contributed an article to the basic reference work on the topic of Roman auxilia and their history in the Roman empire during the 1st century AD at a time when the evidence was limited (to some degree represented by military diplomas) and difficult to interpret together with our knowledge on the history auxiliary units known later to be stationed in the mentioned provinces6. The special importance of the study consists in the attempt to equate the units recorded in the 1st century with those attested with certainty through 2nd century-military diplomas. The approach has been recently furthered by the publication of two overviews on the displacement of the auxiliaries under Trajan and Hadrian7. As of late the history of the Roman auxilia was discussed by J. E. H. Spaul8. His efforts were embodied in two works, seeking to be the second edition of C. Cichorius’s articles, but alas are full of inaccuracies and confusions, at least in what the auxiliaries from the Lower Danube are con- cerned, which we have detailed in a broader review9. In 2001, N. Gudea published a synthetic presentation of the defensive system of Moesia Supe- rior, in which the issue of auxiliary units is discussed also from the viewpoint of the possible forts where certain military units must have been accommodated10. Furthermore, one shouldn’t fail to mention the works of K. Strobel on the Dacian wars under Domitian and Trajan, which debate in detail the history of the auxiliaries involved in the military operations11. 1 Cichorius 1894; Cichorius 1901. 2 Cheesman 1914. 3 Wagner 1938. 4 Kraft 1951. 5 Beneš 1970; Beneš 1978. 6 Holder 1980. 7 Holder 2006; Holder 2003. 8 Spaul 1994; Spaul 2000. 9 Ţentea, Matei-Popescu 2004. 10 Gudea 1997. 11 Strobel 1984; Strobel 1988. 7 The contributions of the Romanian authors are also to be mentioned, who dealt firstly with the history of the Roman army on the territory of Dacia and who, inevitably, have investigated the history of certain units that had been displaced from Moesia Superior: V. Christescu12, D. Tudor, with his latest edition of Oltenia romană13, I. I. Russu, with an article which aimed to be a review of the first version of the study of J. Beneš 14. Moreover, D. Benea, examining the history of the two legions in Moesia Superior, VII Claudia pia fidelis and IIII Flavia Felix, partially tackling the issue of the auxiliaries in the province and the possible forts where they were stationed.15 As of recently, the same author has published a synthesis of the history of ancient Banat16, in which the Roman defensive system, as well as the recorded units, are described. Lately, the history of the Roman army with a special focus on the auxiliaries from Dacia was discussed by C. C. Petolescu17. Since most part of the auxilia recorded in the province of Dacia and then in the provinces of Dacia superior and Dacia Porolissensis had been previously garrisoned in the Moesia Superior province, Petolescu’s book is an important contribution to the understanding of the role they played in the conquest of Dacia and the making of the province. E. Nemeth debates the case of several auxiliaries from Moesia Superior and Pannonia trans- ferred to Dacia on various occasions, especially in the context of Trajan’s Dacian war18. Of late, I. Piso has drawn attention in an article, which is intended to be an update of every historical, epigraphic and archaeological information regarding the making of the Dacia province, on the highly important role that the army of Moesia Superior played in the setting up of Dacia’s first garrison19. On a separate note, a monograph of all auxilia active on the entire territory of Moesia Superior during the Principate is missed. Seemingly all the more necessary being in most recent years the documentary base has increased significantly, especially subsequent to the emergence of a record number of military diplomas discovered in the Balkan space, of which some had reached Western Europe20 via the antiquities trade. Even more, through the effort of the colleagues from former Yugoslavia, most parts of the inscriptions from this province have been published in the series Inscriptiones Moesiae Superioris, thus simplifying the study of military history21. In the last years, the authors of this study have dealt on various occasions with the history of auxiliaries present in this province, especially in the context of the administrative reforms of emperor Domitian22, emperor Trajan’s Dacian war23 or the debate on units recruitments from the eastern areas of the empire and their displacement to the Danubian provinces24. This unprec- edented extension of the documentary base, which allowed the identification of additional units unrecorded thus far (cohors III Augusta Nerviana Pacensis Brittonum, cohors Flavia or cohors II Daco- rum) or transfers of units difficult to imagine a few years ago (the presence ofala I Hispanorum 12 Christescu 1937.
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