Upper Silesia) Agnieszka Michalik-Kucharz

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Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 www.elsevier.de/limno

The occurrence and distribution of freshwater snails in a heavily industrialised region of Poland (Upper Silesia) Agnieszka Michalik-Kucharz

Department of Hydrobiology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa Street, 40-007 Katowice, Poland

Received 22 March 2007; received in revised form 23 August 2007; accepted 6 September 2007

Abstract

Anthropogenic water bodies namely ﬁsh ponds, clay pits, sand pits, dam reservoirs or mining subsidence pools are the characteristic feature of Upper Silesian landscape. In the study, the gastropod communities occurring in 296 anthropogenic water bodies were discussed in relation to their distribution in macroregions of Upper Silesia, role in industrialised and urbanised environment and the signiﬁcance for regional biodiversity. In period 1998–2002, 31 freshwater gastropod species were found in the study area. It is noteworthy, that the anthropogenic water habitats of Upper Silesia provide a refuge for several rare and vulnerable species, among them e.g. Anisus leucostoma (Millet, 1813), Gyraulus rossmaessleri (V. Auerswald, 1852) and Hippeutis complanatus (Linnaeus, 1758). r 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Anthropogenic water bodies; Freshwater gastropods; Rare species; Alien species; Macroregions; Upper Silesia

Introduction consequence of industrial influences, the water in most habitats has a high level of chlorides, phosphates, Upper Silesia is the most urbanised and industrialised nitrates, sulphates and electrolytic conductivity. The area in Poland in which any natural stagnant freshwater bottom sediments sometimes are polluted with heavy bodies occur. More than two hundred years’ activity of metals (Czaja, 1999; Jankowski & Rzeta˛ ła, 2000). the metallurgical, energy and mining industries have In a recent bibliography the publications related to resulted in considerable transformations and deforma- the distribution of freshwater gastropods in areas tions of natural environment. anthropogenically transformed and completely devoid Underground coal mining has been the cause of vast of natural stagnant waters, as Upper Silesia is, are very changes in the configuration of the earth’s surface as a rare. consequence in hydrological conditions, resulting in the The aim of the present investigation was to identify origin of many new freshwater habitats (Strzelec & the occurrence and distribution of freshwater snails in Serafin´ ski, 2004). particular macroregions of Upper Silesia, which differ in Most of these water bodies exist in conditions created respect to the variety of anthropogenic habitats and by industry and to a lesser degree by agriculture. As a the degree of environmental devastation, as well as in some geographical traits. The other aim was to estimate the significance of such affected environments for E-mail address: [email protected]. biodiversity protection.

Study area with tertiary silts and at the top with quaternary sediments. The central and southern parts of this The area called Upper Silesia is defined on the macroregion are covered with Miocene deposits from territory of Poland historically rather than geographi- which in some regions the loess layers and moraines cally and geographers and politicians delimit its borders protrude here and there (Starkel, 1991). and range in a number of different ways. According to In the Silesian Lowland the old geological bed is of the regionalisation of Poland (Kondracki, 2002), seven Permian origin. Along the Odra line it is partly covered geographical macroregions belong to the area of Upper with Triassic and Cretaceous sediments. In the Odra Silesia. Valley the sand and gravel layers are coated with The study was carried out in four of these macro- riverine silts. regions: the eastern part of the Silesian Lowland, the The geology of the Silesian Upland is varied. The Os´ wiecim˛ Valley, the Silesian Upland and the northern central part of this macroregion consist of carboniferous part of the Polish Jura (Fig. 1). rocks and dolomites and limestones lied above them Because the eastern and western parts of the Silesian (Starkel, 1991). The north-eastern area is composed Upland differ in respect to hydrology and the degree of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous formations covered of industrialisation, they are discussed separately in places with quaternary sediments. The southern part (Michalik-Kucharz, Strzelec, & Serafin´ ski, 2000). is formed by Miocene deposits of various kinds on The areas of macroregions in question are as follows: which a cover of loess dust, river sands and boulder the Silesian Upland – 3930 km2, the eastern part of clays lies. the Silesian Lowland, historically belonging to Upper The geological foundation of the Polish Jura is built Silesia – 3800 km2, the Upper Silesian part of the of Upper Jurassic limestone, which in the quaternary Polish Jura – 2615 km2, the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley – 1230 km2 period was covered with clays, sands and gravel. In the (Kondracki, 2002). Ice Age it was partly coated with loess (Kondracki, According to many studies carried from years in this 2002). area and summarised by Kondracki (2002) the geology The climatic conditions of the whole study area are of these macroregions differ significantly. rather similar with an average annual temperature The geological bed of the northern part of the amplitude of +8 1C in the area except the Silesian Lowland Os´ wiecim˛ Valley is built of carbon deposits, covered where it is +9 1C. The climate of the Silesian Lowland is

9 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 7

3 border of the study area 2 border between the eastern and western parts 1 of the Silesian Upland

0 The Polish Jura 9 The Silesian Upland 8 The Silesian Lowland The Oswiecim Valley 7 6

0 9 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

Fig. 1. Location of the study area. ARTICLE IN PRESS A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 45 the mildest one in Poland. Annual precipitation varies Jurassic limestone. Most permanent water bodies play from 700 mm in the Silesian Lowland to 1000 mm in the the role of fish ponds or recreational ponds (Kondracki, Os´ wiecim˛ Valley (Kondracki, 2002; Les´ niok, 1996). 2002). The vegetation period is long (201 days in the Polish In the Silesian Lowland and in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley Jura, 220 days in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley, and 225 days in numerous fish ponds are characteristic elements of the the Silesian Lowland) (Kondracki, 2002; Kruczała, landscape. Moreover, in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley swamps 2000). of various sizes and types commonly occur, so that The distribution and variety of water bodies in Upper at turn of the 19th century it was called ‘‘frog’s land’’ Silesia are different in particular macroregions (Table 1). (Pax, 1921). The absence of natural stagnant water habitats with the Based on hydrological characteristics, the environ- exception of old river beds is noteworthy. mental similarity of the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley to the Polish The majority of anthropogenic freshwater habitats Jura and of both parts of the Silesian Upland is evident. are situated in the Silesian Upland, which is why this The Silesian Lowland differs from all the other area is often called ‘‘the anthropogenic lake district’’. macroregions studied both in this respect and in respect In the Silesian Upland more than 400 various water to climatic traits (Fig. 2). bodies have been recorded. The water in most of them is heavily polluted as a result of the intensive industrial activity in this region (Rzeta˛ ła&Rzeta˛ ła, 1998). Materials and methods Most mining subsidence pools occur there (Strzelec, 1993). The study was carried out in 296 anthropogenic water In the Polish Jura the freshwater habitats are less bodies namely in: 111 fish ponds, 71 mining subsidence abundant due to the considerable permeability of pools, 45 sand pits, 27 ditches, 23 dam reservoirs, 12 clay

Table 1. The number and types of anthropogenic water bodies in particular macroregions

Type of anthropogenic Macroregion water bodies The Os´ wiecim˛ The Silesian The Silesian Upland The Silesian Upland The Polish Upper Valley Lowland (eastern part) (western part) Jura Silesia

Fish ponds 34 17 5 27 28 111 Clay pits – 1 5 3 3 12 Sand pits 6 12 16 11 – 45 Ditches 1 4 15 6 1 27 Old river beds 1 1 2 1 2 7 Dam reservoirs 3 6 6 2 6 23 Mining subsidence pools 8 – 37 26 – 71 S 53 41 86 76 40 296

Single links Euclidean distance

Oswiecim Valley

Polish Jura

Silesian Upland (W)

Silesian Upland (E)

Silesian Lowland

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Links distance

Fig. 2. The hydrological similarities among the macroregions of Upper Silesia. ARTICLE IN PRESS 46 A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 pits and 7 old river beds. Only permanent water bodies where Nab is the number of sites in which both were taken into account. The sites being selected because species occurred; and N is the total number of sites of their quality of bottom deposits and diversity of were at least one of the species was found. vascular plants. The values of Agrell’s index were divided into three The materials were collected from May to October classes: during the years 1998–2002 with a square hand-net in I. co-occurrence constant (A475%) the littoral zone (to 1 m depth) from living and decaying II. co-occurrence frequent (A ¼ 50–75%) plants, stones, anthropogenic wastes and from all kinds III. co-occurrence sporadical (Ao50%) of bottom sediments. (d) modified Mollusc Rarity Index (MRI)(Feher, According to the size the freshwater habitats were Majoras, &Varga, 2004): visited from two to four times. MRI ¼ RS þ LF Only living specimens of snails were collected. The collected material was brought back to the laboratory. where: RS – the range size: (1) for species, for which The samples were then sieved using 0.5 mm mesh sieve the area was equal to or larger than the size of and the snails were sorted and identified using a Europe, (2) for species, occurring in a limited area binocular microscope. The samples of gastropods were on the territory of Europe; LF – the local frequency- preserved in 75% ethanol. percentage of squares in which a given species The species of gastropods were identified according to occurs. Glo¨ er and Meier-Brook (1998); Lymnaeidae according to Jackiewicz (1998). The biogeographical entities The value of LF was divided into five classes: followed Jackiewicz (1998) for the family Lymnaeidae and Kerney (1999) and Beran (2002) for the remaining 1. 425% gastropod families. 2. 15–24.9% The geographical distributions of snail species were 3. 5–14.9% presented on maps in a UTM grid. The numbers and 4. 1–4.9% lines determined the co-ordinates of the international 5. o1% UTM grid. The zoocenological characteristic of gastropod communities was based on the following indices: All statistical analyses were carried out with Statistica (version 5.0). (a) frequency of a particular species in geographical The cluster analysis was used to group the four macroregions and in types of anthropogenic water studied macroregions for the hydrological, zoocenolo- bodies according to the formula: gical and zoogeographical similarities. The dendrograms of hydrological, zoocenological and N C ¼ a 100% zoogeographical similarities were based on percentage N of particular types of water bodies in studied macro-

where: Na – the number of study sites on which the regions, frequency of occurrence of gastropod species in species occurs; N – is the total number of study sites the investigated macroregions and frequency of occur- in the area. rence of zoogeographical elements in the macroregions The value of the frequency index (C) was divided investigated. For the zoocenological analysis all 31 into two classes (Strzelec, 1993): species were included. I. rare species (Co50%) Differences in number of gastropod species and type II. common species (CX50%) of studied freshwater habitats were tested with ANOVA. (b) habitat associations of common snail species (Strzelec, 1993):

F% ¼ C% Ca% Results where: C% – the frequency of given species in a Thirty-one gastropod species were found in the given macroregion; Ca% – the frequency of given species in a given type of habitat in this macro- anthropogenic water bodies studied. The number of region. gastropod species was differentiated in the particular The similar methods were used by Økland (1990). macroregions of Upper Silesia (Table 2). (c) Agrell’s index (only for the common gastropod Only Lymnaeids Lymnaea peregra and Lymnaea species) (Go´ rny &Gru¨ m, 1981): stagnalis were the most common species in all macroregions. Nab The Planorbid Gyraulus albus commonly occurred in A% ¼ 100 N all macroregions except the western part of the Silesian ARTICLE IN PRESS A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 47

Table 2. Frequency of occurrence (C%) of gastropod species in the investigated macroregions

Species Macroregion In general (N ¼ 296) The Os´ wiecim˛ The Silesian The Silesian The Silesian The Polish Valley (N ¼ 53) Lowland Upland (eastern Upland (western Jura (N ¼ 41) part) (N ¼ 86) part) (N ¼ 76) (N ¼ 40)

Viviparus contectus 25 34 14 17 5 19 (Millet, 1813) Potamopyrgus 6 24 9 16 3 11 antipodarum (Gray, 1843) Bithynia tentaculata 15 15 – 8 – 7 (Linnaeus, 1758) Valvata cristata 671– –2 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Valvata piscinalis 13 – 3 3 – 4 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Valvata naticina 2 – – – – 0.3 (Menke, 1845) Acroloxus lacustris 23 10 9 5 – 8 (Linnaeus, 1758) Lymnaea truncatula 30 10 31 18 33 25 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Lymnaea peregra 74 73 78 63 60 70 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Lymnaea auricularia 28 24 28 26 23 26 (Linnaeus, 1758) Lymnaea palustris 30 20 17 20 20 21 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Lymnaea corvus 15 41 20 25 10 22 (Gmelin, 1791) Lymnaea stagnalis 66 61 77 77 58 70 (Linnaeus, 1758) Planorbis planorbis 55 76 57 46 33 53 (Linnaeus, 1758) Anisus spirorbis 13 22 17 16 33 19 (Linnaeus, 1758) Anisus leucostoma ––87 34 (Millet, 1813) Anisus vortex 42 – 8 18 – 15 (Linnaeus, 1758) Bathyomphalus 13 41 29 20 23 25 contortus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gyraulus albus 75 56 56 50 55 58 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Gyraulus acronicus 2–– 3 –1 (Fe´ russac, 1807) Gyraulus laevis –211–1 (Alder, 1838) Gyraulus rossmaessleri 4–7 1 54 (V. Auerswald, 1852) Gyraulus crista 34 15 35 36 18 30 (Linnaeus, 1758) Hippeutis complanatus 8235–4 (Linnaeus, 1758) Segmentina nitida 45 49 21 20 23 29 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) ARTICLE IN PRESS 48 A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55

Table 2. (continued )

Planorbarius corneus 62 66 47 58 18 51 (Linnaeus, 1758) Ancylus ﬂuviatilis –21––1 (O.F. Mu¨ ller, 1774) Ferrissia clessiniana 8755–5 (Jickeli, 1882) Physa fontinalis 25 22 13 8 25 17 (Linnaeus, 1758) Physella acuta 6272113–14 (Draparnaud, 1805) Aplexa hypnorum 17 24 7 11 3 12 (Linnaeus, 1758)

Upland, whereas Planorbis planorbis was common in the three groups of freshwater habitats due to average Silesian Lowland, the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley and the eastern number of gastropod species: part of the Silesian Upland. Planorbarius corneus was I. the highest averages were indicated in the dam found as a common species in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley, the reservoirs and old river beds, Silesian Lowland and the western part of the Silesian II. the lowest averages were indicated in the ditches Upland. and mining subsidence pools, The typical species of running waters Valvata naticina III. the intermediate value were indicated in the fish and Ancylus fluviatilis were found sporadically, the first ponds, sand pits and clay pits (Fig. 5). in a sand pit in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley and A. fluviatilis in a dam reservoir in the Silesian Lowland and in a mining subsidence pool in the eastern part of the Silesian The cluster analysis gave a clear picture of zooceno- Upland. logical similarities between studied macroregions. The Two other species of Valvatidae (Valvata cristata and western and eastern part of the Silesian Upland Valvata piscinalis) as well as Anisus leucostoma, Gyraulus clustered together. The Silesian Lowland separates from rossmaessleri and Hippeutis complanatus occurred spor- the others macroregions (Fig. 6). adically in the regions studied. Gyraulus acronicus and A comparison of environmental associations shows Gyraulus laevis were collected from a single polder that the majority of common freshwater gastropods (e.g. station only (Table 2, Fig. 3). Lymnaea truncatula, Bathyomphalus contortus, F ¼ 32%) The appearance of some alien species in Upper Silesia preferred dam reservoirs and old river beds while they is noteworthy. The invasive snail Potamopyrgus anti- avoided the fish ponds (e.g. L. peregra, F ¼3%), podarum was most common in the Silesian Lowland mining subsidence pools (e.g. B. contortus, F ¼10%) similarly alien species Physella acuta, which was and clay pits (P. planorbis, F ¼11%). common in the eastern part of Silesian Upland, too As the observations show one of the most common (Table 2, Fig. 4). species, L. stagnalis, frequently co-occurred with The alien species P. acuta and Ferrissia clessiniana P. planorbis (in the Silesian Lowland and in the eastern were not recorded in water habitats of the Polish Jura part of the Silesian Upland), with P. corneus (in the (Fig. 4). Silesian Lowland) and with B. contortus and Lymnaea The data compiled in Table 3 show that the fish auricularia (in the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley). ponds, dam reservoirs and sand pits are inhabited by Two other species, L. peregra and G. albus, frequently greater species numbers than the ditches and clay pits. co-occurred in the eastern part of Silesian Upland. The The test ANOVA indicated significant differences in remaining common species sporadically co-occurred on average number of gastropod species in particular type the study area. of water bodies (F ¼ 4,816, p ¼ 0.0001). MRI scores ranged from 2 for most freshwater The post-hoc test (test RIR Tukeya for uneven snails to 5 for four less common species of gastropods numbers; F ¼ 2,061, p ¼ 0.06) led to the distinction of (Table 4). No species in territory studied belong ARTICLE IN PRESS A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 49

9 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 7

5 4

3 border of the study area 2 border between the eastern 1 and western parts of the Silesian Upland 0 The Polish Jura

9 The Silesian Upland

8 The Silesian Lowland 7 The Oswiecim Valley 6 A. leucostoma G. rossmaessleri 5 H. complanatus G. laevis 4 G. acronicus 3

0 9 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

Fig. 3. The distribution of some rare and vulnerable gastropod species in Upper Silesia.

9 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 7

5 4

3 border of the study area 2 border between the eastern 1 and western parts of the Silesian Upland 0 The Polish Jura

9 The Silesian Upland

8 The Silesian Lowland 7 The Oswiecim Valley

6 P. acuta P. antipodarum 5 F. clessiniana 4

0 9 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

Fig. 4. The distribution of alien gastropod species in Upper Silesia. ARTICLE IN PRESS 50 A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55

Table 3. The number of gastropod species found in particular types of anthropogenic water bodies in individual macroregions

Type of anthropogenic Macroregion water bodies The Os´ wiecim˛ The Silesian The Silesian Upland The Silesian Upland The Polish Valley Lowland (eastern part) (western part) Jura

Fish ponds 23 17 15 26 17 Clay pits X 10 12 15 8 Sand pits 17 22 20 20 X Ditches 5 13 20 91 Old river beds 11 15 18 12 11 Dam reservoirs 22 19 23 15 13 Mining subsidence pools 18 X 26 23 X

X: the lack of a given type of anthropogenic water bodies; the highest values are printed in bold and the lowest values in italics.

14 and eastern part of the Os´ wiecim˛ Valley and the Silesian number of species Upland, namely the squares: CA 53 and 55 and CA 36 in the western part of the Silesian Upland are 12 particularly interesting in this respect (Fig. 8). Some gastropods regarded as rare or threatened in Poland and even in Europe occur in these areas. 10

Discussion 8 The investigations have shown that freshwater gastro-

number of species 6 pods occur quite frequently in anthropogenic water bodies in Upper Silesia. From among 51 species of freshwater snails known in 4 Poland (Piechocki, 2002), 31 species were found in the freshwater bodies of Upper Silesia. The results obtained in the investigation are rather difficult to 2 compare with the data of previous publications (Berger, sr zz zbz s wp r gl 1961; Mazaraki, 1979; Merkel, 1894; Serafin´ ski, type of water environment Strzelec, & Czekaj, 1994; Strzelec, 1993; Urban´ ski, Fig. 5. The graph of interaction of average species number 1947), since they concerned running waters as well. with particular types of anthropogenic water studied, where sr Moreover, in some of these publications the snails were – fish ponds, zz – dam reservoirs, zbz – mining subsidence only the background for the occurrence of other pools, s – old river beds, wp – sand pits, r – ditches, gl – clay freshwater invertebrates (Krzyz˙anek, 1991; Kuflikowski, pits. 1987). The relatively small number of snail species found in to the rare (6–8 MRI) or very rare (9–10 MRI) individual water bodies and the predominance among categories. them of species with low ecological requirements show, Among the 31 gastropod species found in Upper that anthropogenic water bodies are of minor value for Silesia, six zoogeographical elements were distinguished these animals. Moreover, the temporary nature of some (Table 5). habitats is the reason for the observation that some The Palaearctic, Holarctic and Euro-West Siberian species recorded some years ago were not found during species dominated in all macroregions whereas the West the period of these investigations, e.g. Lymnaea occulta European species were found only in the Os´ wiecim˛ observed by Strzelec (1993) in the same area was not Valley (Table 6). found several years later. Zoogeographically, the Polish Jura differs from the Similarly, Valvata pulchella known from many sites other macroregions (Fig. 7). An interpretation of this (Krzyz˙anek, 1991; Mazaraki, 1979; Merkel, 1894; fact is difficult because of the smaller species number Strzelec, 1993) occurs nowhere. than that observed elsewhere. However, opposite situations were sometimes ob- The undertaken investigation made possible to indi- served, e.g. G. laevis, which was formerly known only cate the malacologically valuable areas. The southern from one brackish pond (Pax, 1921) after years has ARTICLE IN PRESS A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 51

Single links Euclidean distance

Oswiecim Valley

Silesian Upland (E)

Silesian Upland (W)

Polish Jura

Silesian Lowland

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Links distance

Fig. 6. The faunistic similarities of the macroregions of Upper Silesia.

became more common and now occurs in many Table 4. The values of the MRI index of the gastropod different types of anthropogenic water bodies (Strzelec, species in the macroregions studied 1993). Species RS LF MRI In the second half of the last century a new biotic factor appeared, namely the invasive species P. anti- Viviparus contectus 213podarum, which proved to be a successful competitor of Potamopyrgus antipodarum 123native gastropods. As a consequence in some habitats Bithynia tentaculata 123the species diversity of native gastropods decreased Valvata cristata 134(Kerney, 1999; Strzelec, in press). Valvata piscinalis 123 Geomorphological conditions also belong to the Valvata naticina 145 factors affecting the diversity of snail species. Thus, Acroloxus lacustris 112 Lymnaea truncatula 112Beran (2002) showed that altitude above sea level Lymnaea peregra 112influenced the distribution and diversity of freshwater Lymnaea auricularia 112gastropods in the Czech Republic. Similar effects of Lymnaea palustris 112terrain configuration were observed by Palmer (1999) in Lymnaea corvus 112the snail fauna of southwest England. Lymnaea stagnalis 112 In Upper Silesia B. tentaculata, A. lacustris and Planorbis planorbis 112V. cristata belong to the species connected with lowland Anisus spirorbis 112macroregions. They are much more frequent there than Anisus leucostoma 134in the upland, whereas A. leucostoma was found only Anisus vortex 112and G. rossmaessleri mostly in upland regions. Bathyomphalus contortus 112 Similarly, as in the entire snail fauna of Poland Gyraulus albus 112 Gyraulus acronicus 145(Piechocki, 2002) most species found in Upper Silesia Gyraulus laevis 145and adjacent territories belong to widely distributed species Gyraulus rossmaessleri 224(Holarctic, Palearctic and Euro-Siberian). The East Gyraulus crista 112European species are rare and in the last decades four Hippeutis complanatus 134species of alien origin were found here for the first time. Segmentina nitida 112 Many authors (Adams & Robbins, 1988; Canton & Planorbarius corneus 112Ward, 1981; Collinson et al., 1995; Williams et al., 2004; Ancylus fluviatilis 145Wood, Greenwood, Barker, & Gunn, 2001) say that the Ferrissia clessiniana 134anthropogenic freshwater habitats are often valuable Physa fontinalis 112refuges for some rare or vulnerable plant and animal Physella acuta 213 species and the recipient area for some alien species, Aplexa hypnorum 112 gastropods among others. ARTICLE IN PRESS 52 A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55

Table 5. Zoogeographical elements in the gastropod fauna of Upper Silesia

Species Zoogeographical elements

Palearctic Holartic Euro-West Siberian European West European Alien Unexplained range

Viviparus contectus X Potamopyrgus antipodarum X Bithynia tentaculata X Valvata cristata X Valvata piscinalis X Valvata naticina X Acroloxus lacustris X Lymnaea truncatula X Lymnaea peregra X Lymnaea auricularia X Lymnaea palustris X Lymnaea corvus X Lymnaea stagnalis X Planorbis planorbis X Anisus spirorbis X Anisus leucostoma X Anisus vortex X Bathyomphalus contortus X Gyraulus albus X Gyraulus acronicus X Gyraulus laevis X Gyraulus rossmaessleri X Gyraulus crista X Hippeutis complanatus X Segmentina nitida X Planorbarius corneus X Ancylus ﬂuviatilis X Ferrissia clessiniana X Physa fontinalis X Physella acuta X Aplexa hypnorum X P 10 5 6 4 1 3 2

Table 6. The occurrence of zoogeographical elements in the macroregions investigated

Zoogeographical elements Macroregion

The Os´ wiecim˛ The Silesian The Silesian Upland The Silesian Upland The Polish Valley Lowland (eastern part) (western part) Jura

Palearctic 11 10 10 10 6 Holarctic 4 4 4 4 4 Euro-West Siberian 5 4 6 6 5 European 2 2 3 3 1 West European 1 – – – – Alien 3 3 3 3 1 Unexplained range 2 2 2 2 2

According to the Polish Red List of Species, 34 V. naticina is one of those species that is critically freshwater species are regarded as Threatened (Piechocki, endangered. The main reason that leads to the decline 2002). In the anthropogenic water bodies of Upper Silesia, in positions of occurrence are pollution, eutrophi- nine Rare and Vulnerable Species were found. cation and river regulation. Two others species ARTICLE IN PRESS A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55 53

Single links Euclidean distance

Oswiecim Valley

Silesian Lowland

Silesian Upland (W)

Silesian Upland (E)

Polish Jura

02468101214 Links distance

Fig. 7. The zoogeographical similarities of the Upper Silesia macroregions.

9 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

3 border of the study area 2 border between the eastern 1 and western parts of the Silesian Upland 0 The Polish Jura

9 The Silesian Upland

8 The Silesian Lowland

7 The Oswiecim Valley

6 the squares with greatest number of gastropod species 5

0 9 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

Fig. 8. The square with the greatest number of gastropod species in the macroregions studied.

(G. acronicus and G. laevis) belong to the category of According to the local Red List of Freshwater Endangered Species. In addition, G. rossmaessleri and Molluscs (Seraﬁn´ ski, Michalik-Kucharz, & Strzelec, A. hypnorum were included in the category Near 2001) 19 freshwater species are threatened in various Threatened. degree. Another four species (L. palustris, L. corneus, In the present study, the MRI score was low for most A. spirorbis, H. complanatus) belong to the category freshwater species in Upper Silesia. Similar results were Data Deﬁcient because their situation in Poland has not obtained for Hungarian freshwater gastropods by Feher been cleared up yet. et al. (2004). ARTICLE IN PRESS 54 A. Michalik-Kucharz / Limnologica 38 (2008) 43–55

Serafin´ ski et al. (1994) observed a qualitative and Go´ rny, M., & Gru¨ m, L. (1981). Metody stosowane w zoologii quantitative decrease in the snail fauna during gleby. Warszawa: Pan´ stwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 1976–1980. The main reason for this fact was the Jackiewicz, M. (1998). European species of the family increasing toxic pollution in water habitats. During the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Basommatophora). second period of investigations (1986–1990), they Genus, 9(1), 1–93. noticed diminished industrial activity, but this did not Jankowski, A. T., & Rzeta˛ ła, M. (2000). Silesian Upland and lead to an increase in the species number of species of its borders – condition and anthropogenic changes of the surface water quality. State and Anthropogenic Changes of freshwater snail. Water Quality in Poland, 143–154. In conclusion, reducing the devastation of the natural Kerney, M. (1999). 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