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Responding to the Challenge of Islam/Colin Chapman, P CROSS aN D CReSCeN t RESPONDING f 0 THE " ' ; J t CHALLENGE OF ISLAM *' ^ ;* > . , m . * ' ' . C oLin CHapmaN PRaise foR Cross aND CResceNt “Colin Chapmans book is intended as a guide fo r Christians who find themselves encountering Muslims fo r the first time. The book would be useful fo r Christians of any theological persuasion . especially for those who are basically scared of Islam, afraid even of picking up a copy of the Q u ran .. .. Colin Chapman's book will quickly enable them to move on constructively from such a crude and nega­ tive view." Hugh Goddard, University of Nottingham “It is a rich resource .. not intended as an academic textbook. Rather, it is some­ thing of a manual for Christians who want to develop worthwhile and well- informed relationships with Muslims. This practical aim is never fa r from view." David Marshall, Oxford “I recommend this book to all who need to understand the phenomenon of Islam, and anyone who seriously wants to relate to Muslims should buy a copy." J ohn Meadowcroft, Bible College of New Zealand “Colin is an able teacher. This book does not just give us facts about Islam, but Colin has thought long and deeply about his readership. He is aware of the sense of threat that many Christians feel and the attitude to Muslims that results. This is one of the best books on Islam available today." Bryan Knell, Christian Herald CROSS aND CResceN t RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE OF ISLAM CoLin CHapmaN IVP Books \n imprint of InterVarsits Press Dovsners (.ro\ e, Illinois InterVarsity Press PO. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515-M26 World Wide Web: www.ivpress.com E-mail: [email protected] © Colin Chapman, 1995, 2003 Published in the United States of America by InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, with permission from Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, Leicester, England. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from InterVarsity Press. InterVarsity Press® is the bark-publishing division of Inter Varsity Christian Fellowship/USA®, a student movement active on campus at hundreds of universities, colleges and schools of nursing in the United States of America, and a member movement of the International Fellowship o f Evangelical Students. For information about local and regional activities, write Public Relations Dept., InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA, 6400 Schroeder Rd., PO. Box 7895, Madison, W I53707-7895, or visit the IVCF website at <www.interyarsity.org>. All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. All rights resctycd. UNIV" is a registered trademar k of International Bible Society. UK trademark number 1448790. Distributed m North America by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. Cover design: Cindy Kiple Cover images: Comstock (crescent); Kamil Vojnar/Photonica (cross) ISBN-10: 0-8308-3204-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-8308-3204-0 Printed in the United States of America °° Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chapman, Colin Gilbert. Cross & crescent: responding to the challenge of Islam/Colin Chapman, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8308-3204-1 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Islam— Relations— Christianity. 2. Christianity and other religions— Islam. 3. Islam— Essence, genius, nature. I. title. BP 172. C418 2003 261.27—dc22 2003016152 P 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Y 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 ackNowLeDgmeNts For permission to quote from the following publications, IVP ex­ presses its gratitude to The Church Missionary Society (CMS) for extracts from Uncharted Journey by Roger Hooker. The Fellowship of Faith for the Muslims and the author for ex­ tracts from The Life of Muslim Women by Vivienne Stacey The Islamic Book Foundation for extracts from Chtistian Mission and Islamic Da’wah by Isma’il al-Farugi. The Islamic Foundation, Markfield, Leicester, LE67 9RN, for ex­ tracts from The Holy Qur'an, Translation and Commentary by A. Yusuf Ali. Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East for the extract from Islam and the Minohties by Ronald L. Nettler. MARC (a division of World Vision International) and the author, Bill Musk, for the diagram from The Gospel and Islam: A 1978 Com­ pendium, edited by Don M. Curry Masihi Isha at Khana, Lahore, Pakistan, and the author for extracts from Christ Supreme Over Satan by Vivienne Stacey CROSS AND CRESCENT The Muslim Educational Trust, London N4 3RZ, for extracts from Islam: A Brief Guide. John Murray (Publishers) Limited and the author for the table from Approaches to Islam by Richard Tames. The Open University for extracts from Islam and the Muslim by Kenneth Cragg. Oxford University Press for extracts from Khursh’d Ahmad’s con­ tribution to Voices of Resurgent Islam edited by John L. Esposito (1983) and from The Life of the Prophet: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah by A. Guillaume (1970). Ta Ha Publishers Limited for extracts from Islam in Britain by Zaki Badawi. Unwin Hyman, an imprint of HarperCollms Publishers Limited, and the authors for extracts from Islam and The Destiny of Man by Charles Le Gai Eaton and from The Meaning of the Glorious Koran by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall. Penguin Books India (P) Ltd and the author for the extracts from The Struggle Within Islam and Muhammed and the Qur’an by Rafiq Zakaria. 6 CONteNtS Foreword . 9 Introduction . 11 Part 1 Relating to Our Muslim Neighbors 1 Meeting Face to Face . 21 2 Appreciating Islamic Culture . 28 3 Examining Our Attitudes 41 4 Visiting a Mosque 50 5 Facing Immediate Issues. 54 Resources for Further Study . 67 Part 2 Understanding Islam 6 Muslims at Prayer 71 7 Basic Muslim Beliefs and Practices . 77 8 The Qur’an . 84 9 Muhammad. 95 10 Tradition (Hadith and Sunna). 104 11 Law (Sharfa) and Theology (Kalam) . .109 12 Subgroups in Islam . .117 13 Sufism. 121 14 “Folk” or “Popular” Islam . 129 15 The Spread and Development of Islam . 135 16 Islam and Muslims in the WorldToday . .147 17 Women in Islam . .159 Resources for Further Study . .177 Part 3 Entering into Discussion and Dialogue 18 Questions and Objections Concerning Christian Practice . 181 19 Questions and Objections Concerning Christian Beliefs. .184 20 Social and Political Issues . .... .188 21 Guidelines and Aims in Discussion with Muslims . .190 22 A Deeper Look at the Main Muslim Objections . 193 23 Learning from the Controversies of the Past . .211 24 Exploring Dialogue. ... 222 Resources for Further Study . 232 Part 4 Facing Fundamental Issues 25 Theological Questions. 235 26 The Islamic View of Jesus . 244 27 Crucial Differences: The Parting of the Ways. 252 28 Thinking Biblically About Islam .... 268 29 Counting the Cost of Conversion . 277 30 Facing the Political Challenge of Islam . ................... 286 Resources for Further Study . 302 Part 5 Sharing Our Faith 31 Natural Openings in Everyday Life. 305 32 Christian Responses to “Folk Islam” . 307 33 Using the Bible . 311 34 Rethinking and Restating the Gospel . 323 35 Strategies for the Church: What Can We Do Together? . 339 Resources for Further Study . 343 Conclusion: Walking the Way of the Cross . 345 Notes. 348 O Re WO R D I first met Colin Chapman, the author of Cross and Crescent, in 1978 at a consultation on ministry to Muslims in Karachi, Pakistan. At the time he was working with the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students in the Middle East. Since our first meeting our paths have crossed several times, and each time I have been keenly aware of his continuing interest and study in the area of Christians engaging with Islam. Cross and Crescent reflects four outstanding qualities one wants to see in any serious writing. The first is that it is a work bom out of extensive per­ sonal experience combined with study. Following his time with the IFES in the Middle East, Chapman was principal of Crowther Hall, the Church Mis­ sion Society training college in Birmingham, England, where for years he taught a course on Christian outreach to Muslims. Most recently he has moved back to the Middle East, where he teaches at the Near Eastern School of Theology in Beirut, Lebanon. Chapman knows Islam both academically and personally, but more than that, his book reflects a compassionate under­ standing not just for Muslims but also for Christians who want to share their faith with Muslims. Second, Cross and Crescent is written by someone who has taught and knows how to communicate. The book is clearly laid out in short chapters CROSS AND CRESCENT and sections so that it is easy to find your way back to information you picked up in reading. Thus it is a useful reference tool. Third, Chapman’s broad approach to virtually all facets of Islam makes the book valuable for both scholar and novice alike. The overview of sub­ jects relating to a Christian approach to Islam whets the reader’s appetite for deeper study. For each section there is a list of other books that provide more in-depth coverage of the subject for those who wish to read further. Finally, Cross and Crescent is more than just information sharing. It con­ tains practical help for Christians who want to share the gospel with their Muslim friends. What types of misunderstandings are likely to arise? What are good ways of establishing friendships in which aspiring evangelists can talk openly about their faith? While understanding clearly the liabilities of Islam, Chapman’s compassionate approach builds bridges to Muslims rather than barriers, leaving no doubt that the gospel of Jesus Christ reaches their deepest spiritual needs.
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