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© 2013 by Marianna Nadeu Rota. All Rights Reserved. the EFFECTS of LEXICAL STRESS, INTONATIONAL PITCH ACCENT, and SPEECH RATE on VOWEL QUALITY in CATALAN and SPANISH

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© 2013 by Marianna Nadeu Rota. All Rights Reserved. the EFFECTS of LEXICAL STRESS, INTONATIONAL PITCH ACCENT, and SPEECH RATE on VOWEL QUALITY in CATALAN and SPANISH © 2013 by Marianna Nadeu Rota. All rights reserved. THE EFFECTS OF LEXICAL STRESS, INTONATIONAL PITCH ACCENT, AND SPEECH RATE ON VOWEL QUALITY IN CATALAN AND SPANISH BY MARIANNA NADEU ROTA DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Jos´eIgnacio Hualde, Chair Professor Jennifer Cole Associate Professor Anna Mar´ıa Escobar Associate Professor Chilin Shih Assistant Professor Ryan Shosted Abstract Lexical-stress languages tend to display stress-induced vowel quality vari- ation. In some languages the effect is very salient, resulting in a smaller vowel inventory in unstressed syllables and stress-conditioned rule-governed vowel alternations within paradigms (phonological vowel reduction). Other languages exhibit only slight phonetic variation between vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables (phonetic vowel reduction). Regarding the latter, two main hypotheses of how prosodic prominence affects vowel production have been proposed. Based on experimental data from Germanic languages, their empirical basis is still rather limited. A deeper understanding of the effects of prosodic prominence on vowels requires careful experimentation on an expanded set of languages. This dissertation investigates the effects of lexical stress and intonational pitch accent on vowel production in Spanish and Catalan. Although closely related, these languages differ importantly in their phonology. The five Spanish vowels can appear in stressed and unstressed syllables. In Central Catalan, however, seven stressed vowels alternate with only three unstressed vowels. Comparing these languages allows us to observe how the existence of phonological vowel reduction conditions the operation of phonetic reduc- tion. Stress-induced vowel centralization or reduction has sometimes been attributed to decreased vowel duration in weak prosodic positions. Thus, the role of duration is further investigated by manipulating speech rate. The results show that in both languages vowels produced at faster rate are shorter and less peripheral than those produced at normal rate. Interest- ingly, the effects of stress differ in these languages. For Catalan, unstressed vowels are shorter and more centralized than stressed vowels. On the other hand, Spanish speakers exhibit individual effects of stress, suggesting that the use of vowel quality to signal stress is not conventionalized. In addition, in Catalan, the presence of a prenuclear accent in a broad focus utterance does not affect vowel quality or duration of lexically stressed vowels. Yet, lexically unstressed vowels are longer and have more extreme vowel formants under emphatic accent. This dissertation provides a comprehensive description of prosodic ef- ii fects on vowel production in Catalan and Spanish, hence contributing to a body of cross-linguistic research dealing with the influence of prosody at the segmental level. iii Acknowledgments I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to everyone who contributed to this dissertation in one way or another. First and foremost, I am especially grateful to Jos´eIgnacio Hualde. His guidance, immediate feedback, ap- proachability, trust, vast knowledge, and linguistic jokes have made working on this dissertation very enjoyable. It has been a true honor and plea- sure to be Jos´eIgnacio's advisee. I want to express my gratitude to Ryan Shosted for very challenging assignments that, as he predicted, ended up being extremely rewarding and for always finding time for my questions. I have benefited enormously from Jennifer Cole's constructive criticisms and thought-provoking questions at various stages of my research. I am very thankful to Anna Mar´ıaEscobar for introducing me to very exciting sub- fields of linguistics and for her feedback and encouragement during my years at UIUC. I would like to thank Chilin Shih for very stimulating courses and for her emphasis on scientific rigor. In addition to the members of my committee, I am very indebted to all the people who participated in the experiments, for their patience and generosity, and to Catalunya R`adio and Oriol Camps for providing me with data so quickly and efficiently. During my trips to Barcelona and Madrid for data collection, I was very fortunate to receive help from Marta Bosch, Joan Carles Mora, and Joe Hilferty (Universitat de Barcelona); Pilar Pri- eto (Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Juana Gil (Centro Superior de Investiga- ciones Cient´ıficas); Eva Estebas (Universidad de Educaci´ona Distancia), and Maria del Mar Vanrell (Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid). I truly appreciate their kindness. These trips were made possible by the School of Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics Summer Fellowship, the Anthony M. Pasquariello Award for Graduate Student Research, the Tinker Foundation Field Research Grant for Graduate Student Research in Latin America and Iberia, and the Graduate College Dissertation Travel Grant. The Gradu- ate College Dissertation Completion Fellowship has helped me finish writing this dissertation in a timely manner. I feel very lucky to have met so many wonderful people at UIUC who have made me feel at home. Thanks to all of them, and especially to Doug Eddy, iv Enric Xargay, Israel de la Fuente, Itxaso Rodr´ıguez,Lee Ragsdale, Luj´an Stasevicius, Mario L´opez, Miriam P´erez, and Olatz Mendiola, for making this not only an academically but also personally enriching experience. Finally, I want to extend an enormous hug to my friends and family for staying in touch and keeping my homesickness at bay. I am very grateful to my parents, Ignasi and Montserrat, for giving me the freedom to decide, for their encouragement, support, and (although we do not say this because we are Catalan) love. Special thanks go to my sister, Laura, and Alex` and Ar¸cAsensio for keeping countdowns and for letting me invade their home repeatedly. They have been the true sponsors of my summer research. My deepest gratitude goes to Rom`aRofes for too much to mention. v Table of Contents List of Abbreviations . viii 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Sources of Variation . .1 1.2 Phonetic and Phonological Vowel Reduction . .2 1.3 Stress, Accent, Speech Rate, and Phonetic Vowel Reduction .4 1.4 Definitions: Stress, Accent, and Speech Rate . 10 1.5 Stress and Accent in Spanish and Catalan . 11 1.6 The Languages under Study . 14 1.7 Goals and Outline of the Dissertation . 22 2 Effects of Stress and Speech Rate on Vowel Quality . 27 2.1 Introduction . 27 2.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses . 32 2.3 Methods . 34 2.4 Results . 45 2.5 Discussion . 66 3 Is Phonetic Vowel Reduction Caused by Absence of Stress or Accent (or Both)? . 72 3.1 Introduction . 72 3.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses . 77 3.3 Methods . 79 3.4 Results I: Lexical Stress and Accent . 93 3.5 Results II: Lexical Stress Only . 107 3.6 Results III: Accent Only . 114 3.7 Results IV: Variable Application of Phonological Vowel Re- duction in Catalan Compounds . 117 3.8 Discussion . 125 4 Emphatic Stress in Central Catalan . 130 4.1 Introduction . 130 4.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses . 136 4.3 Methods . 137 4.4 Results . 142 4.5 Discussion . 146 vi 5 Conclusions . 149 5.1 Review of the Findings . 151 5.2 Discussion . 154 5.3 Conclusion . 166 A Appendix: Questionnaires . 167 B Appendix: Linguistic Profile of Catalan Participants . 171 C Appendix: Speech Rate Manipulation . 176 D Appendix: Target Sentences . 178 D.1 Catalan. Accented Condition . 178 D.2 Catalan. Deaccented Condition . 180 D.3 Spanish. Accented Condition . 184 D.4 Spanish. Accented Condition . 186 E Appendix: Supplementary Analyses . 190 E.1 Supplement to Section 3.4 . 190 E.2 Supplement to Section 3.5 . 190 References . 195 vii List of Abbreviations Adj. Adjective Cat. Catalan Comp. Compound Cond. Conditional Dim. Diminutive Fem. Feminine Fut. Future N. Neuter Pl. Plural Sg. Singular Str Stressed Sp. Spanish Uns Unstressed Uns Full Unstressed Full V. Verb viii 1 Introduction 1.1 Sources of Variation One of the difficulties encountered in the study of speech production and perception is the lack of invariance that characterizes speech, i.e., the fact that a given phoneme does not present a set of invariant acoustic cues in all of its realizations. Both linguistic and non-linguistic factors contribute to this variability. Among the non-linguistic factors we find speaker characteristics (e.g., gender and age, as well as individual differences in physiology and be- havior; Peterson & Barney, 1952; Chl´adkov´a,Boersma, & Podlipsk´y,2009; Fox & Jacewicz, 2012), socio-indexical factors (Labov, 2001), regional origin (e.g., Escudero, Boersma, Schurt Rauber, & Bion, 2009; Chl´adkov´a,Escud- ero, & Boersma, 2011; Kim, 2011), emotional state (Williams & Stevens, 1972; Waaramaa, Laukkanen, Airas, & Alku, 2010), or emotional expression (Tartter, 1980; Ohala, 1984). The acoustic and articulatory characteris- tics of speech sounds are also affected by changes in speaking conditions (e.g., clear speech or citation form vs. normal speech [Moon & Lindblom, 1994; Ferguson & Kewley-Port, 2002]; faster vs. slower speech rate [Pick- ett, Blumstein, & Burton, 1999; Smith, 2002; Sommers & Barcroft, 2006]; laboratory/preplanned vs. spontaneous speech [Harmegnies & Poch-Oliv´e, 1992; Calamai, 2002; Toledano, Moreno Sandoval, Col´asPasamontes, & Gar- rido Salas, 2005]). Another important source of variation is the context in which a segment occurs. The identity of adjacent
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