Bramwell, Ellen S. (2012) Naming in Society: a Cross-Cultural Study of Five Communities in Scotland
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Bramwell, Ellen S. (2012) Naming in society: a cross-cultural study of five communities in Scotland. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3173/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ENGLISH LANGUAGE, COLLEGE OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW Naming in Society A cross-cultural study of five communities in Scotland Ellen Sage Bramwell September 2011 © Ellen S. Bramwell 2011 Abstract Personal names are a human universal, but systems of naming vary across cultures. While a person’s name identifies them immediately with a particular cultural background, this aspect of identity is rarely researched in a systematic way. This thesis examines naming patterns as a product of the society in which they are used. Personal names have been studied within separate disciplines, but to date there has been little intersection between them. This study marries approaches from anthropology and linguistic research to provide a more comprehensive approach to name-study. Specifically, this is a cross-cultural study of the naming practices of several diverse communities in Scotland, United Kingdom. The purpose of the project is to compare and contrast the personal naming systems of a range of indigenous and immigrant communities whose social and linguistic contexts vary extensively. In doing so, it investigates links between personal names, social change, cultural contact and linguistic systems, and hopes to contribute towards examining universal features of naming systems and developing a theory of names. 1 | P a g e Acknowledgements I must begin these acknowledgements by thanking every one of my informants. I am still astonished that people in all of the communities were happy to sit and tell me about their life and their family and their naming practices. Without their help and generosity in sharing that knowledge, there would be no thesis. I would especially like to thank those wonderful individuals who let me be their ‘friend of a friend’ and introduced me to others in their communities, who allowed me to hang around their community centre, and who took me into their school. I cannot thank them by name in case I identify informants, but I hope that they know just how much I appreciated their help. I am also exceptionally grateful to Prof. Carole Hough, Dr Jane Stuart-Smith and Dr Jennifer Smith for supervising me in this PhD project. Their advice and support during this time has been absolutely invaluable, both on a professional and a personal level. The wider encouragement and assistance that I have received throughout my time in the Department of English Language at the University of Glasgow must also be mentioned. I am lucky to have trained in a department with such a convivial atmosphere and with such fantastic colleagues, both staff and students, and would especially like to thank Prof. Christian Kay for her enduring support through my many years in the department. My degree was supported financially by a Postgraduate Scholarship from the Economic and Social Research Council, which enabled me to tackle the large amounts of fieldwork involved in this project. I cannot end without thanking my family and friends for their love and patience. My parents – Felicity and Ian – have always encouraged me academically, and it seems to have worked. My brothers – Calum and Matthew – and my friends (you know who you are!) have helped me to stay moderately sane throughout the experience. Calum Iain, my partner, has helped me more than he will probably ever realise. 2 | P a g e Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Aims of research .............................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 Research questions ................................................................................... 12 2. Research context .................................................................................................. 16 2.1 Onomastic factors ........................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Grammar and semantics .......................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Personal naming in sociolinguistics, sociology and .............................. 29 anthropology .................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Social factors ................................................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Sociolinguistic research .......................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Community and society ........................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Culture .................................................................................................... 49 2.2.4 Cultural and linguistic contact ................................................................ 51 2.2.5 Apparent time ......................................................................................... 56 2.3 Socio-onomastics ........................................................................................... 57 3. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 60 3.1 The research objects ....................................................................................... 61 3.1.1 Indigenous communities ........................................................................ 63 3.1.2 Immigrant communities ......................................................................... 64 3.1.3 Sample ..................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Data collection ................................................................................................67 3.2.1 Access .......................................................................................................67 3 | P a g e 3.2.2 Instruments .............................................................................................72 3.2.3 Ethical considerations .............................................................................79 3.3 Analysis .......................................................................................................... 82 3.3.1 Analysis of individual communities ....................................................... 82 3.3.2 Comparative analysis ............................................................................. 84 4. Western Isles community ................................................................................... 88 4.1 Geography ...................................................................................................... 88 4.2 Social and linguistic conditions .................................................................... 92 4.2.1 Language ................................................................................................. 92 4.2.2 Society ..................................................................................................... 94 4.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................97 4.3.1 Access to community ...............................................................................97 4.3.2 Informants .............................................................................................. 98 4.3.3 Interviews ............................................................................................... 99 4.4 Results and discussion ................................................................................ 100 4.4.1 Structure of names ................................................................................ 100 4.4.2 Given names ......................................................................................... 109 4.4.3 Surnames and bynames ........................................................................ 135 4.5 Summary of Western Isles naming practices .............................................. 155 5. Buckie community ............................................................................................. 158 5.1 Geography ..................................................................................................... 158 5.2 Social and linguistic conditions .................................................................. 160 5.3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 162 5.3.1 Access to community ............................................................................. 162 4 | P a g e 5.3.2 Informants ............................................................................................. 163 5.3.3 Interviews .............................................................................................