Der Luftkrieg in Mülheim an Der Ruhr Inhaltsverzeichnis

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Der Luftkrieg in Mülheim an Der Ruhr Inhaltsverzeichnis Pamela Henstra Der Luftkrieg in Mülheim an der Ruhr Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einleitung.........................................................................................................................................3 II. Die Anfänge des Luftkrieges von 1939 – 1942............................................................................5 1. Britische Kriegsvorbereitungen...................................................................................................5 2. Der Beginn der britischen Bomberoffensive gegen das Deutsche Reich und die Stadt Mülheim................................................................................................................7 3. Die Weiterentwicklung des britischen Bomber Command und die Auswirkungen auf die Stadt Mülheim bis zum Ende des Jahres 1942............................................................................9 4. Die amerikanische Air Force im Luftkrieg über Deutschland...................................................18 5. Die Heimatluftverteidigung.......................................................................................................21 a) Nachtjagd..............................................................................................................................21 b) Flak.......................................................................................................................................23 6. Die Heimatluftverteidigung im Jahr 1942.................................................................................25 a) Nachtjagd..............................................................................................................................25 b) Flak.......................................................................................................................................26 c) Tagjagd.................................................................................................................................27 III. Das Jahr 1943.............................................................................................................................28 1. Die Konferenz von Casablanca..................................................................................................28 2. Die 8. USAAF............................................................................................................................31 3. Das Bomber Command..............................................................................................................32 4. Reaktionen auf deutscher Seite..................................................................................................33 5. Mülheim und der Beginn der „Battle of the Ruhr“....................................................................34 6. Der Großangriff auf die Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr.................................................................36 7. Die Heimatluftverteidigung 1943..............................................................................................45 a) Flak ......................................................................................................................................45 b) Tagjagd ................................................................................................................................47 c) Nachtjagd .............................................................................................................................48 8. Vergeltung statt Verteidigung....................................................................................................51 9. V-Waffen im Einsatz ................................................................................................................53 a) V1..........................................................................................................................................53 b) V2 ........................................................................................................................................53 c) V3..........................................................................................................................................54 d) Die Bedeutung der V-Waffen-Offensive..............................................................................55 IV. Die letzte Phase des Luftkrieges 1944/45.................................................................................57 1. Die Verschärfung des Luftkrieges in der Endphase..................................................................57 2. Die letzten Luftangriffe gegen die Stadt Mülheim....................................................................59 V. Die Bevölkerung und der Bombenkrieg....................................................................................61 1. Ziviler Luftschutz......................................................................................................................61 2. Selbstschutz...............................................................................................................................62 3. Bunkerbau..................................................................................................................................63 4. Luftalarme..................................................................................................................................67 5. Die Versorgung der Bevölkerung..............................................................................................70 6. Jugend im Luftkrieg...................................................................................................................74 a) Erweiterte Kinderlandverschickung (KLV)..........................................................................74 b) Das Lagerleben in der KLV .................................................................................................77 c) Mülheimer Flakhelfer...........................................................................................................80 VI. Schlussbetrachtung....................................................................................................................82 1. Die Auswirkungen des Bombenkriegs auf die Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr .............................82 2. Fazit...........................................................................................................................................85 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis......................................................................................................87 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis................................................................................................90 Abkürzungsverzeichnis......................................................................................................................91 I. Einleitung Die alliierte Bomberoffensive gegen das Deutsche Reich während des Zweiten Weltkrieges brachte das Kriegsgeschehen direkt in die deutschen Städte. Vor allem die britischen Flächenangriffe hinterließen dabei Schäden und Zerstörungen in einem verheerenden Ausmaß. Besonders im Westen war das Ruhrgebiet, „die Waffenschmiede des Reiches“1 das vorrangige Ziel. Die Menschen dort mussten bald pausenlos mit Luftangriffen rechnen und auch leben. Neben der Zerstörung der Industrie spielte auch die Zerstörung der deutschen Moral eine bedeutende Rolle bei den britischen Luftkriegsplänen. Die nächtlichen Flächenangriffe („area bombing“) zeichneten sich schließlich dadurch aus, dass gezielt die Stadtkerne und Wohngebiete die Hauptangriffsziele waren. Eine Taktik, für die später der Begriff „moral bombing“ stehen sollte. Neben den Bombenangriffen an sich bestimmten u.a. Luftalarme, vorwiegend bei Nacht, immer häufigere und längerandauernde Aufenthalte in den Bunkern sowie Engpässe bei Versorgungsgütern aller Art, früh den Alltag der Menschen. Dazu gesellte sich bald die Erkenntnis, dass Schutz- und Hilfsmaßnahmen nicht mehr ausreichten. Für die Jugend wurden Bereiche wie die Kinderlandverschickung (KLV) und der Einsatz als Flakhelfer ein wesentlicher Teil des Kriegsgeschehens.2 Die deutsche Luftverteidigung, die von Beginn an einen schweren Stand gegenüber Hitlers Offensiv-Strebens hatte, bildete einen bedeutenden Schwachpunkt in der deutschen Kriegsführung. Frühe Versäumnisse und zunehmender Material- und Personalmangel führten dazu, dass der anwachsenden Stärke der Alliierten, bald nichts mehr entgegengesetzt werden konnte. Die Vergeltung, die von Hitler bereits frühzeitig angekündigt wurde, sollte mithilfe der Fernwaffen noch durchgesetzt werden, doch scheiterte auch dieses Vorhaben und entwickelte sich stattdessen vielmehr zu einem Unruhestifter innerhalb der Bevölkerung, obwohl die Vergeltungsversprechen eigentlich das genaue Gegenteil bewirken sollten.3 Diese Darstellung beschäftigt sich damit, am Beispiel der Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr den Verlauf des Luftkrieges und seine Auswirkungen auf die Stadt aufzuzeigen. Gerade aus der Sicht der Zivilbevölkerung war der Luftkrieg ein einschneidendes Erlebnis, der auch diese Stadt zu einem Teil der „Heimatfront“ machte, jedoch mit einem geringeren Ausmaß an Zerstörung, verglichen mit 1 Zit. n. Jochen von Lang: Krieg der Bomber. Dokumentation einer deutschen Katastrophe, Berlin; Frankfurt a.M. 1986 (Im Folgenden: von Lang: Krieg der Bomber), S. 100. 2 Allgemein zur KLV vgl. Gerhard Kock: Dedr Führer sorgt für unsere Kinder...Die Kinderlandverschickung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Paderborn 1997 (Im Folgenden: Kock: Der Führer sorgt für unsere Kinder); Allgemein zu Flkahelfern vgl. Horst-Adalbert
Recommended publications
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 29
    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 29 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright 2003: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2003 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361-4231 Typeset by Creative Associates 115 Magdalen Road Oxford OX4 1RS Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Northmoor OX29 5UH 3 CONTENTS BATTLE OF BRITAIN DAY. Address by Dr Alfred Price at the 5 AGM held on 12th June 2002 WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE LUFTWAFFE’S ‘TIP 24 AND RUN’ BOMBING ATTACKS, MARCH 1942-JUNE 1943? A winning British Two Air Forces Award paper by Sqn Ldr Chris Goss SUMMARY OF THE MINUTES OF THE SIXTEENTH 52 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING HELD IN THE ROYAL AIR FORCE CLUB ON 12th JUNE 2002 ON THE GROUND BUT ON THE AIR by Charles Mitchell 55 ST-OMER APPEAL UPDATE by Air Cdre Peter Dye 59 LIFE IN THE SHADOWS by Sqn Ldr Stanley Booker 62 THE MUNICIPAL LIAISON SCHEME by Wg Cdr C G Jefford 76 BOOK REVIEWS. 80 4 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal
    [Show full text]
  • Shelf List 05/31/2011 Matches 4631
    Shelf List 05/31/2011 Matches 4631 Call# Title Author Subject 000.1 WARBIRD MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD EDITORS OF AIR COMBAT MAG WAR MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD IN MAGAZINE FORM 000.10 FLEET AIR ARM MUSEUM, THE THE FLEET AIR ARM MUSEUM YEOVIL, ENGLAND 000.11 GUIDE TO OVER 900 AIRCRAFT MUSEUMS USA & BLAUGHER, MICHAEL A. EDITOR GUIDE TO AIRCRAFT MUSEUMS CANADA 24TH EDITION 000.2 Museum and Display Aircraft of the World Muth, Stephen Museums 000.3 AIRCRAFT ENGINES IN MUSEUMS AROUND THE US SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIST OF MUSEUMS THROUGH OUT THE WORLD WORLD AND PLANES IN THEIR COLLECTION OUT OF DATE 000.4 GREAT AIRCRAFT COLLECTIONS OF THE WORLD OGDEN, BOB MUSEUMS 000.5 VETERAN AND VINTAGE AIRCRAFT HUNT, LESLIE LIST OF COLLECTIONS LOCATION AND AIRPLANES IN THE COLLECTIONS SOMEWHAT DATED 000.6 VETERAN AND VINTAGE AIRCRAFT HUNT, LESLIE AVIATION MUSEUMS WORLD WIDE 000.7 NORTH AMERICAN AIRCRAFT MUSEUM GUIDE STONE, RONALD B. LIST AND INFORMATION FOR AVIATION MUSEUMS 000.8 AVIATION AND SPACE MUSEUMS OF AMERICA ALLEN, JON L. LISTS AVATION MUSEUMS IN THE US OUT OF DATE 000.9 MUSEUM AND DISPLAY AIRCRAFT OF THE UNITED ORRISS, BRUCE WM. GUIDE TO US AVIATION MUSEUM SOME STATES GOOD PHOTOS MUSEUMS 001.1L MILESTONES OF AVIATION GREENWOOD, JOHN T. EDITOR SMITHSONIAN AIRCRAFT 001.2.1 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, THE BRYAN, C.D.B. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM COLLECTION 001.2.2 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, THE, SECOND BRYAN,C.D.B. MUSEUM AVIATION HISTORY REFERENCE EDITION Page 1 Call# Title Author Subject 001.3 ON MINIATURE WINGS MODEL AIRCRAFT OF THE DIETZ, THOMAS J.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Kammler, Hitler's Last Hope, in American Hands
    WORKING PAPER 91 Hans Kammler, Hitler’s Last Hope, in American Hands By Frank Döbert and Rainer Karlsch, August 2019 THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Charles Kraus, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources from all sides of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. Among the activities undertaken by the Project to promote this aim are the Wilson Center's Digital Archive; a periodic Bulletin and other publications to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for historians to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; and international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars. The CWIHP Working Paper series provides a speedy publication outlet for researchers who have gained access to newly-available archives and sources related to Cold War history and would like to share their results and analysis with a broad audience of academics, journalists, policymakers, and students. CWIHP especially welcomes submissions which use archival sources from outside of the United States; offer novel interpretations of well-known episodes in Cold War history; explore understudied events, issues, and personalities important to the Cold War; or improve understanding of the Cold War’s legacies and political relevance in the present day.
    [Show full text]
  • Lord Healey CH MBE PC
    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 31 (Incorporating the Proceedings of the Bomber Command Association’s 60th Anniversary Symposium) 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Photographs credited to MAP have been reproduced by kind permission of Military Aircraft Photographs. Copies of these, and of many others, may be obtained via http://www.mar.co.uk First published in the UK in 2004 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361 4231 Typeset by Creative Associates 115 Magdalen Road Oxford OX4 1RS Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Northmoor OX29 5UH 3 CONTENTS RECOLLECTIONS OF A SECRETARY OF STATE FOR 4 DEFENCE – The Rt Hon The Lord Healey CH MBE PC HOW DECISIVE WAS THE ROLE OF ALLIED AIR POWER 17 IN THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC, 1941-1945? by Sqn Ldr S I Richards SUMMARY OF THE MINUTES OF THE SEVENTEENTH 47 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING HELD IN THE ROYAL AIR FORCE CLUB ON 10 JUNE 2003 FEEDBACK 51 DEREK WOOD – AN OBITUARY 55 BOOK REVIEWS 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOMBER COMMAND 82 ASSOCIATION 60TH ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM HELD AT THE RAF MUSEUM, HENDON ON 12 OCTOBER 2002 UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF AIR MSHL SIR JOHN CURTISS KCB KBE 4 RECOLLECTIONS OF A SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE The Rt Hon The Lord Healey CH MBE PC I should perhaps start by saying that there is no specific theme to what I have to say.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2021 Issue 45 Ai Rpi Lo T
    JUNE 2021 ISSUE 45 AI RPI LO T INSIDE HRHTHE DUKE OF EDINBURGH 1921-2021 A Portrait of our Patron RED ARROWS IN 2021 & BEYOND Exclusive Interview with Red One OXFORD v CAMBRIDGE AIR RACE DIARY With the gradual relaxing of lockdown restrictions the Company is hopeful that the followingevents will be able to take place ‘in person’ as opposed to ‘virtually’. These are obviously subject to any subsequent change THE HONOURABLE COMPANY in regulations and members are advised to check OF AIR PILOTS before making travel plans. incorporating Air Navigators JUNE 2021 FORMER PATRON: 26 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Duxford His Royal Highness 30 th T&A Committee Air Pilot House (APH) The Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh KG KT JULY 2021 7th ACEC APH GRAND MASTER: 11 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Henstridge His Royal Highness th The Prince Andrew 13 APBF APH th Duke of York KG GCVO 13 Summer Supper Girdlers’ Hall 15 th GP&F APH th MASTER: 15 Court Cutlers’ Hall Sqn Ldr Nick Goodwyn MA Dip Psych CFS RAF (ret) 21 st APT/AST APH 22 nd Livery Dinner Carpenters’ Hall CLERK: 25 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Weybourne Paul J Tacon BA FCIS AUGUST 2021 Incorporated by Royal Charter. 3rd Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Lee on the Solent A Livery Company of the City of London. 10 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Popham PUBLISHED BY: 15 th Air Pilot Flying Club The Honourable Company of Air Pilots, Summer BBQ White Waltham Air Pilots House, 52A Borough High Street, London SE1 1XN SEPTEMBER 2021 EMAIL : [email protected] 15 th APPL APH www.airpilots.org 15 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Oaksey Park th EDITOR: 16 GP&F APH Allan Winn EMAIL: [email protected] 16 th Court Cutlers’ Hall 21 st Luncheon Club RAF Club DEPUTY EDITOR: 21 st Tymms Lecture RAF Club Stephen Bridgewater EMAIL: [email protected] 30 th Air Pilot Flying Club Fly-in Compton Abbas SUB EDITOR: Charlotte Bailey Applications forVisits and Events EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The copy deadline for the August 2021 edition of Air Pilot Please kindly note that we are ceasing publication of is 1 st July 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • IL BOMBARDAMENTO STRATEGICO Di Emilio Bonaiti
    IL BOMBARDAMENTO STRATEGICO di Emilio Bonaiti “Qualunque cosa si dica, i bombardieri passeranno sempre. L’unica difesa è l’offesa, il che significa che dovrete uccidere donne e bambini più velocemente del nemico, se vorrete salvarvi”. Stanley Baldwin La Grande Guerra - I ‘profeti’ - Gli anni tra le due guerre - La seconda guerra mondiale - La spada - Lo scudo - L’incursione - Finis belli. In The strategic air offensive against Germany, storia ufficiale della Royal Air Force scritta da Charles Webster e Noble Frankland, vi è una chiara definizione del bombardamento strategico: “L’offensiva aerea strategica è un mezzo di attacco diretto contro lo stato nemico, con l’obiettivo di privarlo dei mezzi e della volontà di continuare la guerra. Esso può essere lo strumento che di per sé assicura la vittoria, ovvero il mezzo mediante il quale la vittoria può essere conseguita da altre forze. Esso si distingue da tutti i tipi convenzionali di attacco armato in quanto, a differenza degli altri, può colpire in modo immediato, diretto e distruttivo il cuore stesso del nemico. Pertanto la sua sfera di attività si estende non solo al di sopra, ma anche al di là di quella degli eserciti e delle marine da guerra”. Secondo i manuali il bombardamento strategico, definito anche bombardamento logistico, ha l’obiettivo di ridurre, ritardare o annullare la produzione dei mezzi bellici, dei rifornimenti, delle comunicazioni del nemico allo scopo di annullare la sua volontà di continuare nella lotta. Invero, a giudizio di chi scrive, definizione più esatta, più calzante, sarebbe quella di bombardamento terroristico, attuato allo scopo di distruggere fisicamente la popolazione civile.
    [Show full text]
  • Military History Anniversaries 1 Thru 15 MAR
    Military History Anniversaries 1 thru 15 MAR Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests Mar 01 1781 – American Revolution: Articles of Confederation are Ratified » The Articles are finally ratified. They were signed by Congress and sent to the individual states for ratification on November 15, 1777, after 16 months of debate. Bickering over land claims between Virginia and Maryland delayed final ratification for almost four more years. Maryland finally approved the Articles on March 1, 1781, affirming the Articles as the outline of the official government of the United States. The nation was guided by the Articles of Confederation until the implementation of the current U.S. Constitution in 1789. The critical distinction between the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution —the primacy of the states under the Articles—is best understood by comparing the following lines. The Articles of Confederation begin: “To all to whom these Present shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States” By contrast, the Constitution begins: “We the People of the United States do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” The predominance of the states under the Articles of Confederation is made even more explicit by the claims of Article II: “Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.” Less than five years after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, enough leading Americans decided that the system was inadequate to the task of governance that they peacefully overthrew their second government in just over 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes to Pages 322-8
    Notes to pages 322-8 r ro G (Air), Main HQ 2 r Army Group, 'Notes on Air Support, June-October 1944,' I, PRO WO 205/556; 'The Effects of Air Power,' DHist SGR II 264, folder 24 l l l G (Air), Main HQ 21 Army Group, 'Notes on Air Support, June-October 1944,' 3, PRO WO 205/556 CHAPTER 10: FLNAL BATILES l Everard, A Mouse in My Pocket, 365--6 2 No 401 Squadron ORB, 3 Sept. 1944, DHist 3 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 78, PRO Air 37/876 4 'Air Support - lst Cdn Army. Report on Air Support in 2nd Brit Army and rst Cdn Army by Lt-Col T.C. Braithwaite, OBE, and Lt-Col W.B.G. Reynolds,' nd, para r l, file 215cr.093 (03), NA, RG 24, vol. IO, 671 5 Ibid., para 3 r 6 'Air Support NWE - Lecture by Maj-Gen C.C. Mann to Staff Course at RMC, 25 July 46,' nd, file 215ci.091, ibid. 7 Vincent Orange, Coningham (London 1990), 218 8 Ibid. 9 Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War ll, Ill, 608; No 402 Squadron ORB, 17-30 Sept. 1944, DHist IO No 83 Group ORB, 15 Sept. 1944, PRO Air 25/698; Ellis, Victory in the West, II, 44; No 441 Squadron ORB, 25 Sept. 1944, DHist; Combat Reports, DHist 73/847; No 416 Squadron ORB, 25 Sept. 1944, DHist; Combat Reports, DHist 83/847; Casualty Lists, DHist 90/19 II AHB, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 336, 340; Squadron Leader D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RISE of the FOURTH REICH Escape the Disgrace of Deposition Or Capitulation—Choose Death.” He Or- Dered That Their Bodies Be Burned Immediately
    T H E S EC R ET SO C I ET I E S T H AT TH RE AT EN TO TAK E OV ER AMER I C A JIM MARRS This book is dedicated to my father, my uncles, and all the Allied soldiers who sacrificed so willingly to serve their country in World War II. They deserve better. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 The Escape of Adolf Hitler 2 A Definition of Terms 5 Communism versus National Socialism 8 PART ONE THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH 1. A New Reich Begins 19 2. The Strange Case of Rudolf Hess 36 3. Nazi Wonder Weapons 50 4. A Treasure Trove 92 5. The Writing on the Wall 106 PART TWO THE REICH CONSOLIDATES 6. The Ratlines 125 7. Project Paperclip and the Space Race 149 8. Nazi Mind Control 178 vi CONTENTS 9. Business as Usual 204 10. Kennedy and the Nazis 220 PART THREE THE REICH ASCENDANT 11. Rebuilding the Reich, American-Style 235 12. Guns, Drugs, and Eugenics 262 13. Religion 286 14. Education 296 15. Psychology and Public Control 321 16. Propaganda 343 EPILOGUE 361 SOURCES 377 INDEX 413 Acknowledgments About the Author Other Books by Jim Marrs Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher INTRODUCTION ADOLF HIT LER’S THI R D REICH EN DED I N BER LI N ON APR I L 30, 1945. Thunder reverberated from a storm of Rus sian artillery that was bom- barding the ruined capital. The day before, along with the incoming shells, came particularly bad news for the fuehrer, who by this late date in World War II was confined to his underground bunker beneath the Reich chan- cellery.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II Max Lutze Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II Max Lutze Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the European History Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Military History Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Lutze, Max, "The German Rocket Jet and the Nuclear Programs of World War II" (2016). Honors Theses. 179. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/179 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The German Rocket, Jet, and Nuclear Programs of World War II By Max Lutze * * * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE March, 2016 2 Abstract German military technology in World War II was among the best of the major warring powers and in many cases it was the groundwork for postwar innovations that permanently changed global warfare. Three of the most important projects undertaken, which were not only German initiatives and therefore perhaps among the most valuable programs for both the major Axis and Allied nations, include the rocket, jet, and nuclear programs. In Germany, each of these technologies was given different levels of attention and met with varying degrees of success in their development and application.
    [Show full text]
  • © Osprey Publishing • © Osprey Publishing • HITLER’S EAGLES
    www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com HITLER’S EAGLES THE LUFTWAFFE 1933–45 Chris McNab © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 6 The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe 10 Luftwaffe – Organization and Manpower 56 Bombers – Strategic Reach 120 Fighters – Sky Warriors 174 Ground Attack – Strike from Above 238 Sea Eagles – Maritime Operations 292 Ground Forces – Eagles on the Land 340 Conclusion 382 Further Reading 387 Index 390 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION A force of Heinkel He 111s near their target over England during the summer of 1940. Once deprived of their Bf 109 escorts, the German bombers were acutely vulnerable to the predations of British Spitfires and Hurricanes. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com he story of the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) has been an abiding focus of military Thistorians since the end of World War II in 1945. It is not difficult to see why. Like many aspects of the German war machine, the Luftwaffe was a crowning achievement of the German rearmament programme. During the 1920s and early 1930s, the air force was a shadowy organization, operating furtively under the tight restrictions on military development imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Yet through foreign-based aircraft design agencies, civilian air transport and nationalistic gliding clubs, the seeds of a future air force were nevertheless kept alive and growing in Hitler’s new Germany, and would eventually emerge in the formation of the Luftwaffe itself in 1935. The nascent Luftwaffe thereafter grew rapidly, its ranks of both men and aircraft swelling under the ambition of its commander-in-chief, Hermann Göring.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend
    Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend http://myth.greyfalcon.us/sun.htm by Joseph P. Farrell GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG "A comprehensive February 1942 (German) Army Ordnance report on the German uranium enrichment program includes the statement that the critical mass of a nuclear weapon lay between 10 and 100 kilograms of either uranium 235 or element 94.... In fact the German estimate of critical mass of 10 to 100 kilograms was comparable to the contemporary Allied estimate of 2 to 100.... The German scientists working on uranium neither withheld their figure for critical mass because of moral scruples nor did they provide an inaccurate estimate as the result of gross scientific error." --Mark Walker, "Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb" A Badly Written Finale "In southern Germany, meanwhile, the American Third and Seventh and the French First Armies had been driving steadily eastward into the so-called 'National Redoubt'.... The American Third Army drove on into Czechoslovakia and by May 6 had captured Pilsen and Karlsbad and was approaching Prague." --F. Lee Benns, "Europe Since 1914 In Its World Setting" (New York: F.S. Crofts and Co., 1946) On a night in October 1944, a German pilot and rocket expert by the same of Hans Zinsser was flying his Heinkel 111 twin-engine bomber in twilight over northern Germany, close to the Baltic coast in the province of Mecklenburg. He was flying at twilight to avoid the Allied fighter aircraft that at that time had all but undisputed mastery of the skies over Germany. Little did he know that what he saw that night would be locked in the vaults of the highest classification of the United States government for several decades after the war.
    [Show full text]