Notes to pages 322-8 r ro G (Air), Main HQ 2 r Army Group, 'Notes on Air Support, June-October 1944,' I, PRO WO 205/556; 'The Effects of Air Power,' DHist SGR II 264, folder 24 l l l G (Air), Main HQ 21 Army Group, 'Notes on Air Support, June-October 1944,' 3, PRO WO 205/556

CHAPTER 10: FLNAL BATILES

l Everard, A Mouse in My Pocket, 365--6 2 No 401 Squadron ORB, 3 Sept. 1944, DHist 3 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 78, PRO Air 37/876 4 'Air Support - lst Cdn Army. Report on Air Support in 2nd Brit Army and rst Cdn Army by Lt-Col T.C. Braithwaite, OBE, and Lt-Col W.B.G. Reynolds,' nd, para r l, file 215cr.093 (03), NA, RG 24, vol. IO, 671 5 Ibid., para 3 r 6 'Air Support NWE - Lecture by Maj-Gen C.C. Mann to Staff Course at RMC, 25 July 46,' nd, file 215ci.091, ibid. 7 Vincent Orange, Coningham (London 1990), 218 8 Ibid. 9 Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War ll, Ill, 608; No 402 Squadron ORB, 17-30 Sept. 1944, DHist IO No 83 Group ORB, 15 Sept. 1944, PRO Air 25/698; Ellis, Victory in the West, II, 44; No 441 Squadron ORB, 25 Sept. 1944, DHist; Combat Reports, DHist 73/847; No 416 Squadron ORB, 25 Sept. 1944, DHist; Combat Reports, DHist 83/847; Casualty Lists, DHist 90/19 II AHB, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 336, 340; Squadron Leader D.R. Morgan, 'A Short Historical Account of No 83 Group during the Period rst April, 1943, to the End of the War in Europe,' 14, PRO Air 37/985; No 412 Squadron ORB, 27 Sept. 1944, DHist 12 No 438 Squadron ORB, 27 Sept. 1944, DHist 13 No 83 Group ORB, 30 Sept. 1944, PRO Air 25/698; Shores, 2nd Tactical Air Force, 68 14 No 4rr Squadron ORB, 15 Oct. 1944, DHist; Andre Lord biog. file, DHist; 'An Analysis of Fighter Bombing Accuracy,' 9 Aug. 1945, PRO Air 16/498; No 443 Squadron ORB, 31 Oct. 1944, DHist 15 No 402 Squadron Progress Reports, 15 Sept. 1944, DHist 77/229; AHB, Air Support, 180-1; No 438 Squadron ORB, 16 and 26 Sept. 1944, DHist; Tactical Paper No 4, PRO Air 20/6857 16 'Strafing Lecture,' Andre Lord biog. file, DHist 17 AFHQ, Secret Narrative, Fighter-Reconnaissance, Sept. 1944, app. B, IO, Oct. 1944, 4, DHist 73/832; No 400 Squadron ORB, 4 Sept. 1944, DHist r8 No 400 Squadron ORB, 5 Oct. 1944, DHist 19 No 439 Squadron ORB, 13 Sept. 1944, DHist; 'Bits and Pieces,' Andre Lord biog. file, DHist 20 No 439 Squadron ORB, 5 Dec. 1944, DHist 21 No 401 Squadron ORB, l Oct. 1944, DHist; No 41 r Squadron ORB, 16 Dec. 1944, DHist; No 440 Squadron ORB, 23 Nov., 30 Dec. 1944, DHist Notes to pages 329-36 957

22 No 402 Squadron ORB, 6 Nov. 1944, DHist 23 No 41 l Squadron ORB, 30 Sept. 1944, DHist 24 Bill Olmsted, Blue Skies (Toronto 1987), 245-7 25 No 421 Squadron ORB, IO Oct. 1944, DHist 26 No 406 ASP ORB, 7 Dec. 1944, DHist 27 No 416 Squadron ORB, IO Sept. 1944, DHist; No 443 Squadron ORB, 28 Nov . 1944, DHist 28 No 421 Squadron ORB, 12 April 1945, DHist 29 Ibid., IO Mar 1945 30 No 438 Squadron ORB, IO Jan. 1945, DHist 31 No 441 Squadron ORB, l Oct. 1944, DHist; No 402 Squadron ORB, Oct. 1944, Summary for Oct. 1944, DHist; No 402 Squadron Progress Reports, l 5 Oct. 1944, DHist 77/229 32 No 440 Squadron ORB, l Oct. 1944, DHist; No 403 Squadron ORB, 20 Sept. 1944, 6 March 1945, DHist 33 Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Cambridge 1955), 52 34 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 33, PRO Air 37/876 35 No 400 Squadron ORB, 28 Sept., 2 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 412 Squadron ORB, 2 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 402 Squadron ORB, 17 Oct. 1944, DHist; Collier, The Defence of the United Kingdom, 407-8 36 Review by the Directorate of Staff Duties of the Report by Air Staff, SHAEF, on the Allied Air Operations in Europe from October 1st 1944 to May 9th, 1945, 7, PRO Air 37/I067 37 No 438 Squadron ORB, 2 Oct. 1944, DHist 38 Ibid., 2, 29 Oct. 1944; 'Tactics Employed by Fighter Bombers Operating against Special Targets,' 3, PRO Air 37/672; No 83 Group ORB, 29 Oct. 1944, PRO Air 2 5/698 39 No 412 Squadron ORB, 28 Sept., 18 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 442 Squadron ORB, 28 Sept., 15, 19 Oct. 1944, DHist; 83 Group RAF, 1-3-3, Crerar Papers, vol. 3 40 No 83 Group ORB, I Oct. 1944, PRO Air 25/698; No 441 Squadron ORB, 30 Sept. 1944, DHist; No 442 Squadron ORB, 2, 4 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 401 Squadron ORB, 5 Oct 1944, DHist 41 Everard, A Mouse in My Pocket, 375-6 42 No 416 Squadron ORB, 2 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 421 Squadron ORB, 6, 12 Oct. 1944, DHist 43 No 440 Squadron ORB, 8 Oct. 1944, DHist; No 400 Squadron ORB, 8 Oct. 1944, DHist 44 No 439 Squadron ORB, 9 Oct. I 944, DHist 45 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, October 1st, 1944 to February 28th, 1945, Guidance No 48, DHist 75/202; 2nd TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, October 1st, 1944 to February 28th, 1945, Survey of RCAF Participation in Rail Interdiction Programme of Second Tactical Air Force, DHist 75/202 46 ORS Report No 28, DHist 79/705; No 438 Squadron ORB, 30 Nov. 1944, DHist 47 Numbers derived from Kostenuk and Griffin, RCAF. 48 Tactical Paper No 3, Sept. 1947, PRO Air 20/6856 Notes to pages 336-43

49 See exchange of letters between Air Marshal Roderic Hill and Air Vice­ Marshal N.R. Anderson dated 26 Sept. 1944 and l Oct. 1944, DHist 18r.009 (04128); Report on visit to No 406 (RCAF) Squadron, l Nov. 1944, DHist 18r.009 (04128); AHB, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 367; Casualty Lists, DHist 90/19 50 Price, The Spitfire Story, 111; No 417 Squadron ORB, 23 Nov. 1944, DHist; There was no flying on the following dates: 7, 8, 9, 21-23, 29 Sept., 2, 3, 6, 8-10, 11-19, 22, 23, 26-30 Oct., r-4, l l , 14, 15, 27-30 Nov., 1, 3 Dec.; w/02 L.S. Baxter was killed on 12 Sept.tember 1944· P/O B.J. Hayden was shot down on 24 October, P/O R.A. Shannon on 17 November, and F/O J. Waslyk on 4 December. 51 No 417 Squadron ORB, Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945, DHist 52 Ibid., 23 Jan. 1945 53 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, October rst, 1944 to February 28th, 1945, Guidance No 76, DHist 75/202 54 Morgan, A Short Historical Account of No 83 Group, PRO Air 37/985; No 439 Squadron ORB , 24 Dec. 1944, DHist; No 83 Group ORB, 23 Dec. 1944, PRO Air 25/698; No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 25 Dec. 1944, PRO Air 25/706 55 Combat Reports, DHist 73/847 56 No 442 Squadron ORB, 25 Dec. 1944, DHist; Jack Boyle biog. file, DHist; No 41 I Squadron ORB, 25 Dec. 1944, DHist 57 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, October 1st, 1944 to February 28th, 1945, Guidance No 82A, DHist 75/202; No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 29 Dec. 1944, PRO Air 16 1029; No 439 Squadron ORB, 30 Dec. 1944, DHist; No 442 Squadron ORB, 29 Dec. 1944, DHist; Combat Reports, DHist 73/847 58 Combat Reports, DHist 73/847 59 Hugh Halliday, The Tumbling Sky (Stittsville 1978), 26-8 60 Everard, A Mouse in My Pocket, 13-14 61 Ibid., 31 62 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 43, PRO Air 34/876; Werner Girbig, Six Months to Oblivion, trans. Richard Simpkin (London 1975), 73-4 63 No 438 Squadron ORB, I Jan. 1945, DHist; No 440 Squadron ORB, I Jan. 1945, DHist; No 143 Wing ORB, I Jan. 1945, DHist 64 Combat Reports, DHist 73/847 65 Ibid.; Norman Franks, The Battle of the Ai1fields (London 1982), app. J, 209-lO 66 No 401 Squadron ORB, l Jan. 1945, DHist; No 126 Wing ORB, I Jan. 1945, DHist 67 Johnson, Wing Leader, 272; No 127 Wing ORB, l Jan. 1945, DHist 68 No 83 Group ORB, l Jan. 1945, PRO Air 25/698; ibid.; Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, III, 665; Werner Girbig, Six Months to Oblivion (London 1975), II2 69 No 83 Group ORB, l Jan. 1945, PRO Air 25/698; No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 4 Jan. 1945, PRO Air 16/1029 Notes to pages 344-9 959

70 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 45, PRO Air 37/876; Ellis, Victory in the West, II, 250 71 Operation Veritable, Conference at HQ 84 Group, RAF on 27 Jan. 1945, PRO Air 14/1419; Morgan, A Short Historical Account of No 83 Group, PRO Air 37/985 72 No 442 Squadron ORB, 8 Feb. 1945, DHist 73 No 439 Squadron ORB, 8 Feb. 1945, DHist 74 Ellis, Victory in the West, ll, 266; Morgan, A Short Historical Account of No 83 Group, PRO Air 37/985; No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 14 Feb. 1945, PRO Air 16/1029; No 442 Squadron ORB, 14 Feb. 1945, DHist; No 440 Squadron ORB, 14 Feb. 1945, DHist; 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, October rst, 1944 to February 28th, 1945, Guidance No 152 , DHist 75/202 75 No 442 Squadron ORB, 6 Dec. 1944, DHist 76 No 439 Squadron ORB, l 9 Oct. l 944, DHist; No 411 Squadron ORB, 2 May 1945, DHist; No 438 Squadron ORB, 22 Feb. 1945, DHist 77 AHB, Air Support, 173; No 439 Squadron ORB, 22 Feb. 1945, DHist; No 442 Squadron ORB, 22 Feb. 1945, DHist 78 Jowsey biog. file, DHist 79 2 TAF/ORS Report No 14: The Accuracy of Ground Strafing, Assessment of Combat Films - December 1944-March 1945, nd, PRO Air 20/4122 80 Fighter Command Target Policy Memorandum No 1/1945, 7 March 1945, PRO Air 16 572; Everard, A Mouse in My Pocket, 380 81 No 438 Squadron ORB, 4 March 1945, DHist 82 No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 28 Feb, 1-2, 12-15, 19 March 1945, PRO Air 16/1029; 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, March 1st to May 5th, 1945, Guidance No 202, 203, and 204, DHist 75/202 83 Review by the Directorate of Staff Duties of the Report by Air Staff, SHAEF, on the Allied Air Operations in Europe from October lst, 1944 to May 9th, r945, PRO Air 37/1067; AHB, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933-1945, 389 84 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 27-28, 49, PRO Air 37/876; Lt­ Col J.G. Wordsworth, Organization for and Methods of Obtaining Close Air Support in the Tactical Battle, PRO Air 20/3197; No 401 Squadron ORB , 23 March 1945, DHist 85 No 83 Group ORB , 23 March 1945, PRO Air 25/698 86 Report by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham, 52-3, PRO Air 37/876 87 Ibid., 53; 2 ORS Joint Report No 4, DHist 79/705 88 No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 24 March 1945, PRO Air 16 1029 89 No 400 Squadron ORB, 3 April l 945, DHist 90 No 417 Squadron ORB, 31 March 1945, DHist 91 Ibid., 8 to 30 April 1945 92 Ibid., 3 May I 945 93 No 414 Squadron ORB, 30 March 1945, DHist; No 439 Squadron ORB, 30-31 March 1945, DHist; No 406 ASP ORB, 23 Feb. 1945, DHist Notes to pages 350-8 I

94 Ellis, Victory in the West, II, 312; No 421 Squadron ORB, 21 April 1945, DHist; Sheford Bidwell and Dominick Graham, Fire-power (London 1982), 263; No 664 Squadron ORB, Dec. l 944, DHist 95 No 664 Squadron ORB, 29 March 45, DHist; Kostenuk and Griffin, RCAF, 143 96 No 403 Squadron ORB, 16 April 1945, DHist; No 41 I Squadron ORB, I7 April 1945, DHist 97 2 TAF, RCAF Log and Statistics, March rst to May 5th, 1945, Guidance No 241, DHist 75/202 98 No 402 Squadron Progress Reports, 30 April 1945, DHist 77/229 99 No 83 Group Intelligence Summary, 2g-30 April 1945, PRO Air 16/1029; No 83 Group ORB, PRO 29 April 1945, Air 25/698; No 403 Squadron ORB, 30 April 1945, DHist; No 402 Squadron ORB, 30 April 1945, DHist; No 443 Squadron ORB, 30 April 1945, DHist 100 No 412 Squadron ORB, 30 April 1945, DHist IOI No 52 MFH ORB, April 1945, DHist 102 Morgan, 'A Short Historical Account of No 83 Group,' nd, PRO Air 37/985; No 416 Squadron ORB, I May 1945, DHist; No 414 Squadron ORB, 1 May 1945, DHist; No 400 Squadron ORB, 2 May r945, DHist 103 No 438 Squadron ORB, 2 May 1944, DHist ro4 No 439 Squadron ORB, 2 May 1944, DHist 105 No 417 Squadron ORB , 8 May 1945, DHist; No 439 Squadron ORB, 4 May 1945, DHist; No 403 Squadron ORB, 4 May 1945, DHist; No 4I2 Squadron ORB, 5 May l 945, DHist 106 No 442 Squadron ORB, 7 May 1945, DHist; No 441 Squadron ORB, 8 May 1945, DHist 107 Numbers derived from casualty lists, DHist 90/19; No 439 Squadron ORB, 28 April I945, DHist; Shores, 2nd Tactical Air Force, 39 108 No 438 Squadron ORB, 7 May 1945, DHist

CHAPTER II: THE ANTI -SUBMARINE WAR

I S.F. Wise, Canadian Airmen and the First World War (Toronto 1980), 194- 228 2 W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force (Toronto I986), 473-4; Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch (AHB), 'The RAF in Maritime War, II: The Atlantic and Home Waters, The Defensive Phase, September I939-June I94I' (hereafter Coastal Command narrative), nd, app. IV, DHist 79/599 3 Great Britain, Admiralty, Historical Section, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, r939-r945 (BR I736(5I)(I), Naval Staff History Second World War; np [I957], IA, 17-19; ibid., IB, plans 54-5 4 Douglas, Creation of a National Air Force, 469 5 C.B.A. Behrens, Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War (London 1978), 108-1 l; Admiralty, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, IB, table 13 6 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, app. I, DHist 79/599 7 LT. Lloyd to Joubert, 28 July 1941, app. c, PRO, Air 15/213; Douglas, The Notes to pages 381-7

Creation of a National Air Force, 478, 522; Consolidated Catalina/Canso permanent reference file, DHist 8 Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 472; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, 302-4, DHist 79/599 9 AHB , Coastal Command narrative, II, 304, app. XIX, and III, app. II, DHist 79/599; Alfred Price, Aircraft versus Submarine (London 1973), 71-2; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, 279, app. I, DHist 79/599; o of O to RCAF GB, 25 June 1941 , s.2 -3-413, DHist 181.006 (0314) IO Stevenson to secretary of Department of National Defence for Air, 28 June 1941, and CAS to Roycanairf, 2 July 1941, DHist 181.006 (0314) 11 Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 476; CAS to Roycanairf, 2 July 1941, and Stevenson to AMP, 7 July 1941, DHist 181.006 (0314) 12 o of P to Stevenson, 12 July 1941, DHist 181.006 (0314) 13 RCAF Overseas HQ to Air Ministry, 17 July 1941, and Stevenson too of P, 25 July 1941, DHist 181.006 (0314); R.G. Briese personnel file, National Personnel Records Centre; No 413 Squadron progress report, 28 Sept. 1941, DHist r81.003 (03851); No 413 Squadron operations record book (ORB), 18 Aug. 1941, DHist 14 Briese to AOC-in-c overseas, 29 Sept. 1941, DHist 181.006 (0314) 15 L.H. Randall to director of history, 19 Oct. 1974, L.H. Randall biog. file, DHist; No 413 Squadron progress report for period ending II Oct. 1941, DHist 181.003 (03851) 16 L.H. Randall to W.A.B. Douglas, 19 Oct. 1974, L.H. Randall biog. file, DHist; No 413 Squadron ORB, 22 Oct. 1941, DHist 17 No 413 Squadron progress reports Nos 7 and 8 and Sullom Yoe to 18 Gp, 13 Nov. 1941, DHist 181.003 (03851); L.H. Randall to W.A.B. Douglas, 19 Oct. 1974, L.H. Randall biog. file, DHist 18 Twigg to AOC-in-c RCAF Overseas, 19 March 1942, J.D. Twigg personnel file, National Personnel Records Centre 19 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, II, DHist 79/599 20 No 18 Group to Air Ministry, 3 March 1942, Twigg to AOC, RCAF Overseas, 19 March 1942, Curtis to CAS, 13 May 1942, and Walker to Edwards, 24 July 1942, J.D. Twigg personnel file, National Personnel Records Centre 2 l L.H. Randall to W.A.B. Douglas, 19 Oct. 1974, L.H. Randall biog. file, DHist; J.L. Plant personnel file, National Personnel Records Centre 22 AFHQ to RCAF Overseas HQ, 21 March 1942, DHist 181.009 (06142); No 413 Squadron ORB, 31 Jan. and March 1942, DHist; No 413 Squadron, ORB daily diary, March 1942, DHist; J.L. Plant biog. file, DHist; T.W. Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia 1941-1945 (Ottawa 1976), 26-7 23 J.R.M. Butler, Grand Strategy (London 1964), III, pt 2, 483-4 24 S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea, 1939-1945 (London 1956), II, 25-6 25 Birchall to Douglas, IO Oct. 1974, DHist 74/686 26 Readers Digest, The Canadians at War 1939/45, 2d ed. (Montreal 1986), I02 27 Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 29-31; Roskill, The War at Sea, II, 26-30 28 Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 32-3 Notes to pages 387-94

29 Randall to Douglas, r9 Oct. 1974, L.H. Randall biog. file, DHist 30 No 413 Squadron ORB, 3 Aug. 1942, DHist 31 Ibid., 5 Aug. 1942, DHist; No 413 Squadron progress reports, June-Aug. 1942, DHist 18r.003 (03851); Randall to Douglas, 19 Oct. 1974, Randall biog. file, DHist. 32 Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 39-41, 46, 48-51 33 Ibid., 39-41, 46, 48-51 34 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 14, app. r, DHist 79/599; L.W. Skey biog. file, DHist; No 422 Squadron ORB, 31 July 1942, DHist 35 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, 8, DHist 79/599; No 422 Squadron ORB Aug.-Nov. 1942, DHist 36 Edwards to Air Ministry, 6 Oct. 1942, OGO to Edwards, 31 Oct. 1942, DHist r8r.oo6 (0302); F.H. Hitchens, ' No. 422 Squadron: A Narrative History,' Sept. r953, DHist 74/333 37 No 423 Squadron ORB, Aug. 1944, DHist 38 No 423 Squadron progress reports, Aug.-Oct. 1942, DHist 18r.003 (02880); No 423 Squadron ORB, 2-3 Nov. 1942, DHist; No 423 Squadron history, 1-6, DHist 74/334 39 Wait to Air Ministry, c7 Sept. 1942, DHist 18r.006 (0302); Overseas Headquarters to Air Ministry, 28 Oct. and 23 Nov. 1942, and director of postings to RCAF Overseas, 16 Nov. 1942, DHist 18r.oo6 (0303) 40 No 423 Squadron progress reports, Aug.-Dec. r942, DHist 18i.003 (02880); No 422 Squadron progress reports, Aug.-Dec. 1942, DHist 18I.003 (03128); Breadner to Edwards, 9 Jan. 1943, and Edwards to Air Ministry, 22 Jan. 1943, DHist 18r.009 (0774) 41 Joubert to Air Ministry, 19 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 15/213; Portal to Churchill, 29 March 1942, Portal papers, DHist 87/89 folder 3 42 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 473, 520-1, app. IV, DHist 79/599 43 Joubert to Portal, 2 Sept. 1942, Portal to Joubert, 4 Sept. 1942, Joubert to Portal, 9 Nov. 1942, Portal to Joubert, ro Nov. 1942, Joubert to Portal, 15 Nov. 1942, Portal to Pound, q Nov. 1942 , Portal Papers, file 8 (1942), DHist 87/89 44 Portal to Joubert, 17 Nov. 1942, Portal Papers, file 8 (1942), DHist 87/89 45 Joubert to Portal, 28 Nov. r942, Portal Papers, file 8 (1942), DHist 87/89 46 John Keegan, ed. , Who Was Who in World War II (New York 1978), 120; Portal to Joubert, 17 Nov. 1942, Portal Papers, file 8 (1942), and Mountbatten to Portal, l 3 Oct. 1943, Portal Papers, box C, file 7, DHist 87/89; Philip Ziegler, ed., Personal Diary of Admiral The Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943-1946 (London 1988), 226 4 7 Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 548, 55 l; F.H. Hinsley et al. , British Intelligence in the Second World War, II (New York 1981), 750 48 Sir John Slessor, The Central Blue (London 1956), 523--6 49 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 28, DHist 79/599 50 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, n, app. x, DHist 79/599 51 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, m, 11, 83-7, 46<}---514, 520-1 , 525-6, and IV, app. I, DHist 79/599; Air Ministry to Britman Washington, 26 Nov. r942, Notes to pages 394-8

and DGO to DONC, 27 Nov. 1942, PRO Air 20/3094; Joubert to Air Ministry, 19 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 15/213; Portal to Churchill, 29 March 1942, Portal Papers, folder 3, DHist 87/89 52 No 405 Squadron ORB, June-Oct. 1942, DHist 53 Larry Milberry and Hugh Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War 1939-r945 (Toronto 1990), 28 1 54 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 83-7, 487-9, and IV , 83-5, DHist 79/599; No 405 Squadron ORB, 27 Nov. 1942 ad 12 Jan.-27 Feb. 1943, DHist; Price, Aircraft versus Submarine, 92-3; Douglas, Th e Creation of a National Air Force, 582 55 _F .H. Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron: A Narrative History,' Oct. 1953, 77-82, DHist 74/308 56 Breadner to Curtis, 23 Nov. 1942, DHist 181.009 (D5629); DAS to Edwards, 13 Jan. 1943, DHist l8r.oo6 (D286); 'Report on a Meeting between the AOC-in-c, RCAF Overseas, and the AMSO, RAF, on January 14th, 1943,' DHist 181.009 (D5629); Chris Ashworth, Action Stations, v: Military Airfields of the South­ West (Cambridge 1982), 58; No 407 Squadron semi-monthly progress report, 5 and 13 March, 7 and 15 April 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D4835) 57 No 407 Squadron ORB, 22 and 28 April 1943, DHist; Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (BdU) war diary, 26-29 April 1943, translation in DHist 79/446; F.H. Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' 93-5, DHist 74/308; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 96, DHist 79/599 58 BdU war diary, 28 April 1943, DHist 79/446; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 97, DHist 79/599 59 BdU war diary, 24 May 1943, DHist 79/446; No 407 Squadron ORB , 14-31 May 1943, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 98-9, DHist 79/599 60 BdU war diary, 29 May 1943, DHist 79/446; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 100-34, DHist 79/599 61 Nos 407, 4r5, 422, and 423 Squadron ORBS, June- Aug. 1943, DHist 62 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 98-9, 126, app. VI, DHist 79/599 63 BdU war diary, 14 June 1943, DHist 79/446; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, ro9, DHist 79/599 64 No 422 Squadron ORB, 17 June 1943, DHist; No 423 Squadron ORB, 3 July 1943, DHist 65 S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea (London 1961), III, app. D; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 126, DHist 79/59 66 Roskill, The War at Sea, 193g-1945, Ill, app. D; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 126, DHist 79/59 67 No 415 Squadron ORB, 2 Aug. 1943, DHist 68 Admiralty, reports on interrogation of German prisoners of war, u-706, Sept. 1943, DHist 80/582, item 41 69 Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 583; No 407 Squadron ORB, 2 Aug. 1943, DHist 70 BdU war diary, 2 and 5 Aug. 1943, DHist 79/446; F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War (London r 984), m, pt r, 217-20; Ministry of Defence (Navy), The U-Boat War in the Atlantic, 193g-1945 Notes to pages 399-404

(London 1989), III, 14; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 133-8, DHist 79/599; No 4I5 Squadron ORB, Aug. 1943, DHist; Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBS, Sept. I943, DHist 71 No 407 Squadron ORB, 6-7 Sept. 1943, DHist; Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct 1953, 101-2, DHist 74/308; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 213, DHist 79/599 72 C. Reinke, 'Castle Archdale,' [Oct. 1944], Castle Archdale PR file, DHist; Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 99, 104-5, 107, DHist 741308; No 407 Squadron ORB, 27 Sept. 1943, DHist 73 No 407 Squadron ORB, 19-20 Oct. I943, DHist 74 Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 99, DHist 74/308; No 407 Squadron ORB, 5 Aug. 1943, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 17-18, DHist 79/599 75 C. Reinke, 'Castle Archdale,' [Oct. 1944], 7, Castle Archdale PRF, DHist 76 No 407 Squadron ORB, 31 Aug., 30 Sept., 31 Oct. 1943, DHist; 'Canadianization - Overseas Squadrons,' nd, 407 Squadron, DHist l8r.003 (D3596) 77 No 407 Squadron ORB, 30 Sept. 1943, DHist 78 Ibid., Sept. 1943-Jan. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narratieve, IV, 221, DHist 79/599 ; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 105, DHist 74/308; R.A. Ashman biog. file, DHist 79 Ashworth, Action Stations, 60; No 407 Squadron ORB, 30 Nov. and 31 Dec. 1943, 29 Feb. and 30 April 1944, DHist; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 105, DHist 74/308 80 Edwards to Air Ministry, 30 June 1943, and Edwards to Pirie, 6 Sept. 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D1192) 8I Pirie to Edwards, r5 July 1943, DHist r8r.003 (01192) 82 Inspector General, 'Report No 295,' 29 June 1943, PRO, Air 33/5 83 Ibid. 84 Slessor to Portal, r June 1943, Portal Papers, file 8 (1943), DHist 87/89; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 585 85 Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBS, 31 Oct. 1943, DHist; P.H. Hitchens, 'No 422 Squadron: A Narrative History,' Sept. 1953, 32, DHist 74/333 86 No 423 Squadron ORB, 12 May 1943, DHist; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 584; Norman Franks, Search and Kill: Coastal Command's U-boat Successes (Bourne End, Bucks. 1990), 22 87 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 147, DHist 79/599; Chaz Bowyer, Men of Coastal Command (London 1985), 65; C.H. Barnes, Shorts Aircraft since 1900 (London 1964), 355 88 'Personal Story Written by F/O A.A. Bishop, DFC, 423 Squadron,' nd, No 423 Squadron ORB, DHist 89 Ibid. 90 Carl Reinke, 'Castle Archdale,' [Oct 1944], 12-14, Castle Archdale PRF, DHist 91 Ibid., 16; C.H. Waddington, O.R. in World War 2 (London 1973), I 13- 15 92 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 230, DHist 79/599 Notes to pages 404-10

93 No 423 Squadron ORB, 8 Oct. 1943, DHist; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 584 94 No 422 Squadron ORB, Oct. 1943, app. E, DHist 95 Ibid.; AHB, Coastal Command narratieve, IV, 187, DHist 96 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 454, 465, DHist 79/599; No 407 Squadron ORB, IO/I I Feb. 1944, DHist; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 592 97 No 422 Squadron ORB, IO March 1944, DHist; Hitchins, 'No 422 Squadron,' Sept. 1953, 43, DHist 74/333; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 592; BdU war diary, 10-12 March 1944, DHist 79/446 98 'Aircraft for the War at Sea,' 19 Jan. 1944, PRO, Air 2/8428; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 568-9, DHist 79/599 99 CAS to ACAS(P), 21 Jan. 1944, PRO, Air 2/8428 IOO D of Ops(M) to VCAS, 6 March 1944, 'The War at Sea in Relation to Overlord,' 17 March 1944, PRO, Air 2/8428; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 572-4, DHist 79/599 IOI 'Minutes of a Meeting Held in the Air Council Room ... on the 22nd March, 1944, to Discuss the War at Sea in Relation to "Overlord,"' PRO, Air 15/357; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 576-7, DHist 79/599 I02 'Directive on the role of Coastal Command in Overlord,' 18 April 1944, PRO, Air 15/293; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 580-1, DHist 79/599 I03 No 407 Squadron ORB, 2 and 3I May 1944, DHist I04 Ibid., 4 May 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 479, DHist 79/599 I05 Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBs, 18 May-6 June 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 484-5, DHist 79/599; Coastal Command ORB, 24 May 1944, app. E, DHist 18r.003 (D886) I06 No 423 Squadron ORB, 24 May 1944, DHist I07 BdU war diary, 27 May 1944, DHist 79/446; Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBS, 24 May 1944, DHist; U-921 log, 24 May 1944, DHist 83/665, vol. 89; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 485, DHist 79/599 I08 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 240-1, DHist 79/599; Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, III, pt I, 49 109 Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, III, pt 2, 156; Ministry of Defence (Navy), The U-Boat War in the Atlantic, 68 IIO AHB , Coastal Command narrative, v, 4-11, DHist 79/599; Ministry of Defence (Navy), The U-Boat War in the Atlantic, 69 r I I Nos 422 and 423 Squadron, ORB daily diaries, June 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 9, DHist 79/599 Ir 2 No 407 Squadron ORB, 20/2 I June I 944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narratieve, v, 17-2 r, DHist 79/599; 'Report on interrogation of survivors from u-971 ... ' NSS 1487-49, u-971 1650, and HMCS Haida 8000, DHist 113 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 58, 81-3, 88, I09, DHist 79/599 II4 Ibid., 12-13, 21-2, 32-6; Roskill, The War at Sea, 1939-1945, III, app. Y; Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBS, July I944, DHist; 'No 423 Squadron,' nd, 81, DHist 74/334 Notes to pages 410-18 l 15 Nos 407, 422, and 423 Squadron ORBS, Aug. 1944, DHist 116 No 423 Squadron ORB, Aug. 1944, app. 'An A/S Sweep by Sunderland "c,"' DHist l 17 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 81-3, DHist 79/599; Nos 407, 422, and 423 Squadron ORBS, Aug.-Sept. 1944, DHist; Ministry of Defence (Navy), The U-boat War in the Atlantic, 68-80 l 18 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 82, 88-9, 108-9, DHist 79/599; Marc Milner, 'The Dawn of Modem Anti-Submarine Warfare: Allied Responses to the U-boats, 1944-45,' RUSI Journal, spring 1989, 64; No 423 Squadron ORB, 3 Sept. l 944, DHist 119 C. Reinke, 'Castle Archdale,' [Oct 1944], 17-18, Castle Archdale PRF, DHist 120 Ibid., 18-19, 24 121 BdU war diary, 29-30 Oct. 1944, DHist 79/446; 'Report on U/Boat Sighting and Attack by Aircraft,' 4 and 30 Oct. 1944, DHist 181.003 (04417); Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 600; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 96, DHist 79/59 122 Coastal Command Review, III, Dec. 1944, 8, plate l, DHist 181.003 (0963); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 93, 97, DHist 79/599 123 No 423 Squadron ORB, l l Sept. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 84, 98, app. VI, DHist 79/599; Roskill, The War at Sea, III, pt n, app. Y 124 RCAF Overseas Headquarters ORB, Oct.-Nov. 1944, DHist; No 422 Squadron ORB, 26 Oct. 1944, DHist 125 Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 601; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 102-3, DHist 79/599 126 No 407 Squadron ORB, 20 Dec. 1944, DHist 127 OG Org. to Coastal Command, 26 Jan. 1944, PRO, Air 15/575; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 586; Nos 422 and 423 Squadron ORBS, 31 Dec. 1943, May 1944-April 1945, DHist 128 Power to Breadner, 28 June 1944, and Breadner to Power, 30 June 1944, DHist l8I.oo6 (0314); 'Canadianization - Overseas Squadrons,' DHist l8r.003 (03596); Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 69-70 129 'Draft, A Forecast of the "U" Boat Campaign during 1945, Note by the First Sea Lord,' nd, PRO, Air 20/1237; Nos 407, 422, and 423 Squadron ORBS, Jan.­ May 1945, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 209, 217, 230, 232, 246, DHist 79/599; Roskill, The War at Sea III, pt 2, app. Y

CHAPTER l 2: IN SEARCH OF A STRIKE FORCE

l AHB, Coastal Command narrative, I, 209, 243-4, DHist 79/599; S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea, 1939-1945 (London 1954), I, 144; Air Ministry to Commands, 26 Aug. 1939, PRO, Air 14/142 2 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, 171-2, DHist 79/599; Roskill, The War at Sea, I, 124 3 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, 171ff, DHist 79/599 4 Ibid., 177- 82; Roskill, The War at Sea, I, 338 Notes to pages 418-22

5 AHB , Coastal Command narrative, II, 185, apps. XIII and xv, DHist 79/599 6 W.N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade (London 1952), I, 30--1 ; Alan S. Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945 (Berkeley, Ca. 1979), 308, 311- 12 ; Alan S. Milward, 'Could Sweden Have Stopped the Second World War?' Scandinavian Economic History Review 15 (1967): 127- 38 7 'Enemy Shipping,' nd, PRO Air 15/629 8 AHB , Coastal Command narrative, II, 119-80, DHist 79/599; Roy Conyers Nesbit, The Strike Wings (London 1984), 11-19; T.K. Derry, The Campaign in Norway (London 1952), l0--11 ; Milward, War, Economy and Society, 309 9 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II , 185- 8, DHist 79/599; 'Attacks by Coastal Command on Enemy Shipping at Sea,' nd, app. B, PRO, Air 15/270 IO Personal communication with J.K. Abbott, 8 March 1989; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, apps. XIV and xv, DHist 79/599; S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea (London 1961), III, app. xx · r l Ros kill, The War at Sea, I, 124- 5, 335-6, 509- IO, table 10; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, app. XIII , DHist 79/599 12 Roskill, The War at Sea, I, app. R 13 ROYCANAIRF to CAS, 16 April 1941, 0 of 0 to Circulation List, 12 April 1941 , DHist l 8 r.009 (0774) r4 Ibid.; P.H. Woodruff biog. file, DHist; No 404 Squadron ORB, May-June 1941, DHist; Stevenson to AMP, 9 May 1941, DHist 181.006 (0283); CAS to Power, 31 Oct. 1941, DHist 181.003 (068); ROYCANAlRF to CAS, 21 May 1941, DHist l 8 l .009 (0768) 15 Bowhill to Air Ministry, 12 June 1941, PRO Air 15/213; C.M. Sharp and M.J.F. Bowyer, Mosquito (London 1967), l 18 16 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II , 289, DHist 79/599; Owen Thetford, Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 (New York 1968), 118-19; o of o to Circulation List, 12 April 1941 , DHist 181.009 (0774); No 404 Squadron ORB, l May 1941 , DHist 17 Kim Abbott, Gathering of Demons (Perth, Ont. 1986), 7, 11-12; H.M. Styles biog. file, DHist; o of o to Circulation List, 1 May 1941, DHist 18r.009 (0774); CAS to Power, 30 June 1941, DHist 181.003 (068); Stevenson to AMP, 7 July 1941, DHist l8r.oo6 (0286); F.H. Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron, A Narrative History,' Oct. 1953, 4, DHist 74/308; No 407 Squadron ORB, 17 and 26 July, 5-6 Aug. 1941, DHist; No 407 Squadron progress reports, 16 Sept. 1941 , 13 March 1942, DHist 181.003 (04835) 18 o of o to Circulation List, 1 May 194r, DHist 181.009 (0774); Air Ministry to air officer in charge of records, 13 June 1941 , DHist 181.009 (02540); No 407 Squadron ORB, 31 May 1941, DHist; 'Air Action against Enemy Surface Vessels' [Jan. 1941], PRO, Air 15/629; Thetford, Aircraft of the Royal Air Force, 360--3 19 Bowhill minute to Lloyd, 29 May r941 , PRO Air 15/213; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Tl , pt 2, app. xrv, DHist 79/599 20 Director of operations (naval co-operation) to Joubert, 3 July I 941 , and Joubert to Air Ministry, 14 Sept. 1941 , PRO Air 15/213; No 16 Group to Coastal Command, 20 Aug. 1941, PRO Air 15/632 Notes to pages 422-9

21 Portal to Joubert, 1 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 15/213 22 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, II, 185, DHist 75/599; Bowhill to Air Ministry, 12 June 1941, PRO Air 15/213 23 E.L. Wurtele biog. file, DHist; No 4 l 5 Squadron progress reports, l l Sept. 1941-12 Feb. 1942, DHist 18r.003 (05212) 24 No 404 Squadron ORB, Sept. I 94 r, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Ill, 97-9, I 13, l 19, 125-8, DHist 75/599 25 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 2, 286-7, DHist 79/599; Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 61, DHist 74/308 26 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 127, DHist 79/599 27 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 55-7 28 Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, II, 195-6; Personal communication with J.K. Abbott, r March 1989 29 Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 8, DHist 74/308; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 127, DHist 79/599 30 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 70 31 No 407 Squadron ORB, Sept. 1941, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narratieve, III, 129-30, DHist 79/599; Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 9, DHist 74/308; Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 63, 68-9 32 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 129-30, 132-3, 143, DHist 79/599; Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 17, 22, DHist 74/308; Coastal Command Headquarters (Intelligence), 'Attacks on Enemy Shipping by Coastal Command Aircraft, October to December 1941,' 12 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 15/270 33 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, r32, DHist 79/599 34 No 407 Squadron semi-monthly progress report, 17 Nov. 1941 , DHist l8r.003 (04835); No 407 Squadron ORB, I Nov. 1941, DHist; Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 83-5; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 4, DHist 74/308 35 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, m, 132, copy in DHist 79/599 36 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 80, 82; AHB, Armament, I (London 1952), 12<}-30; Coastal Command Headquarters, 'Coastal Command Tactical Instruction No 24,' 17 April r942, PRO Air 15/305; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 41, DHist 74/308 37 Memo to sro Coastal Command, 21 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 15/298 38 'Paper of Attacks on Enemy Merchant Shipping in the North Sea,' 19 Sept. r942, PRO, Air 15/271; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 286-7, DHist 79/599 39 No 407 Squadron ORB, Sept.-Nov. 1941, DHist; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 55, DHist 74/308 40 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 96-7 41 Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 17, 22, DHist 74/308; No 407 Squadron ORB, Dec. 1941, DHist 42 'Report on flying accident or forced landing not attributable to enemy action,' 15 Dec. 1941, DHist 18r.003 (03468) 43 Ibid., 7, 24, and 26 Jan., 14 Feb., and 3 March 1942; F/Sgt Goulding accident file, I7 Feb. 1942, DHist 18r.006 (0130); Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 953, 29, DHist 74/308 Notes to pages 429-37

44 Censorship report No 33, 25-27 Jan 1942, DHist 181.009 (04159); No 407 Squadron ORB, Dec. 1941-Jan. 1942, DHist 45 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 93 46 No 407 Squadron ORB, 28 Dec. 1941, DHist 47 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 94-5 48 Censorship report No 33, 25-27 Jan. 1942, DHist 181.009 (04159) 49 No 407 Squadron ORB, 31 Jan., 8 and 12 Feb. 1942, DHist 50 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 224-42 51 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, l 18-9, 128-9; No 407 Squadron ORB, 12 Feb. 1942, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 239, DHist 79/599 52 No 407 Squadron ORB, 12 Feb. 1942, DHist; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 26-7, DHist 74/308; Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 128-31; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, lll, 239-40, DHist 79/599 53 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 224, 237-42, DHist 79/599 54 Quoted in J.D. Potter, Fiasco: The Break-out of the German Battleships (New York 1970), 212 55 Quoted ibid., 196 56 Joubert to Bottomley, 14 March 1942, PRO Air 15/386; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 134, 255-7, DHist 79/599 57 No 407 Squadron semi-monthly progress report, 28 Feb. r942, DHist r8r.003 (04835); Coastal Command to No 16 Group, 7 April 1942, PRO Air 15/271; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 258, 262-3, DHist 79/599 58 Coastal Command to No 407 Squadron, 15 Dec. 1941, DHist 181.006 (0286) 59 No 407 Squadron ORB, 9 and 15 Feb. 1942, DHist; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 30, DHist 74/308; A.C. Brown biog. file, DHist; No 407 Squadron semi-monthly progress report, 15 Jan., 13 April 1942, DHist 18i.003 (04835); Babington to Edwards, IO Feb. 1942, DHist 18i.009 (0774); Babington to Joubert, IO Feb. 1942, PRO Air 15/52 60 Joubert to Babington, I 4 Feb. 1942, and Air Ministry to Coastal Command, 7 March 1942, PRO Air 15/52 61 Babington to Edwards, IO Feb. 1942, DHist 18r.009 (0774) 62 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 149, DHist 79/599 63 Ibid., I 50; No 404 Squadron ORB, 5 Nov. 1941, DHist; S. Kostenuk and J. Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft 1924-1968 (Toronto 1977), 88; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct 1953, app. H, DHist 74/308 64 Gron Edwards, Norwegian Patrol (Shrewsbury, Eng. 1985), 96 65 No 404 Squadron scrapbook, 19 Oct. 1941, 50, DHist 86/128, vol. l 66 No 404 Squadron progress report, 27 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1942, DHist 18 r.003 (01034); No 404 Squadron ORB, 18-27 Dec. 1941, r 5 Jan., and 7 and 9 Feb. 1942, DHist; No 404 Squadron scrapbook, 18 Dec. 1941, DHist 86/128, vol. r; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Ill, 170, DHist 79/599; H. St G. Saunders, Green Beret (London 1949), 63 67 Woodruff to Curtiss, 21 April 1942, DHist 18i.006 (0283) 68 Ibid. 69 Corbett to Curtiss, 4 May 1942, and Curtiss to Woodruff, 28 May 1942, DHist 18r.006 (0283); No 404 Squadron, IO Sept. 1941, DHist Notes to pages 437-43

70 Curtiss to Woodruff, 28 May i942, DHist 18r.006 (0283); 'A Statistical Return on Canadianization of RCAF Sqns o/s,' nd, DHist 18r.003 (03596) 71 No 407 Squadron ORB, April 1942, DHist 72 Hitchens, 'No. 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 34, DHist 74/308; No 407 Squadron ORB, 6 and 7 April, 5 May 1942, DHist; No 407 Squadron progress report, 12 May 1942, DHist 181.003 (04835); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Ill, 262- 3, DHist 79/599 73 Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 177 74 No 407 Squadron ORB, 18 and 29 April and 1-7 May 1942, DHist; Joubert to No 16 Group, 7 April 1942, PRO Air 15/27i; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 35-6, DHist 74/308; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 262, 265-6, DHist 79/599; Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 220--3 75 No 407 Squadron ORB, 15 May 1942, DHist; Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 38-41, DHist 74/308; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 281-3, DHist 79/599; London Gazette, 16 June 1942 76 Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. i953, 41 -3, DHist 74/308; No 407 Squadron ORB, 28-29 May 1942, DHist; Abbott, Gathering of Demons, 223 77 No 407 Squadron ORB, 31 May 1942, DHist 78 'Meeting convened to Consider Policy of Attacks on Enemy Shipping in the North Sea. HQCC 21 May, 1942,' nd, PRO Air 15/298; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, In, 28 1-6, DHist 79/599; 'Minutes of Air Officer Commanding-in­ Chief's Fourth Meeting with Group Commanders,' I July 1942, PRO Air 15/178 79 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III , 395-8, DHist 79/599 80 Ibid., 251, 254-5, John Rawlings, Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft (London 1982), 209, 224-5 81 Inspector General, ' Visit to Thorney Island on 7.4.42,' 9 April 1942, PRO Air 33/5 82 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Ill, 410--12, DHist 79/599; No 415 Squadron ORB, May-June 1942, DHist 83 No 415 Squadron progress report, 2 July 1942, DHist 181.003 (05212); No 415 Squadron ORB, r9 June 1942, DHist 84 No 415 Squadron ORB daily, l July 1942, DHist 85 No 415 Squadron ORB, July 1942, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 411, app. XXXlll, DHist 79/599 86 Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 63-4, DHist 74/308 87 No 407 Squadron ORB, 30 July 1942, DHist 88 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III , app. XXXJII, DHist 79/599 89 Joubert to No I8 Group, 27 July 1942, PRO Air 15/486; No 415 Squadron ORB, 1 Sept. l 942, DHist 90 Hitchens, 'No 407 Squadron,' Oct. 1953, 72, DHist 74/308; 'Minutes of the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief's Third Meeting with Group Commanders,' 26 March 1942, PRO Air 15/178; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 14-17, 401, DHist 79/599; Barnes, Bristol Aircraft since r910, 283-307; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 22; Joubert to Pound, 9 Aug. i942, PRO Air 15/214; Rawlings, Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons, 179 Notes to pages 444-8 97I

CHAPTER 13: A FORCE TO BE RECKONED WITH

l AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, 402, DHist 79/599; No 16 Group to Coastal Command, l Dec. 1942, PRO Air I 5/379; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 31-9 2 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III , 402, DHist 79/599; No 16 Group to Coastal Command, l Dec. 1942, PRO Air 15/379 3 Coastal Command to Air Ministry, I7 Feb. 1943, PRO Air 15/214; Barnes, Bristol Aircraft since 1910, 292-4, 307; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III , 484-5, and IV , I00--1, DHist 79/599 4 Truscott to Coastal Command, Coastal Command combat report, 25 March 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D4002) 5 Ibid.; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, IO I, DHist 79/599 6 No 415 Squadron ORB, Nov. 1942-May r943, DHist 7 Ibid., 22 Dec. 1942, DHist 8 No 415 Squadron progress reports, Oct. 1942-Aug. 1943, DHist I 8 r.003 (D5212); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 251-2, DHist 79/599 9 Coastal Command to No 16 Group, draft, nd [Jan 1943], Coastal Command to Air Ministry, 7 Feb. 1943, Coastal Command to No 16 Group and Nos 236, 254, and 143 Squadrons, 7 Feb. 1943, D of Ops (Torpedoes) to DAT, 1 l Feb. 1943, 'Minutes of a Conference held ... on the 22nd February, 1943, to discuss the operation of 16 Group Beaufighter Striking Wing and Co-operation with this Wing by Aircraft of Fighter Command,' nd, PRO Air 15/379 IO AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 247-8, DHist 79/599; 'Cooperation between Coastal, Bomber, vmth American Bomber and Fighter Commands in Attack on Enemy Shipping in Home Waters within the Range of Shore Based Aircraft,' 7 April 1943, PRO Air 15/298 II Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, II , 195-6, and Ill, pt 1, 28off 12 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 24<)-50, DHist 79/599; No 414 Squadron ORB, 18 April 1943, DHist; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 43- 51 13 'Appreciation of the Situation of Enemy Activity on the Dutch Coast by AOC 16 Group' [Aug. 1943], PRO Air 15/630; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 250--2, 265-6, DHist 79/599 14 Slessor to Air Ministry, 8 Aug. r943, PRO Air 15/630 l 5 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 269, DHist 79/599; minutes of conference, 20 Aug. r943, PRO Air 41/48; Roskill, The War at Sea, III, pt l , 92; Hinsley, British Intelligence, III, pt r, 28off 16 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 269, DHist 79/599; minutes of conference, 20 Aug. 1943, PRO Air 41/48; Roskill, The War at Sea, III, pt r, 92; Hinsley, British Intelligence, Ill, pt I, 28off 17 No 415 Squadron ORB, 24 Sept. 1942, DHist; Edwards to Air Ministry, 2 Oct. 1942, Hollinghurst to Edwards, 31 Oct. 1942, DHist 18r.006 (D295) 18 No 415 Squadron progress reports, 29 Aug. and 14 Sept. 1942, DHist 18r.003 (05212); Edwards to AMP, 29 Sept. 1942, No 17 Group to Coastal Command, rr Oct. 1942, and director of postings to Edwards, 4 Nov. 1942, DHist 972 Notes to pages 449-58

I 8 r.006 (0295); 'A statistical return on Canadianization,' DHist I 8 r.003 (03596) 19 Slessor to Air Ministry, 2 March 1943, Edwards to director of postings, I7 March 1943, DHist l8r.oo6 (0295) 20 Edwards to Air Ministry, 2 July 1943, director-general of organization to Edwards, 16 July 1943, both DHist 181.006 (0295) 21 DAS to AOC-in-c, minute 2, 24 Aug. 1943, Edwards to Air Ministry, draft, 20 Aug. 1943, DHist 18r.006 (D295) 22 Slessor to Edwards, 28 Aug. 1943, DHist l8r.oo6 (D295) 23 Edwards to Slessor, 13 Sept. 1943 (draft not sent), DHist l8r.oo6 (D295) 24 Edwards to AMSO, 16 Sept. 1943, DHist 18r.006 (D295) 25 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 254-6, 343-7, app. l, DHist 79/599; No 404 Squadron ORB, 27 April 1943 26 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 351-2, DHist 79/599; Fighter Command, 'Disposition of GAF Fighters on the Western Front,' June- Sept. 1943, DHist l 8 l .009 (D93) 27 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 255-7, DHist 79/599 28 No 404 Squadron progress reports, Sept. 1942-July 1943, DHist 18r.003 (01034) 29 G.G. Truscott biography, C.A. Willis biog. file, DHist; No 8 Squadron, PR file, DHist 30 No 404 Squadron ORB, 4 July 1943, DHist 3 l Ibid. , l , 2, 4, and l 7 July l 943, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 275-7, DHist 79/599 32 No 404 Squadron ORB, 28 July 1943, DHist 33 Ibid., 28 July 1943, 30 March and 28 June 1944, DHist; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 78-85; Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 584; No 404 Squadron Scrapbook, 28 July 1943, 290-3, DHist 86/128; E.J. Keefe biog. file, DHist; London Gazette, 7 July 1944 34 No 404 Squadron ORB, Aug. 1943, 22 Aug. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, Ill, 284-5, DHist 79/599 35 No 18 Group to Coastal Command, 6 March 1944, PRO Air 15/481 36 J.M.N. Pike to No 18 Group, 4 Aug. 1943, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 'A Brief Summary of the Characteristics of the Aircraft Rockets Weapon,' 23 April 1943, PRO Air 15/210; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, app. III, DHist 79/599 37 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 278, 282, 285, 289, DHist 79/599; Admiralty, 'Cancellation of German Transit Traffic through Sweden,' ro Aug. 1943, PRO Air 15/481 38 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, rv, 277, 289-91, DHist 79/599; No 404 Squadron ORB, Nov.-Dec. 1943, DHist 39 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, 289, 290, 503-4, DHist 79/599 40 No 404 Squadron ORB, I4 Jan. 1944, DHist 41 Ibid., I4 and 20 Jan. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, 503-4, DHist 79/599 42 No 404 Squadron ORB, 16 Jan. 1944, DHist Notes to pages 458-64 973

43 Ibid., 26 Jan. 1944 44 Ibid., l Feb. 1944 45 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 504- 7, 519, DHist 79/599; C.A. Willis biog file, DHist 46 No 404 Squadron ORB, 19 April 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 519, DHist 79/599 47 Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, III, pt l, 282ff; Roskill, The War at Sea, 11, 394, III, pt I , 96, 289, pt 2, app. YY; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, III, app. XXIX, and IV , 248, 254, 295-6, 414-51, 523 48 Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, III, pt I, 283-5 49 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 523-6, 529ff, DHist 79/599 50 No 415 Squadron ORB, Nov. 1943-Feb. 1944, DHist 51 'Control of FAA Aircraft in Area of VA Commanding, Dover,' 15 July 1943, PRO Air 15/487; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV , 531-3, 542-4, DHist 79/599; No 415 Squadron ORB , l Nov. 1943, DHist; Tinker to AOC-in-C, 6 Nov. 1943, DHist l8r.oo6 (0295) 52 No 415 Squadron ORB, Nov. 1943-Jan. 1944, DHist; Courtney to Curtis, 30 Nov. 1943, Truscott to Breadner, 21 Feb. 1944, DHist 18r.006 (0295) 53 Slessor to Edwards, 28 Aug. 1943, DHist 181.006 (0295); No 415 Squadron ORB, 23-28 Sept. and 24 Nov. 1943, DHist; No 415 Squadron progress report, r2 Nov. 1943, DHist 18r.003 (05212) 54 Truscott to Breadner, 2 1 Feb. l 944, DHist 18 1.006 (0295) 55 Swordfish: The Story of 4r 5 Squadron (np 1983), 20 56 Breadner to Power, 14 Feb. 1944, DHist 18I.oo6 (0295) 57 Power to Breadner, 17 Feb. 1944, Breadner, 'Notes on Meeting Held at Headquarters, Coastal Command, on February 22nd, 1944,' DHist 18r.006 (0295) 58 Breadner, 'Notes on Meeting Held at Headquarters, Coastal Command, on February 22nd, 1944,' DHist 181.006 (0295); Douglas to Air Ministry, 6 March 1944, PRO Air 15/487 59 Truscott to AOC-in-c, RCAF Overseas, 13 March 1944, DHist 18r.oo6 (0295) 60 Breadner to Power, 30 March 1944, Power to Breadner, 3 April 1944, Ruttan to Overseas Headquarters, 19 April 1944, and Overseas Headquarters to Ruttan, 26 April 1944, DHist 18I.006 (0295) 61 No 415 Squadron ORB, Feb-May 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 502, 516- 19, DHist 79/599 62 No 41 5 Squadron ORB, 30, 3 I March 1944, DHist 63 Ibid., March-May 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, JV, 5rr, DHist 79/599; M.J. Whitley, German Destroyers of World War II (Anapolis 1991), 158; Erich Groner, German Warships r8r5-r945: Major Swface Vessels (Anapolis 1990), l91ff 64 No 415 Squadron ORB, Feb-June 1944, DHist; AHB, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, r933-1945 (London 1983), 324-5 65 'Minutes of a Meeting held in the Air Council Room ... on the 22nd March, 1944, to discuss the War at Sea in Relation to "Overlord,"' nd, PRO Air 974 Notes to pages 464-70

15/357; 'Directive on the Role of Coastal Command in "Overlord,"' 18 April 1944, app. A, PRO Air 15/293 66 'Directive on the Role of Coastal Command in OVERLORD,' 18 April 1944, app. B, PRO Air r 5/293; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 515-16, DHist 79/599 67 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, IV, 520, and v, 4, DHist 79/599; Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, III, pt 2, 161ff; No 404 Squadron progress reports, l7 May, 3 and 16 June i944, DHist 181.003 (03007); 404 Squadron ORB, May-June 1944, DHist 68 No 404 Squadron ORB, 6 June 1944, DHist 69 Kriegstagebuch, 8. Zerstoerer Flotille, 7-8 June 1944, United States National Archives, micro series T 1022, reel 3287, PG 74146 70 Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 123-5; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 7-9, 43, DHist 79/599; Joseph Schull, The Far Distant Ships (Ottawa 1952), 286-95 71 No 404 Squadron progress reports, 16 June and 4 July i944, DHist 181.003 (03007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, V, 16, DHist 79/599 72 No 415 Squadron ORB, June and July 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 13-16, 24-5, DHist 79/599 73 No 415 Squadron ORB, July 1944, DHist; RCAF Record Book of Coastal Command Operations, July 1944, app. C, DHist 181.003 (0886) 74 Coastal Command to Air Ministry, I Sept. 1944, PRO Air 15/293; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 24, DHist 79/599 75 No 404 Squadron ORB, July 1944, DHist; No 404 Squadron progress reports, 17 July, l Aug. 1944, DHist 181.003 (03007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 26-7, DHist 79/599; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 133-4 76 No 404 Squadron ORB, July 1944, DHist; No 404 Squadron progress reports, 17 July, l Aug. 1944, DHist l8r.003 (03007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 26-7, DHist 79/599; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 133-4 77 Coastal Command to Air Ministry, 1 Sept. r944, PRO Air 15/293; No 404 Squadron ORB, 5, 6, and 8 Aug. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 41-4, DHist 79/599 78 P.M.A. Green, 'Enemy Shipping on the Norwegian Coast: Its Probable Enhanced Importance,' 13 June 1944, PRO Air 15/532 79 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, III, 120, 136-7, DHist 79/599 80 No 404 Squadron ORB, IO May 1941, 23 Aug. 1944, DHist; E.W. Pierce biog. information, DHist 88/45; No 404 Squadron progress report, r Sept. 1944, DHist 181.003 (03007) 81 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 117, app. vm, DHist 79/599 82 Coastal Command, 'Notes on the Employment of Coastal Command Anti­ Shipping Forces during the Winter 1944-45,' 16 Oct. 1944, PRO Air 15/391 83 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, l 14, DHist 79/599 84 No 404 Squadron ORB, 9 Oct. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, V, l 18-19, DHist 79/599 85 No 404 Squadron progress reports, f7 Oct. and 3 Nov. 1944, DHist 18r.003 (03007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, app. VIII, DHist 79/599 86 No 404 Squadron ORB, 2 I Oct. 1944, DHist Notes to pages 470-528 975

87 Nesbit, The Strike Wings, app. III 88 No 404 Sq uadron progress reports, 21 Nov. and 4 Dec. 1944, DHist 18r.003 (D3007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 120, DHist 79/599 89 'Coastal Command Operational Instruction No. 7/44,' 14 Nov. 1944, PRO Air I 5/481 90 No 404 Squadron ORB, 7 Dec. I 944, DHist 91 Ibid., 9 Dec. 1944, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, app. vm, DHist 79/599 92 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 131, r 34-5, 140, r 67, app. VIII, app. XII, DHist 79/599 93 Ibid., 167, app. VIII, app. xv, app. XVII 94 Roskill, The War at Sea, III, pt 2, app. YY; Green to SASO, 7 Jan. 1945, PRO Air 15/481; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 275--6, DHist 79/599; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 219-24 95 No 404 Squadron ORB, 9 Feb. 1945, DHist 96 AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 276, DHist 79/599; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, 224, 227-8; No 404 Squadron ORB, 9 Feb. 1945, DHist; No 404 Squadron scrapbook, 14 May 1945, DHist 86/128, vol. 2; M.J. Whitley, Destroyer! German Destroyers in World War II (Annapolis, Md. 1983), 172 97 Douglas to Hill, 27 March 1945, PRO Air 15/391 98 No 404 Squadron ORB, March 1945, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 274-9, DHist 79/599 99 Green to SASO, 7 Jan. 1945, PRO Air 15/481 roo No 404 Squadron ORB, 12 March 1945, DHist ror Ibid.; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 277-80, DHist 79/599 102 No 404 Squadron ORB, April-May 1945, DHist; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 280-4, DHist 79/599 103 No 404 Squadron progress report, 17 May 1945, DHist I8r.003 (03007); AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, 285-6, app. VIII, DHist 79/599 104 Roskill, The War at Sea, m, pt 2, app. YY; Nesbit, The Strike Wings, app. m; Sir Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, i939-1945, IV (London 1961), 421; AHB, Coastal Command narrative, v, app. I, DHist 79/599

CHAPTER 14: THE GENESIS OF A BOMBING OFFENSIVE

1 Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London 1969), 735; Eugene M. Emme, ed., The Impact of Air Power (Princeton, NJ 1959), 51-2 2 H.R. Allen, The Legacy of Lord Trenchard (London 1972), 54-9; Sir Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, I939-l945 (London 1961), I, 87-9, and IV , 448ff (hereafter SAO). See also Neville Jones, The Beginnings of Strategic Air Power (London 1987); H. Montgomery Hyde, British Air Policy between the Wars, 1918-r939 (London 1976); John Terraine, A Time for Courage (New York 1985); Malcolm Smith, British Air Strategy between the Wars (Oxford 1984); N.H. Gibbs, Grand Strategy (London 1976), I; Peter Lewis, The British Bomber since 1914 Notes to pages 529-34

(London 1967), 266-99; and Sir John Slessor, The Central Blue (London 1956) 3 Air Ministry War Room Statistical Section, 'Manual of Bomber Command Operations 1939- 1945,' DHist 181.003 (03992); Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch (AHB), 'The RAF in the Bombing Offensive against Germany,' II, 6-10, DHist 86/286, (hereafter Bomber Command narrative); Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 67, 108, and IV, 400--J; Slessor, The Central Blue, 156ff, 178 4 Slessor, The Central Blue, 234-5; Martin Middlebrook and Chris Everitt, The Bomber Command War Diaries (London 1985), 77 (hereafter BCWD) 5 Wilhelm Diest et al., Germany and the Second World War, I (Oxford 1990), especially part IV , 594ff, 639ff, 704ff; Hyde, British Air Policy, 391-2 6 Gibbs, Grand Strategy, I , 283-4, 288; Smith, British Air Strategy, 193; Hyde, British Air Policy, 408-13, 391-2; Slessor, The Central Blue, 164-5; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 90; Dudley Saward, 'Bomber' Harris (London 1984), 52-3; Abraham to AOC-in-c, Bomber Command, 15 Sept. 1938, PRO Air 9/90; Ian Colvin, The Chamberlain Cabinet (London 1971), 52, 76-83 7 Webster and Frankland, SAO, r, 80--3; Bennett to Goddard, 30 Nov. 1938, PRO Air 40/2I08 8 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 21-2 9 Sir Basil Embry, Mission Accomplished (London 1957), 89; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, I 12 n IO Terraine, A Time for Courage, 82-4 l l R.V. Jones, Most Secret War (London 1978), 45-6 12 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, I, 167, DHist 86/286; Ronald Clark, Tizard (London 1965), 190; ACAS to commands, 9 June 1938, PRO Air 14/69 13 AHB, Armament (London 1952) I, ch. 19; Frankland and Webster, SAO, IV , 31-9; Cawood to OR 2(a), 8 June 1943, PRO Avia 15/124; 'Notes on bomb sight policy,' 7 March 1941 , PRO Avia 15/122; Royal Aircraft Establishment, departmental note no 611, Dec. 1941 , PRO Avia 6/12538 14 Air Ministry to commands, 22 May r939, PRO Air 14/69 15 AHB, Armament, II, chs. I and 12, and particularly 15-34, 95-6; G.F. Wallace, Guns of the R.A.F. 1919-1939 (London 1972), ch. 15; Bomber Command, 'Considerations affecting the design of the ideal bomber aircraft ... ' Jan. 1938, with comments by R.S. Capon, IO Feb. 1938, and D.R. Pye, 16 Feb. 1938, PRO Avia I0/15; Lewis, The British Bomber, 311-13 16 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 43-5, 56-7, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 21-2 I7 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II , 47, DHist 86/286 18 Ibid., 43-5; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 30 19 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 43-5, DHist 86/286; No 77 Squadron hi story, DHist 80/164 20 Noble Frankland, 'The planning of the bombing offensive and its contribution to German collapse,' April 1945, PRO Air 41/57, 36; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, appendix A. I and A.2, DHist 86/286 2 I Ian Hogg, Anti-Aircraft (London 1978), 105; Matthew Cooper, The German Air Force, 1933-1945 (London 1981), 56-7, 181; Generalmajor Walter Notes to pages 534-9 977

Grabmann, 'German air defense, 1933-1945,' June 1957, USAF Historical Study No 164, DHist 86/451, frames 138-42, 259, 271ff, 286ff, 391ff; Gebhard Aders, History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917-1954 (London 1976), 14; Diest et al., Germany and the Second World War, I, 504n 22 Air Ministry to No 1 and No 2 Mission, 16 Oct. 1939, PRO Air 9/131; Director of Plans memorandum, 27 Sept. 1939, and aide memoire, 13 Oct. 1939, PRO Air 9/191; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 59-60, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 25-6 23 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 60-1, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 26-30; Max Hastings, Bomber Command (London 1979), 26-8; London Gazette, 20 Feb. 1940, No 34795, 1055 24 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 206ff 25 'The attack of German war potential by night,' 13 Jan. 1940, PRO Air 9/102; 'The attack of Germany by night, Plan WA8,' Jan. 1940, PRO Air 9/422 26 Ibid. 27 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 139-41, 208; Ludlow-Hewitt to secretary of state for air, 25 March 1940, PRO Air 9/102 28 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 211 29 Ragg to Sigs r(Ops), minute 6, 15 March 1940, PRO Air 14/520 30 DD Plans (Ops) to director of plans, IO April 1940, PRO Air 9/13r ; 'Extracts, 67th meeting, chiefs of staff, 7 Apr 1940,' 9 April 1940, PRO Air 2/3161 31 DCAS to CAS, 12 May 1940, PRO Air 9/131; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 39, DHist 86/286; quoted in Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour (Don Mills 1983), 333-5 32 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 43 33 William Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York 1943) 279-80; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 44 34 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 83, 91, DHist 86/286; Gilbert, Finest Hour, 349ff; Terraine, A Time for Courage, 149; Denis Richards, Portal of Hungerford (London 1977), 153 35 DCAS to Bomber Command, 4 June 1940, PRO Air 9/131; Terraine, A Time for Courage, 275; Richards, Portal, 154-6; director of plans to Bomber Command, 20 June 1940, PRO Air 9/99; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 105-7, DHist 86/286; Slessor, The Central Blue, 296; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 194; and Denis Richards, Royal Air Force, 1939-1945, I, (London 1953), 124 36 Gilbert, Finest Hour, 408-9, 603 37 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, r47ff; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, u8ff, DHist 86/286 38 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, ll, 114-17, DHist 86/286 39 Terraine, A Time for Courage, 262; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 77; Gilbert, Finest Hour, 757 40 Richards, Portal, 165; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, I 18-19, DHist 86/286; Gilbert, Finest Hour, 772 41 Gilbert, Finest Hour, 795; Air Staff, 'Bombing Policy,' 20 Sept. 1940, PRO Air 9/131; Inglis to D of I, 24 Sept. 1940, PRO Air 9/443; AHB, Bomber Command Notes to pages 540-3

narrative, II , l £9-20, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 85; AOC­ in-c, 'Review of bombing policy,' 30 Sept. 1940, PRO Air 9/443; Richards, Portal, 300; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, r54; Hastings, Bomber Command, l 12-13 42 Stevenson to PS to CAS, 21 July 1940, PRO Air 9/132; Richards, Portal, 16r 43 Douglas to Peirse, 25 Oct. 1940, PRO Air 2/4475; Richards, Portal, 167, 218-19; ' Minutes of meeting held 23 Oct 1940 to discuss bombing policy,' PRO Air 9/443; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 154-,-7; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 142-5, DHist 86/286 44 Gilbert, Finest Hour, 881-2; Peirse to Portal, 13 Nov. 1940, Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9A (1940) 45 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 144-5, DHist 86/286; Terraine, A Time for Courage, 268-9; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, l l l-12 46 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 158-62, 169; Churchill to Portal, 17 Nov. 1940, PRO Air 8/407; Peirse to secretary of state, 27 Nov. 1940, Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9A (1940); Harris to VCAS, minute 56, 27 Nov. 1940, PRO Air 2/4475; Portal to Peirse, 30 Nov. 1940, Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9A (1940); Bomber Command, 'Review of work of Intelligence l Section (Target Intelligence & Damage Assessment), 1939-1945.' I, 18 Aug. 1945, 43, DHist l 8 r.003 (Dr 95); Terraine, A Time for Courage, 269; Robert Goralski and Russell W. Freeburg, Oil & War (New York 1987), 240; Wolfgang Birkenfeld, Der Synthetische Treibstoff 1933-1945 (Gottingen 1964), 143-6, translated in DHist SGR II l 5 l 47 Terraine, A Time for Courage, 275; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 158-62; Richards, Portal, 301; Portal to Peirse, 15 Jan. 1941, Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9B (1941); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 145-7, DHist 86/286 48 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, ll, 144-6 DHist 86/286; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 163-5; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, r24-9; Portal to Peirse, 29 Feb. 41 , and 'Notes by chief of the air staff,' 3 March 1941, Peirse to Portal, 5 March 1941, Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9B (1941); Richards, Portal, 302; Slessor, The Central Blue, 371 (emphasis in the original) 49 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 165; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, l 31 -3; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, rr, 134, DHist 86/286; G/C Ops to SASO, 3 Jan. 1941, PRO Air 141396; and Dudley Saward, The Bomber's Eye (London 1959), 44-5, 52-3 50 Bennett, 'Comments on Air Fighting Committee Paper 82,' 15 March 1940, PRO Air 20/4724 51 Air Ministry, Air Scientific Intelligence (AS!), report No 1, 29 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 20/1663; United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), 'German air defenses: tactical employment of night fighters in the GAF,' 3 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel l, frames 462ff; Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness (London 1977), 61-7; Jones, Most Secret War, 189-223; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 20-7 Notes to pages 544-50 979

52 'Bomber Command analysis of losses, 9/IO Apr 1941 to L7/18 Apr 1941,' 20 April 1941 , Portal Papers, DHist 87/89, folder 9B (1941); Bomber Command to Groups, 3 July 1941, PRO Air 14/232 53 Sinclair to Churchill, 2 April 1941, PRO Air 8/405; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, LI , 8-10, app. E, and II, 8-IO and app. c, DHist 86/286; Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, 135-40 54 'Note on Dominionization of Article xv Squadrons,' 24 Jan. 1943, PRO Air 8f742; RCAF Overseas Headquarters progress report to AFHQ, 2 May 1941, DHist 18r.003 (034) 55 AOC RCAF Overseas to CAS, 16 April 1941, and CAS to minister of national defence, 18 June, 6 Sept., 4 Nov., and 22 Dec. 1941, all DHist 18r.003 · (068), vol. l; No 408 Squadron PRF file, DHist; Samuel Kostenuk and John Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft, 1924-1968 (Toronto 1978), 89-90; Owen Thetford, Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 (New York 1968), 484; Hammond to McLeod, 12 June 1941, DHist l8r.oo6 (0284) 56 No 405 Squadron Operations Record Book (ORB), May- June 1941, and No 408 Squadron ORB, IO July 1941, DHist 57 408 Squadron History (Belleville 1984), 10 58 B. Halpenny, Action Stations No. 4: Military Airfields of Yorkshire (Cambridge 1982), 64-7, I 18-20, 153-4; John Searby, The Bomber Battle for Berlin (Shrewsbury 1991), 35; B. Halpenny, Action Stations No. 2: Military Ai1fields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands (Cambridge 1981), 185-7 59 408 Squadron History, IO; Timmerman biog. file, DHist 60 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 173; Foreign Office and Ministry of Economic Warfare, Enemy Branch, 'The Bomber's Baedeker,' part II, DHist 18r.003 (03993); No 405 Squadron ORB, 13 June 1941, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 161; RAF Station Driffield to No 4 Group, 13 June 1941, DHist l 8 I.003 (03876) 61 No 405 Squadron ORB, 17 June 1941, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 163 62 No 405 Squadron ORB, 18, 19, 23 June, and 4 July 1941, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, L66, 171 63 No 405 Squadron ORB , 24 July 1941 , DHist 64 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 161; No 405 Squadron ORB, 24 July 1941, DHist 65 No 405 Squadron ORB, 30-1 July 1941 , DHist; Molson, 'Report on German searchlights,' PRO Air 14/ I 938; AHB, Armament, II, l l 3 66 No 408 Squadron ORB, 11-13 Aug. 1941, DHist; Hastings, Bomber Command, I03-4 67 No 408 Squadron ORB, 31 Aug., 17, 18, 21, and 22 Sept. 1941 , DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 204 68 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 219 69 OR2 to Ops 2, 6 Jan. 1941, PRO Air 9/132; John A. MacBean and Arthur S. Hogben, Bombs Gone (Wellingborough r99r), 45-7; SASO to AOC-in-c, minute Notes to pages 55~

99, 4 May 1941, PRO Air 14/232; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, app. w, DHist 86/286 70 SASO Bomber Command to groups, 3 July 1941, PRO Air 14/232 71 Saundby to groups, 18 July 1941, Slessor to Saundby, 21 July 1941 , and Saundby to Slessor 26 July 1941, PRO Air 141232; David Divine, Broken Wing (London 1966), 253; Sir Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive (London 1947), 76; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 180-1 72 AHB Bomber Command narrative, III, 41-6, DHist 86/286; Richards, Portal, 303 73 No 405 Squadron History (Winnipeg 1991), 19; Harris, Bomber Offensive, 96-- 7 74 Fawley interview, 18 Aug. 1974, Fawley biog. file, DHist; see also his abstract, 'Night bombing over Germany,' Jan. 1942, DHist 74/655, and Henderson to No l Air Navigation School, Rivers, Manitoba, nd, PRO Air 14/505; 'Minutes of discussion held at Headquarters, Bomber Command,' 5 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 14/69 75 Bomber Command to groups, 2 Aug. 1941, PRO Air 14/232; No 4 Group to Bomber Command, 22 Aug. 1941, PRO Air 14/1243 76 'Minutes of meeting held at Ministry of Aircraft Production,' 23 July 1941, PRO Avia 15/123; AHB, Armament, I, 279; 'Memorandum on the introduction of T.R. 1335 (GEE) into Bomber Command,' Feb. 1944, DHist l8r.002 (on2); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 75-7, DHist 86/286 77 No 405 Squadron ORB, 20 Aug. 1941 , DHist; No 405 Squadron to No 4 Group, 20 Aug. 1941, form YA29, DHist l8r.003 (03876); Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 194 78 No 405 Squadron ORB, 23 Aug. 1941, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 195

CHAPTER 15: THE OFFENSIVE AT RISK

1 Bomber Command to groups, 13 Sept. 1941, PRO Air 14/1956 2 Slessor to Saundby, 1 Sept. 1941 , and Saundby to Slessor, 15 Sept. 1941, PRO Air 14/232 3 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 41-2, DHist 86/286 4 Dickens to Saundby, minute 14, 24 Dec. 1941, and Saundby to Harris, minute 15, 27 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 14/1755; MacBean and Hogben, Bombs Gone, 68 5 Baker to OCAS, IO Sept. 1941, minute 16, and CAS to OCAS, 17 Sept. 1941, minute 19, PRO Air 2/7556; OCAS to VCAS, 27 Sept. 1941, minute l 13, PRO Air 2/4475 6 No 408 Squadron ORB, 30 Oct. 1941 , DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 207-15 7 No 405 Squadron ORB , 8 Sept.- 15 Oct. 1941, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 200, 209-15; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III, 94-I05, DHist 86/286; 'The Bomber's Baedeker,' DHist 18r.003 (03993) 8 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III, IO B, 28-33, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook Notes to pages 556-61

and Everitt, BCWD, 21 9; No 405 and 408 Squadron ORBS, Sept.-Oct. 1941, DHist 9 Air Staff, 'The heavy bomber - operational requirements ... ' 12 Aug. I 94 l, DHist 181.009 (0196); Lewis, The British Bomber, 311-13 IO M.M. Postan et al., Design and Development of Weapons, (London 1964), 8- 14, 19, 27-8, 92- 4, 142-6, 149-52; Corelli Barnett, The Audit of War (London 1986), 130-1, 145-55; J.D. Scott and R. Hughes, The Administration of War Production (London 1955), 297ff, 343-6 II AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III, 9-IOC, 13ff, DHist 86/286; AOC RCAF Overseas to secretary, Department of National Defence for Air, 1o Sept. 194 I, DHist 181.009 (0774) 12 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III , rob, 14-15, 24-7, DHist 86/286 13 Ibid., 28-32; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 187, 191 14 DBOps, 'Development and employment of the heavy bomber force,' 22 Sept. 1941, PRO Air 19/186; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 181-2; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II , app. c.3, DHist 86/286 15 Sinclair to Churchill, 3 Sept. 1941, PRO Air 19/282; Bomber Command narrative, III, 28-32, DHist 86/286; Churchill to Portal, 27 Sept. 1941, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 182-3; Gilbert, Finest Hour, 1205 16 Churchill to CAS, 7 Oct. 1941, PRO Air 19/186; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 185-7; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, Ill, 137--g, DHist 86/286; Portal to Churchill, 13 Oct. 1941, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 185; Bottomley to Peirse, 25 Oct. 1941, PRO Air 14/763 17 Bomber Command narrative, III, DHist 86/286, 34-7; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 217-18; Terraine, A Time for Courage, 459-60; Slessor, The Central Blue, 378 18 No 405 Squadron ORB, 8 Nov. 1941, DHist 19 Searby, The Bomber Battle for Berlin, 40-1, 59 20 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 218; No 408 Squadron ORB, 8 Nov. 1941, DHist 21 Prime minister's personal minute to secretary of state for air and CAS, M.1038/1 , II Nov. 1941 , PRO Air 19/186; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III, 34-7, DHist 86/286; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 255-7 22 Sinclair to Churchill, 14 Nov. 1941, PRO Air 19/186; see also OCAS to AOCs-in­ c Bomber and Fighter commands, 13 Nov. 1941 , PRO Air 19/186 23 '5 Group monthly summary of Group activities, December 1941 ,' IO Jan. 1942, PRO Air 14/450 24 MacBean and Hogben, Bombs Gone, 43-6, 74-6, 85ff 25 Peirse to undersecretary of state for air, 6 Nov. 1941, PRO Air 14/785; 'Bomber Command Navigation Bulletin,' Nov. 1941, PRO Air 14/503; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 75-7, DHist 86/286; 'Minutes of meeting on navigation research ... IO Nov. 1941,' PRO Air 14/69; W/C Nav, Bomber Command, to SASO, 'Summary of Groups' replies,' [Dec. 1941] PRO Air 14/516 26 'Bomber Command Navigation Bulletin,' Nov. 1941, PRO Air 14/503; Peirse to undersecretary of state for air, 2 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 20/909 Notes to pages 561-5

27 Bufton to DBOps, two letters, 20 Nov. 1941, PRO Air 2/3031 28 Bufton, 'Suggestion for increasing efficiency of night attack,' 5 Nov. 1941 , PRO Air 2/303 l 29 See, for example, Baldwin, 'Location of targets by night,' IO Nov. 1941, PRO Air 14/516, and 'Facing the facts,' 7 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 14/1939; 'Minutes, 5 Group station and squadron commanders' conference, 22 Oct. i94r,' PRO Air 14/450; Slessor, 'Location of targets at night,' 6 Nov. 1941, Bufton to Williams, 29 Nov. 1941 , and w/c Nav, Bomber Command, to SASO, 'Summary of the Groups' replies,' [Dec. 1941] PRO Air 14/516; Bufton's recommend­ ations in PRO Air 2/3031 30 'Minutes, 22nd Meeting of the Air Fighting Committee, 28 Aug 1941 ,' PRO Air 20/4724 3t 'Summary of Bomber Command reports on raids on Germany since 1st March,' 14 July 1942, PRO Air 8/688; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 254-9; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 46-8; Werner Held and Holger Nauroth, The Defence of the Reich (London 1982), 71 32 RAF Wireless Intelligence Service, report No 4, 20 May 1941, PRO Air 16/740; Air Ministry, ADI (K) report No 334/1945, DHist 82/ro50; Grabmann, 'German air defense, 1933-1945,' June 57, USAF Historical Study No 164, DHist 86/451, microfilm frames 473-607; General der Flieger Josef Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' l Oct. 1953, USAF Historical Study No 179, DHist 81/947, 58ff, 93; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 25ff; Cooper, The German Air Force, 188-C)O 33 Guy A. Rainville, 'The Airmen,' 38, DHist 90/534 34 RAF Wireless Intelligence Service, report No 4, 20 May 1941, PRO Air 16/740; Air Ministry, ADI (K) report No 334/1945, DHist 82/ro50; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 25; Cooper, The German Air Force, I8Q---9o 35 RAF Wireless Intelligence Service, report No 4, 20 May 1941, PRO Air 16/740; Air Ministry, ADI (K) report No 334/1945, DHist 82/ro50; No 4 Group to Bomber Command, 29 Aug. 1941 , PRO Air 14/232; w/c Ops, Bomber Command, to SASO, minutes l 17 and II 9, 4 and 14 Sept. l 94 r, and Saundby to No 4 Group, 18 Sept. 1941, PRO Air 14/232 36 'Minutes, 22nd Meeting, Air Fighting Committee, 28 Aug. 1941 ,' PRO Air 20/4724; Bomber Command, ORS memorandum No 4, 14 Oct. 1941, Portal Papers, copy in DHist 87/89, folder 9s (1941); see also the comments by F/L V.C. Varcoe in 'Minutes of the 3rd Meeting of representatives from operations commands for the purpose of exchanging tactical information in night opera­ tions,' 2 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 2/7612; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 3g-40, 77; Charles Messenger, Cologne (London 1982), 25-6; Martin Streetly, Confound and Destroy, (London 1978), 25ff; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 400-1 37 RAF Station Pocklington to No 4 Group, 29 Aug. 1941, including No 405 Squadron, form YA 31 , 28/29 Aug. 1941, DHist 181.003 (03876) 38 SASO to groups, l Sept. 1941 , PRO Air 14/477 39 No 405 Squadron to No 4 Group, form YA 49, II Oct. 1941, DHist 18r.003 (03876); No 405 Squadron ORB, 21 Oct. 1941, DHist Notes to pages 566-70

40 [No 4 Group], 'Tactics,' nd, PRO Air 14/623; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, rv, 88, DHist 86/286; George Sweanor, ft' s All Pensionable Time (Colorado Springs 1981), 63--6 41 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 87, DHist 86/286; Peirse to Portal, 22 Oct. 1941, Portal Papers, copy in DHist 87/89 folder 9B (1941); DDBOps to DBOps, IO Nov. 1941, PRO Air 2/3031 42 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 87, DHist 86/286; OCAS to AOC-in-c, 3 Nov. 1941, Bomber Command to undersecretary of state, 23 Nov. 1941, and Bomber Command to Groups, 30 Nov. 1941, PRO Air 14/396 43 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 223-4, 233, 237; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, III, 39-41 , DHist 86/286 44 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 228-9 45 F/L S.B. Brackenbury, Questionnaire for returned aircrew, loss of bomber aircraft, 16 May 1945, DHist 181.001 (024), folder 3 46 No 405 Squadron ORB, Dec. 1941-Feb. 1942, DHist; No 405 Squadron form YA 94, Mannheim 14/15 Feb. 1942, DHist 18i.003 (03876) 47 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 236 48 Air Force Headquarters, Air Historical Section, 'Historical narrative of the RCAF Overseas (to 31 Aug. 1942),' IOO, DHist 79/445; No 408 Squadron ORB, Dec. 1941- Feb. 1942, DHist; see also 408 Squadron History. 49 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II, 73, DHist 86/286 50 AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War,' IV, 409ff, DHist 79/599 51 Harris to Bomber Command, 29 April 1940, PRO Air 14/700; Ministry of Defence, Naval Staff History, British Mining Operations 1939-1945 (London 1973) (hereafter cited as British Mining Operations), I, 461, 500; AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War, Sept. 193g-June 1941,' II, 334, 407, 4IO, DHist 79/599; AHB , Bomber Command narrative, III, 179, DHist 86/286 52 SOA, No 3 Group to RAF Mildenhall, 15 Dec. 1941, DHist 181.002 (076); No 419 Squadron ORB, Jan. 1942, DHist; No 420 Squadron ORB , 21 Jan. 1942, DHist 53 Baldwin memorandum, 1 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 14/1955; SOA, No 3 Group to RAF Mildenhall, I 5 Dec. 1941, DHist 181.002 (076); No 419 Squadron ORB, Jan. 1942, DHist, quoting ROYCANAIRF X6896, 16 Jan. 1942; No 419 Squadron ORB, Jan. and Feb. 1942, DHist, quoting ROYCANAIRF X6738, 3 Feb. 1942, and x6469, 19 Feb. 1942; CAS, 'Progress reports, RCAF squadrons overseas,' Dec. 1941 , DHist 18r.003 (068); No 420 Squadron ORB, Jan. 1942, DHist; and AMP (Air Ministry) to Edwards, IO Feb. 1942, DHist 181.009 (0774) 54 Slessor to Edwards, I Feb. 1942, DHist 18r.009 (0774); Slessor to OGO, 5 Jan. 1943, PRO Air 20/3096; Slessor, The Central Blue, 334-5 55 Edwards to Breadner, 5 Feb. 1942, and Babington to Edwards, 8, IO, and 12 Feb. 1942, DHist 181.009 (0774); Baldwin to MacNeece Foster, 12 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 14/1942 56 Edwards to Hollinghurst, 14 and 24 Feb. 1942, DHist 181.009 (0774); Carr to Baldwin, 9 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 14/1940; Carr to Edwards, 2 l Feb. 1942, DHist 18r.009 (0774) Notes to pages 571-7

57 Baldwin to Carr, 12 Feb. 1942, PRO Air q/1940; data from DHist 18r.003 (03596) 58 Breadner to Edwards, 4 Feb. 1942, message er 18, DHist 18r.009 (0774) 59 Clayton to Tait, 10 March 1980, copy in Clayton biog. file, DHist; Jerold Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 1940-45 (Toronto nd), 73; AHB, Arm­ ament, I, 225- 8 60 Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 85-7 61 No 419 Squadron operations summary in ORB, Jan. 1942, DHist; Extract from censored letter, l r Feb. 1942, DHist 18 r.009 (04159); Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 85-7 62 Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 59-63, 73 63 Rainville, 'The Airmen,' 38-9, DHist 90/534 64 No 419 Squadron ORB, 6/7 and 12-17 Feb. r942, DHist 65 No 420 Squadron ORB, 12 Feb. 1942, DHist 66 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 220-37 67 Bottomley to Baldwin, f4 Feb. 1942, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, app. 8, 143-5 68 Baker to Bufton, r Jan. 1942, quoted in AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 129-30, DHist 86/286; ibid., IV, 35- 7, and app. IV, DHist 86/286; Street to Bomber Command, 17 April 1942, PRO Air 14/1001; Freeman to private secretary to secretary of state for air, 24 Dec. 1941, PRO Air 19/186 69 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, vol. II, app. C-4, vol. IV, app. 1-3, DHist 86/286 70 'An appreciation of night bombing navigation,' anonymous, Jan. 1942, PRO Air 14/498, but clearly by a specialist navigation officer; DBOps memorandum, 16 Jan. 1942, quoted in Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, Despatch on War Operations, 2yd February, 1942, to 8th May, I945, Oct 1945, 9; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 49-53, DHist 86/286 71 Bomber Command to groups, 5 April 1943, DHist 18r.003 (03889); Saward, The Bomber's Eye, 39-40, and Victory Denied (London 1985), 232-3; Bomber Command, 'Memorandum on the introduction of T.R. 1335 (GEE) ... ' [Feb. 1944] DHist 18r.002 (Dr 12); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 49-51, DHist 86/286 72 Baker to Bufton, 1 Jan. 1942, quoted in AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 51-3, 129-30, DHist 86/286 73 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 130, DHist 86/286; Bottomley to Baldwin, 14 Feb. 1942, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, app. 8, 143-5; Portal to Bottomley, 15 Feb. 1942, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 324 74 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 255-7 75 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 242-4; Larry J. Bidinian, The Combined Allied Bombing Offensive against the German Civilian, 1942-1945 (Lawrence, Ka. 1976), 39, quoting United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 'The effects of bombing on medical and health care,' I l -12 76 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 214-28, DHist 86/286 Notes to pages 577-82

77 Nos 405, 408, 419, and 420 Squadron ORBS, March r942, DHist; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 216-18, DHist 86/286; and Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 245 78 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 243-5; see also PRO Air I4/L761. 79 No 420 Squadron ORB, 9 March 1942, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 246 80 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, rv, 54-5, 136-7, DHist 86/286; Bomber Command, 'Introduction of T.R. 1335 (GEE) ... ' [Feb 1944] DHist 18r.002 (DI 12); 'Summary of Bomber Command reports ... since 1st March, 1942,' 14 June 1942, PRO Air 8/688; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 246-8; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 390 81 Harris to Pound, 7 March 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/5r, folder HIOI; and Bomber Command to No 3 Group, 9 March 1942, Bomber Command to No 1 Group, 24 March 1942, Saundby to Balfour, 20 March r942, and Bottomley to Harris, 25 March r942, all PRO Air 141703; Nos 408 and 420 Squadron ORBS, March r942, DHist; AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War,' III, app. XXIX, DHist 79/599 82 'Summary of Bomber Command reports ... since 1st March 1942,' 14 March I 942, PRO Air 8/688 83 Air Commodore J. Searby, The Great Raids, II (Chippenham, Wilts. 1978), 8 84 Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 65-7 85 Wilhelm Johnen, Battling the Bombers (New York 1958), 35- 4r; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 235 86 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 246-50; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 242-3 87 Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 65-7 88 Bufton to Baker, 27 Feb. 1942, and Baker to Bottomley, 27 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 20/788 89 Morris, Canadian Artists and Airmen, 77; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 35-8, DHist 86/286; Bomber Command to Groups, 20 March 1942, PRO Air 14/937; and Street to Bomber Command, q April 1942, PRO Air 14/1001 90 Harris to AOCs, 23 March 1942, PRO Air 14/3547; Harris to undersecretary of state, 21 March 1942, PRO Air 14/IOOI 91 Harris to Portal, 5 March 1942, PRO Air 8/625; Churchill to Sinclair and Portal, 13 March 1942, PRO Air 19/r87 92 No 405 Squadron form YA 105, raid on Liibeck, 28/29 March 1942, DHist r 8 r.003 (03876); 'Summary of Bomber Command reports on raids on Germany since 1st March,' 14 June 1942, PRO Air 8/688; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 251-2; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 142 , DHist 86/ 286; No 419 Squadron ORB, 29 March 1942, DHist 93 No 419 Squadron ORB, 2 April 1942, DHist; Air Force Headquarters, Air Historical Section, 'Historical narrative of the RCAF Overseas (to 3 I Aug. 1942),' 123, DHist 79/445; No 408 Squadron ORB, 28 March 1942, DHist 94 No 419 Squadron ORB , r 5-r6 April 1942, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 254-8; No 420 Squadron ORB, 15 April 1942, DHist Notes to pages 582-9

95 Minutes of 21 July 1942 meeting, Milch Papers, reel 15, frames 1555-61, translation in DHist SGR II 217; Bomber Command, 'Memorandum on the introduction of T.R. 1335 (GEE) into Bomber Command,' [Feb 1944] DHist 181.002 (DI 12); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 49-51, DHist 86/286 96 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 259; No 419 Squadron ORB and Operational Summary, 23 April 1942, DHist 97 Nos 405 and 420 Squadron ORBS, 15-16 April 1942, DHist 98 Quoted in 'Moosemen': 419 Squadron History (nd, np), 3-4 99 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 394 roo Ibid., 393-4; 'Summary of Bomber Command reports ... since 1st March 1942,' 14 June 1942, PRO Air 6/688; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 260-1; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 146, DHist 86/286; Terraine, A Time for Courage, 47g-80 IOI No 419 Squadron ORB, April-May 1942; 'Moosemen,' 4; The Moose Squadron, 194r-1945 (Winnipeg 1977), 22 102 Bomber Command, ORS report No sr54, 5 July 1942, DHist 181.003 (01485); see also reference to ORS report 47 in AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 56-7, DHist 86/286; Harris, Bomber Offensive, 95; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 261-7 103 Harris to groups, 22 May 1942, PRO Air 14/3548 104 Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords (London 1978), r42-3; Blackett, 'Note on the use of the bomber force,' April 1942, PRO Air 9/183; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 232-40, DHist 86/286 105 Slessor to Bottomley, l May 1942, and Bufton to Bottomley, 2 May 1942, PRO Air 20/8145; Bottomley to Harris, 5 May 1942, PRO Air 19/187 ro6 Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, 142-4, app. 2; Dewdney to Scott, 22 May 1942, PRO Air 9/99 107 Inter-Services Research Bureau, 'Morale Bombing,' April 1942, quoted in AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 121, DHist 86/286

CHAPTER 16: THE EXPANSION OF BOMBER COMMAND

I F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, I (London 1981), 244ff; Jones, Most Secret War, 193, 227ff, 294-5; Price, Instruments of Dark­ ness, 78-9, 85-90; Streetly, Confound and Destroy, 15-18 2 USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel r, frames 464-6; Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' l Oct. 1953, USAF Historical Study No 179, 61, DHist 81/947; Price, Instruments of Darkness, 6g-70; USAFE, 'GAF signals in Defence,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1516, microfilm reel l , frames 345-51; Air Ministry/USAFE, Intelligence report No 42, 'The German meteorological service in war,' DHist 18r.009 (0402); Air Ministry, ADI (K) report No 416/1945, 8 Dec. 1945, 23, DHist 82/1048; Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (London 1980), passim 3 USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, Notes to pages 589-93

DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel I, frame 387; Air Ministry, DDI A3b, 'GAF nightfighters,' 3 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 40/1783; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 39, 247 4 USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, reel I, frame 389; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 39, 77; Horst Boog, 'Higher Command and Leadership in the German Luftwaffe, 1939-1945,' in Alfred H. Hurley and Robert C. Ehrhart, eds., Air Power and Warfare (Washington 1979), I 34-5 5 Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 40--r, 247; Streetly, Confound and Destroy, q9; Messenger, Cologne, 24--U; Air Ministry, ADI (K) report no. 334/1945, 21 June 1945, 7, DHist 82/1050; USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel 1, frames 390--480; Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' l Oct. 1953, 65ff, DHist 81/947; Grabmann, 'German air defense, 1933-1945,' June 1957, 584ff, DHist 86/451 6 Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 59, 69 7 Horst Boog, 'The Policy, Command and Direction of the Luftwaffe in World War II,' Proceedings of the Royal Air Force Historical Society, IV (September 1988): 60--1; Cooper, The German Air Force, 186, 194; Harold Faber, Luftwaffe (London 1979), 39; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 6g-71, 93; Air Ministry, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1933 to 1945), 314 8 Grabmann, 'German air defenses, 1933-1945,' 713-15, DHist 86/451; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 44, 65, 69, 242-3; Cooper, German Air Force, 264; USAAF, AI 12, Intelligence report No 37, 'Strength and serviceability of GAF flying units, Sep 193g-Mar 1944,' 27 Aug. 1945, DHist 181.009 (0635); Josef Schmid, quoted in USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel 1, frame 577 9 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 400--2; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 256; Harris, Bomber Offensive, 108 10 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 108 l l Harris, Despatch, l 3 12 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 339-40, 403ff; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, rv, ch. 17, DHist 86/286; Messenger, Cologne, 27ff; and Saward, Victory Denied, 261ff 13 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 109 14 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, ch. q, DHist 86/286; Saward, Victory Denied, 266-7; Messenger, Cologne, 27ff 15 Portal to Harris, 19 May 1942, Joubert to Harris, 21 May 1942, PRO Air 14/276; Harris to AOs-c-in-c and AOsC groups, 20 May 1942, PRO Air 14/2024; appendix A to Bomber Command Operation Order No 148, 26 May 1942, Bomber Command to Nos 2 and I I groups and Headquarters Fighter and Army Cooperation commands, 25 May 1942, PRO Air 14/276 16 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 165, DHist 86/286; Messenger, Cologne, 31 I7 Bomber Command Operation Order No 148, 26 May 1942, PRO Air 14/276 Notes to pages 593- 8

18 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 110; Messenger, Cologne, 4off 19 No 405 Squadron ORB, 18 April, 25, 27, 29, and 30 May 1942, DHist; quoted in No 405 Squadron History, 27; No 408 Squadron ORB , 30 May 1942, DHist; Nos 419 and 420 Squadron ORB S, 30 May 1942, DHist 20 J.D. Pattison, 'Happy Valley,' DHist 181.001 (05) 2 I Quoted in 'M oosemen,' 4 22 No 419 Squadron ORB , 30/31 May 1942, DHist 23 Pattison, 'Happy Valley,' DHist l8r.001 (05) 24 No 419 Squadron ORB , 30/31 May 1942, DHist 25 No 405 Squadron ORB , 30/31 May 1942, DHist 26 No 408 Squadron ORB , 30/31 May 1942, DHist; No 420 Squadron ORB , 30/31 May 1942, DHist; AHB , Bomber Command narrative, IV, app. 8, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 271 - 3 27 Pattison, 'Happy Valley,' DHist l8r.001 (05) 28 Air Ministry, AIS (8), 'Extracts of letters, RAF and RCAF reaction to Cologne and Essen raids,' DHist 181.002 (or63) 29 Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 56; Webster and Frankland, SA O , I, 402- 9; Hajo Herrmann, Eagle' s Wings (London 1991), 169 30 RAF Medmenham Interpretation Report No K 1333 Cologne, 7 June 1942, DHistr 8 l .003 (02437) 31 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 171- 4, DHist 86/286; RAF Medmenham, Interpretation report No K1333 , Cologne, 7 June 1942, DHist l8r.003 (02437); 'War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations, 1942,' 14 Jan. 1943, 17ff, DHist 18r.003 (03991); Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs (Lexington, Ky 1986), 1--9 32 Quoted in Ralph Barker, The Thousand Plan (London 1965), 229 33 Quoted in Messenger, Cologne, 56 34 Quoted in Barker, The Thousand Plan, 232 ; Webster and Frankland, SAO, l, 485-6 35 Nos 405, 408, 419, and 420 Squadron ORBS, 1/2 June 1943, DHist; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, II , app. 8, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 274; Messenger, Cologne, 59 36 Webster and Frankland, SA O, I, 415, 486; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 174- 7, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 274, 280-1 ; No 405 Squadron, Form YA123, Essen, 1/2 June 1942, DHist l8r.003 (03876); Saward, Victory Denied, 147 37 No 408 Squadron ORB , 25/26 June 1942; AHB , Bomber Command narrative, IV, 181- 4, DHist 86/286; 'War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations, 1942,' 14 Jan. 1943, 8, DHist r8r.003 (03991); Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 280-1 38 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 272, 274, 281 ; AHB , Bomber Command narra­ tive, IV, 186, DHist 86/286; 'The Bombing of Germany: Note by the First Sea Lord on the Report by Mr Justice Singleton,' 16 June 1942, and Portal's comments, PRO Air 8/258 39 Harris to Churchill, 17 June 1942, PRO Air 14/3507 40 AHB , Bomber Command narrative, IV, 245-6, DHist 86/286 Notes to pages 599-604

41 Ibid., 3, 15; 'Reorganisation of Bomber Command,' 20 July 1942, PRO Air 14/1050 42 Stevenson to secretary, Department of National Defence for Air, 29 Jan. 1941, DHist 181.009 (0774); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 16, DHist 86/286; 'Note of a meeting held at the Air Ministry, 8 July 1941,' DHist 181.009 (0897); 'Ottawa Air Training Conference minutes and proceedings, May-Jun 1942,' app. F2, DHist 80/255; United Kingdom High Commissioner in Canada to Dominions Office, for Air Ministry, No. 1032, 23 May 1942, and Balfour to Sinclair, 4 July 1942, PRO Air 20/2978 43 Harris to Freeman, 29 July 1942, PRO Air 20/2978 44 Freeman to CAS, 3 Aug. 1942, and Balfour to Sinclair, 14 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 20/2978; see also Hollinghurst (OGO) to Freeman, 5 Aug. 1942, and Dominions Office to United Kingdom High Commissioner in Canada, 12 Aug. 1942, No 1769, PRO Air 20/3798 45 Harris to Sinclair, 13 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 14/3512 46 Sinclair to Harris, 2 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 20/3798; Hollinghurst to Freeman, 5 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 20/3798 47 Toronto Globe and Mail, 16 Sept. 1942 48 'Why Canadianise the Air Force: An interview with the Hon. C.G. Power,' Maclean' s Magazine, 15 Nov. l 942, l l 49 Canadian bomber group progress meeting, 3 July 1942, DHist l8r.009 (0612) 50 Freeman to Courtney, 25 May 1942, PRO Air 20/920; No 420 Squadron ORB, Aug. 1942, DHist 51 Graham to Admin Plans, 20 June 1942, PRO Air 14/1140; Hollinghurst to Edwards, 3 July 1942, DHist 74/727; 'Minutes of progress meeting, Canadian bomber group,' 3 July 1942, DHist 18r.009 (0612); Campbell to Edwards, 27 July 1942, DHist 181.009 (04831) 52 Bufton to Bottomley, 14 May 1943, PRO Air 20/920; Harris to No 6 Group, 26 June 1944, PRO Air 14/1144; Hollinghurst to Edwards, 23 July 1942, DHist 74/727 53 Hollinghurst to Edwards, 23 July 1942, DHist 74/727; S/L L.A. Justason memorandum, l June 1945, DHist 181.003 (05070); Harris to No 6 Group, 26 June 1944, PRO Air 14/1144 54 Graham to Admin Plans, 20 June 1942, PRO Air 14/1140; but see also 'Reorganization of Bomber Command,' 20 July 1942, PRO Air 14/1050; Harris to Hollinghurst, 22 July 1942, PRO Air 14/1140; Hollinghurst to Edwards, 23 July 1942, DHist 74/727. 55 Harris to Portal, 24 Sept. 1942, Portal Papers, copy in DHist 87/89, folder 9 (1942) 56 Self to Craven, 21 Sept. 1941, PRO Avia 15/1569; Saundby to Harris, 27 April 1942, and Carr to Harris, 9 July 1942, PRO Air 14/1140 57 Campbell to Edwards, 6 Aug. 1942, DHist l8r.009 (04831) 58 Graham to Hollinghurst, 19 Sept. 1942, Hollinghurst to Slessor, 23 Sept. 1942, and Hollinghurst to Graham, 24 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 20/1817; see also Lowe to Bomber Command, 23 Sept. 1942, PRO Air i4/1141; Freeman memorandum, 25 Sept. 1942, with draft reply for Portal 's signature, PRO Air 20/2978 990 Notes to pages 604-8

59 K.A. Merrick, Halifax (London 1980), 1 l , 13, 21, 35, 37; 'Halifax: over­ balance of rudder,' undated, unattributed paper in DHist l8r.009 (02184); Bomber Command ORS report No 48, 30 July 1942, PRO Air 14/1794; Portal to Churchill, 12 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 19/169; 'Summary of recommendations ac­ cepted at meeting of representatives from Bomber Command, Air Ministry, and Ministry of Aircraft Production,' 12 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 8/330; Saward, 'Bomber' Harris, 70-1; Harris to Portal, 14 Aug. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H81; 'Notes of 2nd meeting on coordination for the bomber offensive,' 2 Sept. 1942, and 'Coordination for the bomber Offensive: Lancaster II and Halifax III,' note by commander-in-chief, both PRO Air 19/354; Harris to Portal, 12 Nov. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H8 I; and 'Notes of 3rd meeting on coordination of the bomber offen­ sive,' 8 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 19/354 60 Harris to Linnell, r6 Oct. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H91; Bomber Command ORS report No 66, 'Review of sorties, losses, and interceptions of Bomber Command aircraft in night operations during the period lst Aug l941-31st October 1942,' PRO AIR 14/364 61 See, for example, Campbell to Edwards, 6 Aug. 1942, DHist 18r.009 (04831). 62 'Draft conclusions of meeting of Air Council, Meeting 7(42),' 14 April 1942, PRO Air 6/73; Nos 408 and 419 Squadron ORBS, DHist 63 See C.F. Andrews, Vickers Aircraft since rgr8 (New York 1969), 30<}-63; Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, 448 64 Quoted in Chaz Bowyer, The Wellington Bomber (London 1986), 256 65 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 304; Air Force Headquarters (AFHQ), Air Historical Section, 'Narrative of the RCAF Overseas,' l 18, DHist 79/445; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, app. 21, 12, DHist 86/286; Air Ministry, om A3b, 'GAF nightfighters,' 3 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 40/1783; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 243; Hinsley, British Intelligence, 254 ff; Price, Instruments of Darkness, 90-1; Jones, Most Secret War, 264-74 66 Air Ministry, ORC, TC report No 22, June 1942, PRO Air 14/206; Air Ministry, ORC, TC report No 29, Nov. 1942, DHist l8r.009 (01716); Air Ministry, AS! report No l, 29 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 20/1663 67 Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' I Oct. 1953, DHist 81/947, frames 82, 96 68 Price, Instruments of Darkness, 144-5 69 Karnmhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' l Oct. 1953, DHist 81/947, frame 80 70 USSAF Intelligence report No 37, 'Strength and Serviceability of GAF flying units, Sep 1939-Mar 1944,' 27 Aug. 1945, DHist r8r.009 (0635); Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' 1 Oct. 1953, DHist 81/947; Bomber Command, ORC, 'Tactical countermeasures to counter enemy night fighters and anti-aircraft, searchlight, and gun defences,' Aug. 1943, DHist l8r.009 (02591). See also instructions issued to 202 Signal Company by Leutnant W. Jansen, quoted in USAFE, 'German Air Defenses,' 6 March 1946, vol. XIV, app. xu, DHist 73/1507, frames 3071ff N ates to pages 609-r 3 991

7I Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, I98; Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive war,' I Oct. 1953, DHist 81/947, frames 89ff; USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1 506, microfilm reel 1, frames 498 and 577 72 Adolf Galland, The First and the Last (London I955), 197-8; Minutes of meeting, 24 Nov. I942, Milch papers, DHist SGR II 217, reel 21, frames 3361- 6 73 AOC No 4 Group to Bomber Command Headquarters, 25 June 1942, DHist 18 r.009 (02802); Bomber Command Quarterly Review (April-June 1942): 20-l 74 Bomber Command circular, 10 Dec. I942, DHist 181.009 (02800); SASO No 5 Group to GGO, 22 Dec. 1942, minute 15, and Group Gunnery Officer No 5 Group, circular, 28 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 14/457; Bomber Command, ORS report No 66, I3 Jan. r943, DHist 181.003 (03474); Minutes of meeting, 27 April 1942, Milch Papers, DHist SGR 11 217, reel 13, frames 251-9; AOC No 4 Group to Bomber Command Headquarters, 25 June 1942, DHist 181.009 (02802) 75 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 87-90, DHist 86/286; Bomber Command, Signals Branch, 'War in the Ether,' Oct. I945, 7-I l; Price, Instruments of Darkness, r I4-27 76 Bomber Command, Signals Branch, 'War in the Ether,' 7, II , 12; AHB, Bomber Command narrative IV, 89, DHist 86/286 77 Bomber Command, Signals Branch, 'War in the Ether,' I5; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 278-9; War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations, I942, I4 Jan. 1943, 33, DHist I8r.003 (03991); Nos 405, 408, and 420 Squadron ORBS, 6/7 June and 23 June 1942, DHist 78 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 274, 276-7; No 405 Squadron ORB, 2/3 and 9 June 1942, DHist; No 408 Squadron ORB, 5/6 June 1942, DHist 79 Pattison, 'Happy Valley,' DHist 18r.001 (05), 22; Pattison biog. file, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 277 80 No 419 Squadron ORB, 9 June 1942, DHist; Air Force Routine Orders (AFRO) 1097/42 and 1653/42, extracts at DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 277; DHist awards file 8r Baldwin to Harris, 9 June I942, PRO Air 14/3544 82 'Minutes of conference held at Headquarters, Bomber Command, I6 Apr 1942,' PRO Air 14/508; Harris to Portal, I2 June 1942, PRO Air 8/688; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 65ff, DHist 86/286; Portal to Harris, 14 June 1942, and 'Minutes of meeting to discuss Pathfinder Force,' 8 July 1942, PRO Air 8/688 83 D.C.T. Bennett, Pathfinder (London 1983), 164ff; Alan Bramson, Master Airman (Shrewsbury 1985), 72ff; Gordon Musgrove, Pathfinder Force (London 1976), 12-13; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV , 66-9, DHist 86/286; Charles Messenger, 'Bomber' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939-1945 (London 1984), 84ff 84 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 283-4 85 No 408 Squadron ORB, 27 July 1942, DHist; No 420 Squadron ORB, 992 Notes to pages 614-18

Operational Statistics Summary, 27 July 1942, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 290 86 Questionnaire for returned air crew, loss of bomber aircraft, 26/27 July 1942, Pilot Officer R.N. Rayne, No 420 Squadron, 27 May 1945, DHist 181.001 (023), folder 8 87 No 419 Squadron ORB, 29 July 1942, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 290--1; Air Ministry, ADI (K) report No E109/1942, 19 Sept. 1942, PRO Air 14/2380 88 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 288--93; Nos 405 and 419 Squadron ORBS, 22 July 1942, DHist; 'War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations, 1942,' 14 Jan. 1943, 25, DHist 181.003 (03991) 89 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 286--9, 292-3 90 No 408 Squadron ORB, 5/6 Aug. 1942, DHist 91 Ibid. 92 'The Bomber's Baedeker, DHist 181.003 (03993); Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 294; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 432 93 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 291-2; 'War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations, 1942,' 14 Jan. 1943, 84-5, DHist 181 .003 (03991); 'The Bomber's Baedeker,' DHist 181.003 (03993) 94 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 304; No 408 Squadron ORB, 29 Aug. 1942, DHist 95 Bomber Command, 'Note on methods of operating bombers,' 23 July 1942, DHist 181.009 (01905); No 4 Group to Harris, 5 July 1942, PRO Air 14/3545; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 97-102, DHist 86/286; H.M.D. Parker, Manpower (London 1957), 167-8, 206-1 I, 239 96 Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, App. 42 97 'Minutes of meeting held in CAS room, 30 June 1942,' PRO Air 14/1814; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 95-6, 186, DHist 86/286; Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, app. 42; No 6 Group, 'Operational losses: per cent missing,' DHist 72/383 98 'Minutes of 3 Group conference of navigation officers,' 9 Aug. 1942, 'Minutes, 5 Group conference of navigation officers, 24 July 1942, PRO Air 14/485; CNO Bomber Command memorandum, 21 May 1943, PRO Air 14/69 99 CNO Bomber Command to SASO, minutes 50 and 78, 30 May and 16 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 14/1603; Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 245 100 Harris to ACAS (Ops), IO Aug. 1942, PRO Air 2/7922; RDF.I to CNO Bomber Command, minute 21, 5 May 1942, CNO to SASO, minute 24, 8 May 1942, CSO Bomber Command to SASO, minute 25, 9 May 1942, PRO Air 14/1293 lOl 'Notes on H2S,' I July 1942, PRO Air 14/1293; BOU report No 12, 25 March 1943, PRO Air 20/2121; Harris, Despatch, app. A, 68; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 75-7, DHist 86/286; Saward, The Bomber's Eye, 110--13 102 Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 14-16; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 299-306; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 196, DHist 86/286; Bomber Command Notes to pages 618-23 993

ORS, 'Notes on the Effectiveness of Pathfinder Force Operations to 21/22 November,' app A, PRO Air 14/1804; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 198-201, DHist 86/286; Nos 419 and 405 Squadron ORBS, 2 Sept. 1942, DHist 103 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 58-9, DHist 86/286 104 Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 13, 16 105 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 69, DHist 86/286; Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 17; Bramson, Master Airman, 62ff 106 Air Ministry, FPRC, report No 423, July 1945, DHist 181.003 (D3867) 107 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 207-I r, DHist 86/286; No 405 Squadron ORB, 7 Oct. 1942, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 3og-23 108 Bomber Command ORS, 'Notes on the Effectiveness of Pathfinder Force Operations to 21/22 November,' and app. A, PRO Air 14/1804; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 206, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 309, 313; No 405 Squadron ORB, 17 Sept. and 1/2 Oct. 1942, DHist 109 Bomber Command ORS, 'Notes on the Effectiveness of Pathfinder Force Operations to 21/22 November,' and app. A, PRO Air 14/1804; No 405 Squadron ORB, 8/9 Sept. and 6 Oct. 1942, DHist 1 JO Harris to Groups, 31 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 14/3548; see also Saundby to Harris, 27 Oct. 1942, PRO, Air 14/485; 'Progress of RAF bomber offensive against Germany,' 30 Nov. 1943, included in 'Bomber Command review of work of Intelligence Section (target intelligence and damage assessment) I 939-1945,' vol. 2, 18 Aug. 1945, DHist 181.003 (0195) 111 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 353-70 112 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 236ff, DHist 86/286; so to director of plans to director of plans, 17 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 9/424 I 13 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 247-53, DHist 86/286; Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 369ff I 14 Webster and Frankland, SAO, I, 370-5; Noble Frankland, 'The planning of the bombing offensive and its contribution to German collapse,' 98ff, PRO Air 41/57; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 247-53, DHist 86/286 I 15 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 318-33 116 Sweanor, It's All Pensionable Time, 53-4; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 96-7, DHist 86/286 I 17 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 96-7, DHist 86/286 118 Campbell to Edwards, 17 Sept. 1942, DHist 181.009 (D4925); Balfour to VCAS, 2 Oct. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H16; Edwards to Balfour, 19 Oct. 1942, DHist 181.003 (D5130)

CHAPTER 17: THE FORMATION OF NO 6 GROUP

1 See 'Notes re: meeting in the office of the minister for air,' 27 Aug. 194I, C.G. Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/721, folder 27; Edwards to DCAS, 4 June 994 Notes to pages 623-30

1941, and de Niverville to AMP, 22 May 1941, HQC 45-I0-7, NA, RG 24, vol. 5368. 2 Desloges to DAFM, 18 April 1941, C.G. Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/721, folder 27 3 Montreal La Presse, l Oct. l 941, 3 4 CAS to ROYCANAIRF, 12 and 14 Nov. 1941, HQC 17-1-4, vol. l, NA, RG 24, vol. 52IO 5 Stevenson to CAS, 17 Nov. 1941, DHist 181.009 (D725) 6 Stevenson to DGO (Air Ministry) and Stevenson to Hollinghurst, two letters dated 17 Nov. 1941, DHist 181.009 (D725) 7 CAS to ROYCAINAIRF London, 22 Nov. 1941, DHist 181.009 (D725), and ROYCAINAIRF to CAS, I 7 Dec. I 941, HQC 17- 1-4, vol. I, NA, RG 24, vol. 52 IO 8 Hollinghurst to Curtis, r 3 Dec. l 941, DHist 181.009 (D725) 9 Edwards to CAS, I 7 Dec. l 94 I, HQC 17-1 -4, vol. I' NA, RG 24, vol. 52 IO, and DHist 181.009 (D725) 10 Ibid. I l Power to Edwards, 23 Dec. 1941, and CAS to ROYCANAIRF, 22 Dec. 1941, DHist 181.009 (D725) 12 Hollinghurst to Curtis, 24 Dec. 1941 , DHist 181.009 (0725) l 3 Edwards to de Carteret, 6 Jan. l 942, Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/72 l, folder 14 14 Curtis to CAS, 29 Dec. 1941, DHist 181.009 (D725) 15 CAS to ROYCANAIRF, 15 Jan. 1942, DHist 181.009 (D725) 16 Ibid., 20 Jan. 1942 17 DGO to AOC-in-C RCAF Overseas, 26 Jan. r942, DHist r81.009 (D725); St Pierre to AOC-in-c, 7 May 1942, DHist 18I.009 (D4441) 18 Curtis to CAS, 5 Feb. 1942, to DGO, 15 April 1942, and to CAS, 25 April 1942, DHist 181.009 (D725); DP to AOC-in-c, 3 March 1944, copy in J.M.W. St Pierre biog. file, DHist 19 AIS (8) Report, 14 Dec. 1942, HQS 11-1-30, NA, RG 24, vol. 52IO 20 C.G. Power, Diary, Mission to United Kingdom - 1942, 15 Aug. 1942, Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/72 r, folder 18; Crozier to DAS, 27 July 1942, and Edwards to CAS, 29 July 1942, DHist 18J.009 (D725); G.A. Roy and J.L. Savard biog files, DHist 2 r No 425 Squadron ORB, Oct. 1942, DHist; No 425 Squadron history, 2-4, DHist 741336; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 313-14 22 No 425 Squadron history, 5--9, DHist 74/336; DHist decorations and awards file 23 Campbell to AOC-in-c, 31 Aug. 1942, DHist t8I.009 (D4831) 24 Diary, Mission to United Kingdom, 13-19 Aug. 1942, Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/721, folder 18; ' Record of discussions, Bomber Command,' 19 Aug. 1942, AFHQ 19-I0-19, NA, RG 24, vol. 5229; 'Minutes of Conference held at RCAF Overseas Headquarters, 13 and 18 Aug. 1942,' DHist 181.009 (D6155); Harris to Freeman, 29 July I 942, PRO Air 20/2978; and Dominions Office to United Kingdom high commissioner in Canada, 12 Aug. 1942, PRO Air 20/3798 25 Nos 419 and 427 Squadron ORBS, Nov.-Dec. r942, DHist; Capel to No 4 Group, 2 Jan. 1943, DHist I 81.009 (D4236); Edwards to Breadner, report no. Notes to pages 631-5 995

l 1, 12 Jan. 1943, Power Papers, copy in DHist 79/72 1, folder 14; CAS to ROYCANAIRF, 20 Jan. 1943, and Edwards to Sutton, 22 Jan. 1943, PRO Air 8/742; Sutton to Edwards, 13 Sept. 1943, DHist 18r.009 (01084) 26 W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force (Toronto 1986), 266; DP (Air Ministry) to Edwards, 16 Oct. 1942, DHist l8r.009 (0774) 27 Capel to No 4 Group, 21 Jan. 1943, DHist 181.009 (04236) 28 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 29-33, DHist 86/286; on overcrowding, see No 5 Group to Bomber Command, 6 Feb. 1942, PRO Air 1412198, quoted in Leslie Nuttall, 'Canadianization and the No. 6 Bomber Group R.C.A.F.' (PhD thesis, University of Calgary 1990), 6r. See also Halpenny, Action Stations No. 4, passim. 29 No 428 Squadron ORB, 11-14 Nov. 1942, DHist; F.H.C. Reinke personal diary, DHist 87/241; Linton-on-Ouse PRF file, DHist 30 Skipton-on-Swale PRF file, DHist 31 Reinke personal diary, DHist 87/241; Tholthorpe PRF file, DHist 32 Reinke personal diary, DHist 87/241; Linton-on-Ouse PRF file, DHist 33 Irvin C. Hundeby, Only an Erk with the Thunderbirds (Saskatoon 1985), 74 34 Carscallen biog. file, DHist 35 Blanchard biog. file, DHist, and No 426 Squadron ORB, Feb. 1943, DHist 36 CAS to ROYCANAIRF, 24 July 1942, and Edwards to CAS, 29 July 1942, DHist 18r.009 (0612) 37 CAS to ROYCANAIRF, l Aug. 1942, Wait to undersecretary of state, Air Ministry, 28 Sept. 1942, and director of postings to Overseas Headquarters, l 3 Oct. 1942, DHist 181.009 (0612); 'Extracts of minutes of conference No 3, RCAF Overseas Headquarters,' 26 Aug. 1942, AFHQ 19-10-19, NA, RG 24, vol. 52 29; Siemon and Durham biog. files, DHist; No 6 Group ORB, l Jan. 1943, DHist 38 RCAF personnel branch history, DHist 7417; Library of Parliament, History of the RCAF Women's Division, 1941-1971, DHist 78/517 39 Edwards to Breadner, 6 July 1942, and ROYCANAIRF to CAS, 15 July 1942, AFHQ 19-10-10, NA, RG 24, vol. 5229 40 Brookes biog. file, DHist; Newsom interview, 21 Sept. 1982, 2-3, DHist 82/1103; Siemon interview, 20 Oct. 1978, 2-3, DHist 79/128; Edwards to Breadner, 25 Sept. 1943, Power Papers, copy in DHist 791721 , folder 13 41 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 33-4 42 'Reorganization of Bomber Command,' 20 July 1942, PRO Air 14/ro50, cited in William Carter, 'Anglo-Canadian Wartime Relations, 1939-I94S: RAF Bomber Command and No 6 Canadian Group' (PhD thesis, McMaster University 1989), 59; Brookes diary, 27 July-13 Aug., 3 l Aug-3 Sept., 21-24 Sept., and 10-19 Oct. 1942, Brookes biog file, DHist; 'Minutes of No 6 Group progress committee,' 30 Sept. and 30 Oct. 1942, DHist 74/727; Campbell to AOC-in-c, 21 Sept. 1942, and Brookes to AOC-in-c, 28 Sept. 1942, DHist 181.009 (0612); No 6 Group ORB, 25-31 Oct. and Dec. 1942, DHist; F/L K.B. Andras, 'History of organization of No 6 (RCAF) Group from Oct 25th 1942 to Nov 1st 1943, and responsibilities of organization branch,' IO Nov. 1943, DHist 72/383 Notes to pages 635-42

43 No 6 Group ORB, l-30 Nov. 1942, DHist; Brookes diary, 6 Nov. 1942, Brookes biog. file, DHist 44 Brookes diary, 11 Dec. 1942, Brookes biog. file, DHist 45 Andras, 'History of Organization of No 6 (RCAF) Group,' IO Nov. 1943, DHist 72/383 46 Brookes diary, 28-29 Aug. 1942, Brookes biog. file, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD , 301-4; Harris to Portal, l Dec. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H5I 47 Harris to AOC No 6 Group, 31 Dec. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H103 48 Brookes diary, 31 Dec. 1942, Brookes biog. file , DHist 49 No 6 Group ORB, 1-3 Jan. 1943, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 341 50 Nos 419 and 427 Squadron ORBS, Nov.-Dec. 1942, DHist; No 431 Squadron ORB, 31 Jan.-28 Feb. 1943, DHist 51 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 340--50; No 6 Group ORB, Jan. 1943, DHist; Harris, 'The strategic control of our anti-submarine campaign,' 19 Dec. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51, folder H13; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 27off, DHist 86/286; Naval Staff, 'Monthly Anti-submarine Report, December 1941 ,' Jan. 1942, and 'Monthly Anti-submarine Report, December 1942,' 15 Jan. 1943; Bottomley to Harris, 14 Jan. 1943, quoted in Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, 152-3 52 Combined Chiefs of Staff [Casablanca directive], approved 21 Jan. 1943, copy in DHist 18r.oo6 (Dr59) 53 No 6 Group tactical report No I, 4 Feb. 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D4472); Nos 420, 427, 429 Squadron ORBS, 21/22 Jan. 1943, DHist; Air Force Headquarters, Air Historical Section, 'Secret narrative, Bomber Command,' Jan. 1943, DHist 79/444, hereafter cited as AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative; No 6 Group ORB, Jan. 1943, DHist 54 No 6 Group, ORB, 29/30 Jan. 1943, DHist; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, Jan. 1943, DHist 79/444; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 349 55 AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, Feb. 1943, DHist 79/444; No 6 Group War Room, 'Six group activities, Hamburg - night 3/4 February [1943],' 4 Feb. 1943, DHist l8r.003 (D1031); Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 351 56 Nos 419 and 428 Squadron ORBS, 18/19 Feb. 1943, DHist 57 No 6 Group War Room, 'Six Group activities - night Feb 16/17, 1943; target - Lorient,' 17 Feb. 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D1031); Bomber Command ORS to DD Science, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, Feb. 1943, DHist 79/444 58 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 337-8; Webster and Frankland, SAO, IV, 155 59 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 362-409; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, March-July 1943, DHist 79/444 60 Nuttall, 'Canadianization,' 205-6, citing Air 14/552, Jan. 1943 61 See minutes by Saundby and Harris, 27 April 1943, PRO Air 14/l 142. 62 Harris minute, 27 April 1943, and Sanders and Harris minutes, 24 and 28 June 1943, PRO Air 14/1142; Fred J. Hatch, 'Lancaster us of the RCAF in the Battle of Berlin,' Aircraft Illustrated 6 (Jan. 1973): 10--13 Notes to pages 642-8 997

63 K.M. Molson and H.A. Taylor, Canadian Aircraft since 1909 (Stittsville, Ont. 1982), 65- 73; Kostenuk and Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories, 112, 139; Francis K. Mason, The Avro Lancaster (Bourne End, Bucks. 1989), 307ff 64 See Squadron ORBS, DHist, and Kostenuk and Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories, passim. 65 Edwards to Courtney, IO March I 943, and Courtney to Edwards, I 3 March 1943, DHist 181.009 (0774) 66 Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (Edmonton 1985), 206 67 Edwards to Courtney, IO and 13 March 1943, DHist 181.009 (0774) 68 See Squadron ORBS, DHist, and Kostenuk and Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories, passim. 69 DAS to AOC-in-c RCAF Overseas, 3 April 1943, DHist 181.009 (02692) 70 Harris to Portal, 20 Aug. 1942, Harris Papers, copy in DHist 87/51 , folder 81; Harris to Sinclair, 19 Jan. 1943, PRO Air 14/3513; Harris to Slessor, 28 Oct. 1942, PRO Air 14/3516; Street to Harris, 14 Dec. 1942, and Massey to Atlee, 8 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 2/5354 71 ROYCANAIRF to CAS, 7 and 8 April 1943, and Edwards to Street, IO April 1943, DHist 181.009 (02692) 72 Bomber Command to Topcliffe, Middleton St George, and Dishforth, 14 April 1943, and Bomber Command to No 6 Group, 22 April 1943, DHist l8r.009 (053) 73 Bomber Command to Topcliffe et al. , 14 April 1943; Air Ministry, 'Dispatch of Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadrons and formation and dispatch of No 331 Medium Bomber Wing to Mediterranean Air Command,' 19 April 1942, all DHist 181.009 (053) 74 Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadron ORBS, April-May 1943, DHist; Bomber Command to Topcliffe et al., 14 April 1943; Air Ministry, 'Dispatch of Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadrons and formation and dispatch of No 331 Medium Bomber Wing to Mediterranean Air Command,' 19 April 1942, all DHist r8r.009 (053) 75 No 331 Wing ORB, I Aug. 1943, DHist; No 331 Wing Diary, 3- 4, in ORB, DHist; No 420 Squadron ORB , 16 May 1943, DHist; Dunlap to Edwards, 15 July 1943, DHist 181.009 (02692); AFHQ, 'Secret narrative, Northwest African Air Force, May- November 1943,' DHist 74/452, 4, May-June 1943 (hereafter cited as AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative) 76 Nos 420 and 425 Squadron ORBS, June 1943, DHist; AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, 4-5, DHist 741452 77 No 331 Wing Diary, 6-7, DHist; Dunlap to Edwards, 15 July 1943, DHist 18r.009 (02692); No 331 Wing ORB, 8-15 July 1943, DHist 78 Marshall and Eisenhower quoted in G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945 (Ottawa 1966), 5-7; ' Note by minister of defence,' 25 Nov. 1942, in Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Boston 1950), 654 79 Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords, 196-8, 2 IO; Lord Tedder, With Prejudice (London 1966), 445ff; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 89-90 80 Nos 420 and 425 Squadron ORBS, 26/27 June 1943, DHist and No 425 Notes to pages 648-54

Squadron History, 31, DHist 74/336; No 424 Squadron ORB, 27-29 June 1943, DHist 81 No 420, 424, and 425 Squadron ORBS, 2-9 July 1943, DHist; AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, 5-11, DHist 74/452 82 AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, July 1943, 4-16, DHist 74/452; Dunlap to Edwards, 15 July 1943, DHist l8r.009 (D2692), No 331 Wing diary, 4-6 July 1943, DHist, and No 424 Squadron ORB, 6 July 1943, DHist 83 No 424 Squadron ORB, 27-29 June and 22, 23, and 26 July 1943, and Ault to AOC-in-c, RCAF Overseas Headquarters, 26 Sept. 1943, attached to No 424 Squadron ORB, July 1943, DHist; Minton C. Johnston, Sky Pilots in Blue (np, nd), 99 84 Recommendations for honours and awards submitted by w/c D.M. Mcintosh, No 420 Squadron, 3 Feb. 1944, NA, RG 24, vol. 20, 600 85 Nos 420, 424, and 425 ORBS, 9/10 July 1943, DHist 86 Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadron ORBs, 9-21 July 1943, DHist; Doolittle to No 205 Group, 14 July 1942, including message from Spaatz, No 331 Wing Diary, 85, and DHist 181.009 (D2692); AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, 7, 13, July 1943, DHist 74/452; Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 103; Metzler to No 331 Wing, 15 Oct. 1943, DHist 18r.006 (D66); Dunlap to Edwards, 15 July 1943, DHist 18r.009 (D2692) 87 Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadron ORBS, 14-22 July 1943, DHist; see also H.H. Coulson, 'An RCAF bomber wing in North Africa,' 8-9, DHist 74/451; AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, 8, July 1943, DHist 74/452 88 No 331 Wing ORB, 24-28 July 1943, DHist 89 Quoted in Nora Bottomley, 424 Squadron History (Belleville 1985), 46 90 Dunlap to Edwards, 15 July 1943, Edwards to DP, 27 July 1943, Edwards to Colyer, 14 Aug. 1943, DAS to DP, 14 Aug. 1943, Breadner to Edwards, 15 Aug. r943, DP to NASAF, 24 Aug. 1943, DP to EA to AOC-in-c, with enclosures, 8 Sept. 1943, all DHist 181.009 (D2692); A Flight, No 424 Squadron, report to No 331 Wing, 14 Oct. 1943, DHist 18r.006 (066) 91 Minutes of meeting held in room 3403, Chateau Frontenac, Quebec City, I I Aug. 1943, Air Ministry to Quadrant, 12, 13, 19 Aug. 1943, all PRO Air 8/783; Dunlap to Edwards, 18 Aug. 1943, Breadner to Edwards, 23 Aug. r943, Edwards to Breadner, 16 Sept. 1943, all DHist l8r.009 (D2692) 92 See Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadron and No 331 Wing ORBS , 3-18 Aug. 1943, DHist; Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 168-74; RAF Mediterranean Review No 4, 'The Conquest of Sicily,' quoted in Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 172. 93 Bottomley, 424 Squadron History, 43-4 94 Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 180-5 95 Ibid., 185-7; No 331 Wing ORB, 4 Sept. 1943, DHist 96 Nos 420, 424, and 425 Squadron ORBs, r8 Aug.-5 Sept. 1943, DHist; Tedder, With Prejudice, 465; AHB, 'The Italian Campaign 1939-1945,' I, 83, DHist 86/284; No 33 I Wing ORB, I Sept. 1943, DHist 97 Tedder, With Prejudice, 465; AHB, 'The Italian Campaign,' I, l 5o-6, DHist 86/284; Tedder to Portal, II Sept. 1943, and Portal to Tedder, 13 Sept. 1943, Notes to pages 654-60 999

PRO Air 8/782; AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, Sept. 1943, I, DHist 74/452; AHB, 'The Italian Campaign,' I, 150-6, DHist 86/284 98 No 33 l Wing ORB, I 5 Sept. I 943, DHist; AFHQ, NAAF secret narrative, Sept. 1943, 37-8, DHist 74/452; No 331 Wing diary, summary of September operations, DHist 99 Portal to Edwards, 27 Sept. 1943, PRO Air 8f782 IOO AHB, 'The Italian campaign,' I, 159, DHist 86/284; No 425 Squadron ORB, 16-18 Sept. 1943, DHist

CHAPTER 18: NO 6 GROUP FALTERS

1 Combined Chiefs of Staff [Casablanca directive], 2 l Jan. 1943, copy in DHist 18i.006 (0159); W.F. Craven and J.L. Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, II (Chicago 1949), chs. 7 and 9 2 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 220-1 3 Casablanca directive, 21 Jan. 1943, DHist 181.006 (0159) 4 Webster and Frankland, SAO, rr, 14 5 Ibid., 364ff, and 'Note by the chief of the air staff for the chiefs of staff on an estimate of the effects of an Anglo-American bomber offensive against Ger­ many,' 3 Nov. 1942, quoted in SAO, IV, 258-65 6 DBOps memorandum, 4 Jan. 1943, DHist 18I.003 (04694) 7 Harris, Bomber Offensive, 147 8 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, app. 18, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 246-56, 365-409 9 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 224, DHist 86/286 10 Bomber Command ORS report No S102, 31 Aug. 1943, DHist 181.009 (02390); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 182, DHist 86/286; Musgrove, The Pathfinder Force, app. I, app. x, and 25ff l I Minutes of meeting in the Air Council Room, 8 Dec. 1942, PRO Air 8/727; Bufton to ACAS (Ops), 4 Feb. 1943, PRO Air 2f7922; Minutes of meeting at Bomber Command Headquarters, 16 Feb. 1943, PRO Air 14/491; sou report No 12, 25 March 1943, PRO Air 20/2121; Bomber Command ORS report No S99, 25 Aug. 1943, DHist r8i.003 (02167); Bomber Command ORS memorandum No 73, 16 June 1943, DHist I8I.003 (02166); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 78-84, DHist 86/286 12 'The history of armament in Bomber Command, Feb 1942-May 1945,' DHist 181.009 (06119); 'Historical review of No 6 (RCAF) Heavy Bomber Group ... 1943-1945,' June 1945, DHist 18I.003 (05269); ORS r(c) Bomber Command to ORS, 12 April 1944, PRO Air 14/3935; AHB, Armament, I, 283-8 13 Bomber Command ORS report No S133, 21 April 1943, PRO Air 14/1804; Bomber Command, 'The Pathfinder Force ... ,' 22 Dec. 1942; 'Methods of target marking: notes for the guidance of operational crews,' nd, and 'Pathfinder Force instructions,' 23 Dec. 1943, all PRO Air 14/2058; Bomber Command ORS report No S 102, 3 l Aug. 1943, DHist 18 r.009 (02390); AHB, Bomber Command narrative, IV, 77-8; Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 38--9 and app. VI IOOO Notes to pages 661-4

14 Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 248ff 15 Jukes to Dickens, 21 Dec. 1942, and conference of group commanders, 6 Jan. 1943, PRO Air 14/1751 16 Grabmann, 'German air defense, 1933-1945,' June 1957, USAF Historical Study No 164, DHist 86/451, frames 596, 707-14; USSAF AI 12, intelligence report No 37, 'Strength and Serviceability of GAF Flying Units, Sep 1939-Mar I 944,' 27 Aug. l 945, DHist 181.009 (D635); AHB, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1933 to 1945), 314; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 16, 41; Air Ministry/USAFE intelligence report No 67, 21 Dec. 1945, DHist 181.009 (D414) 17 Grabmann, 'German air defense, r933- 1945,' June 1957, DHist 86/451, frames 596, 707- 14, 731, 816, 882; USSAF Al 12, intelligence report No 37, 'Strength and serviceability of GAF Flying Units, Sep 1939-Mar 1944,' 27 Aug. 1945, DHist 181.009 (D635); ADI (K) report No 416/1945, 8 Dec. 1945, 3-8, DHist 82/1048; Kammhuber, 'Problems in the conduct of a day and night defensive air war,' I Oct. 1953, 70-105, USAF Historical Study No 179, DHist 81/947; Schmid, 'German night fighting from 15 June 1943 to end of war,' I Oct. 1945, app. r to USAFE, 'Tactical employment of night-fighting in the GAF,' 6 March 1946, DHist 73/1506, microfilm reel 2, frames 57off; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 16, 41 18 Grabmann, 'German air defenses,' DHist 86/451, frames 715-718; data on night fighter losses from 8th Abteilung Oberkommando der Luftwaffe records, copies in DHist SGR II 265, folder 24 19 Minutes of meeting of 6 Oct. 1942, Milch Papers, DHist SGR II 217, reel 16, frames 2550-73; AS! report No 21, 'Bomber losses and German claims, Dec 1942 to May 1943 ' [Feb. 1944], PRO Air 14/365; Grabmann, 'German air defenses,' DHist 86/451, frames 734-8 20 Minutes of conferences, r 8 March r 943, Milch Papers, DHist SGR 11 217, reel 62, frames 5462- 71 , 5546ff, and 6 July 1943, DHist SGR II 217, reel 21, frames 5566-77, 5581-3; Aders, German Night Fighter Force, 6rff; Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, i62-9 21 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 365-6; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, app. IO, 7, DHist 86/286; J.H. Searby, The Great Raids, II: Essen (Chippingham, Wilts., 1978), 15- 16 22 No 6 Group operation order, quoted in Searby, Essen, 23-4; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 6 March 1943, DHist 79/444 23 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 365; No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250 24 ORS to DD Science, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756; AHB, 'Reports of physical damage resulting from Allied air attacks on Germany, 1943,' compiled and translated from German sources, Oct. 1956, 44, DHist SGR II, folder 79 25 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 741250 26 No 78 Squadron, Interpretation report No K 1497, and Bomber Command night raid report No 284, qoted in Searby, Essen, 42-65; AHB, 'Reports of physcial damage resulting from Allied air attacks on Germany, 1943,' Oct. 1956, 44, DHist SGR II 264, folder 79 Notes to pages 664-9 1001

27 Harris, Despatch, app. B, 85 DHist 28 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 365-6 29 Quoted in John Searby, The Everlasting Arms (London 1988), 95-6 30 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 365-6; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 6-8 (March 1943), DHist 79/444; Bomber Command Night raid report No 284, quoted in Searby, Essen, 42-55 31 AHB , Bomber Command narrative, v, 55-6, 356, DHist 86/286; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 10-12 (March 1943), DHist 79/444; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 366-8; No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 741250; Nos 405 and 419 Squadron ORBS, l 1/12 March 1943, DHist 32 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; No 424 Squadron ORB, 12/13 March 1943, DHist; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 368 33 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 370; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 13-14 (March 1943), DHist 79/444 34 Interrogation report, account of escape of Sgt C.E. McDonald, DHist 79/507, vol. 5; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 55-6; No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 5-6 (March 1943), DHist 79/444; AHB , 'Reports of physical damage resulting from Allied air attacks on Germany 1943.' Oct. 1956, 2, DHist SGR lI 264, folder 78; Mid­ dlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 371-2 35 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 372; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, DHist 79/444; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 40, DHist 86/286 36 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 370-3 37 ORS to DD Sci, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756; Saward to cso, loose minute, 8 April r943, PRO Air 14/1858 38 AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, I r-12 (April 1943), DHist 79/444; ORS to DD Sci, 3 Mar 1945, PRO Air 14/1756 39 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 57, DHist 86/286; ORS to DD Sci, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 378-9; No 6 Group analysis of operations, 12 May 43, DHist 18r.003 (D4714) 40 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 9-1 l (April 1943), DHist 79/444 41 AOC-in-c to AOCS, 16 April 1943, DHist I 81.009 (D2879) 42 'Minutes of meeting held at Headquarters, Bomber Command, 23 April 1943 to discuss tactical aspects arising from recent operations,' PRO Air 14/1222 43 Harris to Brookes, 5 May 1943, DHist 181.009 (D1925), folio r8A 44 John Sweetman, Operation CHASTISE (London 1982), 191 and chs. IO and II; Harris, Bomber Offensive, 157-9; Webster and Frankland, SAO, II , 176-8, 288- 92; Noble Frankland, 'The Dams Raid,' Journal of the Royal United Services Institute, 109, (May 1964): 127-30 45 Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 383-409; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, V, 42-3, app. r8, DHist 86/286; ORS to DD Sci, 3 March 1945, PRO Air !002 Notes to pages 669-77

14/1756; Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 44-6; ORS to DD Sci, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756 46 Quoted by Noble Frankland, 'The planning of the bombing offensive and its contribution to German collapse,' April 1951, PRO Air 41/57, 124-5 47 Quoted in AFHQ, Secret bomber narrative, 2 l (May 1943), DHist 79/444 48 ORS to DD Sci, 3 March 1945, PRO Air 14/1756; AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, 42-3, app. 18, DHist 86/286; Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 396-404; AHB, 'Reports of physical damage resulting from Allied air attacks on Germany 1943,' Oct. 1956, 34, DHist SGR II 264, folder 79; Musgrove, Pathfinder Force, 52-3 49 AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, app. 19, DHist86/286 50 Ibid., l 58 51 Ibid., 168-72; Bidinian, The Combined Allied Bombing Offensive, 65ff, 132-4; Webster and Frankland, SAO, II , 260 52 Date from AHB, Bomber Command narrative, v, app. 18, DHist 86/286, and Middlebrook and Everitt, BCWD, 362-409 53 No 6 Group analysis of operations, Jan.-July 1943, DHist 18r.003 (D4714); No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; A.L. Harris report of visit No 2 to No 6 Group, 14-25 Sept. 1943, DHist 181.009 (D5747) 54 Data from No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250; F/L G Miller's DFC citation; Ray Jacobsen, 426 Squadron History (np, nd), 15 55 Forland interrogation report, 14-15 July 1943, DHist 79/507, vol. 3 56 M.R.D. Foot and J.M. Langley, M/9 (London 1979), 79-82, 142ff, 207-11, 221, 306-7 57 George Pollock, 'Flyers Who Spike Germany's Secret Weapon,' Reader's Digest (UK edition), Sept. 1987, 59-63; Jones, Most Secret War, 28o-6 58 Price, Instruments of Darkness, 139--40 59 No 419 Squadron ORB, 3/4 July 1943; 'Questionnaire for returned aircrew, loss of bomber aircraft,' DHist 181.001 (D24); see also Herrmann, Eagle's Wings, 166-7. 60 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250 61 No 6 Group NSO, 'Report of 6 Group mining effort since Jan 1943,' DHist 181.003 (D4718); No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250 62 L.G.N. Rushbrooke, 'Effect of our offensive minelaying,' 30 March 1943, DHist 181.003 (05096); AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War,' IV, part B, app. XIX, DHist 79/599 63 'Gardening operations since May 1942,' DHist 181.009 (02483); AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War,' IV, 413, DHist 79/599 64 'Bomber Command instructions on GARDENING,' 25 May 1943, DHist l8r.009 (D2482); AHB, 'The RAF in Maritime War,' IV, 413, DHist 79/599; DOps and DTASMW, 'Planning of aircraft minelaying operations' [1946], annex I, PRO Air 20/5837 65 No 6 Group analysis of results, DHist 74/250 66 No 6 Group circular, 15 March 1943, DHist 18r.009 (D2482); No 4 Group NSO to No 6 Group, 7 April 1943, DHist 181.009 (02481); AHB, 'The RAF in