Index 1053

So, 391--g2, 394; in First World War 378; Baker fitted to Lancaster x 758; Rose anti- weapons 378--g, 393-4; U­ 685, 752-3; Village Inn/AGLT and ­ boat losses 378-9, 394-5, 396, 399, 405, assisted gun-laying 752-3, 823; need to 414, 416; Allied shipping losses 379, 405, counter Schrage Musik fitted to German 414; U-boat tactics 381 , 391 , 396, 404- 5, night-fighters 687-8, 734, 763-4, 830, 854 409, 412; Mooring patrols 383, 402-4, Army Co-operation Command, see 410-1 l; Leigh Light 393- 4, 395; Biscay commands offensive 393-8; ASV radar and counter­ Army Photo Interpretation Section: and measures, 393- 4, 395; Musketry patrols procedures for photographic 397-8, 446; Percussion operations 398; in reconnaissance 296-7 406-ro; inshore Arnhem 326, 347-8, 875-6, 881 - 3, 890 patrols 410-16; Sir Arthur Harris believes Arnold, Gen. H.H. 832 offensive is more important 598, Arnold-Portal-Towers agreement: and supply 638; Portal agrees 620; of bomber 599 ordered to attack U-boat bases in France Arras 775, 808 638--g, 677; other refs 95, 270, 375 Article xv, see Canadianization Anti-U-boat Warfare Committee 391 , 394 Ash, P/O W.F. 207 Antwerp 327, 337, 835, 845, 855 Ashford, F/L Herbert 648 Anzio 287-8 Ashman, W/C R.A. 400 Aqualagna 308 Assam 876, 905 Arakan 901, 903, 906 Associated Press 71 Archer, w/c J.C. 398, 400 ASV , see radar, air-to-surface vessel (ASV) Archer, F/L P.L.I. 253 Athens 889 Ardennes 337, 338, 8ro, 850-1 , 876, 885-6, Athlone, Lord 69 890 Atkin, Ronald 232 Ardouval (v-1 site) 827 Atlantic, Battle of the: and demands on Argentan 307, 313, 815 Bomber Command and bomber aircraft Argonaut conference, Malta, February 1945 548, 558, 585, 597, 598, 632 , 638, 643, 89rn 646; other refs 387, 392 armament (aircraft) Atlee, Clement 727 - fighter 168, 220, 222 , 228, 233, 263, 279 Au Fevre (radar site) 807 - rocket projectiles (RP): development of Audet, F/L R. 338-40 163, 244; on Typhoons 278; used in anti­ Augsburg 585, 729n, 766, 773-5, 778-9, 842 shipping operations 452, 453--9, 464-6, Aulnoye 791 , 793, 800 470-1 , 472-3, 473; effectiveness : and Article xv squadrons 23-4, compared with bombs and torpedoes 425, 57; other refs 61, 71, ro9, 124 348, 455-6; 25-lb armour-piercing 376, Aversa 653 455-7, 464-6, 466--7; 60-lb high explosive 455, 464 Babington, A/M Sir Philip 46, 56, 60-1, 65- - bomber: inadequacy of .303-inch machine 7, 434-5, 570 gun for bomber defence 532, 684; Bader, S/L Douglas 172, 195, 201-2, 209 development of .5-inch machine guns and Baghdad 878 20 mm cannon for bomber defence 532, Bagnoli 653 685, 713, 752-3; turrets in bomber aircraft Baker, A/C J.W. : supports area bombing requirement for 532; restricted vision in 557-8, 575, 580 532, 609, 684-5, 752-3; coldness in 736; Baldwin, A/V/M J.E.A. 57--9, 561 , 570, 611 turret failure no excuse for early return Baldwin, Stanley 528--g 745; development of mid-under gun Balfour, Harold: at Ottawa Air Training position 752-3; Fraser Nash FN 20 684; Conference 6<}---75 ; and Balfour-Power Frazer Nash FN 82 752-3, 823; Martin- Agreement 99-I04, ro7-8; and rn54 Index

Canadianization in general 600; other refs London 189-90, Aug.- Oct. 1940 538-40; 46, 47, 61, 77, 89, 90, 95, I 11, 325, 462 Battle of (Nov. 1943-March 1944) 526-7, Balfour-Power Agreement, see 655, 689, 712-13, 730-2, 735-42, 745-6, Canadianization 74g-51, 758, 761-3, 766-70, 780; and its Balkans 280, 292 impact on morale in Bomber Command Baltic Sea: Axis merchant shipping in 418- 785-7, 805; included in Casablanca and 19, 474; Gardening in 41g-20, 468, 526, Pointblank directives 639, 657, 666, 729n; 568, 676-7, 788-90; Togo radar picket threat to Berlin facilitates spoofs and ship in 661, 688; other refs 352, 474, 538, diversions 700-1, 705, 716, 741, 771, 782, 581 , 583, 606, 618, 656 832-4; accounts of attacks on, and their Bardufoss 889 effect 706-8, 736-9, 749-5 l ; response Barfleur 283 of 71 r; featured in Operation Thunderclap Barker, Lt-Col W.G. 170 831, 854-5; other refs 264, 266, 281, 347, Barking Creek, 'Battle of' l 87 391, 529, 537, 554-5, 558-60, 562, 576, Barmen 669 606, 615, 661, 666, 669, 695, 697, 7og-10, Barrage balloons 296 713, 720-1, 752 , 757-8, 781-2, 791, 800, Barratt, A/M Sir Arthur 229 80~ 837, 858, 865, 881, 889 Barry, P/O W. 674 Bemburg 729n Barte, Walter 701 Bemeval 235 Bartholomew, Col H.I. 166 Berouka River 667 Basra 878 Bethune 203, 283 Bateman, F/O L.J. 407 Beurling, F/O G. 268 Bath 223 Beveridge, F/L M.W. 714 Battipaglia 653-4 Bhamo 905 Bayerlein, Generalleutnant Fritz 306 Bigoray, F/Sgt William 674 Bayly, F/L G.H. 388 Big Ben, see v-2 rocket Bays, Sgt B.O. 714 Billancourt 577 Beals, W/O W.F. 405 Bing, Sgt L.P. 222-3 Bean, W/C W.W. 448 Birch, F/O W.F. 352 Beardmore, F/O F.W. 194 Birchall, S/L L.J. 386-7 Belaria 778 Birmingham 549, 586 Belgium: German night-fighter bases in 528, Birnie, F/L H.W. 802 536, 538, 579, 587, 701 , 808, 821, 824-5, Biscay, Bay of: anti-submarine operations by 829; Resistance movement 673, 801 ; Coastal Command 375, 393-6, 398, 402- civilian casualties from Allied bombing 3, 407, 4og-10,440, 444, 446-7, 450; 794; other refs 182, 216, 283-4, 320, 323, anti-shipping operations by Coastal 714, 717, 782, 799, 878, 879, 886, 889 Command 417-18, 464-5, 467; Bomber Bell, Sgt R.G. 614-15 Command attacks U-boat bases and lays Bell, Capt T.J. 818 mines in 4rg-20, 938-9, 646, 656, 677, Belli-Bivar, F/O R.G. 277 742; other refs 400, 41 l, 464, 466 Bellis, F/O A.R.B. 405 Bishop, F/O A.A. 402-3 Bengal 386, 490 Bishop, A/M W.A. 402n Bengal, Bay of 903 Bissett, S/L R.C. 548 Benito, see , Ypsilon Bizerta 251 Bennell, S/L R.J. 714 Blackett, P.M.S. 585 Bennett, A/Y/M D.C.T. 612, 619 Blanchard, w/c S.S .: appointed to No 6 Bentley Priory, see Fighter Command from Home War Establishment Headquarters 633 Berchtesgaden 887 Blatchford, W/C H.P. 916 Berlin: bombed in reprisal for bombing of Blenkinsop, S/L E.M. 801 Index rn55

Blitzkrieg affects Canadian planning 174-5, interdiction 525, 529, 791-5; require air 184, 536-7, 568 superiority 530-2, 534-5, 568, 8 l I , Bochum 656, 666, 717-19, 730, 740, 835, 840-2; attacks on German shipping, 838-9 including Scharnhorst, Prinz Eugen, and Bohlen 856-7 Gneisenau 534, 548; Bomber Command bomb aimers: commissioning of 71, 94; tactics 549-50, 586, 840-4; Moling 639; supply of 84-5, 86-7, 97-9; and in­ bombing of own troops near Falaise 816- adequacy of bombsights 531, 65<}--60; 20; cause problem for crews who see specialist trade created 580; trained to use damage 842-3; other refs 53off, 549-50, H2S 618, 65<}--60; responsible for dis­ 585-6, 811-13, 815-20, 825, 835, 840-5, charging Window 694; other refs 96-9, 394 849 Bomber Command Headquarters: established night at High Wycombe, July 1936 528; - attacks on U-boat facilities 638, 640-1, concern about navigation 535, 542, 552, 666-7, 866 561, 667-9, 686-7, 730, 789-90, 805; - creep-back effect 667 bombing directives sent to 537, 538, 539, - crew discomfort on 546, 549, 573, 607, 541-2, 544, 575, 576, 576-7, 581, 582, 631, 634, 646, 736, 753-4 585, 639, 656-7, 689-90, 729, 766, 771 , - early returns from 548, 568, 582, 611, 791, 794, 796, 831-2, 846-7, 854-5, 861; 613, 629, 649, 664-71, 675-6, 680-1, and efforts to counter the German night­ 699, 706, 710, 740-1, 743-5, 772, 808 fighter threat 543, 562-6, 607, 705, 716- - ineffectiveness of 530, 533, 537, 538-9, 17, 742-3, 751-2, 762-3, 771 , 779-80, 547, 550, 553-4, 568, 578-9, 582, 596-7, 782, 797, 808, 823, 83'}---42, 861; and 610-1 l , 613, 614, 619, 665, 666, 667, Canadianization 545, 630; and need to 668, 695, 709, 716-17, 730, 736, 742, centralize control of operations 561-2, 761, 785, 793, 802, 812, 816, 822, 823, 566, 803-5; intelligence assessments by 838, 864 562-4, 587-9, 673-4, 742-3, 745, 751, - in North Africa by No 331 647 649, 769; critical of diversions of Bomber 653, 654 Command's effort 585; and Operational - leaflet raids (Nickelling) 532-4, 742 Millennium 593; policy re allocation of - navigation problems and failures 523-4, aircraft 601-2; and strengthening of 533, 535, 542, 547, 550-1, 554, 557, 561, Pathfinder Force 658; analysis of loss 573-4, 578, 584, 603, 604, 607, 610-l I, rates 675, 680--2, 698, 785, 802-3, 82 I; 617, 618, 620, 640, 659, 660, 667-8, 679, and Scarecrows 734; and aircrew morale 685-6, 751, 767, 844 743-5; and responsibility for bombing of - 1942 experiments with precision bombing own troops near Falaise 818-20; other refs 597 57-8, 77, I04 - role of master bomber 69'}---700, 707-8, bomber defence, see armament (aircraft) 801, 814, 816-19, 825, 842, 844, 862 bomber operations, American 702, 732 - success of attacks over France and the BOMBER OPERATIONS, BY BOMBER Low Countries, 1944 794, 800, 805, 809 COMMAND - tactics: essential to evade enemy defences casualties caused by: Belgian 794-800, 805; 543, 564, 607, 716, 771-2; advantages French 577, 641, 767, 795, 800; German and disadvantages of concentration in the 537, 548, 555, 557, 577. 596-7, 615-16, 564-6, 577, 587, 591, 593, 657, 666-7, 670-1, 696-7, 708- 9, 724-8, 594-5, 607, 608, 611-12, 616, 673, 737-8, 740-1, 749-51, 763, 767, 775, 680-1, 695-6, 705-6, 715, 733-4, 748-9, 783, 838, 857-8, 862, 866; to Allied 751 , 761-3, 771-2, 780-2, 789, 794, 797, troops, 815-16 799-800, 803; corkscrew 609, 741, 763; day: in support of the army, 283, 649, 755, spoofs, deceptions, and diversions 700-r, 81 r-20, 825, 832, 845-6, 856; battlefield 705-6, 713, 716-22, 734-6, 739-42, 751 , Index

758--9, 762-3, 766-7, 771-2, 780, 789, 846-51, 855-8, 877; and influence of Butt 793, 797, 806-8, 8II, 821, 824, 832, 837, report on 524, 551, 552, 554, 557; attack 86 r; see also electronic warfare and on oil 526, 530-5, 537-8, 540-2, 656, countermeasures 689--90, 790-1, 796, 810-11, 846-51; - target marking 524, 550, 555, 561, 576-8, attack on German aircraft industry and 578, 582, 612, 614, 615, 617, 618-19, fighter strength 538, 585, 639, 640, 658-70, 685, 700, 709, 730, 736, 641, 656, 689--90, 712-13, 729, 765-6, 741, 743, 762, 773, 789--90, 791, 792, 770-1, 773-5, 799, 831, 854, 866; attack 800, 803, 806, 808, 817, 834, 842, 858; on German ball-bearing industry 555, 656, and early use of incendiary bombs 550, 690-1, 729, 739-40, 745-6, 751, 766-7, 552, 578, 578--9, 598, 657, 693; Shaker 781 , 796, 865, 866; technique 578, 619; Newhaven method and the Combined Bomber Offensive 639, 659, 660-1; Paramatta method 660; 647, 656-7, 666-7, 689--93. 724-6, 729, Wanganui method 660 832, 846, 866; Pointblank directive 690-3, - theory and policy: general 16, 163, 172, 712-13, 729, 730-2, 765-7, 770-5, 790, 226-7, 283, 375; prewar assumptions 796, 846; attack on V-weapons 810, 822; 523-4, 528-34, 531; casualties require employment of Bomber Command by day, shift to night-time bombing 523; and 1944 840, 842 thousand-bomber raids 528, 586, 591-3, - thousand-bomber raids 591-7 596-7; restrictions on, 1939-40 52<}---30, - use of target indicators (TI) 592, 619, 658, 532-5, 536-7; and attacks on German 660-1, 664, 716-19, 729, 759, 762, 783 , shipping, facilities, and U-boat bases 534- 789,792,794, 818, 825, 842, 845; Red 5, 538, 542, 548, 558, 585, 597-8, 632, Blob Fire 619 638--9,643,646,676,684--90,703, 789, bomber operations, German 33, 529, 586, 845; during 1940 587-8; 702-3 directives defining bombing policy 537, bombs: 4-lb incendiary 541, 555, 593, 759; 538, 539, 541-2, 544, 575-7, 581-2, 585, 30-lb incendiary 593; 250-lb 419, 427, 639, 656-7, 689-93. 729, 765-71, 791, 447, 464, 571; 500-lb 308, 464, 734; 2000- 794, 796, 831-2, 845-7, 854-5, 862; retal­ lb 560; 4000-lb (Cookie) 560, 581, 734; iatory raids on Berlin 538-40; need to 8000-lb 712, 831; 22,000-lb 866; anti-sub­ conserve strength of Bomber Command, marine (roolb) 427, 460; buoyant ('B') 1940-1 541, 557, 560, 566, 575; and fire­ 440-2; general purpose (GP), 419, 427, raising 541 , 550, 555, 558, 575, 578, 581- 447, 550, 560, 81 r; semi-armour piercing 3, 593, 618-19, 670, 696-8, 724-5, 759, (SAP) 427 783, 822, 856; and concern about causing bombsights 204, 530-1, 573, 713-14, 743; casualties in France 577, 638, 795, 800; Norden 204; Mark IX 419, 531; Mark XIV area bombing and the attack on the morale 531 , 552, 659; tachometric 531 of the German civilian population 523-4, Bonn 61 l, 838 528, 535-6, 538-42, 544, 550-1, 554-5, Bonnieres 279 557-8, 560, 575-7, 578, 581-2, 583, Bons Tassilly 815 584-6, 591-2, 596-8,618,620-1,638--9, Bordeaux 4 w, 467 656-8,666-7,66<}---71,690-3,708--9,712, Borkum 424, 428, 439, 446, 463 724--9.741-2, 745-7, 765-70,794-5,796, Bothnia, Gulf of 418 805, 822, 831, 835, 846-7, 854-5, 857-8, Bottomley, A/M Sir Norman: as DCAS, 862-3, 866; attacks on railways 523-4, confirms of 14 525, 526, 530, 537, 544, 547, 549-50, 551, 577; asks for attacks on 555, 557, 560, 567, 596, 597, 610, 614, aircraft industry 585, 7 l 2; opposes Battle 615, 632, 639, 648, 650, 652, 653, 656, of Berlin 712- 13; urges bombing of 658,689--90,713, 724, 755,773,791-5, 745-6; opposes area bombing 797, 800, 803-5, 808-10, 831, 835, 766; wants attack on oil 8 ro; other ref 602 Index 1057

Boucherville 389 - Fourteenth Army 875, 889, 890, 893-4, Boulogne 193, 202, 208, 571, 811 , 845 902, 904 Bourguebus 3 12 - Eighth Army 2 16, 261, 263, 285, 286, 628 287, 309, 336; Bowhill, A/C/M Sir Frederick 418, 422 - IV 900, 906 Boyle, F/L J. 338 - VII Corps 176 Brackenbury, F/L S.B. 567 - XII Corps 314 Bracknell, see Second Tactical - xv Corps 906 Bradley, Gen. Omar 816 - xxx Corps 307, 882, 883 Brandenburg 707, 737, 751, 758 - Guards Armoured 31 r, 884 Brasnet, F/O W.G. 463 - 1st Airborne Division 326, 882 Brazil 396 - 6th Airborne Division 887 Breadner, A/M L.S.: appointed CAS 24-5; - 7th Armoured Division 311 , 81 2 and overseas policy 27-30, 39; and status - I Ith Armoured Division 311 of RCAF Overseas 42-3, I04; and - 15th (Scottish) Division 304 Canadianization 54, 81-2, 87, 258, 272, - 5oth Division 295, 307 391; abandons Edwards 89-92; as AOC-in­ - 51st (Highland) Division 814 c Overseas 99-IOO, I03- 5, 414, 415, - 29th Armoured Brigade 312 461-2; and Tiger Force 108-12, l 17; - 46th (Highland) Brigade 304 views on army cooperation 173; and - 2nd Bn, Argyll and Canadianization 258, 272; supports Highlanders 319 formation of No 425 Squadron 625, 627; - Gordon Highlanders 304 and appointments to No 6 Group 633-4; - other refs 26, 29, 35, r 12 , 168, 258, 327, other refs 16, 31, 33 , 34, 41 , 45, 50-2, 62, 347, 350 68, 77, 93, I 20, 270, 765, 779, 879, 89 I , British Broadcasting Corporation 293, 743, 894-6, 913-14 757 Breen, A/V/M J.J. 88-9, 91 British Columbia I06, 727 Bremen 532-3, 537, 542, 547, 558, 562, British Commonwealth !07 597, 613, 615, 717, 721, 729-30, 749, British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 758, 762, 832-4, 856 (BCATP): 1939 negotiations 20-3; scaling Brereton, Gen. Lewis H. 326 back 65-9, 462; and 's contri­ Breslau 846, 855 bution to Bomber Command 523-4, 545, Brest 214, 228, 409, 419, 431 , 465, 467, 556-7, 569; and navigation training in 548, 569, 571-2, 573-4, 639, 789 552, 679-80; other refs 13, 28, 29, 31 , 44, Bretz, W/C N.H. 916 58, 68, 96, 99-101, 109, I2I, 171, 174, Brichta, F/Sgt P.S.O. 61 1 I 89, 206, 222, 266, 268, 275, 382, 623, Briese, W/C R.G. 382-3, 384 628, 630, 650, 880 Bristol 541, 586, 799 British Empire Medal: awarded to F/Sgt Britain, Battle of, see fighter operations S.A. McKenzie 765; to LAC M.M. British Air Forces of Occupation !OS McKenzie 827-8; to LAC R.R. Wolfe 827-8; to Sgt J.L.N. Warren 860-1 - 21st Army Group: supported by Second British Expeditionary Force I 939-40 173, TAF 164, 244, 343; and importance of 537 close support 312, 321-2, 324; difficult Brittany 231, 299, 4IO, 467, 641, 677, 792, relations with air forces 324; other refs 821 321-2, 325, 335, 343, 813, 845 Broadhurst, A/V/M H.: commands No 83 - Second Army: affiliated with No 83 Group 252-4; criticizes Field Marshal Group 165, 258; commends Typhoon Montgomery 311; other refs 95, 306, 317, squadrons 304; other refs 306, 311 - 12 , 351 315-17, 319, 882, 889 Brooke-Popham, A/C/M Sir Robert 22 Index

Brookes, A/V/M G.E.: and appointment as Campbell, w/c A.P. 28, 29-30, 31, 41, 43, first AOC of No 6 Group 78, 525, 634-8, 63, 67, 914-15 915; reaction to No 6 Group's per­ Campbell, S/L C.N.S . 215 formance to May 1943 677-82; protests Campbell, Sir Gerald 31 allocation of Halifax ns 711; and No 434 Campbell, S/L G.C. 574 Squadron 71 1; concerned about early re­ Campbell, G/C H.L. 63, 93, 95-6, 215, 574, turns 743-5; relieved of command 779- 603-4, 622, 914 80; and waverers 787 Canada and Canadians: attitude to Brophy, F/O G.P. 809 Canadianization 82-3; and the issue of Brown, W/C A.C. 434 bombing 726-8 Brown, F/L G.S. 328 Canada, government of: and 1939 BCATP Brown, F/L J. 817 negotiations 13, 2 r-2; focuses on home Brown, W/C M. 917 defence 17; insists on formation of RCAF Browne, F/O H.R. 445 squadrons 18-19, 26, 28--9, 31-4, 54, 63; Bruneval 587 and responsibility for Canadian airmen Brunswick 712 , 717, 729, 763, 766, 771, 41-2, 44-6; and Ottawa Air Training 773, 801, 820, 824, 837 Conference 69-76, 879; and 'Second Brussels 323, 325, 607, 675, 825, 885, 888, Phase' plans for RCAF rno-r , J06-11, 889 I 12-13, II5-16, I 17-18, I 19-20, 123-4; Bruyere, Sgt G.J.R. 629 and overseas commitments r71, I 83, 224, Bryans, A/C J.G. 916 556; and transfer of No 33 r Wing to Buckeburg 908 North Africa 525, 643-4; and Bufton, A/C S.O.: seeks improvement in Canadianization 569, 602; and formation Bomber Command's navigation and of No 6 Group 599-601, 602; and target-marking 561 , 566; opposes area production of Lancaster x 603, 606, bombing 580, 585, 712- 13; supports 642-3; and formation No 425 Squadron Operation Thunderclap 831, 855 624-7; commissioning policy 776; and Bulge, Battle of the, see Ardennes No 4 r 5 Squadron 8 l 5; and decision to Burma: and the Burmese campaign 106, commit RCAF transport squadrons to I IO, I 13, 875, 876, 878, 890-r, 893-8, overseas operations 879, 894, 906-7; 899, 9or, 904-5, 906-7 other refs 42- 3, 68, 89, 91, 93, 173, Burnside, w/c D.H. 638 450 Butchart, F/O C.E. 277 Canada House, see Canadian High Butler, Cpl P.W. 765-6 Commission Butt, D.M.: and report on navigation and : and army cooperation 174; bombing accuracy 55r other refs 68, 72, 75, 228, 237, 242, 261, 270, 313, 449 Cabinet War Committee and Canadian - First Canadian Army: supported by No 84 policy 28-9, 33, 41, ro6 Group r 65; and army/air cooperation 244- Caen 277, 284, 284, 295, 298, 304-5, 306- 5, 248, 325; and No 83 Group 256-8, 7, 3r2, 320, 8r2-13, 817, 819, 845 270, 271, 272, 312, 344; and the battle for Cagliari 648 Falaise 315, 317, 319; investigates Cagny 814 bombing of Canadian troops by Bomber Calais 193, 201, 202, 209, 2ro, 215, 263, Command 815-20; support 274, 279, 285, 800, 806, 845 at Walcheren 845; and Rhineland 856; Caldecote, Viscount 175 other refs 165, 267, 344 Calgary 164, 173 - r Canadian Corps 245, 288, 309, 349 Calgayan Valley 120 - II Canadian Corps 3 l 3, 3 r 5, 814 Caltagerone 261 - 1st Canadian Infantry Division: and Cambrai 808 army/air cooperation r73-4, 271; other Index 1059

refs 25, 257, 261, 263, 271, 285, 286, Nonsense' 81-2; Canadian newspaper 288, 649, 65 I, 653 opinion on 82- 3; RCAF airmen 's opinions - 2nd Canadian Infantry Division: and on 84; Edwards's January 1943 Dieppe 242; other refs 176, 618 confrontation with 87--93; - 3rd Canadian Infantry Division: bombed problems supplying certain aircrew by US 814-15; other categories 96--7; Massey Report on 99; refs 224, 284, 295 Breadner replaces Edwards as AOC-in-c - 4th Canadian Armoured Division: bombed 95}-100; Balfour-Power Agreement 95}­ by Bomber Command 814-15; other refs IOI, rn4, rn6--9; nominated squadrons 224, 244 !01-4; final disagreements on tour lengths - 5th Canadian Armoured Division 224, 104-5; and Tiger Force 105}-11, 114-17, 245, 257n, 271 ; 117, 118-20, 121-2, 119, 122, 120-1, - rst Canadian Armoured Brigade 288 122-4; other refs 43, 51 , 60, 61, 207, 214, - lst Canadian Army Tank Brigade 649 22 2, 250, 252, 254, 270, 348, 377, 390-1, - 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade 285 400, 402, 433-5, 436, 437, 448, 453 - 12th Field Regiment (RCA): bombed by Canteloup 313 Bomber Command 816--18 Cany-Barville 247 - Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) Cap d' Antifer 283 of Canada 313 Cape Bardi 65 l - I st Canadian Parachute Battalion 1366 Cape Finisterre 395, 397, 399, 407 Canadian High Commission: in London 26, Cape Passero 261 33, 34, 38-41' 908 Capel, A/V/M A.J. 86 Canadianization: 1939 BCATP negotiations Capodichino 650 13, 17-23; number of RCAF aircrew Carentan 877 overseas 14, 43, 46, 48, 52 , 59, 70; Caribbean 171 Ralston-Sinclair agreement 14, 3 I--9, 42, Carling-Kelly, C. 176 47, 52 , 73, 381, 545, 556; organization of Carpiquet 267, 320, 8 12 stations and higher formations 14. 46--7, Carr, A/V/M C.R.: concerned about keenness 363, 381-4, 565}-70, 599, 629, 834; of bomber crews 552; wants better target­ commissioning policy 45, 46, 49, 64, 69, marking 56 l; opposes Canadianization 70-r, 94-5, roo, 624, 627, 625}-30, 776; 570; and defence against night-fighters British attitude towards 14-15, 21-4, 42, 780; other ref 65n 46--7, 45}-50, 52, 56--61, 65-7, 77-81, 84- Carrington, Col C.E. 173, 226, 240 92, 95--6, 98--9, ro r; Canadianization rates Carscallen, w/c H.M. 633 15, 54--6, 61, 86--7, 93, 96--9. IOI; Castrop Rauxel 843 promotions and appointments 27, 28 , 4 r, casualties caused by bombing: Belgian 800, 46, 47, 84, 329, 851 , 892; Article XV 21- 805; French 577, 666, 795, 800; German 4, 27--9. 31 , 33, 35, 46, 48, 52-3, 54--6, 537, 548, 555, 557, 577, 596--7, 615-16, 58-9, 63, 64--6, 67, 70, 73, 75, 85, 86, 97, 657, 666-7, 670-1, 696--8 , 708-10, 714- IOl-2, I06, I IO, 206, 423, 875, 879; 15, 724-5, 737-8, 740-2, 745}-51, 763, RCAF Overseas Headquarters and 25}-31 ; 767, 775, 783, 794, 838, 857, 862, 866; to financial aspects 37-8, 92-3; Ottawa Air Allied troops 813, 814-15, 816 Training Conference 43, 65}-76, 77, 559, Cataglieroni 649 629, 834; C.G. Power and 44-7, 52-3; Catania 648--9 Edwards's initial implemenation 54--65; in Catanzaro 653 Fighter Command 54, 60; in Coastal Caucasus 231 Command 57, 59; in Bomber Command Caumont 304, 351 57-8, 556--7, 565}-71 , 599--602, 625, 629- Ceylon () 288--9, 375, 440 30, 635, 644, 651 , 719, 851; revisions to Chadburn, W/C L.V. 61 , 238, 267, 294, 916 Canadian policy 67-8; 'Battle of Bloody Chamberlain, Neville 17 I, 525}-30, 536 1060 Index

Chambly Sor Coastal Command, see commands Chambois 319 Coastal Command Headquarters: located at Charman, P/O R.W. 701 Northwood 383, 446; and planning for Chartres 290 Operation Overlord 464; other refs 428, Chateaudun 822 446, 460, 462, 468 Chatfield, Lord 529 Coastal Command review 414 Chatham 426, 778 Cochrane, A/V/M R.A. 715-16 Chemnitz 846, 855, 857-<} codes and code-breaking: Triton, 391; see Cherbourg 305, 419, 463, 466, 831, 877 also signals intelligence Cherwell, Lord, and '' of German Cole, A/C A.T. 235-6, 241 labour force 585-6 Cole, F/L c.w. 738 Cheux 304, 778, 812 Collier, W/C J.D.D. 574, 577 Chiang Kai-shek 891 Collier, S/L J.E. 377-8 Chichester, bishop of, 726 Collishaw, Maj. R. 170 Chin Hills 904 Cologne: Operation Millennium (thousand­ China 880, 890-1, 893-4 bomber raid) 592-7; other refs 204, 537, Chindwin River 893, 896, 900 547, 549, 559, 562, 576, 578, 582, 607, Chittagong 894 640, 661, 670, 674, 713, 717, 721, 725, Christie, F/L R.M. 438 725, 729-30, 778, 781, 799, 801, 808, Christison, S/L W.R. 470 838, 845-6, 850, 860 Churchill, Prime Minister Winston S.: at Colombo 387 Quebec Conference l 12-13; and Tiger Combined Bombing Offensive, see bombing, Force 120, 123; and reaction to German strategic, theory and policy victories in France l 76-7; orders attacks Combined Chiefs of Staff 689-<)0, 886, 891 on Berlin l 89-<}o; and defence against the Comet escape line 672-3; see also escape v-1 274; denounces element of terror in and evasion area bombing 524, 862; and conservation COMMANDS of Bomber command 536-7, 560, 566; and attacks on railways 537; favours - Air Defence of Great Britain 164, 265, heavy raids on Berlin and other German 268-70, 272-3, 282, 289, 294, 299-300, cities 538-40, 558, 855; favours attacks 302- 4, 307, 325, 835 on U-boat facilities 542; and the - Army Co-operation Command: RCA F expansion of Bomber Command 558; and squadrons posted to 164, 225-6, 245; attacks on targets in France 577, 795, relationship with Fighter Command 227, 800-1; doubts decisiveness of bombing 229, 236; demise of 227 , 254-5, 265; and 581, 598; backs thousand-bomber raids development of ground support doctrine 592; and support for Mediterranean 235, 255 , 297, 324; and provision of strategy 647; and the Casablanca directive crews for Operation Millennium 593; and 656; and the 730-3; transfer of crews and aircraft from relations with Sir Arthur Harris 540-1, Bomber Command 598; other refs 164, 770; and return of Bomber Command to 174, 189, 233, 239, 241, 245, 248, 291, Air Ministry control, September 1944 832; 592-3 other refs 69, IIO, 120, 123, 231, 274, - Bomber Command: Canadianization in 287, 295, 391, 422, 890 57- 9, 65-6, 70, 77, 86, 89, 96-<}, 418, Circus, see fighter operations, air-to-air 420, 545, 556, 56<}-71, 599-602, 624-6, Clarke, F/Sgt J.F. 439 627, 629-30, 634-5, 644, 651, 851; Clayton, W/C A.C.P. 394 nominated squadrons in ro3; length of Clements, S/L W.I. 914 operational tour in !04-5, 571, 58 I, 595, Clermont-Ferrand 792 616, 624, 638, 649, 668, 745-6, 780, 786, Cleve 845, 856 799, 845, 852; relations with Army Co- Index 1061 operation Command 229; used in support 12, 714, 716, 719, 728-9, 731 , 739, 755, of Overlord and army operations 233 , 758, 761-4, 771-2, 779-83, 788 , 800, 265 , 305, 306, 765--fJ, 790-5, 799, 803- 802, 813- 16, 8 I 9, 821-5, 829-32, 835, r 2; given responsibility for Gardening 838, 840-3, 852, 855, 857, 861, 880, 887- 377, 418, 419-20, 459, 568-9, 578; 9; see also bomber operations relations with Coastal Command 394, 417, - Coastal Command: and Canadianization 597; No 415 Squadron transfers to 462, 57, 59, 61 , 95--fJ, 377, 380, 433-5; 466, 526, 8 r 5n; overall casualty rates in nominated squadrons in 103-4; allocation 525--fJ, 533, 534-5, 541, 548-9, 550, 556, of aircraft to 117-18, 120-1, 122, 379-8 r, 566-7, 580, 582, 583, 592, 595, 606, 607, 391-2, 394; and minelaying 377, 420, 608, 6ro, 616-17, 622, 629, 639-41, 668, 568; flying boats for 377, 381-2, 401, 671 , 677-8, 682, 698-9, 721, 730, 742-3, 413; morale of 377; and anti-submarine 755, 767, 783, 788, 799, 802- 3, 822, 825, operations 378-9; anti-submarine weapons 837-8, 839, 842, 849-50, 864; morale in 378; U-boat sinkings 378-9, 394, 396, 526, 561, 563, 565, 606, 622, 679-82, 399, 405, 414, 416; relationship to Royal 684- 5, 725, 734-5, 743-5, 785- 7, 793, Navy 379; expansion of 379-80, 389, 830, 851-2; established 528; strength and 392- 3, 423; and 1943 Biscay offensive organization 529, 535, 536, 544-5, 556-8, 393-9; and formation of Canadian flying­ 566, 569, 575, 580, 585, 597---001 , 606, boat wing 400-2; and Operation Overlord 611- 12, 616, 621 , 622, 627, 630, 631 , 406-ro, 463- 8; inshore anti-submarine 636, 638, 643-4, 657, 684, 686, 7ro-r1, campaign 411-16; anti-shipping strength 754- 5, 796, 810, 830-r , 849-50; 417-18, 45 2, 456-7, 464, 469; patrol commanded by Ludlow-Hewitt 530; low schemes 419, 437; anti-shipping tactics navigation standards in 535, 542, 552, 419, 423-4, 439-43, 444, 446-7, 453-4, 560-1, 620, 666-7, 686-7, 729-30, 789- 464- 5, 469-70; German shipping losses 90, 803, 855--fJ; commanded by Portal 419-20, 426, 439, 444, 447, 452-3, 454, 536; commanded by Peirse 540; estimates 457, 458, 459-60, 463, 466, 467, 470-1 , of damage caused by 541 , 577, 581 , 583, 473, 474; and Operation Fuller 431-3; 585--fJ, 595-7, 615, 620, 621 , 664--fJ, 669- effectiveness of anti-shipping campaign 71 , 676-7, 695-8, 709, 724-5, 730-1 , 459--fJo, 471- 2, 473, 474; No 405 Squad­ 737-8, 741-2, 745-51 , 763, 767-9, ron serves in 525, 638, 665; transfer of 773-5, 783-5, 805, 809-10, 820, 837, 846- bomber squadrons to 525, 557, 603, 638; 9, 857, 857-8, 863-7; RCAF contributes 25 No 415 Squadron transfers from 462, 466, per cent of total strength 545; flying 526, 815, 815n; wants Bomber Command discipline in 552, 675--fJ, 679-82, 751 , to do more against U-boats 585; support 779-80, 805; supply of aircraft to 556, of thousand-bomber raids 592, 597-8; 557, 683- 4, 754-5, 796; commanded by other refs 14n, 96-7, 99, 186-7, 214, 215 , Harris 577; aircrew composition in 55 I, 265, 375--fJ, 892; see also anti-shipping 580-1 , 686; Bullseye training flights 772; and anti-submarine operations Feeding of Dutch civilians by 1945 863; - Ferry Command 875, 879 and airlift of prisoners of war 863; - Fighter Command: RCAF squadrons and ultimate impact of on Germany 867; other Canadianization 60-1, 78, 164, 184, 245, refs 52, 67, 95, 114, 165, 172, 188, 201 , 2 53, 33 1; prepares for and fights Battle of 203, 216, 217, 223-4, 229, 231 , 255, 265, Britain 163, 176, 177, 179-82, 187-8, 281 , 291, 302 , 303, 376, 391, 393, 406-7, 181-90, 193, 534, 536; fighter sweeps 420, 422, 426, 434, 439, 452, 462, 466, 163-4, 200, 204, 205, 212, 214-17, 471, 474, 523-4, 531 , 538-42, 546, 554, 220-1 , 232 , 248 , 549; nominated squad­ 560, 561, 562, 564, 572, 574--fJ, 582, 585- rons in 102; redesignated Air Defence of 7, 589, 590-91 , 609-10, 613, 627, 638, Great Britain 164, 169; strength and 643-4, 656-7, 663, 665, 689, 690-3, 711 - organization qr, 189; and Army Co- 1062 Index

operation Command 175, 226, 228, 229- and sea threats to 548, 597, 638, 676, 30, 245n; consideration of tactics 192, 839; other refs 215, 237, 264, 293 194-5, 200-3; mistakes in Operation Cook, F/L 0.: and successful evasion 839 Fuller 214-16; and night-fighting 222, Coons, F/L H. 898 224; at Dieppe 233, 236; and air Cooper, F/O A.K. 47 I superiority 255; in Operation Starkey 263; Copenhagen 889 provides cover for anti-shipping operations Coppinger, F/L W.P. 533 446-8, 456; priority given to fighter Corbett, S/L V.B. 914 production 530; and thousand-bomber Cork, see anti-shipping operations raids 593; and search for French-speaking Cormier, F/L P.J. 817 aircrew 624-6; concern about German use 228-9, 387, 395, 440, 464 of Window 694; escorts for day raids, Cornell, F/L R.W. 903 1944 842; other refs 50, 67, 79, 167-9, Corsica 654 176, 209, 254, 255, 264-5, 268-70, 331, Coryton, A/V/M W.A. 602, 715 420, 423, 431-2, 460 Cosh, Lt D.R.B. 454 - Flying Training Command 54, 79, 86, 98, Costello, G/C M.M. 95n, 401, 914 569, 592, 616 Cotentin 294, 297-8 - Maintenance Command 406 Cottier, P/O T.C. 57 r - Mediterranean Air Command 644, 646, Courtney, A/C/M Sir Christopher: and 649 Canadianization 257; other refs 95, 449- - Transport Command I 22, 406, 875-6, 50 879, 882, 885-6, 888-91 Courtrai 79 r, 794-5 Coventry 540, 557, 726 - Eastern Air Command 14, 67, r 2 2, 38 I, Cowley, A/C A.T.N. 68 400, 401, 453, 634 Cowperthwaite, F/O L. 426, 432 - No r Training Command 634 Crerar, Gen. H.D.G. 820 - Western Air Command 16, 51, 213, 400, Craggs, LAC R.L. 387 634 Cripps, Sir Stafford 391-2 United States Army Air Forces Crisebeca 283 - xmh Air Support Command 287 Crail, A/Y/M G.M.: as CAS 16-17; and initial - XXIXh Tactical Air Command 347 mobilization plans 17-20; and BCATP commissioning of aircrew, see negotiations 2 r -4; replaced as CAS by Canadianization Breadner 24; other refs 170, 9 13 Committee of Imperial Defence 167 Croix de Guerre: awarded to w/c R.T.P. Concelo 653 Davidson 288-9 Coningham, A/M Arthur: commands 2nd TAF Crooks, w/c L. 633 265; conflict with Montgomery 306, 325; Crosby, F/Sgt K.E. 61 l views on the role of pilots 324; other refs Crossbow, see v-1 273, 302, 319, 331, 347 Cummings, A.C. 726 Conrad, S/L W.G. 275-6 Curtis, A/V/M W.A.: Edwards's deputy 52-3; Conspicuous Gallantry Medal: awarded to problems with Canadianization 53, 58-9, F/Sgt F.J. Stuart 720 62-4, 79, 91-2; view of the British 58, conscription ro4, 116, 118, 171 60, 94, 95-6; and Tiger Force l ro-r l , convoys: protected by fighter patrols 199, 114, 121; other refs 88, 121, 257, 258, 202, 209, 242, 251, 253; Allied 383, 388, 436-7, 914 394, 402, 404; ONS 20 404; Axis 418-19, Cuxhaven 427 426-7, 42g-30, 438-9, 442, 446,447, Cyprus 249, 686 452, 453-4, 457-8, 463, 466, 467-8, 470, Czechoslovakia r 70 474; Bomber Command effort against air D-Day, see Operation Overlord Index

Daily Province (Vancouver) 82 Keefe 454; P/O T. Paulton 674; W/C G.A. Dale, F/O V.J. 886 Roy 628; S/L J.L. Savard 628; W/C J.A. raid () 669 Sproule 880; bar awarded to F/L H. Coons Darmstadt 562, 717, 858 898; F/L H.W. Pearson and W/O D.G. Dartmouth 382 Parker 907; F/L R.P. Simpson 898 Davidson, w/c R.T.P. 288 Distinguished Flying Medal: awarded to Sgt Davoud, G/C P.Y. 223, 917 R.G. Bell 614; Sgt W. Bigoray 674; F/Sgt De La Haye, S/L A.L. 454 P.S.O. Brichta 611; Sgt G.J.R. Bruyere deadly patrols, see anti-shipping operations 62<}-32; F/Sgt K.E. Crosby 611; F/Sgt Debden 628 M.L. Swanson 611; w/c R.S. Turnbull DeCarteret, S.L. 627, 913 595; Sgt E Vachon 674 de Niverville, A/C J.L.E.A. 623 Distinguished Service Order: awarded to F/L De Jongh, Andree 673 R.M. Christie 438; W/C J. Fulton 584; P/O De Jongh, Frederic 673 H. Jordan 674; F/L S. Shulemson 458; two Deelen 661, 721, 748, 825, 882 bars to oso awarded to F/L J.A. Alexander Deere, w/c Alan 217-20 843-4; A/C J. Fauquier 700; F/O C.M. Hay Delahunt, F/O J.A. 882 844 Dempsey, Gen. Sir , 319, 889 dive-bombing 279, 290, 304, 307, 339 Denison, S/L R.L. 899 Diver patrols, see v-1 Denmark 417, 440, 459; German invasion of Dives River 877 536; Luftwaffe night-fighter bases in 562, Dtiberitz 661 587, 591 , 608, 861; other refs 618, 688, Dobrany 667 701, 758, 860-1 Dodd, S/L W.G. 329 depth charges:· development of 378; Amato! Domberg 587 378, 550; Torpex 378, 407 Office (British): and No 417 , see air forces Squadron 250; other refs 25--0, 42 Desloges, F/L J.P. 623 Dtinitz, Grandadmiral Karl: tactics in Bay of Dispatchers (loadmasters) 883 Biscay 393, 396, 398; and inshore Dessau 729, 855, 858 campaign 410-12; other refs 352, 381, Delling 182 391, 392, 404, 405, 409, 420 Deume 328 Doolittle, Gen. J.H. 292, 649, 653 Dickson, A/v/M W.F. 258, 272 Dortmund: 6/7 October 1944 raid largest Dieppe 618, 781, 793, 806 effort by No 6 Group 832-4; other refs discipline: administration of 39, 41, 72, 73; 578, 582, 660, 669, 686, 730, 843, 847, British view of 49, 77-8; RCAF problems 856 with 53, 65, 83; in Coastal Command 376, Dortmund-Ems Canal 332 384, 401, 444; in Bomber Command 675, Doucette, P/O A.T. 629 679, 681-2; other refs 51, 246, 330, 552, Douglas, A/M Sir Sholto: and 780, 805 Canadianization 50, 60, 245; and air Distinguished Flying Cross: awarded to S/L defence of 169, 195; W.G. Conrad 276; W/C R.C. Fumerton agrees with fighter sweeps 201-3, 206, 299; S/L M. Jowsey 345--0; G.R. 212-13, 217, 232, 243; and ground McGregor 198; G/C E.A. McNab 197; F/O support 22<}-30; as AOC-in-c of Coastal R.D. Shultz; F/O V.A. Williams 281; bar Command 407, 462, 464, 467; other ref to DFC awarded to P/O W. Barry 674; w/o 248 W.F. Beals 405; F/O A.R.B. Bellis 405; Dover 187, 191,209,214, 423,431, 432, 466 S/L L.J. Birchall 387; F/L W.G. Brasnett Dowding, A/C/M Lord Hugh 168, 177, 178, 463; A.T. Doucette 629; A/C J. Fauquier 182, 183, 188, 190, 193 700; W/C J.C. Fee 247; W/C P.A. Gilchrist Dreux 278, 314 546; F/O G.P. Hagerman 883; F/L E.J. Dreibergen 748 I066 Index

420, 463-4, 690--4; 14, 748-9, 761-4, 769-70, 778, 782, 797, 60, 163, 167, 179, 193, 197- 8, 255, 391, 799-800; introduction of Lichtenstein AI­ 528, 582, 623, 622; Circus operations 79, radar 589; Himmelbett 590--2, 594, 595, 201 , 202-4, 211-12, 216--19, 220, 242-3, 607-9, 661-4, 673-5, 685, 687-8, 694---0, 246--7, 264, 291; escort missions 237, 698, 703- 7, 717-24, 735---0, 739-42, 748- 251, 262-3, 285, 307; Ramrod operations 9, 758-9, 761-4, 775, 797; route 204-5, 2Il-l2, 219, 241-4, 247, 298-9, interception 590, 607-8, 662-3, 698, 259, 264, 267, 279, 283-4, 289, 291, 549- 705---0, 712-13, 717-24, 733- 40, 748-51, 50; Ranger operations 264, 274, 278, 299, 761-4, 767-75, 782- 3, 796, 799, 838; 300; Rhubarb operations 200, 227, 266--7, overwhelmed by concentrated bomber 274; Rodeo operations 200, 202, 210, 267, stream at Cologne 594; in the 290, 291; Rooster 442; Rover and Mediterranean Theatre 647-9; Zahme Sau Timothy operations 3 !O, 336, 424---0, 428- 662-3, 739; losses on 662-3, 746, 770, 31 , 437, 440, 445, 452, 453, 454, 457, 829-30; introduction of SN2 AI-radar 687, 458, 466, 800 703-5; development and introduction of - tactics and formations: 194---0; Schrage Musik 687-8; initial impact of Finger Fou (Schwarm) 169, 178, 192, 195, jamming and deception on 694---0, 701-2; 303, 317; Fluid Six 304, 317; line astern impact of Allied operations on 187, 192, 195---0, 338; Manual of Air 714-15; other refs 60, 221-2, 224, 280, Tactics 168; Rotte 169, 232; Vic 169, 282, 298, 320, 335, 441-2, 464, 526, 547, 178, 184, 215, 251, 452 572, 576, 614, 639-41 , 658, 668-9, 671 , fighter operations, air-to-ground 680--1 , 690, 704-10, 712-13, 715-16, - ground support 50, 164-5, 197, 224, 227, 716--24, 729-30, 734-9, 753, 761-4, 228, 229-30, 232, 235, 237, 242-3, 244, 767-75, 785, 791 , 793, 797-810, 821-5, 251, 254---0, 262-3, 270, 273, 278, 280, 830--1, 832-40, 852---0, 858---0o, 867, 878, 284, 285, 287, 294, 297, 298, 302, 305-9, 892 310--13, 315-18, 322, 323, 324-5, 335, Fillion, F/Sgt P.E. 775-7 337, 341, 345, 347, 347-8, 352, 353; role Finland and the Finns 829 of composite groups in 2nd Tactical Air First Sea Lord: opposition to bomber Force 114-15, 248, 256--8, 270, 449; offensive 592, 598; other ref 392 interdiction 165, 262, 279, 298, 302, 310, First US Army, see United States Army 314, 323- 4, 326--7, 333, 339-40, 343-4, First World War 16, 17, 20, 24, 51 -2, 163, 346, 348; Jim Crow 287; tactical 166, 170, 172, 183, 276, 378, 402, 528, reconnaissance 239, 291, 295, 297, 532, 634, 635, 737, 779, 864, 878 314-15, 317, 321; cab rank, 310, 312, 347 Flak: land-based 200, 204-5, 2 l 5, 218, 229, fighter operations, night, Allied intruders 237-8, 262-3 266--7, 277, 289, 290, 293- 165, 233, 281, 293, 335, 422, 593, 5, 297-8, 302, 305, 306, 308, 309, 318, 713-16, 742, 837; Flower patrols 713; 320, 321, 326--7, 333-4, 336, 340, 343, offensive patrols in bomber stream 345, 347-8, 352-3, 375, 422 , 432, 453, 713-16, 772, 837; Mahmoud patrols 715- 467, 4 70--3, 4 74 , 526, 53 l, 543-5, 548, 16; see also squadrons, Canadian, No 418 549-50, 551, 553, 562, 565, 566, 567, fighter operations, night, German: early 576, 577, 579, 580, 583, 587, 591 , 593, efforts 532-4, 542-5; Helle Nachtjagd 594, 595, 596, 60~ 610, 611, 613, 615, 543-4, 567; individual attacks by night­ 640, 647, 650, 651 , 660, 668, 671, 673, fighters 547, 567, 579-80, 595, 607-8, 675, 677, 681, 686--7, 695---0, 706--7, 717, 613-14, 615, 629, 640, 674-5, 694-5, 721, 734-5, 736, 738, 740--1, 753-5, 788, 701-2, 706--7, 720--1, 764, 782-3, 809, 791-2, 797, 800, 802, 808, 827, 830, 832- 82 I , 843-4, 849-50, 854; Dunkelnacht­ 9, 842-5, 850, 861 , 867, 880--1, 882-3, jagd 562-4, 581; Wilde Sau 563, 590, 884, 886; suppression of 293-4, 333, 347- 664, 673-5, 687-8, 694, 698, 700--7, 742, 8; from German ships 376, 426--7, 427-8, Index

430--r, 438-9, 441-3, 445-7, 453, 454-8, Frankfurt 80, 533, 555, 562, 591, 618, 620, 470; from German 397, 660, 674, 720, 722, 729, 730, 735, 739, 404- 5, 407-8; 88 mm 534, 664 741 , 751 , 758, 773, 778, 781 , 834, 858 Fleet Air Ann, see Franklin, F/L A.E. 714 Flensburg 618, 619 Free Press (Winnipeg) 82, 728 engineers 84-5, 86, 96, 99, 377, 402, Freeman, A/C/M Sir Wilfrid: and fighter 630 policy 206, 257; and number of RCAF flights: No 1474 673 squadrons in Bomber Command 600; and Floody, P/O C.W. 212, 778 supply of Lancasters to No 6 Group 604; Florence 309 and Harris's complaints about Halifaxes flying boats, see Commands, Coastal 754 Command Freyer, Margaret 857 flying bomb, see v- 1 Friedrichshafen 686, 729, 799 Flying Training Command, see commands Frisian Islands 419, 428, 438, 446, 534, 568, Flynn, P/O H.F. 471 582, 639, 742, 788, 807, 863 Flynn, F/L H.P. 472 fuels and lubricants, see oil Foggia 653 Fulton, w/c J. 571-3, 594, 614 Foidart, LAC E.T.L. 828 Fumerton, W/C R.C. 222-3, 299-300, 335 Foligno 309 Fontaine 247 Galipeau, F/L J. 837 Forbes-Roberts, F/L 289-90 Galland, General der Flieger Adolfz: Ford, W/C L.S. 206, 229, 916 criticism of night-fighter arm 609, 852; Foreign Office 538 other refs 192, 702 Forland, F/Sgt O.W. 672-3 Gallay heater 753 Formosa (Taiwan) 122 Giillivare 418 Fort Hertz 904-5 Gallup polls 82, 727 Foss, W/C R.H. 915 Gamelin, Maurice, General 766n Foster, S/L F.B. 250 Gatton Park (headquarters, First Canadian Foster, F/L F.H. 228, 410 Anny) 257 Fox, F/L E.S.P 282 Gatward, S/L A.K. 455, 457, 458, 468 France: Battle of 14, 26-7, 171-7, 182-3, Gazette de Lausanne 737 209, 529, 536-8, 56<)-70; fighter sweeps Gee, see navigation aids over 163, 202-5, 213, 218, 228, 232 , G-H, see navigation aids 244, 253, 255, 299, 307, 310; Luftwaffe Geldem 332 bases in 177, 220--1 , 247, 264, 280, 292, Gelsenkirchen 541, 656, 717, 847 326, 562, 661 , 714, 748, 775, 779, 797, Genoa 62 r, 686 79<)-800, 801 ; liberation of 271 , 282, George Cross: awarded to A/C A.D. Ross 289, 293, 320, 322, 323, 336; air attacks 828 on targets in 274, 277, 279, 283-4, George Medal: awarded to F/Sgt St Germain 288-9, 302, 526, 549, 638, 685, 7 I 3- 14, and Cpl Marquet 828 755, 773, 79o--6, 797-8, 800--1 ' 802-3, . Gerbini 648 805-9, 810--20, 822-3, 840; Allied air­ German air force, see Luftwaffe fields in 300, 306, 317; concern about German army 296, 305, 334, 59on, 667, casualties from Allied bombing 638, 815; 12th SS Hitlerjugend Panzer division 794-5; stations established in 834; 295 , 297, 812; 2 rst Panzerdivision 295, other refs 18 , 21, 24, 26-7, 176-7, 293, 770, 812; Panzer Lehr Division 297, 306, 302, 305, 37~ 420, 533, 598, 615, 647, 307; 2nd Panzer Division 305; Seventh 673, 778, 829, 834, 838, 842, 877, 880, Panzer Anny 313; Seventh Anny 317, 885 3 I 8; I 5th Panzergrenadierdivision 654; Franceville (German coastal battery) 806 29th Panzergrenadierdivision 654; Sixth 1068 Index

Army 661; Army Group B 814; 3, 552, 554- 5, 560, 562, 582, 606-8, 611, Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler 1083 621, 647, 654, 661, 663, 682, 693-4, 700, German navy 702--6, 713-14, 719-22, 734-7, 744-5, - ships: armed trawlers 427-8, 457-8; 758-9, 771-2, 776, 788-90, 793, 797, E-boats 239, 303, 425--6, 437, 449, 460, 805, 807-8, 825, 82g-30, 842, 876-7, 463, 464, 466, 8u; Flak ships 427, 430; 886, 888, 906 Mowe-class boats 463, 464; Gestapo 750, 778, 801-2, 859 Narvik-class destroyers 465; R-boats 449; Ghent 800, 805 Sperrbrechers 467, 472; T-class torpedo Gibraltar 153, 390, 666, 672 boats 464; W-Boats 464; Z-class Gibson, C.W.G. 104-5, 116, 123, 913 destroyers 464 Gilbey patrols, see anti-shipping operations - U-boat types: Schnorkel, 375, 4og-12, Gilchrist, w/c P.A. 546, 548 414-15, 838; Type IX 397; Type Vile 397; Gill, F/L R.F. 277 Type XXI 474 Gilze Reijen 825 - see also 214, 396, 409, 417, 455, 638 Gimbel, F/Sgt E.L. 246 Germany: rearmament 163; attacks Soviet Girbig, Werner 343 Union 163, 203; general air attacks Gironde 466, 468 against 216, 264, 291-2, 332, 335, 346-7, Gladbach 331, 730, 839 348; surrender 352; resilience of German Globe and Mail, The (Toronto) 81-2, 600, war economy greater than anticipated 763, 863 418-19, 439-40, 460, 527, 535, 537- 8, Gobeil, S/L F.M. 171 541-2, 551, 574, 585--6, 591, 596, 621, Goch 856 639, 656, 664, 66g-71, 689-93, 697-8, Godefroy, Hugh 205, 268, 279, 290 708-9, 724-5, 730-2, 745--6, 765--6, 773- Godfrey, W/C J.M. 237-8, 917 5, 783-5, 790-1, 838, 846-7, 850, 854, Godwin, A/C H.B. 914, 916 861-2, 863-7; bombing the only way to Goebbels, Josef: personal reactions to attack directly, 1939-43 523-4, 598, 766; bombing 583, 669, 709, 737-8; and bombing as deterrent against 528-9, 536- propaganda re bombing 761 7; predictions regarding and actual affect Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 749 of bombing on morale 535--6, 538-5>, Good Hope, Cape of 388 540-1, 544, 551, 557-8, 575, 585--6, 591 - Gordon, H.F. 913 2, 595--6, 639, 657, 664--6, 66g-71, 687- Gordon, w/c R.A. 892 8, 690-3, 696-8, 708-9, 724-31, 732-3, Goring, Reichsmarschall Hermann: critical 737-8, 742, 745, 748-51, 766-9, 783- 5, of Kammhuber 589, 661-3; backs Wilde 831-2, 846-7, 854-8, 861-3, 865-7 Sauen 663 , 698; prohibits German use of casualties from bombing 537, 548, 555, Window (Diippel) 694; and build-up of 557, 577, 596-7, 615-16, 657, 666-7, night-fighter arm 702-3; other refs 177, 670-1, 696-8, 708-10, 714-15, 724-8, 17g-80, 190, 243, 321 737-9. 740-2, 749-51, 763, 767, 774-5, Gossen 471 783, 794, 838, 857-8, 862, 866; estimates Gotha 729, 766 of damage done by Bomber Command 309, 829 541, 577. 581, 583, 585--6, 595-7, 615, Graham, G/C C.C.P. 915 620, 621, 664--6, 66g-71, 676-7, 695-8, Grave 882 709, 722-5, 729-31, 737-8, 740-2, 745- Gravenhorst 858 51, 763, 767, 773-4, 783-5, 805, 8og-10, Great Britain, see United Kingdom 820, 838, 846-7, 857, 858, 865-7; other Greece 289 refs 15, 27, 81, 100-1, 105, 106-8, 114, Griefenwald 714 121, 165, 166, 168, 177, 205, 243, 247, Grandee, Georges 877 266, 281, 327, 334, 348-50, 377, 420, Groningen 547, 738 422, 463-4, 468, 473-4, 524--6, 528, 531- Ground Observer Corps 168, 206 Index 1069 groundcrew and non-flying personnel: supply 570-1; Nos 405, 425, and 431 Squadrons of overseas i7-18, 21-2, 29, 36, 37, 46, formed in 545, 628, 638; sanctions use of 48, 104; remustered to aircrew 84, 96; for !FF to douse searchlights 565; tutors No 6 Tiger Force 115, 120, 122; recruitment Group 603, 635; losses in 616, 680-2, and training 183, 206, 248, 256; and 779-80, 783, 803; and navigation 805; Canadianization 222, 252, 545, 569, 627, other refs 65, 85, 98, 535, 542, 546, 552, 825; competence of 277, 318- 19, 344-5, 561 , 602, 616, 643, 716, 753, 843 525, 682, 764-5; living conditions 300, - No 5 Group: No 408 Squadron 33 l, 644, 650; discipline and morale 323, formed in 45; nominated squadrons 104, 33 l, 650; casualties among 352, 764--6, 56g-70; avigation in 560; and daylight 825-8; lack of experience 525, 682; raids 568; and Gardening 568, 578--9; and observers recruited from 531; demands on low-level attacks 583, 597, 792-3, 834, 75g--60, 764-5, 825-8, 835, 852, 897, 856; self-styled elite 602; and shuttle raids 898--9; praised by Fauquier 765; other refs 686; and aggressive gunnery policy 716- 15, 24, 30, 32, 64, 182, 259, 260, 287, 17; losses in 803-5; bombing accuracy 333, 341, 343, 384, 387, 394, 399-400, 805; other refs 535, 550, 558, 55g--60, 401, 420, 421, 429, 434, 453, 463, 469, 561, 609, 617, 636, 832, 837, 838, 859 525, 573, 627, 743, 815n, 884, 885, 893 - No 6 (RCAF) Group: formation and Group Control Centre 297, 310, 347 expansion 19, 47, 70, 72, 75--6, 77, 86, Group Support Unit, No 83 328 96--9, 525, 59g--603, 622, 629, 641, 758, groups 831; teething problems in 525; No 6 - No l (RCAF) Group, St John's, Nfld 779 Group Headquarters Allerton Hall selected - No l Group: nominated squadrons ro4; for and refurbished 525, 635; losses 526, sent to France, September l 939 529; 617, 640-1, 665-8, 671-2, 675-82, 699, losses in 559, 803, 858; suggestion that 701, 706, 709, 719, 722-3, 729, 735-41, RCAF should take over 602; bombing of 743, 749, 751-2, 758, 763, 76~ 772, own troops by 818; incidents of bad 778--9, 783, 79g-803, 808--9, 8 IO, 82 l, navigation 856; with No 6 Group, 822, 824, 825-7, 834-5, 837, 838, obliterates Pforzheim 858; other refs 561, 84g-51, 854, 858-9, 864; McEwen 835-7, 845 replaces Brookes 526, 77g-80; selection - No 2 Group: transferred from Bomber and supply of aircraft for 601--6, 679, 682, Command to 2nd TAF 165, 265, 303, 803; 710-11, 755-8; and location in north conducts interdiction and ground attack Yorkshire 602-3, 631-2, 635, 638; and operations 203, 229, 233, 290-1, 284; and Canadianization 629-31, 633; selection of anti-shipping attacks 426, 439; losses on senior officers for 633-4, 678- 9; Brookes daylight operations 550; other ref 283 to command 634- 5, 636; and Gardening - No 3 Group: and Canadianization 58, 59, 63g-40, 676-7, 788--90, 805, 866; 104, 56g-71; Nos 408 and 419 Squadrons inexperience of crews 641-2, 67g-80, formed in 545, 569; losses in 559, 614, 85 l-2; instability caused by conversions 682, 779, 803; and low-level attack on and moves 67g-80, 681-2; early returns Rostock 583; equipped with Stirlings 602; in 664-8, 671 , 675--6, 680, 698--9, 7o6, Pathfinders initially established in 612; 7og-10, 735--6, 740-2, 743-4, 825-7, supply of Lancasters to 642; and 851-2; bombing accuracy 671-2, 743, Gardening 72g-30; bombing accuracy in 843, 844-5; serviceability in 671-2, 675- 743, 803-5; equipped with G-H 850; 6, 680, 743, 825-7, 837, 851-2; morale in navigation failures 856; other refs 535, 67g-80, 7og-10, 743, 755--6, 786-7, 799, 542, 561, 602, 611, 617, 792, 793, 838, 852; flying discipline 679, 716-17, 805, 845 844-5, 852; ORS examines 67g-82, 698, - No 4 Group: and Canadianization 65, 104, 779; training in 680-1, 780, 825-7, 844- 5, 851-2; tactics 680-1, 715-16, 779, 1070 Index

842; and army support 812, 814, 845, - No 22 Group 173 856; and bombing of own troops 815-20; - No 46 Group 879-80 and Operation Sprat (Dortmund, 6/7 Oct. - No 54 Group 79 1944) 832-4; and Duisburg raid 11/12 - No 83 Group: RCAF participation in and Oct. 1944, 835-7; and reaction to daylight the Canadianization question 165, 257-9, raid on Emden Sept. 1944 842-3; and 265, 270, 271-2, 276; formation of 245n; Operations Exodus and Manna 863; other organization of 259, 269, 273, 308, 3rn, refs I04, l 14, 395, 415, 448, 452, 462, 312; operations by 294, 303, 310--11, 313, 466, 879, 887 315, 317, 321, 326-7, 331, 337, 344, - No 8 (Pathfinder) Group: creation of 524, 347-8; other refs 264, 330--1 611-13; No 405 Squadron in 524, 643, - No 84 Group: Canadianization in 257-8; 665, 666-7, 700; early difficulties 618-20; supports First Canadian Army 271-2, 309, operational failures 640, 666, 667-8, 670-- 344; allocation of Typhoons to 278; oper­ 1, 700--1, 707-9, 736, 761, 781, 792, 793, ations by 344, 347; other refs 165, 265 811-12, 815; and target-marking - No 85 Group 265, 282 techniques 660--1; operational successes - No 92 Group 792 664-5, 736-7, 741-2, 751, 772-3, 791, - No 100 (Bomber Support) Group: impact 792, 794, 806, 825, 850, 862; losses 761- of Mosquitoes on German night-fighter 2, 803, 858; problems of daylight oper­ force 715, 730, 742, 797, 861; and ations 842; other refs 602, 706, 721, 731, electronic warfare 742-3, 749; on D-Day 771 , 785, 789, 832, 838, 845; see also 806-7; other refs 786 bomber operations, night, target marking - No 205 Group 646 - No l l Group: RCAF squadrons in l 84, - No 221 Group 894 2IO, 253; and Battle of Britain 190, 196, - No 222 Group 388 198; tactics and formations 194, 249; and - No 224 Group 894 fighter sweeps 205, 216, 217, 221, 278; - No 229 Group 891, 892, 894 Canadianization in 245; escorts Bomber - No 232 Group 894 Command day raids 835, 840, 842; other - No 233 Group 892 refs 60, 78, 233, 236, 241, 249, 253, Grout, P/O A.G. 6512 263-4, 423 Guildford 191 - No 12 Group: tactics and formations 194; RCAF squadrons in 218; other refs 67, 446, H2S, see navigation aids 467 H2X, see navigation aids - No I 3 Group: RCAF squadrons in 198, Hagen 719, 730--1, 847, 859 272; other refs 182, 456 Hagerman, F/O G.P. 883 - No 15 Group 398, 402, 407 Haine St Pierre 803 - No 16 Group: Canadianization in 57; and Halcrow, F/L A.F. 320 anti-shipping operations 419, 423-4, 426, Halifax, Lord 536 428, 435, 439, 444, 452, 456, 459, 461, Halifax, Nova Scotia 401, 523 464, 474; other refs 395, 420, 431, 433, Hall, F/L W.S. 827 445, 452, 466, 470 Halle 846, 855 - No 17 Group 448 Hambom 578, 670 - No 18 Group: Canadianization in 57, 59; : Battle of Hamburg (Operation anti-shipping operations 452-3, 456-7, Gomorrah), July 1943 689-99, 703, 706, 458, 459, 468-9, 470; other refs 407, 408, 709-IO, 712-14, 728, 731, 738, 866; other 419, 423, 435 refs 532, 537, 542, 555, 558, 562, 566, - No 19 Group and the Biscay offensive 582, 592-3, 613, 615, 640, 724, 729, 730, 393, 395, 396, 398, 399, 444-5; and anti­ 771, 815, 820, 822, 837, 844, 852, 857-8, shipping operations 464, 467; other refs 865, 889 394, 407, 415, 442, 452, 456, 459 Hamilton, Alvin 904 Index 1071

Hamilton, F/L F.F. 782-3 Harsh, George Rutherford 71, 778 547 Hartland Point 409 Hampshire 174, 183, 335, 394, 889 Haugesund 470 Handle, Erich, Unteroffizier 783 Hay, F/O C.M. 844 Handley-Page, Sir Frederick 683 Hay, S/L W.B. 308 Hanover 549, 711-12, 714, 716-21, 72g-30, Hayward, S/L R.K. 329 736, 762-4, 777, 846, 854 Heakes, W/C F.V. 173, 913 Hamett, W/C T.P 892 Heavy Conversion Units 84, 98, 592-3, 642, Harris, A/C/M Sir Arthur Travers: attitude to 710-11,787 RCAF and No 6 Group 77-8, ro4, 524, Heinsburg 845 59g-601, 603-4, 630, 636, 642-3, 678- Heeney, Arnold 108 82, 710-11, 779; strong advocate of area Heligoland 418, 432, 534, 569, 574, 677, bombing, 1942-5 524, 576, 580-1, 584--6, 767, 788, 837 591-3, 597, 617, 641, 656-8, 664-71, Heliopolis 254 685--6, 689-93, 698-700, 708-g, 712-13, Heron, F/O J. 688 716-25, 728, 730-3, 745--6, 749, 765-71, Heron, F/L P.W. 405 783-5, 796-7, 831, 842-7, 850, 854, 866; Herrmann, Maj. Hajo 663-4, 675, 687-8, criticizes Royal Navy, British Army, 703, 705-7, 770 Bufton, MEW, and bombing of 'panacea' high-frequency , see signals targets 524, 566, 576, 580, 585, 597-8, intelligence 638-g, 656, 670-1, 689-93, 712-13, High Wycombe, see Bomber Command 745--6, 765-73, 810-11, 81g-20, 846-7, Headquarters 854-5, 862, 866; appointed AOC-in-c, Hildesheim 862 February 1942 577; as DCAS opposes· area Hillock, W/C F.W. 917 offensive, 1941 550; and importance of Hills, F/O H.H. 239 navigation aids 578, 582, 584, 592, 594, Himalaya Mountains 891 597, 610, 611-12, 617, 658-g, 660-1, Hiroshima 15, 124, 907 666-7, 7u-12; and Gardening 578, 676, Hitler, Adolf: opposes build-up of German 789-90; and tactics 587, 595, 607, 612, night-fighter force 591, 661, 702-3, 830; 716-21, 735-7, 740, 743, 771-2, 780, prohibits Intruder operations 748-g; 824-5, 837; opinion re Halifax and Lan­ reluctantly gives priority to fighter caster 604--6, 682--6, 754-5; opposes production 775; other refs 166, 175-7, formation of Pathfinder Force 612-13; and 189-90, 223, 231-3, 244, 263, 274, 281, bomber defence 684--6, 688, 714-15, 752- 288, 296, 302, 311, 321, 337, 424, 439, 4, 771-2, 794-7, 822-4, 830-1; and 524, 528-g, 532, 536, 636, 669, 671 , 727, Battle of Berlin 730-4, 745--6, 749, 765- 745, 850, 862 71, 783-5, 796-7, 866-7; and Nuremburg Hoare, Sir Samuel 174 raid 781-2; and use of Bomber Command Hoden patrols, see anti-shipping operations to support Overlord 790-1, 795, 796, Hodgson, w/c T.W. 634 805--6, 809-II, 814, 816, 819-20, 829; Hodson, W/C K.L.B. 916-17 tour lengths 799; and daylight operations, Hogg, S/L J.E. 331 1944 840; quarrel with Portal, winter Holland: fighter operations over 163, 244, 1944-5 846-7, 862-3; other refs 57-8, 247; air attacks on targets in 216, 332, 525, 602, 616, 621-2, 635, 643-4, 654, 524, 533, 538, 547, 714, 771-2, 799, 735, 740, 741-2, 751, 761, 775, 779, 794- 824-5; Allied airfields in 33 l , 338; 5, 832, 835, 856, 861 Luftwaffe bases in and operations over Harris, F/Sgt A.H. 594 528, 537, 538, 565, 591, 714, 736, 739, Harris, W/C C.E. 719 741, 758, 771-2, 808, 824-5, 858; Harris, S/L G.L.B. 574 feeding of the Dutch, spring 1945 863; Harrogate 635 other refs 182, 320, 326, 338, 352, 417, 1072 Index

424, 428, 447, 459, 615, 677, 85g-60, Italy: No 417 Squadron in 165, 287; air 886 attacks on targets in 555, 639, 699; by No Holley, F/L G.E. 408 331 Wing 525, 647, 650--3; decision to Hollinghurst, A/V/M L.N.: views on RCAF invade 647; other refs 208, 257, 263-4, squadrons 30, 32, 33, 36; and allocation 266, 280, 292, 308, 310, 349, 709, 776, of Lancasters to No 6 Group 604; and 829 formation of No 425 Squadron 625, 626- 7; other refs 70, 228 Jackson, w/c J.L. 64, 915 Holmes, W/C A.R. 890 Jamieson, F/L D.S. 802 Hornberg 838, 842, 844, 847 Japan, war against: RCAF participation in Home Forces 230, 241, 258, 271 (Tiger Force) ro6-24, 863; other refs 15, Hong Kong 106, I I 2-I 3 IOI, 23 l, 249, 384, 387, 388-g, 415, 422, Hook of Holland 417, 424, 428, 447, 677 446, 891, 906, 907 Hopkins, W/O l.V. 764 Japanese army: Fifteenth Army 890, 906; Horn Reefs 419, 423 5th Air Division 897 Horter, F/L G.M. 351 Japanese navy: raid on Ceylon 386-7; other Houle, F/L A.U. 253, 285-6, 287 refs 387-8 Houlgate (German coastal battery) 806 Jardine, LAC F.W. 828 House of Commons (UK) 528, 727 Jarjour, Sgt N. 899 Howe, C.D.: and production of Lancaster x Jean Blanc 316 603 Jeschonnek, Generaloberst Hans 260, 702 Howey, F/Sgt E.L. 438-g Jessore 905 Hudson's Bay Company 223 Jim Crow, see fighter operations, air-to- Hughes, F/L C. 606 ground Hull 586 Jodi, Colonelgeneral Alfred 321 Hills 547, 555, 567, 568, 656 Johnen, Wilhelm 57g-80 Hurley, W/C J.L. 915 Johnson, A/M G.O. 16, 41-3, 47, ro5, 121- 2, 906, 914 Iceland 345, 375, 391, 402, 835, 880 Johnson, W/O J. 286 Ida (German night-fighter beacon) 78 r Johnson, W/C J.E. 195, 200, 246, 278, 343, Ile de Bas 465 812, 916 Ile de Batz 228 Jones, R.V.: comments on navigation Ilsley, J.L. 112 standards in Bomber Command 531; Imperial Defence College 16, 25 analysis of German air defence system Imphal 864, 876, 890--1, 893-6, 899-<)02 71g-20, 743 India 80, 85, 213, 384, 875-g, 891, 893-7, Jordan, P/O H. 674 901, 905-6 Joubert de la Ferte, A/M Sir Philip: and Indian Ocean 384, 387-8, 401, 415, 440 Coastal Command's resources 391-2, 422, Inglis, A/V/M F.F. 732-5, 770 432-3; and anti-shipping operations 426, Inner Leads (Norway) 418, 472-3 43 I, 43g-40, 442-4; and thousand­ Interdiction, see bomber operations, fighter bomber raids 592; other refs 57, 392-3, operations, air-to-ground, and transportion 434 plan Jowsey, S/L M.E. 345-6 Iran 231 Ji.ilich 845 Iraq 231 Jurques 880 Ireland 389, 390, 395, 397, 400, 404, 41 I, Jutland 474 778 Juvisy 800 Irrawaddy River 898, 900, 903 Isles of Scilly 4og-ro Kamen 859 Index 1073

Kammhuber, General der Nachtjagd Josef: Knaresborough 635 and early organization of Luftwaffe night­ Knickbein, see navigation aids fighter arm 542, 562-3, 587-9 I; and Kohima 875, 890--1 demands for radar 587-9; and Himmelbett Kolnische Zeitung 596 590--1, 607-9, 612, 661-4, 669, 687-8, Krefeld 607, 628, 670, 730 694, 717; criticized by Galland 609; Kriegsmarine, see German navy criticized by Goring 661-2; rejects pursuit Kristiansund 454, 46<}-70 and target defence strategy 661-3, 687-8; Krupp works (Essen) 657, 664-5, 696, 730, and the dams raid 669; and the Hamburg 838, 865 raid 697; replaced 702-3; optimistic about Kursk 709 air defence of Berlin 735; other refs 674- Kut-el-Amara 878 5, 701, 748 Kyaukmyaung 899 Kallio, S/L O.C. 308 Kyaukpyu 904 Karlsruhe 555, 730, 799, 846, 858 : October 1943 raids 721-5, 72<}-30; La Chapelle 801 other refs 618, 697, 712, 802 La Pallice 409, 410, 638 Kattegat 423, 468, 474, 790 lack of moral fibre (LMF) 64, 225, 678, 681- Kaufmann, Karl, Reichskommissar 460 2, 743- 5, 786-7; see also morale, Kay, P/O F.A. 438 waverers Keefe, F/L E.J. 454 Laeso Island 4 7 4 Keegan, John 293, 806 Lafleche, Maj .-Gen. L.R. 913 Keitel, Feldmarschall Wilhelm 696-7 Lahore 891-2 Keller, Maj.-Gen. R.F. 815 Lake Bracciano 288 Kennedy, F/L I.F. 307 Lake Vico 308 , S/L John 205 Lakeman, F/L J.C. 817 Kerr, A/C J.G. 915-16 Lambert, S/L J.F. 275-6 Kesselring, Feldmarschall Albert 190, 244, Land's End 409 287, 288 Lane, W/C R.J. 773 Kharkov 709 Lang, Dr Cosmo (archbiship of Canterbury) Kidd, F/L C.A. 241 726 Kidd, F/L G. 432 Langebaan 388 Kiel 418-19, 423, 466, 468, 542, 553, Laon 782, 791, 793, 795, 800--1 558-9, 562, 566, 577, 578, 583, 619, 676, Lapp, S/L E.G. 329 730, 763, 771, 790, 820 Large, Sgt W.L. 341 King, Admiral Ernest 620 Laubmann, F/L D.C. 353 King, Prime Minister William Lyon Lauenburg 35 I Mackenzie: and nature of RCAF Lauffen 555 contribution to the war 18 , 20--3, 28-9, Lauingen 555 32; his confidence in Ralston 35-6, 38; Le Creusot 669 lack of trust in Power 45, 90; and war Le Hamel 295 against Japan 106-1o, 1 12- 14, 1 15, 1 18, Le Havre 239, 291, 294, 303, 431, 463, 8II, 120, 123; and Ottawa Air Training 845 Conference I08-9; and Canadianization Le Mans 791, 792, 794, 795 257; approves of area bombing 726-7; League of Nations 166 other refs 32, 33, 44, 78, 123, 171, 257-8 Leckie, A/MR.: as AMT 62-3; and Tiger Kiruna 418 Force Planning l l l, 114-16, II8-19; Kiska 270 other refs 894, 906, 913 Kitching, Maj .-Gen. George 816 Lecomte, G/C J.H.L. 815, 918 Klersy, S/L W.T. 307, 353 Lee-Knight, S/L R.A. 206 1074 Index

Leigh Light 375, 393-4, 395-6, 397-9, 405, Low Countries: air attacks on targets in 526, 407, 415 713, 791 , 799; Luftwaffe bases in and Leigh-Mallory, A/C/M Sir Trafford: and operations over 536--7, 713, 748, 799; fighter strategy and tactics 194, 220, 22 l, other refs 26, 177, 199, 255, 336, 533, 248; and ground support 227, 283, 305, 802; see also Belgium, Holland 813; views on Canadianization 257-8; Ltibeck 22 3, 352, 581, 592, 676, 726, 73(}-T approves Transportation Plan 79 l; other Ludlow-Hewitt, A/C/M Sir Edgar 530, 534-6 refs 60, 233-6, 241, 268, 270, 302, 456 Ludwigshafen 735-7, 773, 832, 834 Leipzig 539, 720, 729, 741-3, 752 , 755, Luftwaffe 762, 766, 771-2, 775, 788, 789, 846, - headquarters and units: Oberkommando 855-6 der Luftwaffe 265-6, 280, 296, 800; Lens, Belgium 122, 801 Seeaufklarungsgruppe I 30, 454; Leske, Oberfeldwebel Gottfried 179, 186, Fliegerftihrer Atlantik 280, 444; Luftflotte 192 2 177, 190, 203; Luftflotte 3 177, 190, Leuchner, Maj. Alois 770 217, 294, 302, 464, 748, 797, 800, 808; Leuna 847, 865 Luftflotte 5 703; Luftflotte Reich 748 , Leverkusen 712, 736--7 797, 799-800, 808, 82<)-30, 834, 837, Lewington, S/L A.J. 653 839, 854, 861; Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Libya 208 Mitte 661, 663, 748; I Jagdkorps 703; II Lido di Roma 648 Fallschirmjiiger Korps 298; II Fliegerkorps Liege 337, 562, 672, 793 280; II Jagdkorps 748; III Flak Korps 298; Liesching, Percivale 42 IX Fliegerkorps 266, 286; x Fliegerkorps Lille 204, 205, 282, 550, 666, 800 280; XII Fliegerkorps 543, 703, 748; l Limavady 400 Jagddivision 717, 775; 2 Fliegerdivision Lincoln 50, 740 280; 2 Jagddivision 717, 720, 778; 7 Lingen 549 Jagddivision 748; Hermann Goring Divi­ Liri Valley 288 sion 654; Kampfgruppe 51 703; III Liseux 314 Nachtjagdgeschwader I 783, 800; II Lisson, F/L H.S. 714 Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 687; Lister Fjord 452, 457 Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 79<)-800; 3 Jagd­ Liverpool 646, 655 geschwader 341; 26 Jadgdeschwader 343 Lloyd, A/Y/M Hugh 117, r19, 121, r23-4 - night-fighter organization and night air Lloyd, G/C l.T. 57 defence: early efforts 534, 542-3, 562-5, Lloyd, F/Sgt R. 740 587-9; use of decoy fires and markers Lochnan, F/L P.W. 193 550, 555, 584, 6IO, 618, 619, 759-60, Lombardy 309 834; development and operations of Wilde London: German bombing of 33, 186, 18<)- Sau units 562-3, 590, 663-4, 675, 687, 91, 196, 281, 538-9, 595, 726--7; air 698, 701-7, 745, 748-9, 762, 76<)-70, defence of l 94; V-weapons used against 778, 782, 797, 799-800; losses and their 415, 465, 331-2; other refs 31, 173, 176, impact 580, 581, 662, 702, 705, 746--7, r82, 18~ 193, 203, 213, 224, 233, 254, 761-2, 76<)-70, 774-5, 82<)-30, 852-4; 281-2, 326, 332, 401, 420, 463, 528-9, Kammhuber and Himmelbett ground 595, 626, 632, 638, 708, 779, 809, 862, control interception 589-91, 595, 607-9, 879 661-4, 674-5, 685, 687-8, 694-6, 703-4, London Free Press 83n 707, 709, 717, 721-2, 735-6, 739, 741-3, Longues (German coastal battery) 806 748-9, 762, 775, 797; production and Lorient 409, 419, 466, 638-41, 666 allocation of night-fighters 591, 609, 661, losses, see casualties, or the command or 688, 702-5, 76<)-70, 867; Josef Schmid service involved and the perfection of route (pursuit) inter­ Lough Erne 389, 390, 402, 410 ception 591, 608, 661-3, 698, 703-6, Index 1075

713-14, 733-4, 737-8, 748-g, 751, 762, MacDonald, Angus L. l 12, 1 16n, 9 l 3 769, 771-2, 782-3, 796, 799, 839; Zahme MacDonald, W/C D.C.S . 892, 917 Sau 661-3, 739; responses to jamming Macdonald, w/c J.K.F. 822 696, 698, 701-5, 722 , 733-4, 769, 771-2, MacDonald, G/C J.R. 918 797, 807-8, 810, 822-3, 824, 830, 854, Macdonald, Malcolm 73, 90 I08 858, 861; Schmid replaces Kammhuber Mackenzie, Andrew 268 703; effect of Intruder operations against Mackenzie, Ian 17, 19, 45 713-15; night-fighter beacons 713-15, Mackenzie, F/Sgt W.E. 764 719, 735, 758, 782, 810, 821 , 832, 83~ MacLaren, Maj. D.R. 170 871, 902-5; inhibited by weather 730, MacLauchlan, Sgt L. 650 741, 751-2, 852; night-fighter organiz­ Maclean' s 600 ation in France 797-g, 8 IO, 830; MacLennan, F/L LR. 290 constrained by lack of fuel 810, 830, 852; MacLeod, G/C E.L. 914 serviceability in 827; conducts Intruder MacNeece-Foster, A/C F. 58 operations 859; see also electronic warfare Magdeburg 721, 752, 762, 763-4, 766--7, and countermeasures and fighter oper­ 846, 854-5 ations, night, German Magee, P/O J.G. 207 - successes against fighter sweeps l 63, 201, Maintenance Command, see commands 203, 212-13, 216, 217-18, 243-4, 246--7, Mainz 347, 714, 730 248, 253, 266--7, 548; air defence Malan, S/L A.A.N. 195 organization (day-fighters) 165, 205, 243, Malaya I IO, 2 l 3, 432, 907 266, 347; inept leadership 163, 280; in Malmedy 337, 672 Battle of Britain 177, l77n, 179-82, 187, Malta 216, 299, 254, 260, 268, 276, 299, 189, 194, 196; aircraft and equipment 653, 686, 891 ( and day fighters) 178, 196, 2 IO, Malton 223 333, 532; overextended on Eastern Front Mandalay 386, 876, 893, 899, 900--l, 903, 221, 244, 291-2, 547; losses (bombers 907 and day fighters) 260, 264, 265--6, 277, Manipur 893 280, 283, 288, 294, 305, 326, 340, 347, Mann, Maj.-Gen. C.C. 325 825, 866; designed to support army 523; Mannheim 541, 549, 553, 555, 559, 562, and bombing of British cities 538, 545, 568, 584, 585, 591, 667-8, 699, 717, 730, 557, 586; defeat of a prerequisite for 751 , 832, 834, 837 Operation Overlord 690--3, 731-2, 773-4, Maranda, w/o J.C.R. 298 790--1 Mareth Line 2 51 - other refs 31, 165, 166, 169, 172, 192, Marquet, Cpl M. 827-8 213, 214, 216, 223, 224, 232-3, 236, 242- Marquise 550 4, 249, 251, 260--2, 275, 277, 281, 285, Marseilles 889 289, 294, 295--6, 298, 304-5, 307-8, 310-­ Martini, General Wolfgang, and German l I, 314, 317, 326, 334, 336--7, 338, 340, signals intelligence 589, 686--7 343, 345-7, 350, 351-3, 424, 444, 467, Mason, F/L W.S .J. 289-90 536--8, 540, 591 , 658, 712 , 715, 796, 800, Massey, o/c Denton 98-g 802, 803, 808, 818, 846, 857, 862, 865, Massey, Vincent 25--6, 42, 61, 69, 91 , 173, 867, 878, 882 182, 185, 250 Luqa 249, 260 Masters, Maj. John 900, 902 Luther, F/Sgt N.C.C. 396 Mazingarbe 550 Luzon 120 McAllister, F/L J.E. 351 McAree, J.V. 864 Maa!Oy Sound 413 McBumey, A/C R.E. 852, 916--17 Maas River 882 McCallan, F/Sgt V.F. 444 MacBrien, G/C W.R. 294, 917 McCarthy, Sgt W.P. 439 Index

McDonald, P/O A. 454 merchant shipping: Allied losses 379, 405, McDonald, Sgt C.E. 666--7 414; Axis losses 419-20, 440, 447, 457, McEwen, A/V/M C.M.: selected to command 459-60, 467, 471-2, 473, 474; other refs No 6 Group 526, 779; stickler for training 264, 352, 427- 8, 530, 534, 638; see also and discipline 526, 779-80, 825-7; con­ individual ships mentioned under ships, sidered for selection as first AOC No 6 merchant Group 634; commands No l Group, Merville (German coastal battery) 275, 806 Eastern Air Command 634, 780, and RCAF Messina 262, 647, 648, 651 base Topcliffe 780; impressions of opera­ Metox, see electronic warfare tion to Aulnoye 794; dissatisfied with Metz 661 , 775, 793 navigation standards in No 6 Group 805; Meurer, Hauptmann Manfred 770 experiments with daylight formations 840; Meuse River 337 concerned about inexperience of crews, MI 9 673 fall 1944 852; other refs 822, 914n, 915- Michael, W/O M.H. 471 16 Middle East theatre: demand for fighters McGregor, G/C G.R. 60, 63, 183, 185, 212- 13; development of tactical air power 187-8, 194. 196, 205, 914, 916--17 244; No 417 Squadron in 249-50, 25 2; McHardy, W/C E.H. 453 No 331 Wing sent to 250; other refs 61 , Mcintosh, F/L D.N. 303 66, 80, 95-6, l 18, 244, 276, 345, 391 , McKay, S/L R.M. 175 422 , 433, 557, 652, 710 McKean, A/V/M L.D.D. 58 Middleton, A/C E.E. 91 , 915 McKenzie, LAC M.M. 828 Milan 62 I, 699 McKenzie, F/Sgt S.A. 765 Milch, Generalfeldmarschall Erhard 687, McLeish, G/C W.A.G. 918 698, 702, 705 McLeod, Sgt E.K. 423 Miles, A/C H.T. 916 McNab, G/C E.A.: first RCAF recipient of Miller, A/C F.R. 915 the DFC 197; commands at Digby 245; Miller, F/L G. 671 other refs 167, 183-6, 187, 190-1 , 193, Millward, S/L J.B. 773 198 mines and minelaying (Gardening): by McNair, S/L R.W. 207-8, 259-60 Coastal Command 376--7, 417, 423, 433; McNaughton, Gen. A.G.L.: attitudes to air statistics on losses caused by 4 l 8, 420, force 172-4, 224, 226--7, 244- 5, 256--8, 447, 459-60, 471 - 2, 474; Bomber 350; other refs 26, 72, 74, 176, 271 Command uses obsolete aircraft for 526, McQuiston, F/L J. 858 754- 5, 788, 789; Germans drop mines on Meaulte 246 London 53'}-40; Bomber Command uses Mechelen 620 inexperienced crews for 541 , 569, 616; Medhurst, A/V/M C.E.H. 256--7 Bomber Command's role in 541-2, 568-9, Mediterranean theatre: development of 578, 616, 639, 676--7, 788-{}o, 803; No army/air cooperation in 164; No 417 408 Squadron and 568, 58 l ; No 420 Squadron sent to 249, 252, 262-3, 308, Squadron and 574, 578, 673-7, 790, 866; 310, 336; No 331 Wing operations in 644, No 419 Squadron and 581; No 425 646, 647, 649, 650, 653, 654; other refs Squadron and 629; No 6 Group and 638, 80, 85, 164, 260, 266, 271 , 276, 285 , 395, 63'}-41 , 676--7, 699, 788-{}0, 803, 805, 433, 440, 456, 791 , 916 84'}-50; German defences and 66 r; con­ Melito 263 ducted when weather unsuitable for mentioned in dispatches: Cpl P.W. Butler bombing 676; heavy losses on Operations 765-6; LAC E.T.L. Foidart 828; F/L W.S. Pruning and Weeding 677- 8; become part Hall 827; LAC F.W. Jardine 828; S/L K.H. of spoof and diversionary effort 717-18, Running 828 766--7, 772-3, 778-9, 821 , 823; No 429 Mercer, F/L G.F. 329 and 432 Squadrons and 788; development Index I077

of high altitude mining techniques 788- regarding Bomber Command's attack on 90, 803, 805, 84g-50; other refs 696, 742 528, 530, 535, 536, 538, 54

535, 552, 56 l, 679, 686; training 531 , Newall, A/C/M Sir Cyril 535-6, 539-40 545, 561, 569, 620, 679, 772-3, 780, 852; Newfoundland 391 , 433 use of flares and fires to facilitate 56 l, Newsom, w/c W.F.M. 794, 801 577-8, 578-9, 610--11 , 658, 661 ; need for Newton, S/L R.B. 215 target-finding force 561-2, 612-13, 618; Niederbamim 751 and creation of specialist navigator trade Nijmegen 326, 837, 882, 890 580; in German night-fighter force 608-9; Nile River and valley 216, 250 in Mediterranean theatre 647; on Ninth Air Force, US , see air forces Gardening operations 676, 788-9; and Nippes 850 Intruder operations 7 14-l 5 Noball, see v-1 navigation aids: development and importance Nodwell, Capt. R.J. 197-8 of 524, 530--1, 536, 542, 552-3, 554- 5, Noisy-le-Sec (Paris) 800 560, 580, 617, 658-9, 660--1, 788, 799, non-commissioned officers 65, 249, 259, 390, 902-3; Air Position Indicator (AP!) 6 l 7- 649 18, 711-12; 336, 552, 560, 573, 575, Nordemey Island 467 576, 578, 580, 582-3, 584, 593, 594, 596, Nore Flotilla 448 597, 6II, 614-15, 617, 618, 620, 647, Normandy: RCAF squadrons in 165, 300--2 , 658-9, 664, 676, 678, 685, 686, 714-15, 303, 305, 321; Allied air superiority 3 II; 731, 788, 808, 816, 861; G-H 711-1 2, army view of air support 3 I 2, 32 I, 324; 730--1, 850, 861; Ground Position Bomber Command and the battle for 526, Indicator (GPI) 71 l-12; H2S 560, 617-18, 790, 810--1 l, 820, 822, 840, 845; other refs 658-9, 660, 665-7, 685-8, 689, 700--1' 267, 288, 298,303, 311, 312, 321-2, 323, 705, 707, 71 l-12, 722-4, 730--2, 734, 327, 330, 344,409,410,466, 829, 875, 877 737-8, 741-5, 749, 752, 762 , 769, 771-2, North African theatre: RCAF participation in, 779, 788-9, 806-8, 810, 822-4, 830, 844, 1942- 3 252, 287, 299; fighter tactics 303- 861; H2X 810; Oboe 553, 560, 617- 18, 4; and army/air cooperation 324, 325; 658, 65<}---60, 664-7, 669, 685, 71 2, 730, decision to send No 331 Wing to 525, 731, 734, 736, 771 , 791, 800, 807-8, 810, 643-6, 651, 680--1; other refs 216, 221, 816, 824, 834, 861 231, 247, 440, 453, 686 navigators: commissioning of 49, 71, 94-6; North Cape 424 supply of 84-5, 86, 97, 98, 377, 453, 469, 389, 390, 400; see also 627, 631; unenthusiastic about navigation Ireland aids 542; training 545, 737; responsibilites Northwood, see Coastal Command at briefing 572, 75<}---60, 834; creation of Headquarters (Northwood) specialist trade to ease burden 580, 607; Northallerton 635 complacency of 617-18, 620; difficulty Norway: anti-shipping operations off coast measuring winds 712, 742, 780, 805; 376, 419,425, 451-4, 456-68, 45<}---60, discomforts suffered by 736, 754; and 467-72, 473; anti-submarine patrols off bombing of own troops near Falaise 816- coast 384, 408, 413; U-boats based in 20; other refs 53, 222, 276, 335, 413, 463 409, 410--12, 414; German invasion of navigators (W) 96, 377, 453, 469 533, 536; Gardening in Norwegian waters Neckar River 739 788; other refs 87, 172, 343, 352, 379, Neelin, F/L J.E. 413 383, 402,417-18, 434, 436, 474, 624, Nesbitt, W/C A.D. 193, 199, 346, 917 703, 735, 778, 889 Nesbitt, F/L R.H. 408 Norwich 223 Neuengamme (concentration camp) 801 Nosworthy, S/L H.H. 328 Neus 847 Nottingham 573 New Zealand: New Zealanders and Article Nova Scotia 183, 382 xv 2 3-4; commissioning standards 70-- l ; Nuremburg: raid of 30/31 March 1944 other refs 61, 124, 176, 423, 450, 630, 778 781-3, 785, 787-8, 794, 796; other refs Index 1079

555, 609, 636, 665, 669, 699, 801, 809, 557, 580, 620, 641, 671, 679, 684; and 838, 846 Canadianization 545, 570, 603, 627-8, Nye, Lt-Gen. Sir Archibald 271 629-3 I, 644, 851; employed on operations 592-3, 616, 621-2, 837; losses in 597, O'Connell, P/O L.J. 438 622; No 12 OTU 792; No 22 OTU 89; No O'Donnell, P/O E.M. 399 24 OTU 98, 630; No 82 OTU I 59; other Oberhausen 730 refs 49, 75, ro4, 327, 384, 389, 4ro, 15, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 703, 797 434. 469, 787 Oboe, see navigation aids operations, Allied observers: commissioning policy 46; supply - Abigail 541 ; Argument and the destruc­ of 433-4, 570, 627-8; initially responsible tion of the Luftwaffe 765, 770--1 , 790; for bomb-aiming 531, 551; problems in Chastise and the Dams raid 669-70; selection and training 531, 536, 545, 561 , Clarion and mass interdiction 345, 854; 571 , 688; other refs 18, 57, 59, 68, 71, Cobra 312, 4ro, 467, 816; Crossbow and 86, 94; see also navigators the attack on V-weapons 8 r 0--1 l; Derange Octagon Conference (Quebec City), 395; Dracula 902, 903; Eclipse 888; September 1944 113-14, 119, 831, 891 Epsom and the Normandy campaign 304- oil fields, refineries, and supply: Bomber 5; Exodus and the airlift of Allied Command has difficulty attacking 533, prisoners of war 863; Fortitude 793, 806; 537, 843; as target system for Bomber Fuller 214-15, 216, 431-2, 568, 473-4, Command 535, 537-8, 540, 541, 639, 577; Gomorrah and the fire-raid on 656-7, 68<}-90, 717, 763, 773, 790, 808, Hamburg 68<}-99, 703, 706, 709-IO, 712, 809-ll, 820, 830, 832, 835-7, 842-3, 714, 728, 731, 738, 866; Goodwood 311 , 846-51 , 855-6, 858, 861-2, 866; Portal 318, 813; Hurricane 832, 835, 845, 846, not convinced of their importance, 1940--3 854; Husky 249, 261, 643, 694; Hydra 542, 657; Harris objects to attacks on 699-701; Jubilee, see below; Manna and 656-7, 68<}-91, 790, 796, 846-51; feeding the Dutch 863, 886, 887-8; Americans rate as first priority 790--1; Market Garden 325-6, 327, 331, 337, 825, Portal changes his mind re importance 832, 845, 876, 88 l, 890; Millennium 809-IO, 846-50; fall in German 592-8; Mould, see Tiger Force; Neptune production and its impact 8ro, 850, 866 806; Overlord, see below; Plunder 347, Okinawa 122 349; Pruning and aerial minelaying 677; Olbia 648 Rutter, see Jubilee; Sledgehammer and Old Sarum (High Post) and Army Co- Brittany 231; Sprat 832; Spring 312- 13; operation training 176, 230 Starkey and deception 263-4; Thunderclap Oldenburg 716-17, 719 854-8, 862; Tiger, see Tiger Force; Torch Olmstead, S/L W.A. 329, 345 245, 394, 395, 62 1, 643; Totalize 3 l 5; Onyette, W/O G.C. 386 Tractable 316, 317, 815-20; Varsity 347, operational research: and navigation problem 349, 876, 884, 886, 890; Veritable 344; 554, 584; and Bomber Command's Weeding and aerial minelaying 677 targeting priorities 585; analysis of losses - Jubilee: army/air cooperation in 227, 236, in Bomber Command 593, 607, 676, 679- 241, 244; experience of fighter squadrons 82 , 716, 779; other refs 279-80, 319, 335, 242-3; other refs 78-9, 230, 232-7, 239- 346, 392 43, 263-4, 618 Operational Training Units (OTU): crewing - Overlord: weakness of Luftwaffe 165, up Canadians at 54, 57, 58-9, 60, 66, 78, 28 I; strength of Allied air forces 265-6, 84; postings to and from 56, 60, 61 , 64 273, 293-4; RCAF training for 277, 282, 66-7, 73, 86, 96-9, 382-3; and replace­ 284, 289; RCAF fighter squadrons in 28 l , ments during l 88-9, 293-5, 30 l; aerial reconnaissance for 28 l; 202; training at 207, 209, 275-6, 345, Coastal Command's contribution 376, 409, 1080 Index

456-7, 465, 466-7; planning for 406-7, Paris 177, 305, 317, 32 l, 455, 529, 537, 463-4, 466; Bomber Command contri­ 577, 591, 669, 673, 729, 791-2, 793, 794, bution to 526, 731-2, 746, 765-6, 770-1, 797, 800, 805, 808, 889 773, 778, 785, 790-1 , 793, 794, 795, 797, Park, A/V/M Keith 184, 194, 276 799-800, 806, 808, 825, 829, 850; Parks, S/L J.D. 83- 4 Pointblank directive seeks to gain air Pas de Calais 202, 2 IO, 263, 274, 279, 285 superiority for 690-l; air transport Patterson, G/C D.S. 253, 907 operations 875, 877, 879, 880, 890; other Patterson, F/L R.L. 253 refs 27 l , 273-5, 277-8, 28 l, 285, 293-5, Pattison, S/L J.D. 582, 594, 595, 61 l 306, 317, 328, 375-6, 408, 459, 462-4, Patton, Gen. George 468 468, 4 7 l, 878, 888 Paulton, P/O T. 674 operations, German: Barbarossa and the Pearl Harbor 51, 213, 422 invasion of the USSR 292; Bodenplatte and Pearson, F/L H.W. 907 the attack on Allied airfields 341-3; Pearson, L.B. 26, 33-4, 41-2 Gisela and the attack on airfields in Peck, A/M Sir Richard 728 Britain 748, 840, 859; Seelowe (Sealion) Peden, Murray 786, 806 and an invasion of Britain 176, 189; Peenemiinde 274, 699-702, 705-6, 716 Steinbock and the bombing of London Pegasus bridge 877 281, 282; Wacht am Rhein and the Pegu Yomas 904 Ardennes offensive 850 Peirse, A/M Sir Richard: as DCAS , urges Opladen 859 removal of restrictions on bombing, spring Oppenheim 347 1940 536; agrees with attacks on cities, Order of the British Empire: awarded to S/L fall l 940 540; prefers to attack oil and L.J. Birchall 387 transportation targets 54 l, 555, 576; Orel 709 concerned about keenness of crews 554; Orne River 277, 305, 3u, 81 l undertakes risky operation against Berlin, Ortona 283, 286-7 November 1941 558-9; ordered to Oschersleben 729 conserve Bomber Command's strength Oslo 876, 889-90 560; prefers decentralized command 564; Osnabriick 338, 547, 610, 615, 619, 628, asks for development of electronic 730, 849 counter-measures 566; replaced as AOC-in­ Ostend 236, 574, 583 c, Bomber Command 576, 580; other refs Ottawa 171, 272, 345, 375, 726, 787 201, 891 Ottawa Air Training Conference, see Peltz, General Dietrich 266 Canadianization Persian Gulf 388 Ottawa Citizen 82 Personnel Reception Centre, No 3 (RCAF), Ottawa Journal 81-2 Bournemouth established 73, 75, 79; Ottignies 80 l supply of aircrew to 86, 88, 89, 96-7; Otto, German night-fighter beacon 78 l other refs 48, 67, 99, 628 Oxland, A/V/M R.D. 561 Perugia 309 Petersen, w/c N.B. 223 Pacific theatre: planning for Tiger Force Peterson, F/L O.J. 194 rn6-7, rn8-19; other refs 289, 389, 753, Pforzheim 858 898, 904, 917 Philippines l 19, 898 Paderborn 347, 533 photographic reconnaissance and Paget, Gen. Sir Bernard: and affiliation of intelligence: by RCAF fighter squadrons No 83 Group 258, 271 22 7, 266-7, 274-7, 284, 291, 296-7, 314, Palestine 878 321, 327-8, 351-3; popular missions 227, Paola 653 276, 284; in Bomber Command 550-1, Parchim 714 552-3, 554, 582-3, 584, 587, 595-6, 614, Index 1081

620, 634, 640, 648, 664- 5, 667, 695, 708, Politz 847, 856 72g-30, 742, 749, 751, 767-9. 775, 789, Pompeii 650 792, 803, 817, 863; other refs 176, 198, Port Stanley 650 232-3, 265, 280, 383, 424 Port Tewfik 249 Pierce, W/C E.W. 468, 473 Portal, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir pilots Charles: and Canadianization 89-9 l; and - RAF requirements for 17-20; general Tiger Force 104, 114, l 17, 120, 123; use supply of 37, 48, 67, 84-5, 86, 89, 96-8, of fighter sweeps to draw Luftwaffe from 381-3, 42(}-2, 433-4; commissioning of Eastern Front 201, 203, 205; and army-air 46, 49, 71, 94-5; question of second pilots cooperation 227; support for transportation 57, 63 plan 283, 731-3, 791, 794; and maritime - Fighter Command: and tactics 169, 178, air war 391-2, 394, 406-7, 422, 423, 464; 191-2; training of 170, 174, 183, 230, doubts usefulness of precision attacks in 247, 278, 27g-80, 290, 327; RCAF, 1940 536; advocates area raids and attack between the wars 173; shortage during on morale 538-40, 542, 557, 560, 577, Battle of Britain 176; morale of 192, 197, 586, 598, 621, 657, 658, 660, 69(}-3, 712, 225, 228; night-fighting 22 l; living 728, 791, 832, 854; appointed CAS 540; conditions in fighter squadrons 249, 300, temporarily supports attack on oil, January 33(}-l; and attitude to ground support 307, 1941 541 ; and Operation Millennium 592; 314, 321, 324-5, 333, 350; prefer air-to­ and supply of Lancasters to No 6 Group air combat 3 l 4; army, in AOPs 350 604; and creation of Pathfinder Force 612; - Bomber Command: and attitude to and Canadianization 65 l; applauds No navigation 53(}-l, 535, 607, 617, 679; 33 l Wing 654; and support for Overlord supply of to Bomber Command 545, 570, 731-3, 791 , 794; critical of Harris for 625-8, 630; second pilots in 55 l, 57 l, ignoring Pointblank directive 765-6, 77(}­ 580, 671 , 794; training and experience of l; advocates attack on oil and transporta­ 557, 681-2; and importance of to evade tion targets, fall 1944 8og-10, 831-2, night-fighters 609, 614, 673; survivability 846-7; concern about Bomber Command of 755; and daylight formation flying losses, fall 1944 822, 824; critical of 84(}-2 Harris, fall 1944 846-7, 850, 862-3; - Luftwaffe: best night-fighter pilots approves Thunderclap 854; other refs 15, stationed in Holland 591; strain on night­ 231, 270, 551 , 566, 599, 654, 719 fighter pilots 746-7, 770 l 86, 420, 799 - other refs, 182, 188, 193, 214, 232, 236, Potsdam 706, 855 260, 290, 292, 294, 302, 317, 329, 335, Pourville, see also Operations, Jubilee 235 340, 353 Power, C.G.: appointed minister of national Pilsen 667-8 defence for air 24; does not know Cabinet Pitcher S/L P.B. 198, 207, 209, 214, 25(}-l policy 27-9; and Canadianization 42-3, Pizzo 653 44-7, 52 , 53, 245, 256, 60(}-1; at Ottawa Plant, w/c J.L. 384 Air Training Conference 6g-75, 77-8; Plauen 855 June 1942 visit overseas So; and Battle of Ploesti 391, 830 'Bloody Nonsense' 81-3; abandons Po River 349 Edwards 88-91; and commissioning Pointblank directive, see bombing policy 94, 62g-30; talks with Balfour 99- operations, theory and policy 100; and nominated squadrons 102-4; and Poland 172, 174, 433, 776-7, 829 Tiger Force 106-9, l I (}-l 2; resigns II 6; Polish forces: in RAF 182, 191, 196, 205, and formation of No 6 Group 599, 601 , 300; in First Canadian Army 272, 319; 630; and formation of No 425 Squadron other refs 77, 87, 320, 533, 600, 624, 626, 624-8; and LMF 787; other refs 32 , 35-6, 643, 814-15, 860, 880 39, 41, 51, 59, 62, 93 , JI6, 213, 384, I082 Index

391, 405, 406, 415, 452, 461-2, 879, 891, TO, 661, 673-5, 686, 688, 693-5, 698, 913 705, 722 , 734, 799, 807; Mammut 587, Pownall, Gen. Sir Henry 22 7 694; Wasserman 587, 694, 861; Wiirzb­ Prince Rupert 270 urg-Riese GCI 587; Elefant 861 prisoners of war 206, 212, 243, 246, 262, - in Battle of Britain 163, 178-9, 193; early 305, 319, 320, 340, 387, 439, 459, 473, development of 167, 524; impact on air 567, 586, 616, 732-3, 738, 752, 763-4, war 169, 194, 218, 221, 223, 282, 335; 775-8, 794, 802, 834, 854, 860, 861 , 863, radar aids to navigation 542, 560, 592, 864, 876, 885, 888-9, 902, 912; see also 617-18, 658-9, 660-1, 665, 667, 685-8, casualties, escapers and evaders, and 689, 700-1, 705, 707, 711-1 2, 724, 729- references to specific German prisoner of 3 l, 734, 737-8, 74 l-3, 748-9, 762, 769, war camps under Stalag 771-2, 778, 788-9, 80~8, 810, 823-4, promotions and appointments, see 830, 884, 861; centimetric 560, 800; Canadianization monitoring, homing, avoiding, and public opinion, Canadian: and jamming 562, 587, 607, 608, 610, 673-5, Canadianization 80-3, 600-I; and area 68~7. 693-6, 698-9, 701 , 705-7, 733-4, bombing 72~8 741-3, 769, 772, 779, 807-8, 824, 830, public opinion, British 574, 581, 586, 724-8 834, 837; radar-directed searchlights and Flak 567, 576, 580, 842; research and Quadrant Conference (Quebec City) 651 production in Germany 589-91, 661-3, Quebec 74, 265, 268, 389, 429, 623, 625, 687-8, 703-5, 745, 748, 769; German 628 picket ship Togo 661, 687-8, 763; radar­ Quebec City II2, l 13, 623, 651, 832, 891 assisted gun-laying turret 752-3, 823; other refs to radar generally 177, 190, Race, P/O C.F. 429, 439 202, 206, 222, 261, 284, 292,403,411, radar 415, 430, 439, 530, 595, 700-2, 758, 771, - Airborne Interception (AI), British and 829 American: development of 221-2, 713-15; - radar detection and warning devices: shortage in RCAF squadrons 222, 303; Monica 335, 565, 673-5, 685, 687-8, 715, Mark x 694, 797; SCR 700, 694; other refs 730, 733-5, 752, 763, 823, 824, 830; 282, 299, 335 Boozer 674, 685, 730, 733-4; Flensburg - Airborne Interception (A l), German: 687-8, 734, 823, 824, 830, 861; Serrate Lichtenstein 564, 589-91, 607-8, 613, 715, 730, 742, 772, 837; Fishpond 730, 661, 663, 673-4, 68~8 , 694, 716, 722, 738, 82 l; Korfu 734; Rosendaal 734; 742; SN2, 687-8, 703-5, 733, 739, 743, Gerhard 824; radar mechanics l 97 748, 762, 769, 783, 799, 823, 861; - see also electronic warfare and counter­ Neptune 705, 799, 861; Panorama 688; measures SN3 748; other refs 709, 722-3, 821, 824 radio: wtr 18, 305, 431, 465, 824; HF 168, - anti-shipping: shore-based 387, 452; Air 186, l87n; R{r 208, 431, 626, 824; VHF to Surface Vessel (ASV) Mk m 393, 395, l87n, 238, 241, 282,449, 458,461, 699, 4ro, 449, 460-1; Air to Surface Vessel 722, 733-4; Ypsilon 650, 703-5, 739, (ASV) Mk lI 393, 424-6, 428, 441, 560; 3 797, 800; Egon 703-5, 797, 800; cm ASV, 4ro Bernhardine 733, 861; Uhu 748, 861; see - ground : 163, 167, also electronic warfare and counter­ 168, 178, 179; and Ground Control measures Interception (GCI) 221, 222, 282, 298-9, radio intelligence, see signals intelligence 335, 562, 607, 608-9; Freya early warning RAF Record Office 47 534, 543, 587-9, 590-1, 608, 608-10, RAF Regiment 334, 341, 349 687, 694, 722, 807, 823, 861; Wiirzburg RAF Staff College 16, 173, 175, 779 GCI 543, 562-3, 587-9, 590-1, 608, 609- Ragusa 649 Index railways and marshalling yards: air attacks Reinke, F/L F.H.C. 631-2, 755 on 247, 266, 273, 283-5, 287, 288-91, Remagen 347 332-3, 335, 340, 344, 345-6, 523-34, Remscheid 730 525, 526, 530, 537, 544, 547, 549-50, resistance movements 775, 801 , 809, 821; 551 , 555, 557, 560, 567, 596, 597, 610, see also prisoners of war, escapers and 614, 615, 632, 639, 648, 64g-50, 652, evaders 654, 656, 658, 672, 689-90, 713, 724, Reyburn, Wallace 240 755, 772-3, 832, 835, 846, 847-50, 855- Reykjavik 375 8, 865; Transportation Plan 791-5, 799, Rheine 338, 347, 889 800, 803-5, 808-9, 810 Rhine River 165, 325, 335, 344, 347-8, 349, Ralston, J.L.: and negotiations with Sinclair 418, 536--7, 543, 547, 551 , 579, 593, 614- 32-9; and Canadianization 545; and 15, 781-2, 797, 832, 835, 838, 840, 850, expansion of RCAF Overseas 556; other 855, 860, 876, 881-6, 890 refs 24, 28, 46, 69, 102 Rhubarb, see fighter operations, air-to-air Ralston-Sinclair agreement 14, 31-9, 42, 47, Rimini 336 52, 73, 38 I, 545, 556; see also Riverdale, Lord 20, 22-3, 27, 28, 38 Canadianization Roan, Sgt G.J. 246 Rarnree Island 901 , 904-6 Robehomme 877 Ramrod, see fighter operations, air-to-air Roberts, Maj.-Gen. J.H. 235-6 Randall, S/L L.H. 382, 388 Roberts, Lt P.M. 312 Ranger, see fighter operations, air-to-air Rochester l 89 Rangoon 386, 875-6, 890, 893-6, 900, 901- Rodeo, see fighter operations, air-to-air 4, 909 Rogers, Norman 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 174 Ravenna 336--7, 829 Romania 829 Rawalpindi 891 Rome 263, 286--7, 288, 309, 653, 654, 889 Rayne, P/O R.N. 613 Rommel, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin 298, RDF (radio direction-finding), see radar 814 reconnaissance, aerial: by RCAF squadrons Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 112-13, and formations 164, 171, 242, 245, 254, 533, 599, 621, 656 256, 258, 259, 264, 265, 272, 273, 283, Rooster, see fighter operations, air-to-air 314, 317; German 198, 232-3, 294, 337; Ross, A/C A.D. 827-8, 916 photographic 227, 267, 274-7, 291, 296-- Ross, Sgt D.A. 426, 429, 438 7, 321, 351 -2, 383; tactical 233, 239, 248, Rostock 583, 584, 592, 619, 676, 705, 726, 288, 291, 297; armed 287, 295, 307, 310, 730-1, 820 314-15, 317, 327-8, 383; maritime 386, Rotterdam 204, 418, 427, 438, 447, 466, 417-18, 419, 422-3, 424, 431, 435, 437, 524, 533, 537, 540, 549, 863, 887 446, 449, 452, 4610, 463; and the bomber Rouen 239, 800 offensive 550, 562, 578, 582, 587, 595, Rover, see fighter operations, air-to-air 634, 664, 673-4, 729, 734-5, 742, 749, Roy, W/C G.A. 628, 648 751, 767-9, 835; other refs 172, 214, 227, Royal Air Force: attitudes to RCAF and and 237, 245, 250, 255, 267, 284, 3o6, 321, Canadianization 14-15, 47-50, 56-60, 65- 331, 343, 347, 350, 353, 535; see also 8, 77-9, 83-4, 86--7, 93, 94-8, 254, 271, photographic reconnaissance and 434-5; aircrew requirements, 1939 17-18; intelligence Visiting Forces Act 25-7; and control Red Army 709, 829, 855 over RCAF overseas 27-8, 2g-36, 38-43, Regan, F/L F.X.J. 330 1oon; and 'Tiger Force' 106--8, 109-II, Regensburg 656, 702, 729, 766 114-17, 123-4; and defence of Britain Reggio di Calabria 263, 285, 653 163, 166--8, 528-9; casualties and Regina 173 replacements 164, 184, 189, 217, 242-3, Reid, S/L E.G.B. 571 289; RCAF members serve with 167, Index

170--1, 171, 175, 182- 3, 185, 198, 205, ments, policy for reporting 27, 45, 46; 209, 2IO, 223, 253, 275--6, 288, 345, 552, total overseas 48; members serving with 569, 603, 626, 630, 673, 700, 815; RAF 167, 170--2, 175, 183, 185, 198, 205, members of serve in and command RCAF 209, 210, 223, 253, 259, 275--6, 288, 345, units and formations 214, 222, 348, 57 l , 552, 569, 603, 626, 630, 673, 700, 815; 574, 600--1 , 612, 627, 623--9, 632-3, 634, strength and training 170, 188--9, 268, 646, 845, 851; and army support 226-7, 28 l , 328; and army-air cooperation 172-3, 230, 244, 347; Canadians join 524, 545, 228, 267-8, 271, 272, 312, 344; personnel 546-7, 548, 550, 571, 574, 595, 614, 629, policy and administration 197, 207, 214, 753; gives priority to bombing (1940--1) 222, 225, 252-4, 275, 277, 328, 330, 345; as only way of striking back at Germany and Canadianization 222 , 245, 250, 257- 528, 545, 558, 574-5, 585, 651; expansion 8, 270--1, 348--9, 545, 575--6, 599--603, of 544, 556-7, 569, 575; supply of 612, 629-31, 644--6, 651; strength, groundcrew in 546; and the war against September 1939 523; expansion of, Japan 753; other refs 20, 21-3, 43, 63, 69, overseas 523--6, 545, 556, 569, 599, 622, 90--1, 113, n9, 121, 378, 417, 420-- 1, 629-3 l, 638; groundcrew in 546; 423, 424--6, 431-2, 433-4, 436-7, 440, allocation of aircraft to 601-3, 606, 641- 448, 452-3, 454, 463, 465--6, 474, 875 3, 710--11, 753-4, 758, 789; some - Air Council: Edwards wants representation members prefer to serve with RAF on 6 l; and formation of RCAF composite squadrons 603, 679, 851 ; difficulty group 256; CAS issues directives on behalf accommodating French-speaking of 847 Canadians 623-8; relationship between - Air Staff: and Tiger Force 1 o l , ro8, l 20; Home War Establishment and RCAF Over­ prewar considerations on balance between seas 633-4; inexperience of prewar fighter and bomber strength 163, 528--9; regular officers 678-9; treatment of and fighter doctrine and tactics l 68-9, waverers 786-7; members murdered by the 194; and defence of United Kingdom Gestapo and German civilians 801-2, 859; 170--1; and ground support 172, 228, 349- and war against Japan I09-II , l 14-17, 50; and radar 206; and fighter offensive 118-19, 121, 122-4, 863; and creation of 216, 220, 266; and Canadianization 257; transport squadrons 875-7; other refs 60, and limited bombing, 1939-40 530, 533- ro5, 184, 193, 217, 223, 242, 289, 295, 4; and bomber defence 532; and 1940 321, 326, 335, 343, 352-3,417, 622, bombing policy 535--6, 539-40; and 1941 679-80, 783, 864 bombing policy 544, 547, 554, 558; - Air Council: and role in making policy, concern about Bomber Command losses 27, 39-41; Power does not want British 564; and 1942 bombing policy 580, 585; representation on 62 opposition to attacks on Berlin 731 -4, - Air Staff: and prewar plans 13, 17-20; 770; Harris critical of 745--6, 766-7; and attitude to RCAF Overseas 28, 39, 42-3; electronic warfare 800; 1944 opposition to and Tiger Force l 15, 119 further area raids 8ro, 831; approves - Chief of the Air Staff's powers under the attack on morale in 1945 854; other refs Visiting Forces Act 25 270, 273 - Home War Establishment: and personnel - Chief of the Air Staff's powers to give for overseas 633, 779, 892; other refs 14, orders to a commander-in-chief 847 29, 97, 165, 213, 375, 377, 382, 400, 4r5, Royal Aircraft Establishment 671 523 Royal Australian Air Force 39, 50, 84-5, 97, - Air Force Headquarters: personnel 450 changes at 24; attitude of 27, 28, 3r; and Royal Canadian Air Force: early war plans formation of No 83 Group 272; and 13, 17-21; prewar 16; 1939 BCATP appointments overseas 623, 629; air negotiations 18-23; casualties and replace- member for personnel, reviews waverer Index 1085

cases 787; other refs 256, 381-2, 384, 678-80, 684--6, 689; H2S response in 7 I l; 390-1, 395, 401, 449 third Battle of the (Operation Hurricane) - Non-Permanent Active Air Force 832-8, 840, 846, 854-5, 858; other refs (Auxiliary) 170 335, 345, 418, 524, 525, 526, 547, 556, - RCAF Overseas: number of squadrons 562, 583, 591 , 593, 597, 602, 610-11, overseas 14, 25, 37, 43, 52; number of 696, 709, 713-14, 717-19, 727, 740, 865, RCAF aircrew overseas 14, 43, 46, 48, 52, 867, 881 59, 70; Breadner attempts to eliminate 27- Rundstedt, Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von 8; administration of 38-43; morale of 47- 241' 850, 886 50, 83-4, 93; equipment for I 19; see also Running, S/L K.H. 828 Canadianization Russell, F/L A.H. 404 - RCAF Overseas Headquarters: Air Liaison Russell, F/O B.D. 198 Office, London 25; established 25-7; Russelsheim 620, 730, 824 debate over status 26--3 I, 38-43; air Russia (USSR): German campaigns in 163-4, liaison officer, London 39; expansion of 203, 2 I 7; attempts to relieve German 46--7; Edwards replaces Stevenson as pressure on 203-4, 213, 216, 221, 231-2, AOC-in-c 50-2; Edwards strengthens 53, 243n, 247; other refs 225, 247, 292, 320, 61-5, 7<}--81; RCAF District Headquarters 352, 420, 423, 468, 547, 574, 591 , 598, Overseas 80, 252, 399, 892-3 (at 639, 666, 683, 725--6, 865, 866--7 Birmingham 80; Cairo 80, 252; Delhi 80; Rutledge, G/C H.H.C. 914 Edinburgh 80; Exeter 80, 399, 450; Hun­ Ruttan, w/c C.G. 398, 461, 463 tingdon 80; Inverness 80); and Ryukus 122 Canadianization 214, 256--8, 272, 344, 348-9, 570, 630; and transfer of Saarbrucken 533, 614, 615, 618, 730 squadrons to North Africa 525, 643-4; Saarlautem 618 and concern about RCAF crews preferring Saarlouis 618 to serve in RAF squadrons 603; and Sachsenhausen (concentration camp) 778 concern about casualties 622, 682; and No Sagan (Stalag Luft III) 777 425 Squadron 624-9; Air Liaison Mission Salemo, Gulf of 263, 649, 653-4 891, 901; air liaison officer, No 229 Sandwell, B.K. 727 Group 892, 892n; other ref 914 Sangro River 286 RCAF Women's Division 634 Sapri 653 Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps 197 Sardinia 648 17, 20, 183, 213, 634, Sargent, F/L P.T. 404-5 635 Saturday Night 727 Royal Military College of Canada 16, 170, Saundby, A/M Sir Robert 554, 667, 680-1 , 171, 223, 633 782, 846 Royal Naval Air Service 24, 52, 378, 877-8 Savard, S/L J.L. 628 Royal Navy 216, 376, 378, 379, 393, 417, Savard, F/L R.J. 473 419, 444-5, 541, 651, 789-90, 806--7; I 98 Fleet Air Arm 182, 214-15, 308, 387-8, Scarecrows 734-5 418, 449, 460; motor torpedo boats (MTB) Schaufer, Heinz-Wolfgang, Leutnant 607-8 215, 427, 459 Scheidt 587, 835, 845 Royal New Zealand Air Force 85, 97, 423 Schiermonnikoog 446 River and industrial area: focus of Schipol (Amsterdam) 555 Bomber Command operations, summer Schleissheim 661, 748 1940 532, 536--8; difficulty of navigation Schleswig-Holstein 553, 618 over 551, 554, 611-12, 614-15; first Schmid, Generalleutnant Josef: succeeds Battle of the 575, 576, 577-82, 641; Kammhuber 703, 748; prefers and adopts second Battle of the 657-71, 675--6, route interception 703-5, 733-4, 740, rn86 Index

748--9, 780, 800, 834; other refs 742-3, Shan Hills 907 770, 839n Sharp, W/C F.R. 917 Schoales, F/O R.A. 445 Sherman tank 312, 347 Schoenert, Hauptmann Rudolf 687 Islands 383, 389, 436, 452 Scholven 843 Shield, F/L F. 714 schools: Army Co-operation School 173, ships, merchant, Axis: MY Arcturus 457; MY 174, 176, 230; Central Flying School 787; Atlanta 463; MY Borga 446; MY Braeholm General Reconnaissance School, Squires 427; MY Cornouaille 459; MY Diana 463; Gate, 421; No 1 I Elementary Flying MY Dutchess of Athol/ 183; MY Training School 628; No 13 Operational Eckenheim 470; MY Ems/and 457; MY Training School (RCAF) 383; Service Entre Rios 457; MY Ernst Brockelmann Flying Training Schools (SFfS) 27-46, 467; MY Estra 470; MY Gneisenau 266 (troopship) 788; MY Havda 471; MY Schweinfurt and attacks on the German ball­ Hoegh Carrier 447; MY Indus 444; MY bearing industry 656, 702, 709, 729, 732, Maurita 457; MV Montei Samiento 577; 739, 746, 76&-7, 772-5, 779, 781, 789, MV Monterosa (troopship) 458--9; MV 796, 865 Namdo 438; MV Orient 467; MV Rudolf Schwerte 524, 547, 547 Oldendorff 470; MY Ruth 438; MY Sarp Sciacca 647 470; MV Selje 438; MY Sizilien 438; MY 29, 47-8, 185, 198, 223, 238, 253, Stadt Riga 467; MY Strasbourg 788; MY 277, 383, 375, 382, 389, 395, 401, 411, Tom 446; MY Trondhjemsfjord 452; MY 423, 442, 444, 453, 461, 468, 470, 749, Valencia 458; MY Wittekind 457 778 ships, naval, British: HMS Boadicea 461; Scott, G/C G.E. 915 HMS Calpe 235-6, 241; HMS Dorsetshire Scott, F/L J.C. 382 387; HMS Eskimo 410; HMS Fernie 235, Scott, F/L T.D. 859 242; HMS Hermes 387; HMS Illustrious Searby, G/C J.H. 546, 699-700 454; HMS Lagan 402; HMS Prince of searchlights 534, 543, 549, 562, 565-7, 571, Wales 384, 432; HMS Repulse 384, 432; 579-80, 583, 587, 590, 594, 610, 612-13, HMS Rodney 813 619, 647, 650, 663, 687, 706, 741, 777 ships, naval, Canadian: HMCS Drumheller Second Front 23 I, 526, 769, 867 402; HMCS Dunver 414; HMCS Haida 410, Second Tactical Air Force (Second TAF), see 465; HMCS Hespe/er 414; HMCS Huron air forces 465 sectors: No 17 Sector 916; No 22 Sector 917 ships, naval, German: Admiral Scheer 530; Sedan 537 Ernst von Briesen 446; FD-61 escort Seine River and Baie de 267, 277, 284, 294, trawler 454; Gneisenau 214, 43 l, 548, 318, 321, 8II 568, 577; Greif 463; Prinz Eugen 214, Selas heater 753 431, 548; Scharnhorst 214, 431, 568; T.24 Sellers, G/C G.H. 916 torpedo boat 465, 467; Togo (radar picket) Senio River 349 661, 688, 763; UJ.1408 escort vessel 466; serviceability: and fighter operations 305, UJ.1702 escort trawler 458; z.24 destroyer 308, 321, 344-5; in No 6 Group 525, 638, 465, 466, 467; z.32 destroyer 465; z.33 675-8, 756, 758, 764-5, 844, 851-2; in Narvik-class destroyer 472; z-33 473; Bomber Command as a whole 546; and ZH- 1 destroyer 465 Gee 576; in No 33 I Wing 649-50; and submarines, German: u-31 535; u-106 398; H2S 659, 731 ; in the Luftwaffe 827; in u-1061 413; u-177 388; u-185 397; Nos 435 and 436 Squadrons 897, 899, u-263 394; u-456 402; u-467 408; u-476 902, 905-6 408--9; u-482 412; u-484 414; u-489 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 863 402, 454; u-564 397; u-610 404; u-62 l Sfax 646 409-lO; u-625 405; u-669 399; u-706 Index

398; u-772 415; u-846 407-8; u-921 7, 401 , 447-50, 461; other refs 166, 173n, 408; u-966 400; u-971 4IO; u-984 4rn; 204, 542, 602 u-990 408 Slim, Gen. Sir William 875-6, 878, 890-1, Shulemson, F/O S. 454, 458 893-6, 898--{)02, 904, 909 Shultz, F/O R.D. 280-1 Smith, G/C D.M. 256, 272 Shwebo 893, 894, 898-9 Smith, S/L F. 902 Sibbert, F/O C.D. 282 Smith, W/O F.M. 899 Sicily 249, 251, 260-1, 271, 345, 453, 525, Smith, F/O I.W. 328 643, 647-50, 651-3, 694, 709; see also Soest 547 Operation Husky and operations by No Soesterberg 825 417 Squadron Solent 167, 232 signals intelligence soliers 312 - Allied 424, 589, 607, 687, 717-19, 807, Somerville, Admiral Sir James 386, 387n 82 I, 824; Enigma and Ultra 203, 22 l , 673 265-6, 414, 424, 446-7, 452 , 458, 460, Sousse 646, 650 464, 466-7, 541 388, 778 - German (Horchdienst) 424, 576, 589, 674, Southeast Asia Command 907 686-7, 722 , 781, 797, 800, 802, 824, Southeast Asia theatre I07, I08, I09-lO, 824n, 838, 854, 861 112, 122, 384, 875, 889--{)0, 891 , 897 - see also electronic warfare and counter- Southampton 541 measures Soviet Air Force 878 Simonds, Lt-Gen G.G. 313, 814 Spaatz, Gen. Carl 639, 644, 649, 790-1, Simpson, F/L B.P. 898 81 In, 846, 861 Sinclair, Sir Archibald: and bombing policy Spain 673 536, 539, 560, 574, 726-7; and Spanish Civil War 169 Canadianization 545, 556, 600, 612; and Spectator, The 574 dissatisfaction with the Halifax 754-5; Spee River 551 other refs 35, 74, 80, lo6 Speer, Albert, and impact of Allied bombing Singapore l IO, l 13, 386, 388 671, 697, 708--{), 775, 849, 866-7 Singleton, Mr Justice 585 Speidel, Generalleutnant Hans 306, 3 l 3 sinkings: impact of Gardening operations Sperrle, General Hugo I 90 526, 578, 676-7, 789, 790; attacks on Spree River 707 enemy shipping by Bomber Command Sprott, S/L J.H. 242 534-5; by U-boats 638; of the MY Sproule w/c J .A. 880, 881, 890 Strasbourg 788; see also mines and SQUADRONS minelaying (Gardening) Australian: No 455 452; No 461 398 Sinthe 902 British: No IO 561; No 14 878; No 19 350; Sittang River 904, 906, 907 No 24 880; No 44 524; No 48 880; No 59 Skaggerak 418-19, 473-4 433, 441-2; No 61 59; No 86 394, 402; Skelton, O.D. 22, 171 No 77 533; No 99 571; No I07 235, 571 ; Skey, w/c L.W. 389 No IIO 571; No 119 466; No 120 394; Skitten 423 No 130 300; No 143 443; No 144 448, Skudenes Fjord 470 452-3, 456-8, 458--{), 464, 464- 5, 470; Siemon, A/V/M C.R.: concerned about No 6 No 158 394; No 172 393, 396; No 185 Group's performance 679-80, 805; other 276; No 199 807; No 200 405; No 2IO refs 16, 634, 794, 914, 915, 917 408; No 219 892; No 224 394; No 228 Slessor, A/M Sir John: unsympathetic to 398; No 229 194, 196-7; No 231 273; No Canadianization 58--{}, 66, 570; opposes 235 453-4; No 236 467; No 242 area bombing 550, 554, 558, 561, 585; as (Canadian) 171, 172, 209; No 254 443; AOC-in-c Coastal Command 392-3, 396- No 271 879; No 303 191; No 320 438; 1088 Index

No 333 453-4; No 524 466; No 511 879; 275-6, 289, 294, 317, 331, 337, 351, No 605 235; No 65r (AOP) 350; No 803 352, 666 807 - No 404: Canadianization 57, 420, 437, Canadian 453, 468---9; formed 420, 450; operations - No 1: sent to United Kingdom 164; losses on Blenheims 435-6; inadequacy of 175, 188---9, 196, 209; becomes opera­ aircraft 436--7; fighter operations in tional 182, l 86; other refs 33, 35, l 83, Biscay 444-5; anti-shipping attacks off 189, 190, 192, 194 Norway 452---9, 468-74; operations in - No 2 164, l 73, l 98, 224 Operation Overlord 464-7; other refs I 17, - No 5 382, 633 376--7, 381, 420 - No 8 453, 633 - No 405: Canadianization 65, 545; formed - No IO 523, 633 523-4, 545; equipped with Wellington - No 14 270 524, 545; equipped with Halifax 525, 593, - No 1 IO: first RCAF squadron overseas 164; 601-2; in Coastal Command 525, 638, equipment, role, and morale on army 665; teething problems on early operations cooperation duties 173-8; other refs 25, 547-8; navigation in 561; transfers to No 189n, 191, 209, 2IO 8 (Pathfinder) Group 612, 642, 666; - No III 185 converts to Lancaster 642; selected for - No II2 30, I64, I75-6, I89, 224, 228 Tiger Force 863; other refs 375, 394, 546, - No II5 I83, I83, 400 553, 555-6, 559, 565, 582, 594, 610, 6I4, - No Il6 633 618-20, 634, 669, 700, 709, 738, 749, - No 118 270 751, 757, 761-2, 773, 801, 81 l-12, 820, - No I23 270, 328 825, 832, 856, 862, 887 - No I25 270 - No 406: formed 222; equipment 222, 299, - No 127 270 335; with ADGB 282; other refs 223, 28 1, - No 162 14, 375 335, 336 - No 400 (renumbered from No 1 IO): - No 407: Canadianization 57, 421-2, 433- equipment 224, 348; morale in 225-6; 5; in Biscay offensive 375, 395-7, 398- training in 245, 248; in No 83 Group 273; 9; morale 39<}-400, 428-31; sinking of losses 321, 353; other refs u6, 164, 176, u-283 405; in Operation Overlord 407, 227, 233, 254, 284, 291, 296--7, 317, 328, 4 I 3; operations in Transit Areas 4II, 332, 334, 351-2 413, 4I4-I5; formed 421-2, 450; anti­ - No 401 (renumbered from No I): shipping operations 423-8, 431-2, 437---9, equipment 202, 210, 247; in No 83 Group 441-2; other refs 1 I7, 376, 4I6, 420, 259, 272; training 284; losses 3I8, 328, 445, 474 375; other refs 42, 59, I I6, 164, 205, 207, - No 408: Canadianization 59, 545-6, 569- 210--12, 214-15, 222, 236, 246--7, 275, 7 I, 629; formed 524, 545; equipped with 291, 293-6, 304-5, 307, 314, 321, 328, Hampdens 524, 545; employed on Ram­ 333, 343, 463 rods 54<}-50; converts to Lancaster 604, - No 402 (renumbered from No 2): 164, 642, 7I2, 757; converts to Halifax 606; 224; equipment, 205, 228---9, 247, 303; in unusually heavy losses 6I5, 675, 771-2; No 83 Group 265, 268, 272, 331; training fitted with G-H 729; selected for Tiger 284; other refs 43, 50, II6, 124, 202, 236, Force 863; other refs 70, 122, 384, 446, 246--7, 275, 289, 291, 294, 307, 317, 325, 555-6, 558, 567---9, 571, 58I, 594, 595, 329, 351 597, 6IO--II, 613, 615, 629, 63I, 642, - No 403: formed 206; Canadianization in 665-6, 668, 735, 738, 740, 765, 771, 775, 206; losses 217, 276; equipment 247; in 800, 808, 815 No 83 Group 259, 272; training 268, - No 409: formed 222; equipment 222, 299; 284; moves to France 300--2; other refs to ind TAF 282; losses 335n; other refs I 16, 209, 215, 218, 246, 246, 260, 223, 298, 320, 335 Index 1089

- No 410: formed 222; equipment 222, 299; - No 419: Canadianization in 58, 59, 569, to 2nd TAF 282; losses 335n; and Intruder 570, 630; formed 557, 569; equipped with operations 715; other refs 280, 282, 298, Wellingtons 569; inspired by Fulton 571- 320, 335 2; trouble with Gee 582; converts to - No 411: Canadianization 2o6; early Halifax 606, 642; converts to Lancaster problems in 207-8, 209; equipment 236, 642, 757; unusually heavy losses 675-Q, 259; training 248, 284; in No 83 Group 701, 755, 771-2; experiments with mid­ 259, 272; leadership in 275; losses 318, under guns 752-3; pioneers high-altitude 320, 328, 343; other refs 206-8, 214-15, mining 789-90; selected for Tiger Force 254, 260, 275, 291, 3og-5, 338, 343, 350 863; other refs 58-9, 70, 86, 122, 124, - No 412: formed 206; Canadianization 565, 578, 581, 583, 594, 597, 611, 618, 206; leadership in 2og-10; equipment 209, 628, 633, 638, 640, 665-Q, 764, 788, 792, 24 7; losses 242, 351; training 248; in No 794, 809, 821, 843 83 Group 259, 272; other refs 212, 237-9, - No 420: Canadianization in 90, 569, 571, 246-8, 268n, 275, 291, 326, 333, 352, 353 629, 644, 651, 854; transferred to No 331 - No 413: transferred to Indian Ocean 375; Wing in Tunisia 525, 644; formed 557, formed 381; Canadianization 381-3, 384- 569; equipped with Hampdens 569; 6, 415; operations from Sullom Voe 383- unusually heavy losses 574, 613, 646, 4; operations in Indian Ocean 386-9, 415; 85 l; maintenance problems in Tunisia other ref 40 l 649; morale in 679; converts to Halifax - No 414: to Anny Co-operation command 7ro; selected for Tiger Force 863; other 164; equipment 164, 314; and ground refs 56, 59, 70, 122, 577-8, 582-3, 594, support 229, 245; training 248, 297; in No 595, 602, 632, 638, 647-50, 653, 815 83 Group 248, 273; redesignated fighter­ - No 421: equipment 247; training 248, reconnaissance 254; losses 298; other refs 268, 284; in No 83 Group 259, 272; 233, 239, 284, 317, 321, 349, 351 moves 259; leadership in 275-Q; losses - No 415: Canadianization 52, 448-9; in 298, 3 l 8; discipline 330; other refs 260, Biscay offensive 397-8; formed 423; 275, 289, 298, 303, 305, 318, 334 torpedo operations 440-1, 445; 'B' bombs - No 422: Canadianization 87, 390-1; in 440-2; inadequate aircraft and morale Biscay offensive 375, 396-8; formed 38g- while in Coastal Command 448-50, 461- 90; move to Castle Archdale 400-2; North 7; anti-E-boat operations 460-1, 462-3; in Atlantic operations 403-5; in Operation Overlord 464, 466; transfers to Bomber Overlord 407-1 l; and inshore anti­ Command 526, 8 l 5n; poor morale in submarine operations 412-16; other refs 815n; other refs 57, 376, 420, 474, 849 87, I J7, 122, 394 - No 416: equipment 236, 247; leadership - No 423: Canadianization 87, 390, 401; in in 238-9; compared to No 417 Squadron Biscay offensive 375, 396-8; formed 38g- 252; in No 83 Group 273; training 284; 90; North Atlantic operations 402-5; in losses 297; other refs 54, 61, 242, 246, Operation Overlord 407-l l; and inshore 26~ 279, 28~ 293, 307, 317, 326, 351 anti-submarine operations 412-16; other - No 417: unique experience 165; to Middle refs 117 122, 394, 401, 454 East 213-14; finding replacements for - No 424: Canadianization in 629, 644, 651; 214; training 214; equipment 249-5 I, transfers to No 331 Wing in Tunisia 644; 262-3; morale in 250; Canadianization heavy losses 647-8; morale in 650; 252-4, 348-9; living conditions 308-9; converts to Halifax 7ro; other refs 618, other refs 54, 260-1, 285-8, 336, 349 632-3, 643, 646, 64g-50, 665, 782, 792, - No 418: Canadianization 87; and the 834 intruder role 165, 335-Q, 713-15; - No 425: Canadianization in 122, 629, 644, equipment 233; to 2nd TAF 335-Q; other 646, 651; formed as a French-Canadian refs 165, 235, 293, 302, 332 squadron 524, 622, 624; transferred to No Index

331 Wing in Tunisia 525-S, 644--6; - No 435: formed S76, S9r-2; operations problems on early operations 62S; morale S93-4, S9S-g, 900, 902, 904-7; living 64S; converts to Halifax 710; selected for conditions 90 l; disbanded 90S Tiger Force S63; other refs 633, 647, 649, - No 436: formed S76, S91-3; operations S15, S27, S37, S54 S93--6, S99, 900-2, 904-7; weather - No 426: Canadianization in 206, 633; conditions confronting 903-4; disbanded converts to Lancaster 642; unusually 90S heavy losses 701; higher than average - No 437: formed S76, S7g-S2; operations early returns 7og-ro, 740; serviceability SS2-4, SS5--6, SSS, SSg-go, S91; in 7og-ro; fitted with G-H 729; reaction to disbanded 907-S conversion to Halifax from Lancaster 756- - No 43S : in No S3 Group 265, 26S, 272; 7; reports Me 262s operating at night S49; equipment 27S; social life in 2S3; training other refs 631, 643, 671, 6SS, 712, 720, 2S4; losses 31 S, 321, 353; morale in 330- 735, 73S, 793, Soo, So2, S34, S39 1; other refs 116, 270, 279, 2S9, 295, 302, - No 427: Canadianization in S7, 630, 63S; 306, 316, 326-S, 332-3, 335, 341, 352 makes quick progress after forming 63S; - No 439: in No S3 Group 265, 272; converts to Halifax 642; unusually heavy equipment 27S; training 2S4; losses 321, losses 722, 762; other refs 606, 643, 701, 353; other refs 270, 291, 295, 305, 306, S62 30S, 313, 316, 32S, 33S, 344, 345, 349 - No 42S: Canadianization S7; converts to - No 440: in No S3 Group 265, 273; Halifax 642; unusually heavy losses 675, equipment 27S; losses 295, 297, 321, 32S, 739, Sor; converts to Lancaster x 757; 352-3; living conditions 331; other refs pioneers high altitude Gardening 7Sg-go; I 16, 279, 291, 295, 31S, 332, 334, 341, other refs 640, 643, 736-7, 771, 794, Sr S 344 - No 429: Canadianization in S7, 630; - No 441: in No S3 Group 272; living converts to Lancaster 604; converts to conditions 331; returns to No 11 Group Halifax 642; unusually heavy losses 675, S35; other refs 27S, 2S9, 290-1, 293, 307, 739, 771; other refs 676, 737, 7SS, Sr6- 31S, 326, 333, 353, S35 r7, S20, S35, S62 - No 442: in No S3 Group 272; losses 31S, - No 430: designated Army Co-operation 345; other refs 270, 27S, 290-1, 294, 305, Squadron 164, 245; redesignated fighter­ 314, 317-1S, 329, 333, 344 reconnaissance 254; in No S3 Group 273; - No 443: in No S3 Group 272; losses 304; training 276; losses 295, 32 I ; equipment other refs 270, 2S3, 290-1, 293, 351 314; other refs 267, 273, 291, 321 - No 664 (AOP) 350 - No 431: Canadianization in S7, 630; - No 665 (AOP) 356 serviceability 63S; converts to Halifax - No 666 (AOP) 350 642; unusually heavy losses Soi, Sro, New Zealand: No 4S9 440, 44S, 452, 454, S22; other refs 643, 757, 791-2, 793-4 457 - No 432: forms on Wellingtons 642; high Sri Lanka, see Ceylon early return rate 741; unhappy with St Cyr Soo Halifax 757; unusually heavy losses S5S; St George's Channel 416 other refs 466, 7SS, S15, S21-2, S44, S59 St German, F/Sgt J.R.M. S27-S - No 433: converts to Lancaster 604; forms St Kilda 4II 710-II; unusually heavy losses 799; other St-Leu-D'Esserent (v-1 storage site) S 11 refs 765, 792, 793, S 15 St Mere Eglise S77 - No 434: Canadianization 122; unusually St Nazaire 409, 5S1 , 639, 640, 641, 666, heavy losses 701, 706, 710, 719, 722-4, 7S9 735-7, 757, 762-3, 771-2, 794, Sor, So2, St Omer 2 l S, 246 Sro, S6o; high early return rate 706; other St Pierre, w/c J.M.W. 62S, 633 refs 739, 7SS, 790, SoS St Trond, 5S7, 701 Index 1091

S~cey, C.P. 37, 38, 92, 9~ 16~ 232 761-3, 766-7, 771-3, 778-g, 780--1, 782- Stade 661, 695, 717, 748 3, 799, 801, 808, 8IO, 821, 822, 824, 825, Stadtlandet 419, 457, 458 835-g, 842, 852-3, 858, 859; estimates of Stalag IVB 860; see also prisoners of war Bomber Command bombing and navi­ Stalag VIIIB 439; see also prisoners of war gation accuracy 538, 554-5, 556, 578, Stalag 357 764, 777; see also prisoners of 583, 595, 596-7, 613, 617-18, 640, 658- war 60, 660, 664-5, 666-70, 677-8, 695, 729- Stalag Luft l 776; see also prisoners of war 30, 735-6, 761, 773-5, 803-5, 817, 844- Stalag Luft llI 212, 777, 802; see also 5, 851, 855-6; estimates of damage done prisoners of war by Bomber Command 541 , 577, 581, 583, Stalin, Josef 231, 858 585-6, 595-6, 615, 620, 621, 664-6, 669- Stalingrad 661 71 , 675-6, 677, 695-8, 709, 722-4, 729- statistics: number of RCAF aircrew overseas 31, 737-42, 745-51, 763, 767, 773-5, 14, 43, 46, 48, 52, 59, 70, rn4; number of 783-5, 805, 809, 820, 837, 746-7, 857, RCAF squadrons overseas 15, 25, 26, 37, 858, 865-7; serviceability rates in No 6 40, 43 , 52; Canadianization I 5, 54-6, 6 I, Group 576, 591 , 72g-30, 740--2, 758, 87, 93, 96-g, IOI , 206-7, 214, 222, 545, 825-7, 837; No 331 Wing overall loss 569, 571, 599, 622, 630, 640, 644; rate 643, 645-6, 647-8, 650--1; No 331 commissioning rates 94-5; RAF losses in Wing serviceability 650; Bomber Battle of Britian 182, 188; Luftwaffe Command early return rates 664-5, 667- losses in Battle of Britain r 89, and in 8, 671-2, 676-8, 698-g, 740--1, 785, 825- Baedeker raids 224; losses on fighter 7, 837, 850--1; No 6 Group loss rates on sweeps 242-3, 266; British and German individual operations 664-g, 677, 695-6, aircraft production compared 243; ser­ 698-g, 701, 706, 709-10, 717-19, 722-4, viceability for fighter squadrons 305-6, 729-30, 735-42, 748-g, 751-2, 761-3, 308, 344; RCAF fighter losses in North­ 771-5, 783, 799, 801, 8o8n, 8IO, 821, west Europe 352-3; U-boat losses 378-g, 822, 824, 825, 834-g, 842, 845, 852-3, 394, 396, 399, 405, 414, 416; Allied 858, 859; LMF rates 677-8, 681 , 787; shipping losses 379, 405, 414; German casualty rates in German night-fighter shipping losses 41 g-20, 426, 439, 444, force 702 , 746, 76g-70, 78 r, 830; public 447, 452-3, 454, 457-60, 463, 466,467, opinon polls re area bombing 726-7; crew 470--2 , 473, 474; overall effectiveness of survivability by aircraft type and position anti-shipping campaign 45g-60, 471-2; 755; see also casualties Bomber Command overall casualty rates Statute of Westminster 25 525-6, 533, 535, 541 , 548-g, 550, 556, Stavanger 459, 46g-70, 889 566-7, 580, 582, 583, 591, 595, 606, 607, Ste Croix-sur-Mer 463 608, 6IO, 616-17, 622, 629, 63g-41 , 662, Steel, A/C J.M. 166 668-g, 671, 678-84, 698-g, 72 I , 730, steel: German production of, and attacks on 742 , 754-5, 767, 769, 783, 788, 79g-800, 418, 439, 533, 614, 615, 653, 66g-70, 802, 822, 825, 837, 839, 842, 850, 864; 72g-30, 763, 781, 835-7, 865 No 6 Group overall casualty rates 525-6, Steele, A/Y/M Charles 299 63g-41, 668-g, 671, 675-84, 698-g, 743, Steeves, F/L Chesley 405 758, 767, 783, 788, 799, 803, 825-7, 849, Steinhoff, Johannes 191 , 260 852, 861, 864; Bomber Command loss Stendal 714 rates on individual operations 539, 534, Sterkrade 8 IO, 843, 847 559, 566, 566-7, 578, 580, 581 , 592, 595, Stettin 468, 555, 667, 669, 676-7, 730, 762- 597, 607-8, 61 I, 613-16, 616-17, 618, 3, 766-7, 776, 825 61g-20, 628-g, 636, 63g-40, 664-7, 677, Stevenson, A/Y/M L.F.: appointed AOC 695-6, 698-9, 701 , 706, 709-10, 716-24, overseas 28; moves to close Overseas 72g-30, 735-42, 748-g, 751-2, 754-5, Headquarters 2g-32; role in Ralston- Index

Sinclair talks 34, 36-7; opinion on role of 250; criticizes Montgomery 306; praises OSHQ 39-42, 47; replaced as AOC 5

274, 280, 288, 746--7, 769-70, 773-5, Ultra, see signals intelligence, Enigma and 830; McEwen stresses, in No 6 Group Ultra 526, 780, 825, 844-5; limitations of United Kingdom: attitude to Canadians 47- prewar 529, 531; operational (in Bomber 8; and air defence 163, 166, 177, 213, Command) 546, 557, 584, 612, 616, 620, 28 1, 523, 528, 529, 694, 713; declaration 772-3; and French-speaking recruits 623- of war 171, 529; experience of Canadians 4; in No 6 Group 680-1 , 780, 825, 844-5; in 173, 175, 183, 206, 214, 224, 276, 278, for daylight operations 840-2; in air trans­ 33 I; affect of German air raids on port squadrons 892, 896, 903; other refs production and morale 540-1, 557, 586, 26, 56, 66, 73, 77, 165, 171, 173-5, 176, 799; public opinion regarding the 182-3, 188, 203, 210, 227, 259, 268, 276, bombing of Germany 574, 724-8; C.G. 284, 287, 297, 311, 317, 327, 335-6, 341, Power visits 628, 629; and German 383, 389-90, 395, 423, 440, 441-2, 444, intruder missions over 748-g, 859; v-1s 446, 453, 454-5, 465, 471; see also BCATP launched against 8 1O-ll; other refs 35, Transportation Plan: and railways as a target 36, 244, 379, 416, 523, 576, 712, 731, system 283-4, 306, 526, 547, 555, 755, 797 791-2, 795, 800, 808, 855-6; see also - government of: attitude to bomber operations, theory and policy squadrons 20, 21-3; and Tiger Force llO, Trapani 648 11 1-13, 120- l; and restrictions on Trappes 791-2, 794-5 bombing 533; and need to destroy Treasury Office (British) 23, 37-8, 528 German fleet, 1939-40 534; other refs 13, Treleaven, F/L E.H. 326 18, 24, 27, 417, 418, 878n Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force 68, 107 Lord Hugh 213, 255, 528, 529 United Nations War Crimes Commission Trevena, S/L C.W. 207, 209-10 802 Tribune de Geneve 741 United States Army: First Army 319, 337, Trident conference 653, 689-90, 790 347, 467, 816n; Third Army 347, 410, Trier 850 468; Fifth Army 286, 288; Ninth Army Trincomalee 387 347, 845; vmth Corps 337; 82nd Airborne Tripoli 208, 251, 391 Division 877; 101st Airborne Division 877 Tromso 417 United States Army Air Forces: and daylight Trondheim 419, 454, 456 bombing 163, 233, 236, 246, 255n, 689- Trondheim-Narvik railway 456 90; losses at Schweinfurt 702; bombing Truscott, G/C G.G. 272, 445, 453, 9r4 accuracy compared with that of Bomber Tulihal 894 Command 795, 808, 810; in Southeast Tunis 251, 646, 652, 654 Asia 891 , 894; other refs 80, r 13, I 14, Tunisia: No 417 Squadron in 251 , 345, 350; 119, 275, 398, 730, 842 other refs 525, 621, 644, 646, 647-8, 649, 393 651, 653 United States, government of, and Tiger Turbinlite 393 Force 117, 121; other refs I IO, 122, 394 Turin 555, 621, 669, 699 United States Strategic Air Forces 790, 888 Turkey 878 United States Survey Turnbull, W/C R.S. 595 (USSBS) 795 Turner, S/L F.W.S. 571 Upham, F/L H.G. 326 Turner, W/C P.S. 209, 254 Utvaer 458 turrets, see armament (aircraft) Uxbridge 786 Twente 347 Twigg, W/C J.D. 383-4, 615 V-1 274, 276, 27~ 302-3, 317, 331, 773, 810-11, 825, 827; Crossbow campaign Ulm 847 against 274, 276, 302; Diver patrols I094 Index

against 303; Noball campaign against 274, Wanne-Eickel 835, 847 276--7, 279, 283-4, 291, 302 war crimes investigations 802, 860 v-2 rocket 321 , 331, 700-1; Big Ben 80, 166, 172, 173, 228 campaign against 332 Warlimont, Gen. Walter 296 Vaagso 436, 473 Warnemiinde 729 Vachon, Sgt E. 674-5 Warren, Sgt J.L.N. 860-1 Vaires 794-5 Warsaw 533 Varaville 877 Washington 653, 689--<)o, 790, 862 Varengeville (German coastal battery) 235 Watson-Watt, Sir Robert 167 Vasse, W/C G.H. 185 Watt, F/L R.H. 463 Vasto Point 285 waverers 678, 68 l, 743-5, 786--7; see also Vejle 577 lack of moral fibre (LMF) venereal disease 309 weather and its influence on flying Venice 349 operations: allows Germans to predict Vento 579, 825 Allied operations 206; inhibits photo­ Verrieres Ridge 3 l 3 reconnaissance 232, 267, 284; makes Versailles, Treaty of 166 airfield maintenance difficult 341, 344-5; Vezina, Sgt J.F. 571 in 383; effect on Coastal : awarded to P/O Andrew Command operations 404, 419, 428--<), Mynarski 405, 438 432, 435--6, 453, 456, 458, 470, 473; Victory Aircraft 602, 606, 642, 757-8; see aircrew suffer from the cold 532, 736, also aircraft production and allocation, 753-4; risk of icing 532, 556, 559, 562, Canada 611, 621, 628, 640, 666, 680, 698-700, Vienna 855, 876, 889 724, 735--6, 741-2, 743-5, 780, 785--6, Villa, Brian Loring 232 792, 799, 859; cloud inhibits accurate Villacidrio 648 navigation and bombing-aiming and Village Inn, see armament, aircraft, turrets German night-fighter operations 533--6, Villeneuve St George 800, 808 541 -2, 548, 549, 55o--60, 566, 568--<), Vinke, Heinz, Oberfeldwebel 770 572-4, 578, 581-2, 593, 596, 611-13, Visiting Forces Act 13, 25--6, 31, 34, 45, 72; 616, 618-22, 635, 638-40, 650, 656, see also Canadianization 665-7, 670, 685--6, 698--<), 71g-20, 724, Visual Control Post 3 l 2 730, 732--<), 741- 5, 74g-50, 758--62, Vlastos, S/L G. 82-3 764- 7, 770-3, 778--<), 785, 799, 806, 821, Vlieland, 427, 438 835, 838, 843-4, 846, 852-4, 855--6; risks von Kluge, Generalfeldmarschall Hans 814 of flying in fog 538--<), 599, 603, 735-7, von Lossberg, Oberst Viktor 663 740-2, 749, 777, 834; Fog Investigation von Paulus, Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Dispersal Operation (FrDO) 735--6; clear 661 weather assists navigation and bombing von Studnitz, Hans-Georg 737, 747 accuracy and German night-fighter force 545, 548, 549, 594, 610, 614-15, 617, Waal River 882, 887 618, 620, 663-4, 667, 669, 685-7, 700-2, Waardenburg 887 709, 732-3, 751-2, 763-4, 770-5, 781-3, Waddell, G/C R.C.A. 916 793, 796, 799, 816, 822, 825, 832, 835, Wait, A/C F.G. 93, 390, 915 843, 846, 856--7, 861; effect of winds on Walker, W/C J.E. 917 navigation 555, 559, 566, 573, 618, 620- Walsh, W/C A.P. 614 1, 650, 661, 666, 686, 696, 716--17, 739- Walsh, G/C G.V. 25, 27, 28, 184-5, 188--<), 42, 749, 780-2, 789, 805, 816, 855--6; 209, 914 navigation aids and Pathfinder Force Walz, F/L D.M. 290, 304 developed to overcome 575--<), 582, 597, Wangerooge 863 610-1, 614, 617-20, 65g--61, 667, 731, Index rn95

808, 810; bad weather an excuse for Wing 165, 294, 303-4, 308, 317-18, 326, aborting Gardening operations and 333, 338, 343, 344, 347, 917; No 127 bombing of French targets 629, 676-7, Airfield 259, 271 , 272-5; No 127 Wing 788-90, 792; and No 331 Wing 647-8; 165, 294, 308, 318, 327, 343, 917; No and Ardennes offensive 850; and affect on 128 Airfield 271; No 128 Wing 917; No US bombing operations 795, 808, 810; 129 Airfield 271 ; No 129 Wing 917; No and affect on air transport operations in 143 Airfield 272, 282, 289; No 143 Wing Northwest Europe 884; and in Southeast 165, 193, 291, 304, 334, 341, 346, 443, Asia 896, 902-4, 905, 908; other refs 178, 917; No 144 Wing 290, 394, 300, 303, 182, 195, 198, 200, 207, 212, 215, 221, 305, 308, 81 2, 917; No 231 Wing 646; 223, 227, 278, 286, 291, 296, 304, 307, No 236 Wing 646; No 244 Wing 251, 309-14, 327, 332, 335-7, 343-5, 348-9 260, 262, 286, 287; No 661 Wing 917; Webster Trophy 183 No 662 Wing 917-18; No 663 Wing 918; Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces) 216, No 664 Wing 918; Strubby Wing 467; 231, 279, 287, 296, 306-7, 330,419, 439, Wick Wing 456-9 464, 472, 537, 575--0, 730, 785, 790, 809, - No 331 Wing, dispatch to and operations 830, 850, 860, 866, 877; Oberkommando in Mediterranean theatre 525, 644-8, 650, der Wehrmacht 296, 703 653-4, 666, 671 , 680-1 , 916; temporary Weir, W/C T.C. 634 lack of Canadian replacements for 651 Weise, Generaloberst Hubert 663-4, 701 , Winnipeg 173, 275, 434 721, 739, 748 wireless operator and wireless operator/air Wesel 349, 579, 886 gunner (WOAG): commissioning of 46, 71 , River 551 , 717 95; supply of 48, 86, 96-8, 99, 377. 420, Wesseling 808 422, 433; shortage of in Bomber Com­ West Africa 396 mand 570, 626-7, 651; other refs 53, 59, Western Desert: No 417 Squadron in 250; 630, 634, 686, 759--00 other refs 213, 244, 276, 621 Witten 847 Whitehall 174 Wittering 1 86 Wiener-Neustadt 729 Woippy 790 Wiesbaden 855 Wolfe, S/L D.L. 594 Wigle, F/L P.G. 328 Wolfe, LAC R.R. 827-8 Wilhelmina Canal 334 Wood, Sir Kingsley 22-3, 30, 173-4, 574, Wilhelmshaven 530, 534, 548, 558-9, 567, 631 , 758 574, 577, 582, 613, 629, 640, 730, 838 Wood, S/L V.T.L. 574 Williams, P/O David 387, 613 Woodruff, W/C P.H. 420, 436-7 Williams, F/L D.J. 300 Wuppertal 660, 669-70 Williams, F/O V.A. 280-1 Wiirms 714, 859 Willis, W/C C.A. 453, 456-7, 459 Wurtele, S/L E.L. 423 Wilson, S/L P. 330 Window, see electronic warfare and Yalta 117, 855 countermeasures Yool, A/C W.M. 257 wings: Banff Wing 471 , 474; Dallachy Wing York 80, 223, 603, 631, 632 , 635, 779, 792 470-r, 472; Digby Wing 164, 245, 916; Yorkshire: home to Canadian squadrons and Kenley Wing 164, 245; Langham Wing No 6 Group 171 , 199, 218, 277, 41 2, 525, 467; North Coates Wing 444, 446, 448, 545, 602 , 631 , 740, 751 456; No 17 Wing 259, 271-3; No 34 Yuile, F/L A.M. 193 Wing 284; No 39 Wing 164, 245, 256, 259, 271, 273, 341, 349, 916; No 125 Zagreb 855 Wing 259, 271, 272-5, 303, 331 ; No 126 Zeist 748 Airfield 259, 271 , 272-5, 303; No 126 Zeitz 854 Index

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 857 Zuider Zee 543 zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, Maj Prinz Heinrich zur Lippe-Weissenfeld, Maj Prinz Egmont 746-7, 764, 770 770 ------1" ------y ------· ROYAL CANADIAN AIR FORCE OPERATIONS OVERSEAS 1940 - 1946

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INDIAN OCEAN

Tropic of Ca pricorn new history shows how they contributed to the reso­ lution of the most significant conflict of our time.

BRERETON GREENHOUS, STEPHEN J. HARRIS, WILLIAM C. JOHNSON, and WILLIAM G.P. RAWLING are with the Director General History, Department of National Defence, National Defence Headquar­ ters, Ottawa.

Reviews from volumes 1 and u of the Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Airmen and the First World War, by S.F. Wise, and The Creation of a National Air Force, by W.A.B. Douglas:

'The Creation of a National Air Force can sit proudly beside S.F. Wise's superb volume on Canada's airmen in the First World War as part of what will become the definitive series on the RCAF ... This is official history as it should be written - candid, clear, critical, filled with facts and sound judgments, and tied to larger national themes.' R.C. Stuart, Thomson News Service

' ... a thoroughly competent professional history, shirk­ ing no hard issues but always balanced and thought­ ful, and, as in the narrative of the anti-submarine campaign, gripping and lively. Would that all offi­ cial histories were as readable!' Owen A. Hartley, British Journal of Canadian Studies

'Unquestionably, the first two volumes should find a prominent place in the enthusiast's library and space must be reserved to accommodate the forth­ coming titles.' Paul M. Andrews, The American Review of Cana­ dian Studies

The painting on the front cover is Bomb Aimer, , by Carl Fellman Schaefer (Canadian War Museum. Acc. I I 786). On the back cover is Servicing Aircraft, by P. Goranson (Cana­ dian War Museum, Acc. 14247).

ISBN 0-8020-0574-8 Jacket printed in Canada

University of Toronto Press