LAND, POWER, AND THE SACRED LAND, POWER, and the SACRED The Estate System in Medieval Japan EDITED BY Janet R. Goodwin AND Joan R. Piggott University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 2018 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 23 22 21 20 19 18 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Goodwin, Janet R., editor. | Piggott, Joan R., editor. Title: Land, power, and the sacred : the estate system in medieval Japan / Janet R. Goodwin and Joan R. Piggott, [editors]. Description: Honolulu : University of Hawai‘i Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017052550 | ISBN 9780824875466 (cloth alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Manors—Japan—History—To 1500. | Land tenure—Japan—History—To 1500. | Japan—History—To 1600. Classification: LCC HD914 .L36 2018 | DDC 333.3/234—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052550 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Cover art: Map of Hineno Village on Hine Estate, dated 1316. Courtesy of the Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō). To the memory of our professors Delmer M. Brown, University of California at Berkeley Jeffrey P. Mass, Stanford University CONTENTS List of Figures, Plates, and Tables xi Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii Periods of Premodern Japanese History xix Premodern Provinces and Modern Prefectures xxi Introduction Janet R. Goodwin xxv Part I The Big Picture 1 Estates: Their History and Historiography Joan R. Piggott 3 2 Medieval Japan’s Commercial Economy and the Estate System Sakurai Eiji (translated by Ethan Segal) 37 Part II How Do We Know about Estates? 3 Ōbe Estate in the Archaeological Record Nishida Takeshi (translated by Michelle Damian) 61 4 Tōdaiji’s Estates in Its Documentary Record: Perspectives on Ōbe Estate Endō Motoo (translated by Janet R. Goodwin) 81 5 Hine Estate in Izumi Province: Archaeology, Landscape Reconstruction, and Village Structures Hirota Kōji (translated by Janet R. Goodwin) 105 vii viii Contents Part III. Making the Land Productive 6 Agricultural Expansion and Irrigation in the Early Medieval Age Kimura Shigemitsu (translated by Kristina Buhrman) 143 7 Loggers and Cultivators of Nabari: Tōdaiji’s Kuroda Estate in Heian Times Joan R. Piggott 164 Part IV: Secular and Sacred 8 Hijiri and Temple Monks: Contrasting Styles of Estate Management Nagamura Makoto (translated by Janet R. Goodwin) 197 9 Beyond the Secular: Villages, Estates, and the Ideology behind Chōgen’s Land Reclamation Projects Ōyama Kyōhei (translated by Janet R. Goodwin) 211 10 Claiming the Land: Chōgen and the Development of Ōbe Estate Janet R. Goodwin 231 11 The Jōdoji Amida Triad: How Its Iconography Advanced Chōgen’s Mission Yoshiko Kainuma 253 Part V. Power, Space, and Trade 12 Nyoin Power, Estates, and the Taira Influence: Trading Networks within and beyond the Archipelago Sachiko Kawai 281 13 Networks of Wealth and Influence: Spatial Power and Estate Strategy of the Saionji Family in Early Medieval Japan Rieko Kamei-Dyche 319 14 As Estates Faded: Late Medieval Maritime Shipping in the Seto Inland Sea Michelle Damian 351 Contents ix Part VI. Power: Challenges and Conflicts 15 Bad Neighbors and Monastic Influence: Border Disputes in Medieval Kii Philip Garrett 377 16 The Akutō on Ōbe Estate: Lawsuits, Evidence, and Participation in the Late Kamakura Legal System Dan Sherer 403 17 Warriors and Estates in Muromachi-Period Harima Noda Taizō (translated by David Eason) 427 Part VII. Getting the Word Out 18 Teaching Japanese Estates: Old Challenges and New Opportunities Ethan Segal 441 Some Afterthoughts Janet R. Goodwin 457 Glossary 461 Bibliography 473 Contributors 511 Index 517 Color plates follow pages 140 and 374. LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, AND TABLES Figures Figure I.1 Map of Japan’s medieval provinces Figure 3.1 Site of Ōzuka tomb, Ōbe Estate Figure 3.2 Kiyotani archaeological site, Ōbe Estate, early medieval period Figure 3.3 Jōdoji subtemples Figure 3.4 Site of a Jōdoji building Figure 3.5 Remains of pit dwellings, Ōji Shiro-no-shita Figure 3.6 Yayoi period pottery, Ōji Shiro-no-shita Figure 3.7 Tumulus period artifacts, Ōzuka tomb Figure 4.1 Map of medieval Tōdaiji Figure 4.2 Tōdaiji organizational chart Figure 4.3 Classification and disposition of Tōdaiji documents over time Figure 5.1 Map of Ōgi Village Figure 5.2 Map of Tsuchimaru Village Figure 5.3 Map of Hineno Village Figure 7.1 Map of Kuroda Estate Figure 9.1 Map of villages drawing irrigation water from Sayama Pond Figure 11.1 Jōdodō section diagram, Jōdoji, Hyōgo Prefecture Figure 11.2 Jōdodō ground plan, Jōdoji, Hyōgo Prefecture Figure 11.3 Amida Triad, Jōdoji, side view Figure 11.4 Amida Triad by Kaikei, c. 1221 Figure 12.1 Royal family genealogy Figure 12.2 Jōsaimon-in’s estates (all) Figure 12.3 Map of Jōsaimon-in’s estates, Yamashiro Province Figure 12.4 Map of Jōsaimon-in’s estates, Ōmi Province xi xii List of Figures, Plates, and Tables Figure 12.5 Map, properties of Hachijōin and Kōkamon-in in the capital Figure 12.6 Map of Hachijō-in’s estates Figure 13.1 Map of the Saionji family estates Figure 13.2 Map of maritime trade routes Figure 13.3 Map of the River Yodo basin Figure 13.4 Map of waterways around the capital Figure 15.1 Map of northern Naga District, including Nate Estate Figure 15.2 Map of the upper Kinokawa Valley Figure 16.1 Map of Harima Province Color plates Plate 1 Seated image of Chōgen, Jōdoji, Hyōgo Prefecture Plate 2 Terraces of Ōbe Estate Plate 3 Pre-Kamakura archaeological sites on Ōbe Estate Plate 4 Kamakura-period archaeological sites on Ōbe Estate Plate 5 Model of the abandoned Kōdoji Temple, Hyōgo Prefecture Plate 6 Edo-period illustration of Jōdoji buildings Plate 7 Nigori Pond, Ōbe Estate Plate 8 Map of the site of Hine Estate Plate 9 Map of Hineno Village on Hine Estate, dated 1316 Plate 10 Site of three inner villages, Hine Estate Plate 11 Terraced rice fields on the site of Hine Estate Plate 12 Location of Tsuchimaru Village, Hine Estate Plate 13 Location of Hineno Village, Hine Estate Plate 14 Yugawa Canal, Hineno Village, Hine Estate Plate 15 Plaque with account of Chōgen’s repairs of Sayama Pond, dated 1202 Plate 16 Amida Triad by Kaikei, c. 1195, Jōdoji, Hyōgo Prefecture Plate 17 Chōgen, first half of thirteenth century Plate 18 Jōdodō, 1194, Jōdoji, Hyogo Prefecture Plate 19 Amida Triad, 1148 Plate 20 Head of Amida (before restoration) by Kaikei, c. 1202 Plate 21 Amida Triad, Ming period, China Plate 22 Amida Nyorai by Kaikei, 1201 Plate 23 Masks by Kaikei and others, c. 1201 Plate 24 Map of Kōkamon-in’s estates List of Figures, Plates, and Tables xiii Plate 25 Map of all ports shipping salt to the Hyōgo checkpoint Plate 26 Map of major ports shipping salt to the Hyōgo checkpoint Plate 27 Map of all ports shipping rice to the Hyōgo checkpoint Plate 28 Map of major ports shipping rice to the Hyōgo checkpoint Plate 29 Map of Kii Province Tables Table 4.1 Superior management rights to Ōbe Estate, twelfth to fifteenth centuries Table 4.2 Current locations of Tōnan’in and corporate temple documents Table 4.3 Selected documents related to Ōbe Estate, Muromachi Period Table 5.1 Chronology of Hine Estate in Izumi Province Table 5.2 Archaeological sites on Hine Estate Table 5.3 Archaeological remains of the Hine site according to type Table 5.4 Hine Estate communities: Kamakura period Table 5.5 Hine Estate communities: Muromachi, Sengoku periods Table 6.1 Extant decrees: “Measures for the Increased Production of Miscellaneous Grains” Table 6.2 Cultivation at Ōbe Estate in the Nanbokuchō period Table 6.3 Approximate acreage of “loss” and “flooded” fields at Ōbe Estate Table 8.1 Strata within Tōdaiji in the Kamakura period Table 11.1 Sculptures at Chōgen’s Bessho (Namu Amidabutsu Sazenshū) Table 13.1 Landholdings of the Saionji family Table 14.1 All goods shipped on Onomichi boats to Hyōgo, 1445 Table 16.1 Akutō in the second Ōbe Estate case, 1322 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Even more than a monograph, a collective work such as this one is the product of many contributions and many interactions. As detailed in the introduction, the chapters in this volume are based on talks first pre- sented at a conference on the estate system at the University of South- ern California in June 2012. We would like to thank each contributor to the volume not only for his or her chapter or translation, but also for the questions and comments on other contributions at the conference and for lively participation in discussion and analysis of the estate sys- tem. Participants at the conference shaped the volume as a whole, and not only through their own presentations and essays. We would especially like to thank Professor Endō Motoo of the University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute, who introduced us in the first place to Ōbe Estate, a major topic of the conference and this volume, and who of course contributed one of its chapters. His assis- tance, in fact, went much further than that: along with his colleague, Professor Takahashi Toshiko, he helped to organize the conference from the Japan side and assisted with editing the bibliography, and he was our “point man” who contacted the Imperial Household Agency and secured their permission to reproduce the map that appears on the cover of our book. We are very grateful for the efforts of Professors Endō and Takahashi; without them there would have been neither a conference nor a conference volume.