Phonological pitch Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Tsay, Suhchuan Jane Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 23:15:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186900 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 Order Number 9511516 Phonological pitch Tsay, Suhchuan Jane, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1994 V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 PHONOLOGICAL PITCH by Suhchuan Jane Tsay A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 994 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by____ ~S~l~]b~c~b~]]~a~D~,~T~a~Due~T~s~a~y~ ___________ Phonological Pitch entitled --------------------------------------------------------------- and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree on ____D_o_c_t __ o_r __ o __ f __p_h_i_l_o __ s_o_p_h_y _______________ . .Y 12:~ )1~ ./rvvJJ]~ Date' g!2 3/ 1'3 Dr.J Rl• rd Demers Date . :d~ Y/:JJ /7') Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dr. Michael Hammond Dissertation Director 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I should thank the members of my committee. My advisor Mike Hammond has encouraged me to develop my own ideas since he taught my first phonology class. I'm grateful for his confidence in me. Dick Demers told me how to hang on to ideas that best fit the facts without being carried away by current trends. Kerry Green has helped me to be explicit in my thinking about phonetics. Dick Oehrle has always given me a wider perspective. I also have benefited enormously from discussions with james Myers on many, if not all, aspects of this thesis. It is a great pleasure to be a close friend of such a fine linguist. Other faculty members in the Department of Linguistics have helped this thesis too, including Sue Steele, whose encouragement in my first year came at the right time; Diana Archangeli, who establishes a high professional standard for me to follow; and jane Hill, whose expertise in historical linguistics has always impressed me. I also enjoyed discussing linguistics with my fellow students, including jean Ann, David Basilico, Tom Bourgeois, Lee Fulmer, Chip Gerfen, Sung-Hoon Hong, jorge Lemus, Raquel Mejia, Shaun O'Connor, Diane Ohala, and Pat Perez. The following people helped me in earlier stages of this thesis, although they might not recognize their contributions now: Mei-Chih Chang, C. C. Cheng, San Duanmu, Larry Hyman, Sharon Inkelas, Ian Maddieson, john Ohala, William Wang, and Moira Yip. Among them, Moira Yip deserves a special note for encouraging me in many ways in the study of tone even before I thought of a dissertation topiC. lowe my interest in linguistics to professors and advanced students I learned from when I was an undergraduate at National Taiwan University, including Ting Pang-Hsin, Long Yu-Chun, Du Chi­ Rong, Li Ren-Kuei, Mei Kuang, Ho Ta-An, and Yang Hsiu-Fang. Tom Bourgeois, Rosemary Emery, Li jen-I, Li Wo-Long, Lin Nai­ Wei, Liu Wen-Ling, Liu Feng-Hsi, Shi Kun-Long, Zhu Shen-Sheng, and many others were great company and they made the endeavor of writing the thesis more tolerable. Special thanks go to Cheng Kuo-Ying, C. C. Cheng, Anne and Oliver Myers, and especially james Myers, who shared the ups and downs of writing the thesis. Finally, I want to thank my family, although for them love means never having to say thank you. I wouldn't have made it without the love from them. 5 This thesis is dedicated to my dear folks -­ my father Tsay Ming-Fang the memory of my mother Huang Chin-Pi my sisters Chen-Hua and Suh-Ling my brothers-in-law Shi Ching-Chi and Wang Hong-Kuang my brothers Wu-Tian and Jih-Shen my sisters-in-law Chen Yue-Chun and Li Chen-Duo my nieces and nephews Ren-Je, Ren-yu, Tong-Lin, Kai-Wen, Rue-Lin, Ya-Ni, Han-Lin and a dear friend who always calls himself my "twin brother" - James Myers 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABS1RACT .................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 2 1.1 Phonological Pitch .................................................................................. 1 2 1.2 What is lexical tone? ............................................................................. 14 1.2.1 Pitch contrast at the phonological word level.. ............. 14 1.2.2 The descriptive notations of lexical tone ......................... 1 5 1.3 A new approach ...................................................................................... 1 8 1.3.1 A formal theory with phonetic motivations .................. 19 1.3.2 A formal theory with grammar-external constraints .................................................................................. 20 1.4 The nature of Phonological Pitch ..................................................... 2 4 1.5 Previous studies ...................................................................................... 2 6 1.5.1 The articulator-based approach ......................................... 27 1.5.2 The register-based approach ............................................. .33 1.5.3 The multiple-branching approach ................................... .3 5 1.5.4 The pitch-based approach ................................................... .3 7 1.5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................. 4 0 1.6 Summary .................................................................................................... 41 7 CHAPTER 2 THE GRAMMATICAL MECHANISMS OF PHONOLOGICAL PITCH ....................................................... 4 3 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 4 3 2.2 The tone feature ..................................................................................... 4 5 2.2.1 A multi valued tone feature ................................................ .4 5 2.2.2 Multivalued features and underspecification ............... 5 3 2.2.3 Are there universal default tones? .................................. 59 2.3 The Contiguity Hypothesis .................................................................. 6 7 2.4 Tone rules .................................................................................................. 73 2.4.1 Tonal phenomena ...................................................................... 74 2.4.2 Tone rules and auto segmental representations ........... 77 2.4.2.1 The devices of autosegmental phonology ...........77 2.4.2.2