Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea

March 2013

Report of the conference held at Chatham House, London, 6 December 2012 Chatham House has been the home of the Royal Institute of International Affairs for over ninety years. Our mission is to be a world-leading source of independent analysis, informed debate and influential ideas on how to build a prosperous and secure world for all.

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Preface v Introduction 1 Keynote Address 7 Challenges in the Gulf of Guinea 11 Summary of debate 22 Institutional Cooperation in the Gulf of Guinea 26 Summary of debate 27 Conference Programme 35 Biographies 37 Further Reading 40 About the Africa Programme 43 The African Studies Centre, Coventry University 43 page iv Audience attheChathamHouseconference research/africa. resources on and this other related topics, visit please www.chathamhouse.org/ Assistant, Programme, Africa Chatham House. University. This conference waswritten report Chris by Vandome, Administrative conference was held incollaboration Studies with African the Centre, Coventry Foreign &Commonwealth Office, Department the UN and of Political Affairs. The Nigerian Navy, International the Maritime Organization, INTERPOL, UK the issues, inorder to explore potential regional solutions problems. to these Nigeria, unreported and illegal, unregulated (IUU)fishing, and other maritime Particular attentionviews. was paid to and piracy oil in theft and emanatingfrom Gulfin the of Guinea’. two sessions on ‘Challenges Gulf inthe of Guinea’ and on ‘Institutional Cooperation ofDeputy Gulf the Executive of Secretary Guinea Commission. This was followed by in June 2012. event2012. The was a follow-up to aconference held on HMSDauntless inLuanda on ‘Maritime Gulf inthe of Guinea’, Security held at Chatham House on 6December The following thebased upon is report presentations and discussions at aconference Preface For more information, including recordings, transcripts, summaries and further In attendance were representatives from Gulf the of Guinea Commission, the the conferenceTheof purpose was to encouragepolicy-orientated sharing of The keynotegiven was speech by Ambassador Florentina Adenike Ukonga,

page v page vi Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Source: Googlemaps Source: Map 1:The GulfofGuinea 15º 15º Equator T Guinea Biss he Gambia Sierra Leone au Senegal 15º Guinea Liberi a Mali d’Ivoire Côte Burkina Faso Ghana

Prime Meridian S T ogo ão T Beni omé andPríncipe Equatorial Guinea n Nigeri a Gabon Cameroon Rep. of Congo 15º Namibi Angol DRC a a ecosystems directly contribute to livelihoods the of many Africans. region. At same the maritime time resources such asaquaculture fish, and intact gas, have which potential the to contribute significantly to development inthe Republic of Congo. continued into 2013 with attacks off coasts the of Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and the locations of 62reported the attempted and attacks actual in2012.This trend has compared with 39 in 2010, and a number of go cases unreported. Map 2 shows the Gulfin the of Guinea are on were also increase: the 53cases recorded in2011, EU NAVFOR Atalanta) that have reduced east of piracy Suez, but instances of piracy duepartly to counter-piracy successful operations off coast the of (operation Somalia watersin African 2003 and between 2011, and that proportion is increasing. This is and 47%of region’s the total oil supply. consumption same inthe year. Angola and Nigeria account, respectively, for 34% region in2011was equivalent to 40%of total EU27and 29%of total USpetroleum and over of half oil imports UScrude in2008(9.8mbbl/d). supply Oil from the to more than total the amount imported by EU27countries in2008(4.9mbbl/d) sourcethe of around 5.4million barrels of day oil per (bbl/d). This is equivalent and to depend alarge trade extent transport, and on region the sea-based is currently Maritime is an emerging security issue Gulf inthe of Guinea region. Introduction

1 Maritime is essential to maintaining security flowof the revenues from oil and Gulf inthe Piracy of Guinea accounted for nearly 30%of attacks (427of 1,434) region fromGuinea to Angola(-15°0’0”, -15°0’0”). of theEquatorand Prime Meridian(0°0’0”, 0°0’0” –seeMap1).Initswidestdefinitionit includesthe bytheintersection There isnocleardefinitionoftheGulfGuinea. Initsnarrowestdefinitionitisbounded 1 Energy security security Energy

page 1 page 2 Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Source: Source: Map 2:InternationalMaritimeBureauPiracyandArmedRobbery, 2012 15º 15º Equator T Guinea Biss he Gambia www.ics-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-map Sierra Leone au Senegal 15º Guinea Liberi Actual att Attempted att a Mali d’Ivoire ac Côte k ac k Burkina Faso Ghana

Prime Meridian S T ogo ão T Beni omé andPríncipe Equatorial Guinea n Nigeri a Gabon Cameroon Congo 15º Namibi Angol DRC a a of piracy, general maritime leading to IUU fishing insecurity is not only aregional of by being country the far largest the oil producer region. inthe issue the Beyond region.the Some of comparative the of problem the scale inNigeria may result the be are located indifferent countries. This of is evident rise attacks inthe elsewhere in issue as pirates cross international boundaries and attack foreign ships, and as many pinned on Nigeria, and maritime is aregional security rather than apurely Nigerian around dispersed be West dramatically Africa, escalating problem. the 10% of Niger the Delta population were displaced, three then million people would would to lead increased numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons. If unemployment has regional implications too. Increased violence Delta in the region crime, rising small-arms proliferation and insurgency, and levels high of youth present an immediate domestic economic problem, but toxic the mixof organized Delta is home to 30million people, 30%of whom are unemployed. not This does just has apopulation of around 150million, and average the age is only 19.The Niger or environmental degradation for of seas, the example). result challenges inacute future inthe security due insecurity to (food overfishing stocks, tourism and transport the of needs landlocked countries. Neglect could an integrated strategy includes environmental protection, management of fish regional that beyond goes policy immediate and needs reactive engagement. Such livelihoods and development. It should, however, within framed national be and are depleted. dynamic This global increases incentive the for solution. aglobal continuation have of activity will this an impact on world the markets fish as stocks (IUU) fishing by foreign both and vessels African is now a serious problem. The componenton as fish a crucial of unreported diet. Illegal, their and unregulated of regional nations. coastal The poorest 40%of regional the population depend person –above14kg per sub-Saharan the average of is 8kg–which fairly typical capitaper supply food products from and fish 2002–07was over fishery period the On the otherOn the hand, underlying the problems and root causes cannot simply be Much of problem the of oilmay theft have root causes in Nigeria. The country Maritime is important security for exploiting maritime resources, securing Fish stocks are an important source of protein for region. the Angolan annual Introduction

page 3 page 4 Fishing intheGulfofGuinea Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea subject of conference. this region. inthe and security The potential for establishing such amechanism was the forcalls consideration the of apermanent mechanism to enforce and monitor peace arms proliferation, terrorism theft, crude-oil and migration. As such, declaration the are anumber of issues transboundary that require an inter-state approach, such as member states to need establish regional cooperation and inter-state There dialogue. The declaration states that inresponse to increasing maritime insecurity, GGC Luanda the signed Declaration on Peace Gulf in the and of Security Guinea Region. economic development region. inthe Most recently, on 29November GGC 2012,the and to ensuringcollective action, with stability aview security peace, conducive to with maritime issues. It was established in2001as apermanent framework for integration and coordination of maritime initiatives. Guinea Commission (GGC). Geographical and mandate overlap argues for greater Maritimethe Organization of West (MOWCA) and Africa Central and Gulf the of States (ECOWAS), Economic the Community States of African Central (ECCAS), include these Economic the in maritime Community security; of West African regional alone. acting body Anumber of regional organizations share an interest impact market. on global the but problem, aglobal as stock depletion caused by West IUUfishing has African an 2 Of these various bodies, the GGC has variousthe largest the Of these bodies, mandate for specifically dealing ofEnsuring Gulf the security the of Guinea is beyond capacity the of any existing LuandaDeclaration-ENFINAL.pdf. Luanda DeclarationonPeace andSecurity, www.psgg.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ Introduction 2

page 5 page 6 Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Gulf ofGuineaCommission,speakingattheChathamHouseconference Ambassador FlorentinaAdenikeUkonga,DeputyExecutiveSecretary, the lessthe well patrolled coast of Togo. pirate attacks offcoast the of countries. both However, pirate attacks increased along 2011 for of sixmonths. an period initial inreducing This succeeded number the of established ajoint maritime patrol mechanism, Operation Prosperity, from October patrol maritime borders. and better equipment. In someprivate cases to have used firms been security also efforts with domestic law-enforcement agencies and coastguards, with more patrols establishment of Forces Special injoint This activities. has with criminal been to deal on focus issue anpractices. There the increased military with been the has also causes of criminality, including poverty reduction and establishing governance good said that at national the to areresolve level they andtrying political the economic territories intheir activities criminal on both land and at Ambassador sea. Ukonga unrestpolitical leading to disruption of hydrocarbons production. consequences for of fishermen artisanal region the and depletion of stocks; fish and third of production to offshore poaching and theft; overfishing, with disastrous as fewer ships at call with serious oil them; some theft, countries losing up to a through insurance higher premiums; decreasing revenues for of ports region the maritime transportation; increased costs of maritime transportation region inthe include an increased number of attacks on ships, presenting aseriousproblem to she provides an introduction to discourses the later conference. inthe is anThis edited section version of Ambassador Ukonga’s keynote address inwhich Keynote Address Some neighbouring countries are already working together. and Nigeria Benin The countries of region the have some taken actions incidence the to of curb Ambassador Ukonga stated that consequences the of unresolved these issues

page 7 page 8 Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea decided upon,decided adopted and implemented. require This will astrong and will political of international institutions that acomprehensive maritime strategy can be security strategy for maritime security. According to Ambassador Ukonga it is at level the Gulf inthe of moresecurity Guinea be fit into will ifthey effective aregion-wide thatthose are not well patrolled. so sustainability, move criminals the because partly from well-patrolled the areas to success. The operations expensive have and very there been are doubts as to their or international, has shown mechanisms that these all have met with limited that with different the experience the of types initiatives, national, whether bilateral for operation the of maritime groups. surveillance Ambassador Ukonga argued participating member state to contribute of is expected ECCAS men and equipment upset a maritime strategy for security its region. According to strategy, the each National, bilateral and international actions issues intackling of maritime In response to growing the menace of and at piracy ECCAS armed robbery sea, • Why istheGulfofGuineaimportant? • • • • Geographical location Gulf of Guinea to markets inEurope and America. Rich forestry, agricultural and mineral resources are these through: All exported the checks. security overall world. the Many are as there aresult illegally of inadequate and inappropriate Rich fishing and other marine resources: Fishing trawlers come to region the from world, inthe of oil new reserves it attracts also investments new for exploration. further onshoreboth and offshore and drilling, the since region thehas fastest rate of discovery Investment continues to supply France and other countries of Europe. and and China Japan on depend it for asubstantial amount of oil their and gas. It also of day.oil per crude The United Statessources 15% of its suppliesfrom the Gulf of Guinea, A major source of hydrocarbon resources: The region produces aboutbarrels 5.4million raises its importancefurther supply global inthe of energy. North for America transportation the of low-sulphur the oil from crude region the Europe and to America West, Its and Central Southern Africa. proximity to Europe and : Oil companies: Oil from West the and have East the made huge investments for : It is an important maritime route for commercial shipping from

systematic coordination incounter-piracy operations among countries of region. the onneeded information and intelligence-sharing and capacity, for need with afurther coordinating centre, building on work the and facilities of More ECCAS. emphasis is implemented.be Sub-regional centres designated could be as well as aregional capabilities ineachstate of region. the whole region. This would require development the of maritime-domain awareness forces of Regional the Economic Communities (RECs)but reorganized to cover the objective would establishment the be of a Gulf of Guinea Guard Force on the based strategy that cover will its whole maritime domain. The strategy’s long-term against Gulf inthe activities criminal of Guinea is acommon maritime security support and and financial the human resources that such aproject require. will commitmentpolitical from leaders of the region the political to give necessary the

In order for such astrategy to work anumber of measures would to need Ambassador Ukonga argued that what may required be for battle asuccessful • • • • • What arethechallenges faced? inadequate framework legal for prosecuting intercepted. when criminals Legal accidents from oil spills. Environmental of region. the challengepolitical is poverty among host the communities of rich natural the resources and fester, with devastating effects the on home governments of dissidents. One specific Political watersthe of region. the trafficking indrugsarms, persons; and unreportedillegal and and unregulated fishing in of hydrocarbon resources bunkering; pipeline on seas/illegal high the vandalism; illegal Economic maritime domain unpatrolled. concentration on region inthe land security over of along hasthe time left period to Angola, andSenegal uncoordinated withsurveillance weak patrols. security An over- Area : The Gulf of Guinea is avast expanse of water, stretchingfromalmost 6,000km : There are unclear definitions ofsea, as and piracy armed as at well an robbery : The maritime domainbecomes a breedinggood ground for dissent growto : There has been increased incidence of armed robbery at sea and piracy; theft : There increased incidencebeen has sea of and at armed robbery piracy; : Particularly pollution from exploitation and exploratory and activities, Keynote Address

page 9 page 10 improving situation security the region. inthe from and partners international the community at large geared that be towards will region is capable of devising asolution alone. There is therefore for aneed assistance such amechanism upon, is decided adopted and established. No inthe country to have amaritime mechanism security that can care take of entire the region, if an of increase use inthe private companies. armed security weapons.modern She said that there was potential for supplemented to this be by tothem confront gangs criminal that are heavily armed with sophisticated and and coastguard personnel, as well as investment inappropriate equipment to enable wouldthey have underpinned to by be large-scale capacity-building of naval the allowing member states to pursue across criminals maritime territorial boundaries. Such alevel of coordination and cooperation would have to include an agreement Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea In conclusion, Ambassador Ukonga said that GGCwas the inaunique position Ambassador Ukonga argued that inorder for prescriptions these effective to be with tentacles across globe. the organizationscale, and –are significance managing an international business export refining products for communities desperate for and fuel power. Some –far larger in and organized. Some of involved those are working for markets, local inefficiently a source of income. may While they appear chaotic, are activities these structured beyond recognition as thousands of demobilized militants have turned to as crime are not new, but since end the of militant the has grown crisis scale in 2009 their causing significant environmental and economic devastation. activities These ‘artisanal’ and theft Oil illegal refining Niger inthe Delta are increasing problems, Challenges intheGulfofGuinea Aerial viewofanillegal refineryintheNigerDelta(photocourtesy ofShellPetroleum Development Company).

page 11 page 12 lost revenue. increased operating also Crime costs interms of insurance higher premiums and of inreprisalContractors activities. criminal attacks killed had been for clampdowns. strain on and staff operations, diverting and time resources to battle consequences the system, as well as funding other structures. criminal corruption and violence. The proceeds entered of industry this financial global the Nigeria, worth an running billions industry of dollars, foundations the of were which soldiers. The networks were orchestrated by individuals inside both and outside risks. However, high the involved he said those Niger inthe Delta were just foot the unemployment Niger in the Delta, madewhich an crime attractive option despite to detect. country.the transfers These were conducted out at makingdifficult them sea, totaken larger tankers waiting offshore, transported which it to refineries outside population. byused local the But vast the majority of oil the was exported. It was of oil the that remained market generators local to inthe small fuel was used resulted inup to 80%of oil this dumped being into creeks. the The refined element oil remained market, local inthe refinement although rudimentary techniques to thieves transportthe oil around crude creeks. the amount A small of stolen the siphon oil, and boatyard operators helped who construct and supply barges to growing sophistication. It involved trained engineers returning each night to phenomenon involving with adeveloped supply industry aparallel chain and highlighting extent the of problem, the stating that it organized is ahighly criminal Shell spoke about oil the industry’s on issues. perspective these He bystarted schools and hospitals, competing for loyalty the population. of local the havein some they cases replaced government the inbuilding roads and providing revenues. are These organizations criminal a posing clear, hard threat, security and oil were stolen being each day, costing up country the to $1billion month per inlost Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea He emphasized that impact the on legitimate the put oil industry an enormous Attah underlying the identified problem as widespread the being poverty and Drawing on of his experience community engagement, Tony Attah of By Nigerian mid-2012,the government estimated as many as 400,000barrels of steps towards making it harder for to thieves attack pipelines. But at same the time punishment as to adeterrent. act judicial action.Iteffective on depended transparency also and publicizing the of detection and or of intervention, collection police the military evidence, arrests and level inside Nigeria, and at a regional and international level outside. It required delivering results. recommending technologies new and methodology, and efforts were these already panelscientific to on advise conservation and spill-site restoration, especially International Union for of Conservation the Nature up to set an independent thatasserted was this definitely not He case. the said that Shell had invited the of illicit the oileffect to trade divert attention away from its own failings, Attah The perilsofillegalrefining Attah said that Shell the Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria had taken For Attah, solution the required coordinated at action, both national the and local While there have claims been that Shell is voicing concerns on environmental the Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 13 page 14 also said therealso was an urgent for need others more to be involved. conferencethis were inbringing effective together them and producing but dialogue, acknowledged that some of actors these were room inthe and that events such as of various the problems many and partners organizations had arole to play. He dollars needed. commercial returns to encourage private the to sector invest tens the of billions of required legislative reform inNigeria to create attractive investment conditions and populationsto local area, inthe reducing demand their for illicit fuel. In turn, that powerin the and refinement to provide necessary sectors was also and fuel power create alternative and sustainable for livelihoods, especially young men. Investment conjunction with targeting Development oil theft. aid must effectively to used be job. the organized and crime terrorism appeared to provide ample instruments legal to do that profit from Attah activities. these stated that current legislation targeting purchase it when re-enters legitimate the market. with unique synthetic tracers, enabling identification of stolen oil at point the of stolen oil to and from Gulf the of Guinea. Shell lacing started has its oil also crude usingstart available the satellite to technology track and intercept illicit cargoes of argued that regional structures and security international governments to needed seizurethe of tankers, as yet there had not asingle conviction been for oil theft. Whileoil had this resulted theft. over refineries destruction and inthe 1,000illegal amended operational the mandate of ajoint task force to include prevention the of politicians, and media the other stakeholders. Subsequently, government the had problem, company the had initiated apublic campaign to raise awareness among efforts were made inone area, moved criminals the to another. this Recognizing of6,000km pipeline, it impossible was virtually entire the to secure network. When were thieves the becoming more innovative. Given that company the operated Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Attah noted that there was along list of priorities, and given broad the nature He highlighted anumber also of domestic issues that addressed to in be needed There is more done to be intracing international the flowsand financial networks Despite domestic responses, little done has been at international the level. Attah 270 in port areas.270 inport there have 108attacks been ininternational waters, 173interritorial waters and most attacks were against chemical, oil and gas tankers. In total over last the 10years within of jurisdiction the states coastal and therefore were not per. In piracy se 2012 pointed out that vast the majority of attacks over past the few years had occurred Maritime Safety Division of International the Maritime Organization (IMO). He personnel aboard ships. importantvery one of when private talks maritime companies security and armed limit, 12-mile the responsibility states. lieswith coastal the This distinction becomes tojurisdiction prosecute pirates, and states have an obligation to intervene. Within from 12 miles Beyond shore, is piracy a universal and crime any state can establish are against as armed classified robbery ships. The difference is one of jurisdiction. outside seas, range,high 12-mile the actions whereas criminal within territorial seas differentthese maritime areas. limit. More importantly, out document the sets what obligations the of states are in extending up to from 12miles shore; the and ‘High Seas’ beyond this as everything by most major maritime organizations. The document ‘Territorial defines Sea’ as on (UNCLOS), Law the of and Sea the its definitions and precedents are applied frameworklegal that was adhered to by various the countries region. inthe

operations going) and mugging. This is markedly different from taking piracy the for (e.g. to and steal fuel, food purposes logistic other resources to keep piracy the bydecreased 10%from 2011to 2012. reported, and despite much about talk rising region, in the piracy reported attacks 3 This difference was emphasized by Trelawny Chris deputy, the director of the 101ofArticle UNCLOS insuch piracy defines away that it is possible only on the The overriding document legal on maritime is UNConvention the security In order to optimize existing options, Attah argued that aclear thereto be needed Types of region inthe piracy include attacks directed at cargo, attacks out carried Statistics are based on reported incidents and the IMO isawarethattherealevelof under-reporting. Statistics arebased on reportedincidentsandtheIMO publishesinformation andstatisticsonglobalpiracytrendsitswebsite(www.gisis.imo.org). The IMO 3 Since 2002there have fluctuations been number inthe of attacks Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 15 page 16 the destruction of destruction fishingthe the grounds creates problem. asecurity region. The current fishing levels offcoast the of West are Africa unsustainable; and incomes; moreover provides fish over 50%of edible the protein consumed inthe of $10–23 billion. In most West countries African represents this much of national sustainable development. The fishing business area inthis has an estimated value oil, humans and stolen is which another goods, major factor Africa’s affecting far more important inWest of trafficking and guns, illegal than piracy; Africa unregulated and unreported fishing, is which amassive problem and probably to place their of origin. materials to West, the and helping to raise profits by processing resources the closer economic development as countries more trade instead within of Africa sending raw addressed. This would help to develop intra-African by thereby trade sea, promoting minimizing potential the for tourism inWest Africa. concerns given appalling the statistics on pollution, and off fish the is which killing andon inports preventing theft terrorism threats. There are environmental also Port aimed at Facility Code, more making ports Security effective, cutting down individual sovereign states. to multilateral whether and policies initiatives received adequate support from noticing’ 4,500tons the of stolen oil entering crude market. the of Guinea was largely related to hydrocarbon one theft, should ask was who ‘not issues was required, rather thanpirates stalking at Given sea. that Gulf in the piracy significantly governance practices.He argued that more on broader focus these crime, issue was aland-based and was asymptom of problems wider ashore, most alotalso more violent than piracy. Somali onplace off coast the of is akidnap-and-ransom which based Somalia, model. It is Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea The maritime issues wider that security IMO the is concerned about are illegal, According to Trelawny, issues relating to safety of navigation to need be also There are obligations to implement initiatives such as International the Ship and There are anumber of initiatives for region, the but Trelawny as was sceptical Trelawny stated that and piracy armed robbery, maritime or wider case inthis HMS DauntlessandRHIB have become favoured the staging area for narcotics smuggling across Atlantic the inconjunction them tackle with host-nation support. Parts of sub-Saharan Africa recognition that adeployed warship can domuch problems to highlight these and awareness of risks to the region, maritime inthis security and United the Kingdom’s spent operating inand around west the demonstrating coast of Africa, agrowing to West in2012.Four Africa out of months seven the of deployment the were Dauntless and training. is development the of domestic capacity through to doso assistance technical ultimately prosecute offenders. Apotential role for international the community frameworks, situational awareness and capacity the with issues the to deal and fishing, dumping, piracy, armed robbery, and search and require all rescue legal more countries be these will able to implement such strategies. Similarly, illegal is establishedOnce need the and potential the for making money exists, then Lt Cdr StephenLt Cdr Anderson, executive and officer second-in-command on HMS Sovereign countries to need develop own their maritime strategies. security , provided of an warship’s the overview recent AURIGA 12deployment Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 17 page 18 and timely intelligence assessment upon based organic and sources, external as capacity-buildinglocal area. inthis Anti-piracy efforts rely on having an accurate Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Air Picture region inthe during its deployment. White Shipping Plot, and wasprovider sole the Maritime of aRecognized and of own their efforts. and tightrope and boarding for maritime and Forces Special personnel insupport maritime safety and security. This included training inseamanship, leadership, agencies to help develop capacity maritime inthe environment and improve its choosing. government with option the to employ force military at and atime place of of resources; energy and being ready to fight, thereby providing British the protecting international the economy by safeguarding routes trade and flow the worldthe without to need draw the on acountry’s or infrastructure resources; humanitarian assistance by providing independent humanitarian aid around developing stable and cooperative relationships around world; the promoting in maintaining order good at promoting sea; partnerships by encouraging and at to United the sea Kingdom’s interests around and globe the playing a key role byconflict providing influenceand political choice; political providing security and represent adirect threat to safety the of mariners. revolveas all around acquisition the of weapons transactions, monetary and illegal element inmaritime region. inthe trade This is closely related to and piracy robbery towards particularly of Africa, Islands, Canary the has exacerbated criminal the north, known as ‘Highway 10’. Furthermore, human along trafficking west the coast of place takes by trafficking this air vicinity inthe and of sea latitude 10degrees owing to effectiveness the of maritime policing The Caribbean. majority inthe 4 As well as training functions, HMSDauntless was able to provide an accurate A key element of deployment the was working with other nations and Anderson said that functions Royal the Navy include can preventing fulfil then classified and colour-coded to give the full RMP – RecognizedMaritimePicture. then classifiedandcolour-coded togivethefullRMP that,ondetection,makeup awhiteshippingplot.Contactsare the AutomaticIdentification System(AIS) Under internationalmaritimelawallmerchant shippinghastotransmititspositionandidentificationusing 4 This demonstrated for need the

from inWest those Africa. come from countries Horn inthe there have while of no Africa, such been requests problem of under-reporting. red notices Of all received relating to piracy, almost all regional bureaus inAbidjan and Yaoundé. This task force with the has struggled solutionbased maritime the as well as domain. securing He agreed that was asymptom piracy and acorresponding there to be needed land- approach must to taken combat be from piracy alaw-enforcement perspective. require assistance. well as ‘patterns of life’ analysis. This is an area regional inwhich forces currently

HMS Dauntless the Global Maritime Global the Database, are all related to piracy. Somali 5 INTERPOL established an anti-piracy task force in2008and has established Yaron Gottlieb, senior counsel at INTERPOL, suggested that amore holistic www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/051212summary.pdf. can befoundin‘Policing INTERPOL’, Chatham HouseRoundtableSummary, 2December 2012, which cannotissueinternationalarrestwarrants. AnoverviewofINTERPOL’s noticesand policingefforts A rednoticeisthehighest-prioritylevel of requestforthearrestapersonissuedbyINTERPOL, 5 Similarly, of hundreds the ofrecorded suspects piracy in Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 19 page 20 scale criminal activity to terrorism criminal scale but is not this There necessarily case. the has been oftenalso corrupt. corruptionpolitical and direct, violent engagement forces police with local that are involving heavily armed groups, levels high of violence, operations to close shore, the Gulfthe of Guinea markedly has been different, following model an armed-robbery pirates tend to avoid violent confrontation; and operate they far out in Piracy to sea. following akidnap-and-ransom model. Vessels and hostages are for taken ransom; potential, stepped in. However,they about has piracy been Somali gain financial reaction to domestic issues. Then, once organized networks criminal saw the For example, and Somalia inboth Nigeria initiative as started alocal piracy in with what happening has been offcoast the of There Somalia. are some similarities. statesAfrican routes make ideal them for originating drugs inSouth America. organizedto global crime. The institutions weak and governance poor of some West conditions. For example, and political economic local conditions conducive can be problemthe requires solutions global that are tailored environments to local or and ideas As implement global take criminals at them level, addressing alocal This of was part what he referred to as a‘glocalization’ of anti-piracy efforts. problems direction local because general the policy be often require solutions. global from rather global the than aregional Gottlieb perspective. argued that should this on grounds the that it is classified. and investigation. There where have cases information been also withheld has been forces, institutional and lack necessary the they knowledge for evidence-gathering there inability highlighted their are They evidence. to collect not law-enforcement in Somalia. – thatindustry are not to coordinated used experience initial the action, as was also four mainof types actors –navy and coastguard, police, judiciary, and private Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Gottlieb remarked that there to atendency post-9/11 relate has been any large- Gottlieb said that discussions inevitably of will draw piracy comparisons In November Council, for piracy first time, the UNSecurity 2012the discussed navalIn of Africa, forces case the East have achieved alot, but experiences their With regard to maritime issues there security cooperation to needs be between existing frameworks legal such as UN Convention the on Transnational Organized institution, but it case inthis would more be to effective address issue the using phenomenonnew such aswas to this adopt convention anew and create anew and resources. networks, and law-enforcement challenges such as lack of personnel, training counter fishing, demonstrated which illegal that relationship acertain didexist. concluded that counter-piracy operations to lead success also inoperations to have become hotspots for processing the fishing. AUNassessment of illegal mission is currently happening in West such ports as African Abidjan and Dakar, which people,such indrugs, arms, as trafficking counterfeit medicine and cigarettes. This domain,certain organized groups available criminal all identify will opportunities, This follows afairly normal pattern oforganized global crime. Once established ina Haram,Boko for example, but there are to links other forms of activity. criminal little suggesting evidence that pirates the operating inNigeria are cooperating with speakingattheChathamHouseconference Yaron Gottlieb,INTERPOL, Gottlieb argued that typical the response of international the community to a Further problems are lack of communication and insufficient of use communication Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 21 page 22 Royal NavyLynx HMSDauntless helicopteraboard already preparing to deploy. following perceived their success Gulf inthe of Aden, with floating armouries companiessecurity (PMSCs).They are keen to get involvedthe in Gulf of Guinea A number of concerns were during raised discussion the regarding private maritime Summary ofdebate resolvepolitical region inthe to combat corruption and organized crime. resolutions and anumber of conferences discussing issue the and strengthening recentalthough theregood had been responses Council with two the UNSecurity consideredbeen seriousenough for engagement by international the community, as basis for the frameworksufficient legal to extradition serve requests. of case in the Crime. counter-piracy This used can be on and open the seas it has a Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Gottlieb acknowledged that until recently Gulf inthe piracy of Guinea had not underlying governance and issues. legal A law-enforcement void presents athreat to counter-piracy mechanism. ones, regarded to needs local be especially as alast resort rather than as an effective region inthe case asnot the demonstrating was seen been why of use the PMSCs, of use the expensive hardware, most notably helicopters.that, The fact so far, this has toled firefights. Furthermore, effective counter-piracy operationsdependent are on captain.the so far in The PMSCs used havewhichWestill-trained, Africa hasbeen are trained and highly deployed, there to be mainly very to need be to advise they mechanisms such as placing the of wire barbed on vessels. When armed personnel without using companies these by using non-lethal defences and anti-boarding as ensuring the of well-planned routes. Effective anti-piracy measurestaken canbe vessel is alast resort. Their role be must to restricted organizationalknowledge such Gulf of Guinea. that putting armed personnel on vessels would to lead unmanaged violence inthe moreto be violent than that Gulf inthe of Aden and elsewhere. There was aconcern and considered. PMSCshad the been As already noted, inWest piracy tends Africa provided by government the or, ifnot, by private the sector. and personnel, but and satellite surveillance are technology be This to needs crucial. Nigerianthe Navy. The is thefocus accumulationNigerianon military of hardware participation iftheir especially increases. in alreadyoperations, used being but there are concerns regarding legitimacy, their by members of Nigerian the Navy. Nigeria is not averse to are PMSCsper as se they vessel, but PMSCsare already providing equipment and boats that are manned then authority in Nigeria. The Navy is responsible for puttingpersonnel armed onto a ships coming into Nigerian territorial waters without under being control the of any It was argued that pressure increased peer on states to addresswas needed topicOn the of PMSCsit was emphasized that of use the armed personnel on a It was asked potential the whether for violent confrontation pirates the between PMSCs are for already used gathering intelligence that is communicated then to The Nigerian Navy’s concern over the use based of PMSCsona is fear of different Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 23 page 24 reported. It is accepted that under-reporting interms of both occurs, not reporting implicated. It was stated that IMO the data on attacks piracy are on what based is was any to suggestevidence that sometimes crews the of vessels the attacked were one another. more the because agencies work together, more the are they able to monitor fishery-protection officers and customs officers. Such operations are beneficial havewhich astake maritime inthe sector. For example, Navy the to transport is used Ghana there are 15different agencies represented on such acommission, all of establishing national maritime commissions security countries. within these In to push IMO the this, for isRecognizing trying joined-up maritime thinking, large is amatter of national rather than departmental or institutional concern. However, Trelawny challenged by this saying that maritime law enforcement writ is a symptom of failing agencies and institutions. Individual agencies are failing. structures on land, and extends this into maritime the domain. Arguably, lack this do, cannot this replace engagement the institutions. of local INTERPOL can provide training, equipment and resources, but however much they involvementthe of international wider the community. International actors such as regarding information the gathered up to now regarding activity, illegal as well as on that arefact they unable them. to tackle to hide Countries oftenor try avoid these problems becausethey are ashamed the of smugglers. The firststage tackling in such a problem is torecognize itsexistence. forcespolice have to links international cartels, pirates, drug fishers illegal and such as rebuilding the of industry. there attractive to need be alternative options for activities to criminal young men, fishinggrounds affectsother countries the in region. other countries as well. Given that fish are migratory, a statethat fails to protect its Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Finally the issueFinally the of was ‘insider piracy’ covered. It was asked or whether not there It was pointed out that anumber of countries region inthe lack enforcement subjectOn the of information-gathering, it is important to manage expectations It was mentioned that insome countries region inthe members and of military maritimeBeyond law enforcement and maritime development more generally, importance of having personnel. well-trained security is a major law-enforcement and governance issue, and highlights yet again the teamssecurity boarding boats with empty bagsand leaving ones. with full This IMO didnot know was who involved. It received had also anecdotal of evidence inoil part theft, taking butbecause such incidents were not reported the officially IMOthe had received anecdotal of evidence crew were who not paid being regularly attacks and of reporting but them withholding some information. Trelawny said that Challenges intheGulfofGuinea

page 25 page 26 by Nigeria. jointthe patrols by Nigerian the and Equatorial Guinean navies are 90%-funded There are dramatic differences ability inthe and to willingness pay. For example, systemssurveillance leading to alack of maritime domain awareness and funding. regional cooperation. of understanding (MoU) and adoption the of multilateral agreements for agreement and ECCAS between ECOWAS to continue towards amemorandum AFRICOM Centre and for Africa the Strategic Studies, Security resulted inan better understanding of for. value the and is called of usefulness the sea the This relates to issue the of ‘sea appreciation’. At level region political inthe the a cooperation, in recognition of importance the of maritime challenge.the security regionalbetween institutions, but there now in regionala shift to seems be cooperation region. inthe challenges for regional institutions, and Nigeria’s on perspective institutional and efforts of regional institutions Gulf inthe of Guinea, areas of cooperation and interests there, as well as countries the of region the themselves. sub-regional institutions such as ECOWAS and and ECCAS; numerous states with such as UNand the IMO; regional institutions such as AU, the GGCand MOWCA; There are many relevant stakeholders Gulf inthe of Guinea: institutions global Gulf ofGuinea Institutional Cooperationinthe Ati-John challenges the highlighted institutions facing these as inadequate In March 2012aconference on region, maritime inthe security facilitated by He noted that until recently there relatively had been low levels of cooperation KennethCommodore B. Ati-John of Nigerian the Navy spoke about priorities the in connection with criminalization the at activities of illegal sea. adopted to be needed and adequately implemented at national the level, in particular of maritime resources throughout West frameworks Regulatory and Africa. Central general, there was aclear for need better regulation, monitoring and management regions these all in which could convene issues. to these He discuss stated that, in in at level technical the as adecision-making body. and with finance. the RECsto the deal He argued that MOWCA brought could be was already in place, body political necessary with GGC as the high the everything signs of progress. seminar on implementation the of IMO/MOWCA the project. there are So some seminar inpartnership with IMO. the Angola organized has also first national the but has this not implemented been by fully participating states. forces. far has this So resulted MoU in the of Integrated the Guard Coast Function, are working incollaboration on aproject on regional the integration of coastguard has not implemented been Furthermore as was expected. MOWCA and IMO the was intendedin South Africa to determine regional cooperation. Unfortunately it improvements made. to Maritime be The African Transport in2010 Charter passed are already interacting with eachother invarious ways. However, there are many representation to IMO, the stated that at some level countries the region inthe andpartners stakeholders. Partnership The African Station is one such initiative. by ongoing anti-piracy and joint maritime patrols of as part Operation Prosperity. aimed at improving West inthe security sub-region. African This is demonstrated through partnerships with its neighbours and international the community. and that believes attainment the of achieved region maritime inthe be security will He concluded by proposing establishment the of aGulf of Guinea maritime forum, Jacinto was optimistic about constructing aregional solution, arguing that Some countries have made efforts: for example, Ghana has conducted aregional F.A.Olivio Jacinto, senior the maritime adviser for Angola’s permanent At multinational the level, Nigeria continues to work with other international At bilateral the level, Nigeria at has been forefront the of enhancing cooperation According to Ati-John, Nigeria committed is fully approach to acollective security Institutional CooperationintheGulfofGuinea

page 27 page 28 Speakers attheChatham Houseconference Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea will andwill commitment should go beyond competition the of institutional agendas and made to avoid amultiplication of processes and initiatives, and that genuine political regionalthe level maritimedomain. inthe security MOWCA initiatives, basis for as agood such could expanded serve cooperation at Maritime Strategy. analysis suggested Expert that ECCAS’ strategy, as well as ongoing at continental level –through Union African the –to develop an Integrated African would build upon existing instruments and frameworks and efforts initial the feed of andat piracy which was only armed robbery sea one dimension. Such astrategy an integrated strategy that would comprehensively address maritime the domain, domain sustained to be needed and expanded. This included development the of and made some observations on success. their In terms of inter-institutional cooperation, Pecci argued that efforts should be She stated that emerging the inter-regional cooperation maritime efforts inthe JannottiFrancesca Pecci on to dialogue , added the existing institutional efforts transnational units crimes inanumber of West countries. African Such initiatives Initiative –that aimed at building national capacities through establishment the of and were (UNODC) Crime implementing ajoint initiative West –the Coast Africa for West Department the of Africa, Political on Affairs and Drugs UNOffice the of tolinked acts andat piracy In armed robbery latter sea. this regard UNOffice the networks criminal tackle ‘on land’ that were widely acknowledged closely to be and overall to strengthen state institutions and of and secondly law; to rule the of public money that to address used could be youth unemployment and poverty, on land’, serious efforts to combat corruption were first, to prevent crucial: loss the atactivities As sea. it was widely acknowledged that ‘efforts to combat start piracy of importance the of eradicating root causes that to proliferation lead the of illicit response incorporating issues land-based such as governance and justice the sector. centres; interoperability of naval responses; and for need the acomprehensive to include exchange of information among regional both states and maritime their economicbetween development for need the coordination, and maritime security; developing such afunding scheme. major stakeholders and taxes on commercial atactivities contribute could all sea to international assistance. state Regular appropriations, budgetary contributions from developed on basis the of a collective self-taxation scheme capable of catalysing ‘political’ organizations (ECOWAS, and ECCAS GGC)currently leading efforts. as and technical the programmaticwell to placed serve forum insupport of three the coherent and systematic approach. MOWCA, with support the of IMO, the could be duplication and fragmentation of effortshad which potential the to undermine a sustained to be needed and integrated fully ongoing inthe to avoid efforts with aview of perspective the fostering and sustaining regional African integration as awhole. contribute on its based comparative advantage. more the This was all important in ‘vanitythe of leadership the role’ to astrategy where identify eachinstitution can In drawing up astrategy, Pecci said, regional stakeholders must not sight lose Pecci on efforts focus saidthat ownership; it African was further crucial link the issueOn the of funding, Pecci stated that a sustainable instrument to be needed In context, this MOWCA/IMO the Sub-regional Integrated Coastguard Network Institutional CooperationintheGulfofGuinea

page 29 page 30 ships suspected of carrying outships ship-to-ship of suspected illegal carrying operations were captured and have resulted inimmediate positive results. In 2011 alone, October two large tanker 2011, Nigeria have and Benin cooperated on combined anti-piracy operations that ongoing work to operationalize RECinitiatives. the As noted above, since September months to create acooperative maritime approach, security as well as supporting the includedeffective steps technical jointly taken by and ECCAS ECOWAS in recent and international coordination. by advising, training and equipping forces security local and by promoting regional security. The role of international the community was to support capacity African leadershipAfrican and regional cooperation area inthe of maritime safety and and sub-regional the organizations such and as ECCAS ECOWAS to promote both operations such as ship boarding and searches, and working Union with African the coastguards, navies or some other units) conduct inthe of maritime law-enforcement systems of West states, African training law-enforcement their authorities (whether void. aperceived security fill This involved strengthening laws the and legal the rather than expanding regional naval forces or deploying Western naval forces to building capacities partner with at crimes to as law-enforcement deal sea challenges, means of countering and illicit trafficking piracy. building among regional the nations and regional organizations security as best the to its broader Theatre Campaign Plan for entire the continent) centring on capacity- organizations, AFRICOM had developed aSubordinate Campaign Plan (subordinate Dell industriesextractive open to trade. to respond conditions to these and keep transportation vital corridors and offshore took that position that aregional approach to maritime was only the way security remained unpredictable. sustained to be and politically needed both financially, funding their while Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea He said that existing regional cooperation and agreements that were proving He explained that on premise strategy was the the based that solution the lay in The AFRICOM Deputy Commander for Affairs, Civil Ambassador Christopher Given nature the both of challenge the and geography the of zone, the AFRICOM , stated that, inorder to strengthen ability the of states African and regional capacity through tailored training, and combined exercises and operations, which in support of regional Partnership Africa efforts –the Station. This builds partner or operations Gulf inthe of Guinea; however, it have does amaritime programme help breathe life into them. Obangame and Saharan Express to reinforce draft operational these agreements and The USnaval component of AFRICOM conducting has been exercises such as and maintaining joint coordination centres and implementing aregional strategy. conducting cross-border patrols, sharing law-enforcement intelligence, establishing safety ashared and security responsibility. Together member the states are now zones underand ECCAS ECOWAS. This regional approach makes maritime comprehensive maritime agreements, effectively which establish regional maritime supported and assisted first step drafting the efforts. Acritical of has inthese been tanker were from rescued attempted pirate attacks. handed over authorities to Benin the for prosecution, and three fishing vessels and a Non-lethal counter-piracy measures The United States not does have acounter-piracy presence with dedicated assets To United the inpiracy stem rise the States and other international have partners Institutional CooperationintheGulfofGuinea

page 31 page 32 and treaties. team, operating from a US vessel to support host the nation’s enforcement of laws nation’s own law-enforcement boarding team along with aUSCoastguard boarding Enforcement Partnership. AMLEP’s operations typically employ an host African PartnershipAfrica Station, AFRICOM was sponsoring Maritime African the Law entire continuum of maritime law enforcement. Therefore, in addition to the reality countries few African was that had capacity the very integrate to fully the and with confiscated the contraband. Just making an arrest was not enough. The withladen cocaine, you must able criminals be judicially with to alleged the deal protect sovereignty. African If you fishing vessel an or illegal seized boat asmall maritime and law-enforcement actions that complied with international law and regional integration. maritime domain awareness, enhance maritime professionalism and facilitate are conducted on an individual state and regional programmes basis. These increase Non-lethal counterpiracy measuressuch asbarbedwireandlookouts Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Dell said thatDell maritime enforcement tackling security had about to be combined attention of APSA, land the issues have prioritized been over maritime security. This componentsmilitary of RECs.In the risks that assessing security required the the Peace African the Architecture and Security (APSA)framework, created which the to help combat corruption it because had funds and the required. experience practices. It was argued that international the community had amoral responsibility and support of international the community to help indeveloping domestic good shaming’, challenging people or making arrests. Rather, it involved engagement the However, it that was asserted way the to combat such issues was not by ‘naming and waswhich often characterized institutionsby weak poor and governing practices. was ending up. of solution the was to trackoil the after it was stolen and find whereout the money number of other countries and was keen to have a stable relationship with Part them. international community was IUUfishing. Angola sharedthe with coastline a Gulf was centred on Nigeria. One of main the concerns for region the both and the was highlighted that maritime issues Gulf inthe extended beyond piracy, which and corruption. state capacity issues, ability the to coordinate such aplethora of organizations, The debate followingsecondset the of presentations on regionalfocused and Summary ofdebate Resolutions 2018and 2039,could become amilestone fight. inthis April 2013to address piracy, as recommended by United Nations Council Security effectivenessthe of Ghana’s Master Plan of for and Oil the Gas Industry. Security the installations. For example, it had provided assistance inevaluating and validating develop improved capabilities for providing to vessels both and security offshore Dell finished by finished Dell saying that heads of the state meeting of ECOWAS and in ECCAS He said that AFRICOM supporting was also efforts by regional governments to The military functions theThe RECs military of were and decided outlined the by withinAU It was agreed that alarge of part problem the related to governance onshore, In response to aquestion on Angola’s motives for involvement on issue, the it Institutional CooperationintheGulfofGuinea

page 33 page 34 increased the visibilityincreased the on subject. the However, now this to lead action. needed House and Luanda the Conference on Peace Gulf inthe of and Guinea, Security had number of recent conferences and events on issue, the by such led as those Chatham on one the hand, and operational capability on other. the It was that recognized the such projects. example of‘Bigso-called The this. Brother’ states the take lead to on needed of IMO the and MOWCA. Operation Prosperity was mentioned as asuccessful together of with idea the eventually bringing more inthe expertise ad hoc specific UNofficethe was CentralAfrica to ECOWASbringECCAS, for the GGC and In response it was stated that one of aims the for UNoffice the forAfrica Westand GGC, and there were questions about possibility the of dovetailing of aspects these. referred to efforts the ECOWAS,of ECCAS, CRESMAC, SADC, MOWCA theand organizations engaged maritime in the domain. Many of presentations the had of challenges. were better organized and had better resources to respond to some of kinds these as some stakeholders, such as multinational corporations, had better structures, suggested that was this one area that couldfrom benefit private-sector involvement not available or are inadequate. The APSAwas cited as an example this. of It was organization not inaposition will be to address challenges those assetsare ifthe in place and organization at government the on level, good looks paper, which the reiterated debate. inthe Even there when is adisaster-management architecture capacity issues. This was one the of mainthemesthe in presentations and was fully discussed. The idea of adding a maritime component this to is relatively new and as yet not concern waswhose to intervene incountries inpeacekeeping operations. and peace reflects alimited understanding the importanceof politicalsea the elite,of by Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Other commentsOther disjuncture highlighted the and will readiness political between Theresense bewilderment was a of regardingthe plethora of international maritime efforts Both security and governance development are hampered by

10:30–10:50 Chatham House,London, 6December2012 Conference Programme 14:00–15:30 13:00–14:00 Lunch 10:50–13:00

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Coventry UniversityCoventry Chair: for Political Affairs, Gulf of Guinea Commission, Luanda Amb. Florentina Adenike Ukonga, Deputy Executive Secretary Mediation Division, United Nations Department of Political Affairs Francesca Jannotti Pecci, Political Affairs Officer, Policy and Representation to International the Maritime Organization Olivio F. A.Jacinto, Maritime Senior Adviser, Angola Permanent Commodore Kenneth B. Ati-John, Nigerian Navy Commonwealth Office : JaninaChair Cieciora, Head of Maritime Security, Foreign & HMS Dauntless, Royal Navy Lt StephenCounter-piracy Cdr and maritime Anderson, security: International Maritime Organization Piracy: Shell Petroleum Development Sustainable Development and Community Relations, oiltheft: TonyCrude Attah, Manager, General Keynote Address Session 2:Institutional Cooperation Gulf inthe of Guinea Session 1:Challenges Gulf inthe of Guinea Professor Baker, Bruce Director, Studies African Centre, Chris Trelawny,Chris Deputy Director Maritime Safety Division,

page 35 page 36

15:30–15:45 Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Law; and Head, Programme,Law; Africa Chatham House VinesAlex OBE, Research Director, Area Studies and International Reconciliation Studies, University Coventry Captain (ret.)Chair: Ioannis Chapsos, Centre for Peace & Activities,Military United States Command Africa Amb. Christopher W. Deputy Dell, to Commander the for Civil- Final closing session: remarks served with the staff of with staff the Commander Unitedserved Kingdom Maritime Forces, assisting in Command inHMSDauntless, one of Royal the Navy’s Type new 45destroyers. He andLieutenant Commander Stephen Anderson is Executive the in Second Officer related issues. on facilitation the of maritime global transport, maritime security, and piracy governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations He Section. is responsibleSecurity for advising and liaising with IMO member Maritime and Facilitation. Security Prior to that, he of was head the Maritime the International Maritime Organization (IMO) incharge of Sub-Division the for Chris Trelawny is Deputy the Director of Maritime the Safety Division at the business performance oil inthe and gas Industry. Niger Delta operations, situation socio-political the and issues relating and to social and municipal governments Niger inthe Delta. He has extensive of experience the Sub-Saharan He Africa. is responsible for company relationships with regional Tony Attah is Vice President of Health, Safety, and Environment Security for Shell in 2007. her appointment at as Deputy Gulf Executive the of Secretary Guinea Commission actively involved been in maritime issues Gulf in the security of Guinea region since over 30years as Under-Secretary for Affairs. African Ambassador Ukonga has worked of Foreign Ministry inthe Affairs of Federal the Republic of Nigeria for (Political Affairs) at Gulf the of Guinea Commission inLuanda, Angola. She Ambassador FlorentinaAdenikeUkongais Deputy the Executive Secretary Biographies

page 37 page 38 Activities of United the States Command. Africa He is acareer member of Senior the Ambassador Christopher W. Dellis Deputy to Commander the for Civil-Military of law and protection of civilian issues. West and for Africa United the Nation Stabilization Mission DRC, inthe on rule the 2012. Previously, she worked for as officer a political United the Nations in Office Department of Political Affairs at United the Nations Headquarters inDecember Francesca JannottiPecci joined Policy the and Mediation Division of the non-governmental organizations on matters related to maritime transport. international conventions as well as interacting with international organizations and from ships, maritime security, cooperation, technical matters piracy and in matters relating to work the of IMO, the such as, among others, pollution November 2006.He responsibility has primary for advising representation the Representation of Angola to International the Maritime Organization (IMO) since Olivio F.A. Maritime Senior Jacintohas been Adviser for Permanent the Staff of National the Defence College. Command; of Principal National the Staff Officer Defence Academy; and Directing includepostings at Operating Chief headquarters the Officer of Western the Naval at Western the Naval Command since inLagos March 2011.His previous service Commodore Kenneth B.Ati-John has held position the of of Chief Staff Officer member of Israeli the and New the York State Bars. international international law; cooperation; police and maritime piracy. He is a His main of fields published research are protection of cultural property under Yaron Affairs of Gottliebis Counsel at a Senior of Legal INTERPOL. Office the Gulf inthe piracy of Aden and Basin. Somali workinghas experience with USCombined the Task Force fight 151inthe against establishmentthe of counter-piracy operations Gulf inthe of Aden in2008,and he Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea civil war when serving there as an ambassador. warcivil serving when C. FrasureRobert Award for his role in helping Angola through aftermath the of its including Award Presidential the Distinguished Service and State the Department’s Foreignwith rank the of Career Minister. Service, He has received numerous awards, Biographies

page 39 page 40 Baker, M.L.,2011,‘Toward an Maritime African Economy: Empowering the AU, 2010b, ‘Towards Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy’ (www.africa_union.org/ AU, Integrated 2010a,‘2050:Africas Maritime Strategy’ (www.au.int/pages/maritime) Selected publicationsonmaritimesecurityandtheGulfofGuinea: Publications are listed indate order. at: accessed be www.chathamhouse.org Chatham House conference resources, including programme and presentations can Further Reading International CrisisGroup, Gulf of 2012,‘The Guinea: The New Danger Zone’ 2010,‘ECCASECCAS, protocol (French) on Security’ African (www.africa-union. College Review College UnionAfrican to Revolutionize Maritime African the Sector’, Naval War root/ua/conferences/2012/avril/psc/07avril/maritime.htm) the-new-danger-zone.aspx) (www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/195-the-gulf-of-guinea- Safety_Strategy-Documentation/ECCAS_Protocol.pdf) States_06-07_April_2010_Experts_Meeting_on_Maritime_Security_and_ org/root/ua/conferences/2010/avril/psc/07avril/African_Union_Member_ Economy--Empowering-the) b49b0b07-c0a4-41e1-964d-dc37cf03e0b0/Toward-an-African-Maritime- , Vol. 64,No. 2,Spring 2011(www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/ Vogel, A.,2009,Navies versus Coast Guards: Defining the Roles of African Maritime UN, 2012b, ‘UNSC Resolution 2039 6723rdUN, 2012a,‘Security Council Meeting (AM):Gulf of Guinea Piracy UN, 2011,‘United Nations (UNSC)Resolution Council 2018’October Security Traub-Merz, and Yates, R. D. 2004,Oil Policy (eds), in the Gulf of Guinea: Security Stead, S.,Chitiyo, K.,Potgieter, J. and Till G.,2010,Maritime Development in Onuoha, F.C., 2012,‘Piracy and Maritime Gulf inthe of Guinea’, Security Al Nincic, D., Vreÿ, F., Onuoha, F.C. etal., 2009,African Security, Vol. Review 18, Malaquias, A.,2012,‘Ask The Growing Expert: the Threat of Pirates Oil inWest Leijenaar, A.,2012,‘Africa Should Wake Up to Importance the of an Integrated org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AfricaBrief_2.pdf) Security Forces Brief, No. Security , Africa 2009(http://africacenter. 2,December org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10558.doc.htm) United Front inResponse, Top Council’ tells (www.un.un. Security UNOfficial “Clear Threat” to Security, Economic Development of Region; Countries Need 2011 (http://daccess- ods.un.org/TMP/2670638.26322556.html) (http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/02115-inf.htm) Economic& Conflict, Growth, Social Development, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Commisioned_Reports/BD1003_Maritime-Development-in-Africa.pdf) Discussion Paper 2010/03(www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/Brenthurst_ Africa: An Independent Specialists’ Framework, The Brenthurst Foundation, 612123210113333.htm) Jazeera Center for Studies (http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/06/2012 ca27ccdb-f7a3-4614-bb43-218c3f4f19fd/en/A9RD5.tmp.pdf) ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/112047/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/ No.3, Institute Studies, for Security Pretoria, (http://hawk.ethz. South Africa Africa’s Gulf of Guinea’, Centre for Africa Strategic Studies medium=Email&utm_campaign=ISS%2BWeekly) org/iss_today.php?ID=1552&utm_source=ISS%2BWeekly%2B40&utm_ Maritime Strategy’, Institute Studies, for Security Pretoria (www.issafrica. Further Reading

page 41 page 42 US Africa Command (AFRICOM):US Africa www.africom.mil/ United Nations (UN):www.un.org/en/ Maritime Organization of West (MOWCA): and Africa Central www.amssa.net/ International Maritime Organization (IMO): www.imo.org/ Economic Community of West States African (ECOWAS): www.ecowas.int/ Economic Community States of African Central www.ceeac-eccas.org/ (ECCAS): UnionAfrican (AU): www.au.int/ Organizations: Maritime SecurityintheGulfofGuinea framework/MOWCA.aspx • internationally. Current research areas include: to improve quality the of information available and to decision-makers policy- research and debate on Africa’s international politics.Programme The Africa works Programme has grown to becomeworld’s the largest independent centre for policy and continent African the as awhole. Since its establishment Africa in2002,the research on issues affecting individual statestheir international of Africa, relations ProgrammeThe Africa Chathamat House develops foreignpolicy-orientated theAfrica ProgrammeAbout wwwm.coventry.ac.uk/RESEARCHNET/AFRICANSTUDIES. For enquiries about further Centre the and its research visit: and productive policy-related research centres United inthe Kingdom. and has established areputation among scholars African as one of most the effective research The centre inAfrica. as a acts platform for inter-disciplinarypartnerships, The CentreAfrican Studies trans-disciplinary is a hub, supporting learning and The African StudiesCentre, Coventry University • • • • More information is available at www.chathamhouse.org/africa. Governance Piracy Africa Peace Resources and in and the security; and armed and international society. corruption; non-state and system; actors;

page 43 Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea

Maritime insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea is of international concern. Piracy, illegal over-fishing and crude oil theft are a growing threat. The issue is attracting increasing attention from regional and international governments and bodies.

A number of institutions are currently acting on the issue, most prominently the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC), alongside the Regional Economic Communities and international organizations such as the African Union and the UN. The regional nature of the problem requires a regional response to be an integral part of the solution. However, many efforts thus far have been undermined by lack of capacity and weak governance.

The purpose of the conference was to encourage a policy-orientated exchange of views, identifying potential opportunities for regional solutions. What emerged from the presentations and discussions challenges the tendency to portray the GGC as a panacea.

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