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Reader Zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte Reader zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte Teil 5: Naturwissenschaften I – von Walter Höflechner - Zentrum für Wissenschaftsgeschichte - Graz, März 2008 1 Prähistorie, vor- und außerklassisches Altertum - Mesopotamien, Ägypten, China, Indien................................ 8 1.1 Prähistorisches................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Mesopotamien................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Mathematik........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Astronomie......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Medizin............................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Ägypten........................................................................................................................................................ 14 1.3.1 Mathematik ....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Astronomie ........................................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.3 Medizin............................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Indien............................................................................................................................................................ 18 1.5 China............................................................................................................................................................ 20 2 Klassisches Altertum.......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Grundlegende Vorstellungen....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Natur der Materie............................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Mathematik................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Die führenden griechischen Mathematiker........................................................................................ 29 Hippokrates von Chios (fl. 440) ....................................................................................................... 29 Hippias von Elis (fl. 400) ................................................................................................................. 29 Archytas von Tarent (428–347) ........................................................................................................ 29 Eudoxos von Knidos (408-355) ........................................................................................................ 30 Menaichmos (375-325) ..................................................................................................................... 30 Euklid (325 – 265) ............................................................................................................................ 30 Archimedes von Syrakus als Mathematiker (287-212) .................................................................... 34 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (276/75 – ?) ............................................................................................. 37 Apollonios von Perge (auch: von Alexandria) (260-200/190) ......................................................... 37 Hipparchos von Nikaia (190-120), s. auch Astronomie!! ................................................................. 38 Heron von Alexandria (vermutlich 1. Jh nChr) ................................................................................ 38 Diophant aus Alexandria (vermutlich um 250 nChr) ....................................................................... 38 Pappos von Alexandria (um 300 nChr) ............................................................................................ 40 Theon von Alexandria (2. H. 4. Jh) .................................................................................................. 40 Hypathia (gest. 415) ......................................................................................................................... 40 Proklos Diadochos (410-485) ........................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Mathematik in Rom........................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Der Übergang zum Mittelalter .......................................................................................................... 42 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (ca. 480-524) ......................................................................... 42 Pythagoras von Samos (6. Jh) .......................................................................................................... 24 Thales von Milet (624-546) .............................................................................................................. 26 Platon (427-347) ............................................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Astronomie................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Die wichtigsten griechisch-hellenistischen Astronomen.................................................................... 46 Hiketas von Syrakus um 400 – um 335 vChr) ................................................................................. 46 Eudoxos von Knidos (um 400-355) ................................................................................................. 47 Herakleides Pontikos (388-315) ....................................................................................................... 48 Aristoteles (384-323) ........................................................................................................................ 49 Aristarch von Samos (fl. 280) .......................................................................................................... 50 Seleukos von Seleukia, auch „von Babylon“ (um 190 vChr) ........................................................... 51 Archimedes von Syrakus 287-212 .................................................................................................... 51 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (273-192), ................................................................................................ 52 Apollonios von Perge (260-200/190) ............................................................................................... 52 Hipparchos von Nikaea (190-120) .................................................................................................... 52 Klaudios Ptolemaios (120 – nach 160) ............................................................................................ 53 2.3.2 Zur Vorstellung von den Sphären – Epizykel, Exzenter und Koordinatensystem............................. 58 2.3.3 Astronomische Geräte........................................................................................................................ 60 2.4 Geographie in der Antike............................................................................................................................ 61 2.4.1 Allgemeines........................................................................................................................................ 61 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (273-192 vChr) ........................................................................................ 63 Krates von Mallos (2. Jh vChr) ........................................................................................................ 64 Strabon (63 vChr – um 20 nChr) ..................................................................................................... 64 Marinos von Tyros (fl. 114 nChr) .................................................................................................... 65 Klaudios Ptolemaios (120-nach 160) als Geograph ......................................................................... 65 2.4.2 Geographie in Rom............................................................................................................................ 67 2.4.3 Übergang in das Mittelalter - Frühmittelalter.................................................................................... 67 Kosmas Indikopleustes (1. Hälfte des 6. Jhs) ................................................................................... 68 2.5 „Physik“....................................................................................................................................................... 68 Mechanik ........................................................................................................................................... 69 Archimedes
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