A HISTORY OF APPENDICES present stabie atoms have been formed in long periods of development out of the original bulk of protons, the remainder of which appears in the spectra of the A-type stars, the prominences on the , and the APPENDIX A water on earth, the basic matter of all organisms, including ourselves- without water, no protoplasm and no life would have been possible. This means that in those cosmie furnaces-the central parts de ep in the ARISTARCHUS' DERIVATION OF THE stars-the entire world was, and still is, fabricated, the materials con- SUN'S DISTANCE stituting its matter as well as the radiations constituting its life. It is this life which appears, greatly weakened, at the hot stellar surfaces and, again a thousand times weakened, transformed into the life-energy of Aristarehus' seventh proposition is the most important, sinee it is there that living beings. the essential numerical result is derived. The demonstration is interesting Another difficulty arises: to penetrate into the heavier nuclei, hence enough, in .ts value to future astronomy, to reproduee it here in brief. In the to build the heavier atoms, theory may demand still greater densities figure Arepresents the position of the sun, B of the earth, C of the and greater veloeities of the protons, corresponding to still higher tem- when seen halved. Henee angle EBD=angle BAC=3°. Let the angle FBE( =45°) be biseeted by BG. Sinee the ratio ofa great and a small tangent peratures of hundreds or thousands of millions of degrees; these we do to a eircle is greater than the ratio of the underlying arcs and angles, the not find even in the steIlar interiors. Can the heaviest nuclei, of uranium, ratio GE to HE will be greater than the ratio of 1to to of a right angle; i.e. of lead, of gold, perhaps have been present as original matter in the greater than 15/2. Furthermore FG : GE=BF : BE=V2, greater than 7/5; world? What, then, does the word 'original' mean here? Or shall we henee FE/GE is greater than 12/5. Combining it with the first inequality, we assume that the required conditions once existed in the past and now find the ratio of FE to HE greater than 15/2 X 12/5=18; and the ratio have disappeared-so that the heavy atoms are remainders, a kind of AB/BC whieh is equal to BH/HE, henee a little bit larger than BE/HE is archaeological remains from conditions long passed? It may be plausible to conneet the needed high temperatures with the original condition of closely packed and stars 2,000 million years ago. But all such ideas are a hesitant groping in a dark past. So here, too, is an endless field of new problems to be cleared, where only the first sods have been cut. Here also we are working with millions, not for distances now and dimensions, but for intensities of energy. Here our path leads not towards the infinitely large, to study the great structure of the , but towards the infinitely small, to study the finest structure of nature, of what in the coarse-grained world of the senses is called 'matter' and 'radiation' . And again this must be accomplished by a combination of sciences, of theoretical physics and abstract mathematics, tested by observation of Fig. 38 matter and the radiation of various celestial bodies. Here, too, astro- nomy takes part in the elucidation of the essence of the world. eertainly also greater than 18. Applying, on the other hand, the proposition that the ratio of a great and a small ehord is smaller than the ratio of the subtended ares, upon DE subtending 6° in the half-eirele BDE, and the side of a regular hexagon, equal to the radius, subtending an are of 60°, we find the ratio of t BE to DE smaller than 10, henee the ratio of AB to BC smaller than 20.

497 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY APPENDICES

APPENDIX B APPENDIX C

APOLLONIUS' DERIV ATION OF THE NEWTON'S DEMONSTRATION OF THE PLANETS' STATIONS LAW OF ARE AS

The computation of the stations of the planets in the epicycle theory was In his Proposition I Newton derives Kepier's Law of Areas from the suppo- reduced by Apollonius to the geometrical problem of drawing a line inter- sition that revolving body is subject to a centripetal force directed to a secting the epicycle in such a way that the sections have a definite ratio. Through the revolution of the entire epicycle towards the left side the planet situated on its circumference moves from point I to point 2 over a distance

s Fig. 40

fixed point. For the demonstration he makes use of equal finite time intervals, after each of which the force gives a finite impulse to the body towards the centre S. During one interval, from A to B, the motion remains the same; then at B it is suddenly changed by the additional motion BV. In the second Fig. 39 interval, instead of continuing the motion along Be=AB the body followsthe resulting path BC. Since, geometrically, the areas SABand SBc are equal and equal to the angular velocity of this revolution times the distance earth - because the impulse BV is directed toward S, the areas SBc and SBC are planet. At the same time the planet on its epicycle moves toward the right equal, the area SBC is equal to SAB. This holds for every further interval; side, from point I to point 3 over a distance equal to the angular velocity on every next triangular area is equal to the preceding one. So all the triangular the epicycle times the radius of the epicycle. The latter displacement from areas described in equal time intervals are equal, and they willlie all in the the earth is seen foreshortened in the same ratio as existsbetween the distances sarrïe place. This holds also when the time intervals are taken ever smaller planet - footpoint of the perpendicular and centre - planet. The planet seems and their number ever greater in the same rate. Then, finally, we have a to be at rest when the two displacements are seen from the earth to compen- continuously acting force and a curved orbit, for which the areas described sate. This will happen when the two distances planet - footpoint and planet- are proportional to the time used. earth have the inverse ratio of the anguIar velocities. Or in other words: the planet has a station when the distance earth - planet and half the chord in the epicycle have the same ratio as the period of revolution and the synodic period.

499 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY APPENDICES the area can be rendered ever more exactly by the triangle SPQ. Newton derives that PE =a, half the major axis. APPENDIX D Dropping a perpendicular p from Q to the radius vector and a perpen- dicular h from P to b' (2a' and zb' are conjugate diameters), we have area SPQ=lrP; because of the similarity of the triangles PQV and PEW, we NEWTON'S DERIVATION OF THE have p : h=s : a or p=h x=; h=ab : b'; hence for the area we find irs (b: b'). FORCE OF ATTRACTION g The deviation e is related to the small distance d on the diameter by d :e = a' : a. For the distance e we have, by considering the ellipse as the projection In his Proposition XI (Cajori, p. 56), for the case of an elliptical orbit, of a circle, the relation e X 2a' : S2=a'2 : b'2 Newton derives the centripetal force from Kepier's laws. In the figure ofthe a' 2 orbit, where the lines are indicated by smallletters, the planet is at Pand the so that e=i b'2 S2; d=las : b'2

as2 b2 2a I Then the force is 2 ib'2: i r S2b'2 = jj2 T2.

Here all the quantities depending on the position of the planet in its orbit have disappeared. So for all the points ofthe ellipse the force is as the inverse square of the distance to the sun.

Fig. 41 sun occupies the focus S. The small deviation of the planet's motion from the tangent towards the focus is denoted bye, the motion itself by s. The devia- tion is proportional to the force and to the square ofthe time: so the force is

Fig. 42 found by dividing the deviation e by the square of the time interval. Because ofthe law ofareas the time interval may be replaced by the area described by the radius vector. By taking the time interval and the motion s ever smaller

5°0 5°1 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY REFERENCES

44. Simplicius, Commentary to De Coelo, II, 12. REFERENCES 45. Plato, Timaeus, 40, A. 46. T. L. Heath, (Oxford, 1913), p. 153. I. F. K. Ginzei, Handbuck der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, II (Leipzig, 1911), 47. Plato, Timaeus, 36, C-D. p.21. 48. Ibid., 38, C-D. 2. Ibid., I (Leipzig, 1906), p. 245n• 49. Ibid., 39, C-D. 3· Ibtd., p. 245. 50. Plato, Epinomis, 987. 4· F. X. Kugler, Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel, II (Münster, 1909), p. 253. 51. Plato, Timaeus, 40, B-C. 5· Ch. Virolleaud, L'Astrologie chaldéenne (Paris, 1908-12) I, Ishtar, XXVI, pp. 1-9; also 52. Aristotle, De coelo, 11, 13. Kugler, op. cit., lil (1913), p. 16g. 53. , Elementa astronomiae, cap. 8. 6. L. W. King, Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London, 1903), p. 79. 54. AristotIe, De coelo, I, 2. 7· Kugler, op. cit., II, p. 259. 55. AristotIe, Physica, VIII, 10. 8. E. F. Weidner, Alter und Bedeutung der babylonischen Astronomie, etc. (Leipzig, 1914), 56. Simplicius, Commentary to De eoelo, 11, cap. 8. PP·91-2• 57. Ibid., 11, 13. 9· American Journalof Sciences and Arts, 1855, p. 273. 58. Procl ,In Timaeum, 281, E-F. 10. G. Smith, Assyrian Discooeries (London, 1875), p. 405; also Monthly Notices of the Royal 59. Aëtius, Pla.cita, 111, 13, 3 (DieIs, Doxigraphi Graeci, Berlin, 1879), p. 378. Astronomical Society, XXXIX, p. 454. 60. Heath, op. cit., pp. 352-4. 11. Thureau D.an.gin, Die Sumerischen und Akkadischen Königsinschriften (1907), pp. 88ff; 61. Ibid., p. 302; see also Heath, Greek Astronomy (London, 1932), p. 106. . also Revue biblique, LV, No. 3 (1948), p. 403 cylindre A (4-6). 62. , Mathematikè Suntaxis, nr, I (Hei. I, 206-7; Mat.t. I, 145) and VII, 2 (Hel ..11, 12. Kugler, op. cit., II, pp. 71-2; lIl, p. 315. 12; Man. II, 12). [Hei gives page in edition of J. L. Helberg (1898, 1903). Man gives 13· Virolleaud, op. cit., Sin XIX, pp. 19-2°; also Weidner, op. cit., p. 23. page in K. Manitius, Ptolemaeus Handbuch der Astronomie (1912-13)]. 14· Kugler, op. cit., 11, p. 36. 63. Ibid., m, I (Hei I, 207; Man. I, 145). 15. Ibid., p. 21. 64. Ibid., VII, 2 (Hei. II, 12; Man. II, 12). 16. Ibid., p. n 'v 65. Ibid., VII, 2 (Hei. II, 15-16; Man. II, 15). 17· Ibid., I (1907), p. 64. 66. See Manitius, op. cit., I Anhang, p. 440-1. 18. Ibid., p. 45. 67. Rostovtzeff, Mystic Italy (New York, 1927), p. 8. 19· Ibid., p. 71. 68. P. Tannery, Recherches sur l'histoire de l'astronomie (Paris, 1893), p. 128. 20. Ibid., p. 77. 6g. Plutarch, De facie in orbe lunae, cap. VI, 34. 21. Ibid., p. 59. 70. Ptolemy, op. cit., IX, 2 (Hei. II, 211; Man. II, 97). 22. Ibid., p. 91. 71. Ibid., IX, 5 (Hei. II, 251-2; Man. 11, 120-1). 23· Ibid., p. 97. 72. Ibid., X, 6 (Hei. 11, 317; Man. II, 172-6). 24· J. N. Strassmaier and J. Epping, 'Ein habylonischer Saros-Canon', Zeitschrift fûr 730 Ibid., X, 8 (Hei. II, 347-8; Man. II, 195-6)· As~logie, VIII (1893), p. 176; X (1895), p. 67. 74. Ibid., XIII, 2 (Hei. II, 532-3; Man. II, 333-4). 25· Kugler, op. cit., I, p. 152. 75. Suetonius, De vita Caesarum, I, 40. 26. Ibid., 11, pp. 524-3°. 76. Ptolemy, op. cit., I, 7 (Hei. I, 24-6; Man. I, 19-20). 27· Kugler, Die babytonische Mondrechnung (Freiburg, 1900), pp. 75-82. 77. Ibid., nr, 4 (Hei. I, 233-4; Man. I, 167). 28. O. N,:ugebauer, Untersuchungen zur antiken Astronomie, II ('Quellen und Studien zur 78. Ibid., 111, I (Hei. I, 205; Man. I, 143). Geschichte der Mathematik, etc.,' Abt. B., Band IV, BerIin, 1937), p. 84. 79. Ibid., VII, 2 (Hei. 11, 13; Man. 11, 13)...... 29· O. Neugebauer, 'The History of Ancient Astronomy', Journal of Near Eastem Studies, 80. J. B. J. Delambre, Histoire de l'astronomie ancienne (Paris, 1817), DISCOurspréliminaire, IV (1945), p. 12. XXV,XXXIV. 30. Kugler, Die babylonische Mondrechnung, pp. g-IO. 81. Ptolemy, op. cit., V, 12 (Hei. I, 408; Man. I, 299). 31. H ..Maspero, L'astronomie chinoise avant les Han (T'oung Pao, XXVI, Paris, 1929), p. 288. 82. Ibid., V, 14 (Hei. 1,421; Man. I, 30g-1O). 32. Ibid., p. 299. 83. Kugler, Stemkunde, etc., lIl, 1913 (Ergänzungen, p, 7)· 33· Ibid., p. 312. 84. Ptolemy, op. cit., VIII, 3 (Hei. II, 180-2; Man. 11, 72-4). 34· Ibid., p. 336. 85. Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, I, 2. 35· W .. Eberhard and R. Henseling, 'Beiträge zur Astronomie der Han Zeit', Sitzungs- 86. Al Battani, Opus astronomÎcUm (Pub!. d. R. Oss. Brera, Milano), Vo!. XL, Cap. I, 5· berichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, V (1933) and XXIII 87. H. Pirenne, Mahomet el Charlemagne (Paris, 1937), p. 25 (Eng!. edn. George Allen & (1933)· - Unwin, London, 1939). 36. See T'oung Pao, XXXVI (1939), p. 174. 88. Die astronomischen Tafeln des Mohammed Ibn Musa al Khwarizmi, ed. H. Suter (Mémoires 37· Iliad, XXII, 26-31. de l'Académie, Copenhagen, 1914, p. 17). 38. Ot/yssey, V, 271-7. 89. SeeJ. Bensaude, L'Astronomie nautique au Portugal, etc. (Berne, 1912). 39· B. Farrington, 'The Character of Early Greek Science, Proceedings of the Royal Institute, 90. A. von Humboldt, Kosmos (Stuttgart, 1850),111, Cap. VII, 360, note 44· XXXIII, Part 11, No. 151 (1945), p. 291. 9 I. W. E. Peuckert, Nikoleus Kopernikus (Leipzig n.d.), p. 33. 40. A. Fairbanks, The First Philosophers of Greece (London, 1898), p. 33. 92. N. Copemicus, De reoolutionibus orbium caelestium (ed. Thom, 1873), I, Cap. 10. 41. See aIso O. Neugebauer, The Exa.ct Sciences in Antiquity (Copenhagen, 1951), p. 136. 93. Ibid., V, cap. 2. 42. Plato, Republia, VII, A-B, 529C-530B. 94. if. Bulletin of the Astron. Institutes of the Netherlands, No. 366, X, 68. 43· Plato, Epinomis, 990. 95. Copernic- op. cit., V, cap. 15. 5°2 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY REFERENCES 96• Ibid., cap. 30. 151. Chr. Huygens, Oeuvres complètes, IX, Letters 2628, p. 523. 97. Ibid., VI, cap. I. 152. I. Newton, Opera (1779-85), IV, p. 394. 98• Ibid., 111, cap. 25. 153· Ibid., p. 430-32. 99· Die astronomischen Tafiln des Al Khtoarizmi, p. XXIII. 154. Ibid., p. 438. 100. Tychonis Brahei Dani, Opera omnia, I, p. 153. 155. I. Newton, Mathematical Principles, p. 456. 101. Ibid., I, p. 156. 156. Ibid., p. 457. 102. Ibid., 11, p. 16. 157· R. Grant, History of Physical Astronomy (London, 1852), p. 460. 1°3· See L. Prowe, Nicolaus Coppernicus (Berlin, 1883), Book I, Vol. 11, p. 232. 158. Halley, Philosophical Transactions, XXX (1718), p. 737. 1°4· P. Melanchthon, Doctrinae Physicae elementa (Basel, 1550), Liber I, p. 56. 159· Delambre, Historie de Pastronomie au 18" siècle (Paris, 1827), p. 420. 1°5· E. Wohlwill, Galilei und sein Kampf fur die Copernicanische Lehre, I (Leipzig, 1909), 160. Chauvenet, Spherical and Praaical Astronomy (Philadelphia, 1885),11, p. 92. ppv rq-eo. 161. See Lynn Thomdike, A Short History of Ciuilization (New York, 1933), p. 476. 106. Tycho, op. cit., VI, p. 217. 162. L. T. More, op. cit., p. 75. 107. Opere di Galilei ('Ediz. Nationale'), X, p. 68. 163. Ibid. (Letter of February 23, 1668/9), p. 68. 108. Ibid., X, pp. 69-70. 164. Voltaire, Lettres sur les Anglais (Oeuvres de Voltaire, 1819), XXIV, p. 67. 109. Ibid., XI, p. 33. 165. cf. F. F. Tisserand, Traiü de Mécanique Cëleste, 111 (Paris, 1894), p. 64. 110. F. Plassmann, Himmelskuntk (Münster, 1898), p. 605. 166. Ibid., 111, p. 76. 111. KepIer, Neue Astronomie, trans. Max Caspar (München, 19 9). J. 2 167. Exposition du système du Monde (Oeuvres de Laplace, VI, 1842), IV, eh. 2, p. 228. 112. Ibid., cap. 16, p. 147. 168. Mécanique céleste (Oeuvres de Laplace, V), p. 324. 113· Ibid., cap. 18, p. 159. 169. R. Grant, op. cit., p. 60. 114· Ibid., cap. 19, p. 163. 170. Clairaut, Theorie du mouvement des comètes (Paris, 1760), p. 11. 115· Ibid., cap. 19, p. 166. 171. Ibid., p. IV. 116. Ibid., cap. 40, p. 246. 172. R. Grant, op. cit., p. 61. 117· Ibid., cap. 44, p. 267. 173· Exposition du système du Monde, IV, Ch. 5; p. 264. 118. Ibid., cap. 56, p. 325. <: 174. Kugler, 111, Ergänzungen (1919-35), p. 352. 119· J. KepIer, Opera omnia, ed. Frisch (Frankfurt, 1853-71), VI, pp. 13-14. 175· W. Herschel, 'Account of a cornet", Philosophical Transactions, LXXI (1781), p. 492. 120. Ibid., V, p. 269. 176. W. Herschel, Scientijic Papers, I, p. 91. 121. B. Farrington, Francis Bacon (London, 1951), p. 6. 177. Ibid., I, p. 92. 122. R. Descartes, Principia philosophiae (Amsterdam, 1685), 111, p. 4. 178. Ibid., I, p. 90. 12 3. J. S. Bailly, Histoire tk l'astronomie moderne, 11 (Paris, 1779), p. 179. 179. Ibid., I, p. 158. 12 4. Lettres de M. Auzout sur les grandes lunettes (Paris, 1735), pp. 57-58. 180. Ibid., I, p. 223. 12 5. WeId, History of the Royal Society, I (London, 1848), p. 46. 181. Ibid., I, p. 245. 126. Ibid., 11, p. 465. 182. Constance Lubbock, Herschel Chronicle (Cambridge, 1933), p. 197. 12 Th 7. Christiaan Huygens, 'Systema Saturnium' (Oeuvres Complètes), XV, p. 299. 183. William Herschel, Scientifo; Papers, I, p. 422. 128. Ibid., XV, p. 15. 184. Ibid., I, p. 424. 129. Ibid., 'Cosmotheoros', XXI, 680. 185. Ibid., I1, p. 213. 130. Ibid., XXI, pp. 704-6. 186. Ibid., 11, p. 487. 131. Fontenelle, Enttetiens sur la pluraliu des mondes, 2" soir (Ed. Dijon, an 2), p. 66. 187. Ibid., I1, p. 533. 2 13 • J. Kepler-Max Caspar, Neue Astronomie (München, 1929), p. 26. 188. J. S. Bailly, Histoire de Pastronomie moderne, 111 (Paris, 1785), p. 60. 133· Ibid., p. 28. lag. F. W. BesseI, 'Ueber die Verbindung der astronomischen Beobachtungen mit der 134· I. Newton, Mathematical Principles, trans. F. Cajori (Berkeley, 1934), p. 397. Astronomie', Populàre Vorlesungen (Hamburg, 1848), p. 432. 135· Ibid., p. XVII. 190. J. C. Kapteyn, 'On the Motion of the Faint Stars and the Systematic Errors ofthe Boss 136. Ibid., p. 13. Fundamental System', Bulletin ofthe Astr. Inst. of the Netherlands, No. 14, I (1922), p. 71. 137· Ibid., p. 5. 191. J. Fraunhofer, Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungsvermögens, etc. 'Denkschr. 138• Ibid., pp. 2-3. der Akademie München' (1814-15, Band V), p. 193; also: Ostwald's Klassiker tkr 139· Ibid., p. 41. esaeten Wissenschaften. No. 150 (Leipzig, 1905), p. I. 140. Ibid., p. 408. 192. Fraunhofer, op.. cit., V, 206; also Ostwald, op. cit., p. 13. 141. Ibid., p. 410. 193· J. F. W. Herschel, 'President's Report, 1840', Monthly Notlees ofthe R.A.S., V, p. 97. 2 14 • Christiaan Huygens, Traiu de la lumière, et Discours de la cause tk la pesanteur, ed. Burck- 194· F. Kaiser, De Geschiedenis der Ontdekkingen van Planeten (Amsterdam, 1851), p. 139. hardt (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 112-13. 195· S. Newcomb, Reminiscences of an Astronomer (London, New York, 1903), p. 221. 143· I. Newton, op. cit., p. 4 1. 2 196. F. F. Tisserand, Traité de mécanique cëleste, III (Paris, 1894), p. 424. 144· Ibid., p. 422. 197· S. C. Chandler, 'On the Variation of ', Astronomical Joumal, XI (1891), p. 59. 145· L. T. More, Isaac Newton, a Biography (New York, 1934), pp, 446-50. 198. W. H. Pickering, 'Erathostenes 11', Popular Astronomy, XXIX (1924), pp. 404-423. . 146. Newton, op. cit., 395-96• 199. W. Beer and J. H. Mädler, Beitrage zur physischen Kenntniss der himmlischen Körper Im 147· Chr. Huygens, op. cit., p. 118. Sonnensystem (Weimar, 1841), p. 111; also Astron. Nachr, VIII (1830), p. 148. 148. Ibid., p. 118. ;100. Camille Flammarion, La planète Mars et ses condinons d'habitabiliu (Paris, 1892), p. 592. 149· Ibid., p. 119. 201. Ibid., p. 588. 150. Ibid., p. 121. 1:02. Ibid., p. 591. A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX 203· J. H.Jean.s, Th Universe Around Us (Cambridge, 1929), p. 332. 204· A. S. Eddmgton, Th Nature of tM Physical World (Cambridge, 1929), p. 178. 205· W. Herschel, Scientific Papers, I, p. 480. 206. A. N. Vyssotsky, 'Astronomical Records in tbe Russian Chroniclcs', Meddelanden Lund Abbe, Ernst, 334 Andrews, Thom., 408 Observatory, No. 126, 11 (1949), p. 9. Abd al-Rahmàn ibn 'Umar, 168 Andromeda nebuia, 312, 451, 486, 495; 207· Auguste Comte, Cours de philosophie pasitive, 11 (Paris, 1835),8 and 12, 19· Leçon, Aberration' (of light), 290, 344, 36g; Pl. 22 208. C. A. Young, TM Sun (London, 1882), p. 290. spherical (of lenses), 254; chromatic (of Àngström, A. J., 406, 407 2og. J ..C.Janssen, 'Indication de quelques-uns des résultats, etc.', Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. d. lenses), 294-5, 330-1, 336 Anomalistic period ofmoon, 75, 128, 158 Sciences, LXVII (1868), p. 839. Abû'l Wefa, 168 Antoniadi, E. M., 37g-80; Pl. 12 210. W. Olbers, 'Ueber den Schweif des grossen Cometen von 18u' (Monat/icM Corres- Abû-Ma'shar, 166, 174 Apex ofsun, 315, 417, 480 pondenz, XXV (January 1812), p. 12. Abundances of elements, 416, 460, 495 Apianus, P., 423 21 I. Ibid., p. 14. Academies, scientific, 250-1 , 134-5, 180; derivation 212. E. Hertzsprung, 'Ueber die Steme der Unterabteilungen c und ac, etc.', Astren. Nachrich- Achromatic objective, 294-5, 330-1, 336 of tbe planet's stations, 498 ten, No. 4296 (1908), CLXXIX, p. 373. Acronychian rising, setting, 22 Arabians, 20, 21, 26, 27, 164-70; numeral 213. H. Shapley and H. D. Curtis, "The Scale of tbe Universe' (Bulletin National &search Actin0lIll!try, 447 system, 166, 200 Council,II (Part 3, No. u) (1921), p. 192. Adams, ohnCoach, 360-1, 366, 420 Arago, D. F.J., 360 214. See M. L. Humason, 'The Apparent Radial Veloeities of 100 Extragalactie Nebulae', Adams, Walter S., 391, 458, 466 , 13°, 132 Astrophysical Journal, LXXXIII (1936), pp. 12, 16. Aëtius, 98, u 7 Archimedes of Syracuse, 120-1, 132, 175, Africans and reckoning, 21-2 180 Age of tbe universe, 488--9 Arcturus (star), 32, 157, 163,45° , 145, 149 'Areas,law of' (Kepier), 24°,499 Agriculture and calendar, 21...{),82-4, 95, 97 Argelander, Friedrich, 320, 435, 437, 439, Airy, Sir George Biddell, 326, 345, 360 44°,441,445,467-8,471,474 Albategnius (Al-Battäni), 167-8 Aristarchus of Samos: distance and size of Albedo of planets, 384...{) tbe sun, 118--20, 283, 497; heliocentric Albert of Saxony, 178 theory, 116, 121, 134, 147; see also 125 Albertus Magnus, 175, 176 Aristotle, 97-8, 223, 227, 228, 231, 233, Al-Biruni, 27 247-9; theories ofworld structure, 113-16, Al-Bitrûjî, 17° 118, 207; tbe church and, 175, 230-1; Albrecht, Seb., 439 tbeory of motion, 114, 178, 223, 224, 227, Albumazar, 166, 174 233 Alcmaeon, 100 Aristyllus, 124, 126, 15° Aldebaran (star), 32, 446, 450 Arkwright, Richard, 292 Alembert, Jean le Rond d', 298, 303 Armillas, 91, 93,129,137,151-3,167,182-3, , 63, 122-4, 13° 201,210, 214 Al-Farghánî, 166 Arrhenius, Svante, 424 , 168--9, 180, 189, 198, 206 Arzachel, 168, 197 Alfonso X, 168 Aspects ofplanets, 160 Alfraganus, 166 Assyria, Assyrian astronomy, 24, 29, 36--48,52 Algol (star), 174,311,317,319,435-8,444 Asten, E. von, 358 Alhazen, 17° Astral mytbology, 30 Al-Khwärizmî, tables of, 165, 168, 170, 174 Asteroids: see Planetoids Altnagest (Ptolemy), 146--59, 166, 175, 180 , 93, 163, 167-8, 174, 178--9, 185, Al-Ma'mûn, 166 201 Almanacs, 108, 132, 185, 187; nautical, 279 Astrolabon, 137, 151-3 Alpetragius, 17° Astrology: Assyrian and Babylonian, 33-47; Al-Sûfî, 168 Arabian, 166-9; Chinese, 89-92; Greek, Al-Tûi,169 Roman, 130-2; Hellenistic, 160-1; Medi- Al-'Urçlî, 169 eval, 176--7; Renaissance, 185-7; Tycho Amateur astr::momy, 405, 436, 440 Brahe and, 204...{);Kepier, 235...{);and the Amenhotep IV (Ikhnaton), 84 Church, I 76-7 Ames, Miss, 487 Astronomical societies, 250-2 Ammonius of Alexandria, 163 Astronomical unit, 341, 348 Anaxagoras, 100, 114 Astronomische Gesellschaft, 326, 337 of Milesia, 98 Astronomer Royal, 279 Anaximenes, 99 Astronomy,origin, 19 Anderson, J. A., 464 , 395-418 506 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX Aten, 84 Bethe, H. A., 493 Athelhard of Bath, 174,200 Capella (star), 450 Clocks, 182,209,262; water cIocks, 51, 91, Beza, Theod., 207 Capella, Martianus, 192 106; pendulum principle, 277-8, 282, Atlases of stars, 132, 215, 260, 280, 444-5, Bianchini, F., 381 46~; Pl. 16,20 Cape Town Observatory, 326, 342, 343, 347, 292; 19th century developments, 327 Bie!a, comet of, 358, 421-2 Atmospheric lines, 39 349, 445, 469 Clusius, Car., 242 0 Bienewitz, P., 423 Carnot, Sadi, 395, 396 Clusters, 477, 483-5 Atmosphere of moon, 371; of planets, Binary stars: see Double stars 390-2 Carrington, R. C., 404, 416 Coblentz, W. W., 388 Bion, 100 Atomic theory, 415 Carsono, Jac., 184 Colbert, J. B., 251 Bird, John, 291, 292; Pl. 8 Attraction: Set Carte du Cie!, 337, 440 Colorimeter, 449 Bode, Joh. Ei/ert, 352 Aufldärung, 322, 360 Cary, W., 322 Colour equivalent, 449 Boeddicker, 0., 388, 475 Auriga, e, 439 Cassel Observatory, 208, 209, 223 Colour index, 450 Bohr, Niels, 415, 460 Auriga, (3, 435; Pl. 15 Cassini, G. Domenico, 249, 251, 255, 256, Colours of planets and stars, 157, 158, 449 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 414 270, 27~,284, 289,422 Columbus, Chris., 176, 185 Auwers, G. F. Arthur, 325, 345, 471 Bond, G. P., 386 Australian aborigines, 22 Catalogues of stars, 129, 156, 169, 209, 2 I5, Comets, 93, 179, 207, 258, 312, 351-2, Bond, W. Chr., 373, 383 Auzout, F. A., 250, 251, 258 276, 280, 293, 296, 319, 325-7, 405, 35~, 423-8; Aristotie and Ptolemy's Bore!Ii, Giovanni A., 250, 256, 262, 268 Averroës, 170 445-7, 46~ theories, 146--7; Tycho, 215-0; orbits, Borneo, aborigines, 22 , 169 '~auchy, 359 146, 26~, 272; spectrum, 425-7; Boss, Lewis, 326, 329,471 (origin of term), 174 Cavalieri, Bonav., 260 Biela's, 421-2; Cruls's, 425; Donati's, Bougainville, L. A. de, 288 Cayley, A., 367 424, 425; Halley's, 93, 302-3, ~58, Bouguer, Pierre, 282, 287, 335, 3 4 Baade, Walter F., 495 8 Ce!estial mechanics, 298-307, 351-09 423-0 passim; Morehouse's, 425; Swift's, Bouvard, Alexis, 359 Centaurus, IX, 342, 344 425; Wells's, 426; Tebbutt's, 425; , 24, 28-34, 48-62; Bowen, Ira S., 462 Centrifugal, centripetal force, 261, 262, Ternple's, 425; Pl. 14 astrology, 33, 38, 130; Chaldean tables, Boyle, Robert, 273 63-81, 135, 144; influence on Greek 265-0, 271, 282 Commentariolus (Copernic), 189, 193 Bradley,James, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, astronomy, 122, 128; sexagesimal system, Cepheids, 436, 439-41, 483-4 Computation, astronomy and, 199-2°3, 321,324; Pl. 7 \.- Ceraski, W., 437 351-09 64, 77, 80, 148, 199 Brahe: see Tycho Backlund, 0., 358 Ceres (planet), 352-3 Computus (Easter reckoning), 173,218 Brahmagupta, 165 Bacon, Francis, 247, 248, 250 Cetus, Mira (star), 3II Comstock, Geo C., 450 Brandes, H. W., 419, 421 Bacon, Roger, 176, 2 I9 Chaldean astronomy, 63-81, 126, 135, 144 Comte, Auguste, 407 Brashear, John A., 336 Bailey, Solon I, 443, 483 Challis, J., 360 Conic Sections, 134, 268 Bredichin, Theod., 4 4 Bailly, J. S., 248, 321 2 Chamberlin, T. C., 367, 401 Conjunctions, planetary, 186; 'Great Con- Brenner, Leo, 380 Chance, laws of, 340 junction' of Jupiter and Saturn, 205, 206 Balmer,J.J., 414; Balmer series, 414 Briggs, Henry, 202 Barabashev, N., 385 Chandler, S. C., 369, 436, 437 Connaissance des Temps, 279 Brorsen, Th., 422 Barnard, Ed. Em., 380, 382, 425, 475, 476 Chappe d'Auteroche,J., 286 Cook, James, 286, 287, 288 Brown, Ernest W., 366, 368 'Barnard's Star', 448 Chester More Hall, 295 Constellations, 49-50, 84, 90, 132, 156, 173, Bruce, Catherine Wolfe, 475 Bartsch, Jacob, 243 Chevalier, J. L. V., 336 260; Pl. 2,16 Bruno, Giordano, 224, 229, 236, 4 2 Bayer, Joh., 215, 319, 444 0 , 21, 86-g4 Co-ordinates of stars, 124, 129, 141, 156,201, Bunsen, Rob., 406 Bede, the VenerabIe, 173 Chladni, E. F. F., 357 214,259 Burckhardt, J. C., 359 Beer, WilheIm, 372, 376, 378; Pl. I I, 12 Chronology, Babylonian, 34, 51-2; Chinese, Copernicus, ic., 188-198, 201; heliocentric Bürgi, Joost, 202, 208, 277 Behaim, ~artin, 185 88; Set also: Calendar system, 190-3, 195, 198; planetary mo- Burnham, S. W., 430, 43 Bellarmini, Rob., 230, 233 1 Chromatic dispersion, 256, 294-5, 330-1, tions, 192-8; revises numerical data, Belopolsky, A., 439 336 193-7; use of Roman numerals, 200; Benedetti, Giovanni B., 224, 227 Chromosphere, 406, 410, 417 solar orbit, 212, 213; calendar reform, Cadamosto, 185 BentIey, Richard, 132,273 Chronometer, 278, 292 219-20; gravity, 261; , 197; Caesar, C. J., 145-0 Benzenberg, J. F., 419 Chronograph, 323 struggle over the heliocentric theory, Berberich, A., 422 Calendar: primitive, 20-2; Oriental, 23-7; Church, 162; and astrology, 176--7; and 222-34; PI. 3 Babylonian and Assyrian, 30-1, 37, 51-3; Berlin Observatory, 339, 360, 438 astronomy in the Dark Ages, 173-0; Corona, 406, 410, 41 I, 417 Egyptian, 82-4; Chinese, 21, 87, 89, Berlin Computing Office, 360 decline of intellectual leadership, 178; 'Coronium', 410, 417 91-3 passim; Greek, 106-8, II2, 5-0; Berossus, 34, 130 12 fixing of Easter date, 173, 2 I 7-2 I; oppo- Coronographç q.r ç Bernstein, A., 341 Julius Caesar's reform, 145-0; Arabic, sition to AristotIe, 175; to heliocentric Cosmas Indicopleustes, 162 16 Bernoulli, J., 298 7; disorder in Middle Ages, 180, 184; theory, 222, 232-4, 249-50 Cosmogony, 306, 317-9, 394-401, 494 Gregorian reform, 2 I 7-2 I Berthoud, Ferd., 292 Cicero, ~. T., 98, I 17, 188 Cosmology, 490 Bessarion, 180 , I I I, 112, 115-0, 124, 126 Cidenasj Br Counci/ of Trent, 220, 222 Calvin, Joh., 207 Bessel, Friedrich Wilhe!m, 293, 324-8, 335, Clairaut, Al. Cl., 283, 298, 299, 302-3, 384 Counter earth, 100 Campanella, Tomm., 231, 247 Clark, Alvan G., 333, 434 Counterglow, 423 339, 342, 343, 348, 355, 359, 360, 371, Campani, G., 255 424,430,432-3,471; Pl. 10 Clausius, RudolphJ. E., 396, 398 Crab , 94, 495 Campbell, W. W., 391, 435, 471 Clavius, Chr., 220, 224, 228-30, passim Crabtree, W., 286 Betelgeuse (star), 157, 174, 344, 436,448, Cannon, AnnieJ., 453 451 , 124, 132, 145 Creation, 318, 394,488 Canopus (star), 124,446, 44B Cleostratus of Tenedos, 107-8 Crompton, Sam., 292 508 5°9 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX

Crookes, Sir William, 388 Doppler's principle, 45 I , Encke's comet, 358 Fluxions, theoryof, 262, 266, 298 Cross-staff, 182, 184, 185,200,201,214,291 Dörffel, G. S., 268 Energy, conservation of, 395-7 Fontana, Fr., 253, 256 C-stars, 457-8, 460 Dorpat observatory, 332, 342 Enhanced lines, 454, 458, 460 Fontenelle, B. de, 258 Cuneiform script, 28, 29, 40; Pl. I Double stars, 314, 315, 332, 429-39 Entropy, 396, 399 Forbidden lines, 462 Curtis, Heber D., 425, 485 Downing, A. M. W., 422 Epact, 218, 220 Foucault, J. B. L., 344, 406 Curvature of space, 487 Draper, Henry, 414, 425, 452 Epagomenes, 83 Foulkes, Martin, 132 Cygnus, stars in, 342, 448 Drebbel, Comelis, 246 Ephemerides, 55, 57, 63, 72, lBo, 185. See Fowler, Alfred, 463 Cysat, 231, 312 Dreistab, 154, 181 also: tables Franklin-Adams maps, 46g, 476, 485 Dreyer, J. L. E., 477, 485 Epicurus, 246 Franks,449 d'Alembert, Jean le Rond, 298, 303 Dshang-Dsisin, 93 Epicycle theory in Greece, 133-44, 153, Fraunhofer, Joseph, 329-35, 450 Dal Monte, Giudobaldo, 224 Dshemal-al-din, 93 498; in the Renaissance, 179, 194-7 Fraunhofer lines, 330, 389, 406-17; Pl. 13 Damoiseau, M. C. Th. de, 365 Dugan, R. S., 437 Epping, J., 30, 54, 60, 72 Frederic II, King of Denmark, 2og, 216 Dante Alighieri, 176, 185 Dunér, NieIs C., 437 , 138-9, 194, 237-9 Free radicaIs, 427 Dark Ages, astronomy in the, 173-7 Dunham, Th., 391, 392 , 124, 125 Freundlich, E. F., 480 Dark nebulae, 476, 477, 478 Durchmusterung, 468, 470 Er.uinoxes, 74, 111, 124, 126-7, 141, 148-9, Fundamental stars, 326 Darwin, Charles, 398 Dyson, F. W., 476 /66 Darwin, George H., 399, 400 , 124, 148 Galactie centre, 481 Davies, W. M., 474 Earth: Aristotle's theories, 115; density, 383; Erman, A., 420 Galactie rotation, 481-2 Dawes, W. R., 430 fiattening, 269-7°, 282-3, 306; orbit and Emest II, Duke of Gotha, 339 Galactie system, 467-85 Decans. Ba motion, 238-9; rotation, 116-7, 147, Eros (planetoid), 346-7, 356 Galaxies, 312, 451, 485-90; Pl. 22, 23 Decimal system, 202 165, 189-91, 243, 282, 368; revolution, Errors, theory of, 340 Galenus, 146, 175-6 De Decker, Ezech., 202 121, 189-92, 451; shape and size, 98-9, Eskimo's, 21, 22 Galilei, Galileo: heliocentric system and Declination, 150, 174,214,259,328,329 II5, 124, 162, 166, 173, 242, 259, 263; Ether, II5, 261, 271, 247, 304 Church controversy, 225-7, 230-4; theory Deferent, 133 interior structure, 38~ mass and density, Euclid, II8, 123-4, 132, 140, 159, 175, lBo, of falling bodies and mechanics, 227, Degenerate matter, 466 383; origin, 4°°. See also: , equi- 487 249, 262; relations with Kepier, 225-7, De Houtman, Comelis, 276 noxes, seasons, soIstices , 108, I I I 243; opinion about planetary orbits, 243, de La Hire, Phil., 249, 279 Earth-shine on moon, 43, 236 Eudemus. pê 249; telescope and first discoveries, 227-30, Delambre, Jean Baptiste J., 149-50, 290 Easter, date of, 173, 184,217-21 , 102-12, 115, 124, 130, 253; Saturn's ring, 230, 254-5; Venus, de La Rue, Warren, 373, 405 Easton, C., 475, 476 131-2 230; pendulum clock, 277; experimental Delaunay, Ch. E., 365, 366, 367 Ebert, H., 375 Euler, Leonard, 294, 2gB, 299, 3°0, 303, method, 247; Pl. 4 Del Monte, Guidobaldo, 224 Eclipses: Assyrian omens, 44-6; eclipse 3°4,369 Galilei, Vincenzo, 277 De Louville, 297 science in Babylonia, 57-62, 73, 77-80; in Evection, lunar, 153 Galle, J. G., 346, 360,422 Delporte, E., 357 China, 87, 88, 90, 93; in Greece, 44, 98, Evolution, 306, 318, 395-401, 452, 454-8, Gamow, G., 493 Dembowski, E., 430 99, 100, 115, 118, 126, 128, 129, 151, 155, 465-6, 494-6 Gascoigne, Will., 258 De Revolutionibus (Copernicus), 18g-g0, 220 156; in Arabia, 165; in the Renaissance, Excentre, 136 Gassendi, Pierre, 246, 249 Democritus, 246 185, 236; in modem times, 367, 406, 4og, Exiguus, 218 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 219, 220, 339-4°, Denderah, 84 410 Expanding universe, 4BB-9 353, 355, 487 Denning, W. F., 382, 422 Eclipse-index, 78-80 Experimental method, 176,242,247,274-5 Geber,l68 Density of stars in space, 473 Ecliptic, 90-93, 124; obliquity, 91, 93, 100, Expeditions, astronomical, 276, 282-8, 348 Geitel, Hans, 438 Descartes, René, 247-9, 261, 270-1, 297-8, 124, 148, 166, 179, 197,212,215 Geminus, 107, 132 4°7 Ecliptical co-ordinates, 124, 129, 141, 156, Fabricius, David, 236-7, 241, 31 I Gemma Frisius, Reimerus, 277 De Sitter, Willem, 489 201 Fabricius, Johann, 231 General relativity, 489-90 Deslandres, Henri A., 412 Eclipsing binaries, 435-8, 457 Falling bodies, theory of: see Gravitation Geometry: in astronomical calculation, Dialogo sopra i due massimi systemi del mondo Ecliptic form of planetary orbits, 241 Famese atlas, 132; plate 2 118-20, 487; Greeks' faculty for, 128; in (GaliIeo), 233-4 Ecphantus, II7, 188 Farrington, B., 98 Newton's work, 266, 298 Digges, Thomas, 224 Eddington, Sir Arthur S., 401, 415, 417-8, Fauth, Philip, 374; Pl. I I Georgium sidus, 313 Dilgan, 31, 31 I 464-6,479,490-2,494; Pl. 19 Faye, H., 408 Gerbert, 174 Dionysius (Exiguus), 218 Edlén, Bengt, 417 Fezhner, Theodor, 445-6 Gerhard of Cremona, 174-5 Diopters, 123, 155, 206 Effective wavelength, 450 Fibonacci, 200 Gerson, Levi ben, 184 Divina Commedia, 176, 185 Einstein, Albert, 364, 466, 489 Fizeau, H. L., 344 Giglio, Aloys, 220 Dixon, Jer., 286 Elements, 114 Flagstaff observatory, 378 Gilbert, William, 224, 236, 240, 242, 247 Dog-Star: see Sirius Elkin, W. L., 343, 344 Flammarion, Camille, 378 Gilgamesh, 32 Dollond, John, 294-5, 329 Elster, Jul., 438 Flamsteed,Joho, 260, 279-80, 289, 291, 319, Gill, Sir David, 343, 346, 469 Dollond, Peter, 295 Emden, R., 417 361 Ginzei, F. K., 26 Dominicalietter, 2 19 Empedocles, 100 Flares, solar, 416 , celestial, 20, 132, 158,201 Donati, G. B., 424, 425 Encke, J ohann Franz, 339, 340- I, 344, 345, Flemming, F. W., 360 Globular clusters, 477, 483-5 Donati's Comet, 424, 425; Pl. 14 355, 358, 432 Flexure of telescope, 328, 329 , 74, 91, 93, 106

510 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX Godfrey, 291 Hartwig, Ernst, 436, 348 Hornsby, Th., 318 Joachim, Georg, 189 Golden number, 218 Harvard Observatory, 322, 333, 373, 383, Goodacre, W., 374 Horoscope, 131, 161, 177, 204. Sec also: John ofHolywood, 175 423,442,461,469,483,486,487 Astrology Goodricke, John, 319, 435-6 Johnson, M. J., 348 Harvard types, 452-4; Pl. 18 Horrox, Jeremiah, 249, 286 Joule, James Prescott, 396 Gould, Benj. A., 445, 468, 474 Heath, T., 103 Ho- Tsheng- Tien, 93 Journal des Savants, 251 Graduation of circles, 91, 124, 157, 206, HegeI, G. F., 398 Julian year, 218-20 210-11,280,291 Hough, G. W., 347 Heis, Eduard, 421, 436, 439, 444, 474 Grating, 408, 411 Houtman, Fred. de, 276 Julius Caesar, 145-<> Heliacal rising, setting, 22, 31, SI, 64, 83, 87, Hsi,87 Julius, WilIem Henri, 413 Graff, K., 449 158,160 Graham, George, 291-2 Hsiu, 21, 90 Juno (planet), 353 Heliocentric theory: in Antiquity, 121, 134, Hubble, E. P., 478, 486, 487, 488; Pl. 23 Jupiter: worship, 39; Chaldean tables, Grant, Robert, 302 147; Copernicus, I8g-I98; after Coper- Granulation of sun, 406, 417 Huggins, Sir William, 389, 390, 392, 393, 65-72; motion, 91-2, I I I, 116, 136, 139, nicus, 222-49 410,414,426,45°; Pl. IS, 17 186, 195, 205-<>, 268-7°, 300-2, 386; Gravitation, 19°, 239-40, 261-75, 282, 287, Heliograph, 405 Humboldt, Alexander von, 122,420 surface details, 256, 258, 313, 381-2; 297-3°6,315,5°0 Heliometer, 335, 342, 343, 345, 346, 348 Hussey, J. W., 425 spectrum, 389, 392; mass and density, Greeks, 95-163; philosophers, 97-105; calen- Helium, 40g-IO, 453, 454, 460 "LJuygens, Christiaan: lenses and telescopes, 268, 384; rotation, 256, 389; satellites, dar, 106-8, I I 1-12, 125-<>; astrology, HelI, Maxim, 286, 287 228-31, 256, 262, 267, 277, 368, 382. 130-2, 160-1; theory of homocentric 246,254,255; ether and gravity, 247,261, Hellenistic astronomy, 122-<>4 263, 271; Saturn's ring, 254-5; centrifugal See also: 348, 384, 386, 388, 389, 392 spheres, 10g-1 I, 114-16; epicycle theory, Helmholtz, H. von, 397 force, 262; pendulum docks, 262, 277-8; 133-44, 153, 158,498 Helmont, J. B. van, 242 probability calculus, 340. See also: 257, Kaiser, Fred., 342, 348, 362-3, 376, 378, Greenwich observatory, 260, 277, 279, 326, Henderson, Th., 343 269, 312, 376; Pl. 5, 6, 12 430; Pl. 12,22 347, 349, 390; Bradley at, 293-3; Flam- Henry, Paul & Prosper, 333, 337 Huygens, Constantijn, 246 Kak-si-di, 157 steed at, 279; Halley at, 291 Henry Draper Catalogue, 452-3 Hven, 209 Kalammas, 27 Gregorian calendar, 180,217-21 , 116-8, 188 Gregory XIII, 220 Hyginus, 132 Kamp, P. van de, 477 Heraclitus of Ephesus, 99, 133 Kant, Immanuel, 306, 316, 394, 397, 398, Gregory, J., 294 Herschel, John F. W., 343, 385, 408, 430, Grienberger, 230 Ibn al-Haitham, 170 4°1 436,442,445,446,474,477,483 Grimaldi, F. M., 257 Ibn al-Zarqäla, 168, 197 Kapteyn, J. C., 329, 448, 468, 469, 472-4, Herschel, F. WilIiam, 312-20, 371, 375, 381, 478-9 Groombridge, St., 343 Ibn Rushd, 17° 4°3,43°,445,471; Pl. 9 Ibn Sinä, 16g Kapteyn's star, 344 Grotrian, W., 417 Herschel, Caroline L., 312 Grubb, Thomas, 333 I-Hang, 93 Kapteyn's system, 473-4, 482 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 432, 441, 448, 456, 457, Ikhnaton, 84 Kayser, H., 414 Gruithuisen, F. von P., 371 8 Gudea,38 4 4 Iliad,95 Keeler, James E., 377, 390 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 457-8, 465 Ilkhanic tables, 169 K-effect, 4Bo Guillaume St. CIoud, 179 Hertz, Heinrich, 370 Guinand, P. L., 330 Index, 233 Kempf, Paul, 386, 447 Hesiod,95 Kepier, Johannes: astrology, 235-6; calen- Guthnick, Paul, 438 India, 20, 21, 22, 165-<>,200 'Hestia' (planetoid), 100 Industrial revolution, 32 I, 3g8 dar reform, 220-1; cornets, 268, 423-4; Hevelius (Hewelke), Johann, 257, 259, 260, , principle of, 260, 262 and Galileo, 225-7; and Tycho, 216, 235; Hadley, John, 291 276, 3°1; Pl. 6 Hainzel, P., and J. B., 206 Infinitesimal calculus, 299 heliocentric system, 225-7, 23g-40, 242-3; , lI7, 188 orbit of the earth, 238-9; orbit of Mars, Hakemite Tables, 168 Innocent III, 175 Hili, T. George W., 366 236-41; planetary tables, 242; his laws: Hale, George E., 412 Inquisition, 233-4 Hind,J. R., 442 fust, 241, 266; second (ofareas), 240, 266, Hall, Asaph, 333, 382 Intercalation, 27-31, 37, 125, 146 Rinks, A. R., 347 Interferometer, 464 499; third, 244, 263, 267. Sec also: 2 I3, HalIey, Edmund: and cornets, 268-9, 302, of Nicea; star catalogue, 129, Interstellar gas, dust, 477-8 225, 229, 235, 236, 240, 241, 242, 243, 423; director of Greenwich observatory, 15°,442; precession, 125-7, 149; Invisible comparisons, 432 283, 285; Pl. 5 291; mortality tables, 340; motion of of moon, 129; moon's motion, 75, 128; Ionization, 460-1 Keyzer, Peter Dirksz., 276 plan ets, 280, 300; transits, 284-7; gravi- sun's motion, 125, 127, 148; epicycle Isaac ben Said, 168 Kidenas. Br tation, 263, 264; positions of stars, 260, theory, 135-<>.Sec also 132, 205 Kidinnu, 81 276, 277, 281 Ishtar, 35, 39, 49 Hippopede, 110 Isidorus of SevilIa, 163 Kirch, Gottfr., 3lI Halley's cornet, 93, 269, 358, 424-<> Ho,87 J{lam, 164 Kirchhoff, Gust., 406-8, 415, 450; Pl. 13 Halo, 43, 93 Hodierna, G. B., 256 Hammurabi, 30 Kirkwood, Dan., 356, 387 Holden, Edw. C., 377 Jäbir ibn AflaJ:1,168 Klein, HermanJ., 449 Hansen, P. A., 344, 355, 365-7, 368 Holetschek, J., 484 Hansky, A., 406 Jacobi, C. G. J., 359, 4°° Klingenstjerna, S., 294 Holwerda, 31 I Janssen, P. Jules C., 390, 409 Klinkerfues, E. F. W., 448 Harding, K. L., 353 Holywood, John of, 175 Hargreaves, James, 292 Janssen, Zacharias, 227, 253 Kobold, H., 479 Homer, 95 Java, 22 Kohlschütter, A., 458 Harriot, Thomas, 324 Homocentric spheres, IOg-I6, 193 Harrison, J ohn, 292 Jeans, James H., 372,400,4°1,4°8 Königsberg observatory, 335, 343 Hooke, Robert, 250, 260, 263, 278, 289, 376 Königsberg Tables, 325 Hartmann, Joh., 441, 478 Jeftteys, Harold, 384, 389, 392 Hooker telescope, 338 Jewish astronomy, 20, 26, 27, 168, 170 Kopff, A., 329 512 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX

Koppemigk, Niklas: see Copemicus Life on other worlds, 229, 257-8, 371, 375-9, Mars: in astrology, 41; orbit and motion, Mexican astronomy, 20 Kramp, 328 391-3, 4°1-3 91-2, r t r , 116, 133-6, 139-41, 192, 195, Michelson, A. A., 346, 464 Krieger, K. J., 374 Light, theories of Huygens and Newton, 236-42, 363, 364; parallax, distance to Micrometer, 258, 314, 328, 334, 342-3 Kron, E., 426 272; veiocity, 256, 344-5; see also: aberra- earth, 284, 345-6; density, 383; rotation, Micronesian astronomy, 20 Kron, Gerald E., 438 tion, refraction, spectrum, polarization, 256, 376; diameter, 348; surface topo- Microphotometer, 441 Krüger, C. N. A., 468 photometry graphy, 'canals', 256, 313-14, 375-80; Middelburg, Paul of, 219 Krüger, Friedr., 449 'Lighthouse-stars', 484 brightness, 157, 386; spectrum, atmos- Midrash,20 Kudurrus, 32 Light pressure, 424, 427 phere, 39(}-2; temperature, 389; polariza- Milky Way, 158, 208, 228, 316-7, 467-7°, Kugler, F. X., 30, 33, 34, 55, 72, 81 Light-year, 349 tion, 388; satellites, 382-3; life on Mars, 474-7 Kuiper, Gerard P., 391 Lilius, Aloysius, 220 376-g; Pl. 12 Milne, E. A., 372, 415, 461, 466, 490 Küstner, Fr., 369 Limb darkening of stars, 438 Martianus Capella, 192 Minnaert, M. G.J., 409 Lindblad, Bertil, 4Bo, 482 Mashar, 166 Minor planets, 346-57 Lacaille, Nicolas L. de, 284, 293 Lippershey, Hans, 227 Maskelyne, Nevil, 286, 287, 293, 295, 313, Mira stars, 441, 463 La Condamine, C. M. de, 282, 287 Liu-Hsin, 92 315,371 Mira Ceti (star), 311 Lactantius, 162 Locke, John, 271 ~"askelyne stars, 326 Mirandola, Pico della, 186 Lagrange, Joseph L., 298, 301, 305, 356 Lockyer,Jos. Norman, 376, 409, 4II-2, 454, !'.laslama ibn Ahmed, 168, 174 Mitchell, S. A., 411 La Hire, Phil. de, 249, 279 456,458 Mason, Ch., 286 Mohammed, 27 Lalande, J. L., 315, 316,403 Loewy, Maurice, 373 Mass and weight distinguished, 265 Mohammedan astronomy, 164-70 Lambert,J. H., 301, 316, 384-5 Logarithms in astronomy, 202-3 Mass-Iuminosity law, 465 Mohr, J. M., 286 Lamont, J., 404 Lohrmann, W. G., 372 Massöthç sf Molyneux, Samuel, 28g-g1 Lampland, C. 0., 388 Lo-Hsia-Hung,91 Masudiy zf Monck, W. M., 454 Lane, James Homer, 397-8, 456, 458 Longitude (terrestrial), 276-g, 291-2, 370 Mathematicos, Junta dos, 185 Mongols,86, 169-70 Langrenus (M. F. van Langeren), 257 Longomontanus, 216, 236 Mathematikè Suntaxis: see Montanari, G., 250, 311, 319 Lansbergen, Phil. van, 243, 249 Louville, J. E. de, 297 Maunder, E. W., 390 Monte, Guidobaldo del, 224 Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 298, 301, Lowell, Percival, 379, 380';' 382 Maupertuis, P. L. M. de, 283-7 Monte Regio, Johannes de: see Regiomen- 304-6, 351, 358, 359, 365, 366, 386, 394, Lowell observatory, 379, 380, 390 Maury, Antonia C., 453, 456, 457, 458 tanus 397,398,4°1 Lubbock, Constanee, 318 Maxwell, J. Clark, 424 Moon: importance for calendar, 2(}-7, 31, Lassell, William, 383, 405 Ludendorff, H., 439 Maya astronomy, 92 37, 53, 107-8, 271; worship and omens, Latitude (terrestrial), 276, 278; variation of, Luminosity law (Kapteyn), 473 Mayer, Christian, 315 24, 32, 38, 41, 43, 77; orbit and motion, 36g Luminosity, stellar: see magnitudes Mayer, Julius Robert, 395-6 21, 72-80, 87, 128, 151-4, 213, 249, 263, Laws of Nature, 275; ofmotion, 178, 19(}-4 Luther, Martin, 186, 222 Mayer, J. Tobias, 293, 303, 315 270, 277, 299, 303-6, 344, 355-6, 36g 223-4,227,249,262,265, 274; of Kepier:, Lyot, Bemard, 3Bo, 387,417 Mechanics, celestial, 246-52, 299-307, (stations, 21, 87, 90; evection=second see Kepier; of Titius-Bode, 352; of gravi- Lyrids,421 351-7°, andpassim anomaly, 153; variation, 213; annual tation: see gravitation Mechanistic doctrine, 305 inequality, 213; parallactic inequality, Layard, Henry, 29 Maclaurin, 400 'Medicean stars', 228 306, 344; lunar tables, 64, 72-6, 303, 304, Least squares, 340 Maclear, 342 Medieval astronomy, 164-77 365-6, 369; libration, 304, regression of Leavitt, Henrietta, 484 Mädler, J. H., 372-3, 376, 378, 430, 472; Melanchthon, Philip, 200, 222, 224 nodes, 151,213,27°; secular acceleration, Leeuwenhoek, Ant. van, 246 Pl. 11, 12 Melloni, Mac., 388 304-5,366);topography, 228, 256-7,3°4, Legendre, A. M., 340 Maestlin, Mich., 225, 236, 242 Melotte, P.J., 476 313, 371-5; occultations, absence of Le Gentil, J. G., 286-7 Magellan, F., 277 Menazil, 21, 27 atmosphere, 371-2; photometry, spectro- Leibniz, Georg W., 251-2, 273, 299 Magellanic Clouds, 483-5 Menelaus, 145, 149 photometry, 385, 390; radiometry, tem- Leiden observatory, 329, 342, 362, 4Bo Magini, G. A., 228 Menzei, Don. H., 389 perature, 385; polarization, 387; evolu- Lemaître, G., 489 Magnetism, 224,240,261,4°4 Mercury: orbit and motion, 72, II6, II7, tion, 399-400; Pl. 4, II Lemonnier, P. C., 290 Magnitudes, stellar, 156,314,444-9,456 133-4, 141-2, 192, 195-6, 242; rotation, Month,20-37,73-6,92,loB,112,125,128,146 Leonardo of Pisa, 200 Magnus, Albertus, 175 3Bo; diameter, 348; surface topography, Moore, Charlotte, 412 Leonids, 420-2 Maimonides, 17° 3~1; temperature, 389; polarization, Moore,Jonas,279 Lepaute, J. A., 292 Main, Rob., 348 387; mass and density, 358, 383 More, Thomas, 247 Lepaute, Mme Nicole R. E., 292-3°2 Mangsas, 22 Meridian circle, 323-7; Pl. 8, 10 Morehouse, 425; Pl. 14 Leverrier, Urbain J. J., 342, 344, 359, 360, Manilius, 132, 157, lBo Meridian photometer, 447 Morin,J. B., 260, 277 362,363,421 Mantois, 333-4 Merz, G., 332 Mortality tables, 340 Levi ben Gerson, 184 Manzil,21 Mesopotamian astronomy, 21, 28-81 Moses ben Maimon, 17° LexelI, A. J., 359 Maraga,169 Messier, Charles, 312 Motion, theory of: Aristotie, 114-5, Paris Librations, 356 Marcellus, 132 Meteors and meteorites, 357, 383, 390, school, 178, 223-4; Copemic, 19(}-4; Lichtenberger, Johannes, 186 Marco Polo, 93 396-7, 419-23, 426 Galileo, 227, 249, 262; Newton, 265, 274 Lick, James, 333 Marconi, 370 Meteoritic hypothesis, 456 Moulton, F., 382,400 Lick observatory, 333, 373-4, 377, 3Bo, 390, Mar-ishtar, 41 Metius, Adr., 227 Mount Wilson Observatory, 338, 388, 391, 425,431,438,439,471,475,477,488 Marius, Simon, 231, 312 Meton's cycle, 51, roê, 112,217,218,220 392,409,412,478, 4B7, 4B8 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX

Müller, Gustav, 386-7, 436, 447 Nuncius Sidereus (Galilei), 229 Parsec, 349 158-9, 165, 180, 191-8, 225-6, 236-44, Müller, Johann (Regiomontanus), 179 83, Nunez, Pedro, 2 I I Parsons, Will., 332 265-7, 280, 305, 355, 35g-64, 498; 186, 200, 219 Nutation, 290 Passah, 26 ephemerides, tables, 55, 57, 63-72, 144, Museum, 123 Paul of Middelburg, 219 165, 167-7°, 180, 198, 242-3, 280, 364; Myers, G. W., 438 Objectives (telescope), 294-5, 330, 331, 336, Payne, Cecilia H., 461-l! albedo, photometry, 384-7; radiometry, 425 Pearce, J. A., {82 temperature, 388; polarimetry, 387-8; Naburianna, 81 Objective grating, 432, 441 Pease, F. G., 464, 488; Pl. 22 spectrum, atmosphere, 389-93; density, Naburiannuos, 81 Objective prism, 452 Peculiar motion, 472 intemal structure, 383-4; satellites, Naburmiannu, 81 Obliquatio, 174 Pedro 111 ofCatalonia, 184 382-3; minor planets, 346-7, 352-7; Nachepso, 130 Observatories, 168, 16g, 208, 209, 278, 333, Peirce, B., 361 Trojan planets, 356. Se« also: names of Nadir (origin of term), 174 349, 412. See also: Berlin, Cape Town, Pendulum, 227, 267, 277, 282, 327 individual planets ,21 Dorpat, Greenwich, Harvard, Leiden, Pericles, 100 Planetary system: stability, 306; origin, Napier, John, 202-3 Lick, Lowell, Mount Wilson, Paris, Periods in astronomy, 20, 33, 54--6, 65-72, 3°6-7,400-2 Nasi,27 Pulkovo, Yerkes 1-92 Planetoids, 346-7, 352-7 Näsir al-Din al-Tûsî, 169 9 Occultations, 15°, 371 ~ rrotin, J., 377 Planitesimal hypothesis, 401 Natural philosophy, 264 OdysseY,95 Perseids, 420-1 Plaskett, J. S., 482 Navigation as stimulus to astronomy, 20, , 106 Personal error, 327 Plassmann,J., 234 18 4-5, 276-8, 282, 291-2, 303-4, 365-70 Oktaëteris, 107 Perturbation theory, 300-306, 355, 35g-64 Plato, 97, 101-5, 114, 117 Nebulae, 311-2, 316, 318, 332, 451, 462-3, Olbers, H. Wilhelm M., 324, 352, 353, 358, Peters, C. A. F., 354, 434 'Platonic figures', 225 476, 478; Orion nebuia, 312, 319, 451, 420, 42 I, 424 Petosiris, 13° Pleiades, 32, 37, 5°, 95, 96, 228, 316, 472 463; dark nebulae, 476-8. See also: Oldenburg, H., 250 Pettit, E., 388, 463 Pliny (Plinius), 81, 129, 146, 173 Andromeda nebula, galaxies Olivier, C. P., 422 Petzval, Jos., 336 Plutarch, 98, 145 Nebular theory of evolution, 306, 394, 397, Olmsted, Denison, 420 Peurbach, 179-80, 200 Pogson, N. R., 446 8 39 ,401 Omens (astrology), 33, 47, 89, 90, 92 Phaeinos, 107 Poincaré, Henri, 359, 4°° 'Nebulium', 451, 462 Oort,J. H., 480-1, 485 v , 100, 117, 188 Polarimetry, 387-8 Neison, E., 373 Open clusters, 477 'Philosophers', 98 Polemarchus, 111, 116 Neper,John: see Napier Opinions, 98 Philosophical Transactions, 250-1 Polos (Greek shadow-pole), 105--6 Neptune: discovery and orbit, 35g-63; Oppolzer, Theod. von, 421 Philosophy and astronomy, 97-105, 113, Polynesian astronomy, 20, 21 albedo, 386; density, 384; satellite, 383 'Orbes', 193 246-52, 273-5, 360-3, 401-2, 490 Pond,John,293,433 Neugebauer, Otto, 77 Oresme, Nicolas, 178, 223 Phocua. roê Pons, J. L., 358 New-Babylonian astronomy, 48-62 Origin of astronomy, 19; of planetary Photoelectric cell, 438 Popular astronomy, 341, 342 Newcomb, Simon, 346, 363, 368 system, 306-7, 400-2 Photography, astronomieal, 336-7, 345, Portret lens, 425 New Style (calendar), 221 Orion, 31, 32, 50, 95--6, 312, 319, 448, 451, 354, 373-4, 37g-80, 405--6, 408-9, 41 I, , 124 Newton, H. A., 420, 42 I 463; Pl. 15, 16,20 416, 423, 425, 434-5, 440-1, 442, 451, Pouillet, C. S. M., 414 Newton, Sir Isaac: life, 262, 264, 270-1; 'Orion lines' , 453 469,475,485--6 Powalky, K. R., 345 gravitation, 262-275, 300, 303, 499-501; Osiander, Andr., 190 Photometer, 385--6, 438, 446, 449 Prager, R., 438 theory of fluxions and mathematics, 262, Osthoff, H., 449 Photometry, 384-7, 437-8, 440-1, 446 Precession, 29, 75, 83, 92,126, 149, 150, 157, 264, 266; theoretical mechanics, 264-5; Otho, L. V., 200 Piazzi, G., 296, 352 166-7, 169, 197,215,27°,290 motion of fluids and vortices, 271-l!; Picard, Jean, 251, 259-60, 263, 278-9, 289, Priest-astronomers, 35, 37-8, 49, 80 cornets, 268; properties of light, 247, 262, Pahlen, E. von der, 480 340; Pl. 6 Prime mover, I 16 294; telescope, 246, 293-4; theological Palisa, J., 354, 485 Pickering, Edward C., 438, 452, 453, 454, Principia Mathematica (Newton), 264-75 views, 273-4, 306; Voltaire on, 297-8. See Palissy, B., 245 460, 469, 487 Prismatic camera, 411 also: 289, 291; Pl. 7 Palitsch, J. G., 302 Pickering, W. H., 374 Pritchard, Ch., 447 Nicetas, 117, 188 (erroneousformofHicetas) Pallas (planet), 353 Pico della Mirandola, G. F., 186 Probability calculus, 340 Nicholson, 388, 463 Palomar, 338 Pigafetta, F. A., 277 Proclus Diadochus, 117, 128, 148, 162 Nin-dar-anna, 33, 38, 90 Pan-Babylonism, 29 Pigott, Edw., 319 Proctor, Rich., 375, 448, 476 Nonius, 211 Parallactic motion, 472 Pingré, A. C., 286 Procyon (star), 432-3, 446 Noteboom, E., 347 Parallax: of moon, 129, 154-5, 284; of sun, Pir:ilieimer, Willibald, 181 Progymnasmata (), 227 Notker, 173 118, 119, 155, 156, 212-13, 241, 282, Pisa, Leonardo of, 200 Prominences (solar), 406, 4°9-1 I Novae, 93, 129, 207-8, 212, 214, 227, 236, 283-7, 306, 341, 344-8, 497; of Mars, Pistorius, J., 229 Proper motions, 281, 325, 326, 342,471 441-3,451,486,495 284, 345--6; of Eros, 346-7, 356; of stars, Plana, G. A., 367 'Proto-elements', 454, 460 Novarra, Domenico Maria, 188 313, 316, 335, 339, 342-4, 349, 350, 460, Planck, Max, 414, 45°, 461 Prutenic Tables, 198,206 Novum Organum (Bacon), 247 472 Planetary nebulae, 318, 451, 462 Psychophysicallaw, 445 Nuclear energy, 492-4, 496 Parapegm, 108 Planets: in astrology, 38-42, 131, 160; Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus): astrology, Numerals: sexagesimal (Babylonian), 64, Paris Observatory, 278, 325; Pl. 8 synodic periods, 20, 33, 54-7, 65-72, 160-1; Almagest, 146--62, 166, 175, 180; 77,80, 148, 199; Indian and Arabic, 166, Parkhurst, J. A., 473 91-2, 136; orbit and motion, 38-41, motion and distance ofthe moon, 75, 129, 200; Greek, 199; Roman, 200 Parmenides, 100 63-72, 90-1, log-18, 121, 133-44, 151-4; motion and distanee of the sun, A HISTORY OF' ASTRONOMY INDEX

148--g, 155~, 166-7, 197; motion of the Rosenberg, H., 438, 461 Secchi, Angelo, 376, 38g, 392, 408, 451-2, Spectrum, spectrum analysis, 330, 38g-92, planets and epicycle theory, 136-44, 147, Ross, Frank E., 337, 380, 475 463; Pl. 17 406-17, 425-7, 434-5, 439, 45~3, 478, 158, 195~; precession, 150, 166; eclipses, Rosse, Lord, 332, 388, 405, 477 Secondary spectrum, 330 488; Pl. 13, 15, 17, 18 44, 151, 156; star catalogue, 129, 156-7, Rothmann, Christ., 208, 223, 225 Seeliger, Hugo, 387, 442, 470 Spencer Jones, Sir Harold, 347, 368 444; Milky Way, 158, 474; instruments, Rowland, Henry A., 408; Pl. 13 Seidel, L. P., 336, 446 Sphaera armillaris: see armilla 151-5, 182; trigonometry, 147-8 Royal Society, the, 250--1, 278, 279; Newton Seleucia, 63, 121 Sphaerica, 132, 159, 175 'Ptolemy's theorem', 147-8 as president, 271; and Herschel's theories, Seleucid era (SE), 52 Spheres, celestial, 109-16, 147, 175, 190, 193 Puiseux, P. H., 373, 375 318 Seleucus, 121, 123 Spherical aberration (oflenses), 254 Pulkovo Observatory, 332, 333, 343, 344, Rudolphine Tables, 242, 243, 248, 249, Seleucus, King, 52, 60 Spherical trigonometry, 167, 199, 201, 202, 406,430 276,280 Selenium cell, 438 214 Pulsation theory, 436, 439, 440, 484 Rue, Warren de la, 373, 405 Selenology, 375 Spinoza, Bened. de, 264 Punctum aequans, 138--g, 194, 237-9 Runge, Carl, 414 Seneca, 146, 173 Spiral nebulae, 477, 485~ Purbach, Georg, 17g-80, 200 Russell, H. C., 475 Sexagesimal system, 64, 77, 80, 148, 199 Spoerer, F. W. G., 405 Pyramids, 82 Russell, Henry Noris, 392,438,457,458,461 , 206, 208, 2og, 25~0, 279, 291 Squares, method ofleast, 340 Pythagoras, 99-100 Rutherford, Ernst, 415, 492 <:hamash, 24, 38, 77 Ssu-ma-Ch'ien, 91 Rutherford, Lewis M., 336, 389 ';hadow poles, 74, 91, 93, 106 Stanley Williams, 382 : Chinese, 93; Ptolemy's, 148; Rydberg, I. R., 414, 454 Shapley, Harlow, 438, 440, 484, 485, 487, 488 Stars: in astrology, 131; in calendar reckon- Arabian, 167; Tycho Brahe's, 206, 208, Sharp, Abr., 279, 291 ing, 31-2; names of, 20, 49-50, 84, 9°,132, 2og, 210, 211, 214; Hevelius', 25~0; Sabine, Edw., 404 Sharaf Al-Dawla, 168 148, 215, 276, 280; catalogues, 129, 156, Flamsteed's, 279-80; Bradiey's, 292; Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 175,201 Shi-Shen, 88, 90 169, 209, 215, 276, 280, 293, 296, 319, Hadiey's reflecting quadrant, 291; Pl. 6, 8 Saha, Megh Nad, 460 Shooting stars: see Meteors 325-7, 405, 445-7, 468--g; co-ordinates, Saltus lunae, 218 Shortt, James, 294 124, 129, 141, 156,201,214, 259; colours, Ra, 84 Samarkand.Yêq Shortt, W. H., 327 157, 158, 449; distances, , 'Racer stars', 480 Saros, 59, 62, 78, 128 Shu-ging, 93 313-14, 316, 335, 339, 342-4, 349-50, Radial velocity, 471 Saturn: motion, 71, 91, i'1 I, 116, 186, 195, Siddhantas, 165 460, 472; double stars, 314, 315, 332, Radiant, 420, 422 240, 270, 300--2; diameter, 348; mass and Sidereal year, 73, 126, 149 429-32, 435; evolution of, 397-9, 458, Radiation laws, 414 density, 268, 384; surface details, 314, Sidereus Nuncius (Galileo), 228 491~; interiors of, 464~, 491~; magni- Ramsay, W., 401 382; spectrum, 390; rotation, 382, 390; Simms, Will., 322 tudes, photometry, 344, 385, 444-9; Ramsden, Jesse, 295, 296, 322, 335 temperature, 389; ring system, 230, Simplicius, 110, 11I, 112, 162 mass, 434; motions, 281, 471-2, 478-82; Rayet, G., 454 254-5,386-7,39°; satellites, 255, 267, 314, Sin, 24, 38, 77 spectra, radiation, 434-5, 439, 45~4, Red-shift of galaxies, 488--g; Pl. 23 383. See also: 157, 384, 386, 388, 392 Sindh, 21 478,488; Pl. 17, 18; temperatures, 460--3; Reflector, 294, 312, 313, 337, 338, 371, 374 Savary, F., 432 Sines, tables of, 127, 140, 167, 199,200 variabie stars, 319, 435-41, 483-4; size, Refraction: of glass, 294, 295, 330; terres- Scaliger, J. J., 236 Sirius (star), 20, 83, 84, 95, 132, 157, 316, 463-4; star clusters, 477, 483-5; star trial, 150, 182, 212, 213, 236, 243, 289, Schaeberle, J. M., 434 344,432-4,446,448,45° gauges, 317; star globes, 20, 132, 158,201; 328, 329 Schaumberger,Jos., 72, 76, 311 Sitter, W. de, 347, 368, 489 Pl. 2; star maps, 132, 215, 260, 280, Refractor, 295, 332, 333, 334, 371, 374, Scheiner, Christopher, 231, 253 Sixtus IV, 219 444-5, 468--g; Pl. I, 16,20 377-8 Scheiner, Julius, 435, 436, 451, 453, 461 Sky patrol, 442 St Cloud, Guill., 179 Regiomontanus, 179-86, 200, 20 I Schiaparelli, Giov. V., 45, 111-12, 117,211, Slipher, V. M., 380, 390, 391, 480, 488 Stebbins, Joel, 437 Reichenbach, G. von, 323, 324, 329; Pl. 10 377, 380, 381, 421; Pl. 12 Smith, George, 29 Stefan, J., 414 Reinhold, Erasmus, 198, 220 Schlesinger, Frank, 337, 349 Snell, Willebrord (Snellius), 236, 259, 263 Stein,J. W.J. A., 439 Reinmuth, K, 357 Schmidt, August, 413 'Snell's problem', 137 Steinheil, C. A., 332, 336, 445, 446 Renaissance, 178 Schmidt, J. F. Julius, 373, 436, 439, 449, Socrates, 101 Stellar energy, 492-4 Repsold, J. G., 323, 324, 328 474; Pl. 11 Solar cycle, 219, 404-5 Stellar statistics, 470--482 Republic (Plato), 102-3 Schoenberg, Nic., 189 Solar year, 21, 82-3 Stevin, Simon, 202, 224, 242 Reversing layer (sun), 410 Scholasticism, 176 Solon of Athens, 106-7 St. Gobain, 334 Rheticus, GeorgJoachim, 189-9°,200,201 Schoner, Joh., 183, 196 , 74,91-2, 107, I I I, 125-7, 148 Stjerneborg, 20g Riccioli, J. B., 249, 257 Schönfeld, Eduard, 436, 468, 476 Sothis (Sirius), 83, 84 StJohn, C. E., 391, 409 Richer, Jean, 282 Schott, F., 334 Soudinês. Hr Stokes, G. G., 406, 415 Riemann, Bernh., 487 Schraffierkassette, 447 South, James, 405, 430 Stone, E. J., 345 Rigel (star), 448 Schroeter, J. H., 313, 324, 371, 375, 381 Southern Cross, 176, 185 Stoney, G. Johnstone, 372 Right ascension, 201, 209, 214, 277, 280, 327 Schwabe, S. Heinr., 404 Southern stars, 176, 185, 276, 284, 293, , 81, 146 Ritchey, G. W., 338; Pl. 22 Schwarzschild, Karl, 415, 426, 439, 441, 447, 343,445,447,469 Strand, K. A., 433 Ritter, A., 417 473,479,482 Space absorption, 477-8 Strassmaier, J. N., 30, 60, 72 Roberts, Isaac, 486; Pl. 22 Schyrrle de Rheitha, A. M., 253 Spectrograph, 408, 451 Strömberg, G. E., 480 Roman astronomy, 131-2; calendar, 21, Scintillation of stars, 176, 185, 276, 284, Spectroheliograph, 412, 416 Strömgren, Bengt, 494 145~; astrology, 131; numerals, 200 293,343,445,447,46g Spectrohelioscope, 4 I 6 Struve, F. G. WilheJm, 332, 342, 430, 449, Römer, Ole, 251, 256, 278; Pl. 8 Scorpion (constellation), 32, 50, 87 Spectroscopie binaries, 435; Pl. 15 464 A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY INDEX

Struve, Otto W., 343-4, 430-1 Three-body problem, 299 Vega (star), 342, 446, 448 White dwarfs, 434, 457, 466 Sumerians, 28--81 Three-staff, 154, 181-2 Velocity of light, 256, 344, 346 Wiechert, Emil, 324 Stumpe, 0., 4110 Tiedemann, Giese, [89 Vendelinus, G., 283 Wien, W., 4[4 Sun: worship, 24, 38, 77, 84; omens, 42-3; Tides, theories of, 123, 232, 261, 270, 276, Venus: worship and omens, 33, 35, 49; Wildt, Rupert, 392, 416 in calendar reckoning, 21, 26, 82-87, 297, 367, 399 phases, 35, [00, 230; period, 20, 33, 90; Wilhelm IV von Hessen, 208 107, 125, 146; apparent orbit and motion, Time reckoning: see calendar, chronology, visibility, 260; orbit, 7[-2, 90, [[6--17, Wilsing, J., 390, 461 74-5, 127, [35, 148, [51, 167-8,2[3,3°4; clocks, gnomon 133-4, 14[-2, 192, 195-6, 242, 363-4; Wilson, Alexander, 403 distance to earth (astronomical unit) and , 124, 126, 149, 15°,281 parallax and transits, 284-7, 295, 339, Winckler, Hugo, 29-30 parallax, 1[8, [19, 155, [56, 212-3, 241, Tisserand, F. F., 368 340, 345, 381; diameter, 3411; density, Witt, Gustav, 346 282-7, 306, 34[, 344~8, 497; motion Titius, J. D., 352, 361 383; spectrum and temperature, 389, Witt, Jan de, 340 between the stars, 3[5, 316, 471, 480; Todd, Dav. P., 345 390-3; surface details, 381; albedo, 386; Wolf, C., 454 size, 119, [20, 128, 335, 348; mass, 341; Toledo Tables, 168 polarization, 387; rotation, 390. See also Wolf, Max, 354,475, 485 photography, 405; photosphere and granu- Tompion, Th., 278, 292 214 Wolf, Rudolf, 404 lation, 403, 406, 417; temperature, 4[4; Torricelli, Evangelista, 262 Vernier, P., 2[0-[ 1 Wren, Christopher, 263 spectrum, 406--[ 7; reversing layer, 410; Toscanelli, Paolo, 179 V-ry, Frank W., 388 Wright, Thomas, 316 chromosphere, 406, 410, 4[7; promi- Tourbillons (theory), 248, 26[, 271-2 V~pucci, Amerigo, 185, 277 Wright, W. H., 380, 463 nences, 406, 4°9-11; corona, 406, 4[0-[1, Transit instrument, 278, 293 Vesta, 353 Wurm, K., 427 417; spectroheliograrns, 4[2, 4[6; flares, Transversals, 206, 210 Vettius Valens, 81 416; internal structure and energy, (trePidatio), 166, [69, 197, 2[5 Vico, F., 381 Xenophanes, 99 396-8,417-8,491-3; absolute magnitude, Trigonometry, [67, 199, ::10[-3, 214 Vieta, Fr., 20[ 448--9 , 154, [8[-2 Villiger, W., 38[ Yang-Hiong, 91 , 106; see gnomon Trojan planets, 356 Vizinho, J osé, [85 Yerkes Observatory, 333, 349, 412, 431 Sunspots, 23[, 253, 403-5, 407-8, 412-3 Tropical year, 126, 149, [97,220 Vlacq, Adriaan, 202 Young, C. A., 408, 410 Supergiant stars, 457 Troughton, Edw., 322, 332 Vogel, H. C., 389, 390, 435, 436, 45[, 453, Yu-Hsi,92 Suter, H., 169 Trumpler, Rob. J., 380~477 454 Swan, Will., 427 Tupman, G. L., 345 Voltaire, 297-8 Zach, F. X. von, 324, 339 'Sweeps' (Herschel), 3[6 Twinkling of stars: see scintillation Von Asten, E., 358 Zachariassen, Hans, 253 Sylvester II, 174 Tycho Brahe: astrology, 204-6, cornets, Von der Pahlen, E., 480 Zacuto, [84, 185 Synodic are, 65-74 2[5~; heliocentric system, 222-3; in- Vortex theory, 248, 26[, 271, 297-8 Zarqäla, 168 Synodic periods ofplanets, 54-5, 92, 133; of struments and observatories, 206, 208-12; Zanstra, H., 462 moon, 20, 73, 75, 92, 108, 125, 128 MilkyWay, 208; motionofmoon, 213-14; Waerden,J. van der, 1[7 Zeeman effect, 412 'Systematic parallax', 315 apparent motion of sun, 2[2-13, 238, 239, Wales, W., 286 Zeiss, Carl, 336 283; motion of planets, 216; star cata- Walker, S. C., 36[ Zenith, [74 Tables of chords and sines, 127, 14°, 147, logue and co-ordinates, 214-15; star Walther, Bernard, 181, [82, 183, 196, 201, Zenith sector, 28g-g0; Pl. 6 167, 199, 200 magnitudes, 444; precession, 215; re- 212,2[3 , zodiacal signs, 21, 64, 84, 90, 106, Tables of planets, 55, 57, 63-72, 144, 165, fraction, 2[2. Se. also: 181,228,340; Pl. 3 Warren de la Rue, 3i3, 405 161 167-7°, 180, 198,242-3,364 Wassenius, B., 406 Zodiacallight, 422 Taylor, Geoffrey, 367 , 169 Wegener, Kurt, 375 Zöllner,J. C. F., 385-7, 423, 446, #9 Telescopes: invention, 227, 253; Galileo, 'Unresolvable nebulae', 477 Weight and mass distinguished, 265 Zone work, 326, 468 227-9,231; Kepier, 229, 253-4; Huygens, Unsöld, Albrecht, 4[6 Werner, Joh., 277 Zwicky, F., 495 254, 255; Newton, 246, 293-4; refractor Uraniborg, 209 295, 332, 333, 334, 337, 371, 374, 377-8; Uranometria (star atlas), 215,444 reflector, 312, 313, 337, 338, 371, 374. See Uranus: discovery, 3[3-14; rotation, 390; also 259-60; Pl. 6, 9 spectrum, 390; temperature, 389; surface Tempel, W., 421 details, 382; albedo, 386; density, 384; Temperature ofsun, 4[4; of stars, 461-3 perturbations by Neptune, 359~2; satel- Tetrabiblos (Ptolemy), [60, [67 lites, 3[4, 383 Thäbit ibn Qurra, 166, 17°, 197 Urban VIII, 233 , 98, 99, 106 Utopian theories, 247 Theon, 180 Utzschneider, J., 329 Theophrastus, 98, [07 Thermodynamics, 396-9 Van de Kamp, P., 477 Thollon, L., 377 Van der Waerden, J., 1[7 Thomas, Saint (Aquinas), 105, 175 Van Helmont,J. B., 242 Thomé,Juan M., 468, 474 Van Lansbergen, Phil., 243, 249 Thornson, William, 396 Van Leeuwenhoek, Ant. van, 246 Thormann, Fr., 468 Variabie stars, 319, 435-41, 483-4

520 521 A CATALOG OF SELECTED DOVER BOOKS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS A CATALOG OF SELECTED RELATIVITY, THERMODYNAMICS AND COSMOLOGY, Richard C. Tol- man. Landmark study extends thermodynamics to special, general relativity; also DOVER BOOKS applications of relativistic mechanics, thermodynamics to cosmological modeIs. IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS 501pp. 5* x 8~. 65383-8Pao$13.95 APPLlED ANALYSIS, Cornelius Lanczos. Classic work on analysis and design of QUALITATIVE THEORY OF DIFFERENTlALEQUATIONS, V.V.Nemytskii finite processes for approximating solution of analytical problems. Algebraic and V.V. Stepanov. Classic graduate-Ievel text by two prominent Soviet mathe- equations, matrices, harmonie analysis, quadrature methods, much more. 559pp. maticians covers c1assical differential equations as weil as topological dynamics 5* x 8~. 65656-X Pao$13.95 and ergodic theory. Bibliographies. 523pp. 5* x 8~. 65954-2Pao$10.95 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, Rudolf Carnap. MATRICES AND LINEAR ALGEBRA, Hans Schneider and George Phillip Stimulating, thought-provoking text c1early and discerningly makes accessible Barker. Basic textbook covers theory of matrices and its applications to systems of such topics as probability, structure of space, causality and determinism, theoretica I Iinear equations and related topics such as determinants, eigenvalues and differ- concepts and much more. 320pp. 5* x 8~. 28318-6Pao$8.95 ential equations. Numerous exercises. 432pp. 5* x 8~. 66014-1Pao$10.95 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS, Maxwell Rosenlicht. Unusually clear, acces- sible coverage of set theory, real number system, metric spaces, continuous QUANTUM THEORY, David Bohm. This advanced undergraduate-Ievel text functions, Riemann integration, multiple integrals, more. Wide range of problems. presents the quanturn theory in terms of qualitative and imaginative concepts, Undergraduate level. Bibliography. 254pp. 5* x 8~. 65038-3Pao$7.95 followed by specific applications worked out in mathematical detail. Preface. Index. 655pp. 5* x 8~. 65969-0Pao$14.95 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS With Applications to Chem- istry, Linus Pauling & E. Bright Wilson, Jr. Classic undergraduate text by Nobel ATOMIC PHYSICS (8th edition), Max Born. Nobel laureate's lucid treatment of Prize winner applies quantum mechanics to chemical and physical problems. kinetic theory of gases, elementary particles, nuclear atom, wave-corpuscles, atornic Numerous tables and figures enhance the text. Chapter bibliographies. Appen- structure and spectrallines, much more. Over 40appendices, bibliography. 495pp. dices. Index. 468pp. 5* x 8~. 64871-0Pao$11.95 5* x 8~. 65984-4Pao$12.95 ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS OF INTEGRALS, Norman Bleistein & Richard A. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS: The Handelsman. Best introduetion to important field with applications in a variety of Physics of the Chemical Bond, Walter A. Harrison. Innovative text offers basic scientific disciplines. New preface. Problems. Diagrams. Tables. Bibliography. understanding of the e1ectronic structure of covalent and ionic solids, simple Index. 448pp. 5* x 8~. 65082-0Pao$12.95 metals, transition metals and their compounds. Problems. 1980 edition. 582pp. 6lt x 9\4. 66021-4Pao$15.95 MATHEMATICS APPLlED TO CONTINUUM MECHANICS, Lee A. Segel. Analyzes models of f1uidflow and soliddeformation. For upper-Ievel math, science BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS OF HEAT CONDUCTION, M. Necati and engineering students. 608pp. 5* x 8~. 65369-2Pao$14.95 Özisik. Systematic, comprehensive treatment of modern mathematical methods of solving problems in heat conduction and diffusion. Numerous examples and ELEMENTS OF REAL ANALYSIS, David A. Sprecher. Classic text covers problems. Selected references. Appendices. 505pp. 5* x 8~. 65990-9Pao$12.95 fundamental concepts, real number system, point sets, functions of a real variabie, Fourier series, much more. Over 500 exercises. 352pp. 5* x 8~. 65385-4Pao$10.95 A SHORT HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY (3rd edition), J.R. Parrington. Classic PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE QUANTUM THEOR Y,Werner Heisenberg. exposition explores origins of chemistry, alchemy, early medical chemistry, nature Nobel Laureate discusses quanturn theory, uncertainty, wave mechanics, work of of atmosphere, theory of valency, laws and structure of atomic theory, much more. Dirac, Schroedinger, Cornpton, Wilson, Einstein, etc. 184pp. 5* x 8~. 428pp. 5* x 8~. (Available in U.S. only) 65977-1Pao$11.95 60113-7Pao$5.95

A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, A. Pannekoek. Well-balanced, carefully rea- INTRODUCTORY REAL ANALYSIS, A.N. Kolmogorov, S.V. Fomin. Trans- soned study covers such topics as Ptolemaic theory, work of Copernicus, KepIer, lated by Richard A. Silverman. Self-contained, evenly paced introduetion to real Newton, Eddington's work on stars, much more. Illustrated. References. 521pp. and functional analysis. Some 350 problems. 403pp. 5* x 8~. 61226-0Pao$10.95 5* x 8~. 65994-1Pao$12.95 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN QUANTUM CHEMISTR YAND PHYSICS, PRINCIPLES OF METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS, Walter J. Saucier. Highly Charles S. Johnson, Jr. and Lee G. Pedersen. Unusually varied problems, detailed respected, abundantly illustrated classic reviews atmospheric variables, hydro- solutions in coverage of quanturn mechanics, wave mechanics, angular momen- staties, static stability, various analyses (scalar, cross-section, isobaric, isentropic, turn, molecular spectroscopy, scattering theory, more. 280 problems plus 139 more). For intermediate meteorology students. 454pp. 6lt x 9\4. 65979-8Pao$14.95 supplementary exercises. 430pp. 6~ x 9\4. 65236-X Pao$13.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

ASYMPTOTIC METHODS IN ANALYSIS, N.G. de Bruijn. An inexpensive, THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD, Alben Shadowitz. Comprehensive under- comprehensive guide to asymptotic methods-the pioneering work that teaches by graduate text covers basics of electric and magnetic fields, builds up to electrornag- explaining worked examples in detail. Index. 224pp. 5* x S12. 64221-6Pao$6.95 netic theory. Also related topics, including relativity. Over 900 problems. 76Spp. 5* x S~. 6566O-SPao$IS.95 OPTICALRESONANCEANDTWO-LEVELATOMS, L. AlIenandJ.H. Eberly. Clear, comprehensive introduction to basic principles behind all quanturn optical FOURIER SERIES, Georgi P. Toistov. Translated by Richard A. Silverman. A resonance phenomena. 53 illustrations. Preface. Index. 256pp. 5* x S12. valuable addition to the literature on the subject, moving clearly from subject to 65533-4Pao$S.95 subject and theorem to theorem. 107problems, answers. 336pp. 5* x S12. 63317-9Pao$S.95 COMPLEX VARIABLES, Francis J. Flanigan. Unusual approach, delaying complex algebra till harmonie functions have been analyzed from real variabie THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION, Charles Her- viewpoint. Includes problems with answers. 364pp. 5* x S12. 613SS-7Pao$S.95 ach Papas. Graduate-Ievel study discusses the Maxwell field equations, radiation from wire antennas, the Doppier effect and more. xiii + 244pp. 5* x S12. ATOMIC SPECTRA AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE, Gerhard Herzberg. One of 6567S-0Pao$6.95 best introductions; especially for specialist in other fields. Treatment is physical DISTRIBUTION THEORY AND TRANSFORM ANALYSIS: An Introduetion rather than mathematical. SOillustrations. 257pp. 5* x S12. 60115-3Pao$6.95 to Generalized Functions, with Applications, A.H. Zemanian. Provides basics of APPLlED COMPLEX VARIABLES, John W. Dettman. Step-by-step coverage of distribution theory, describes generalized Fourier and Laplace transformations. fundamentals of analytic function theory-plus lucid exposition of five important Numerous problems. 3S4pp. 5* x S~. 65479-6Pao$11.95 applications: Potential Theory; Ordinary Differential Equations; Fourier Trans- THE PHYSICS OF WAVES, William C. Elmore and Mark A. Heald. Unique forms; LapJace Transforms; Asymptotic Expansions. 66 figures. Exercises at overview of classical wave theory. Acoustics, opties, electromagnetic radiation, chapter ends. 512pp. 5* x S12. 6467~-XPao$12.95 more. Ideal as classroom text or for self-study. Problems. 477pp. 5* x S~. 64926-1Pao$12.95 ULTRASO NIC ABSORPTI 0N: An Introduetion to the Theory of Sound Absorp- tion and Dispersion in Gases, Liquids and Solids, A.B. Bhatia. Standard reference CALCULUS OF VARlATIONS WITH APPLICATIONS, George M. Ewing. in the field provides a clear, systematically organized introductory review of Applications-oriented introduetion to variational theory develops insight and fundamental concepts for advanced graduate students, research workers. Numerous promotes understanding of specialized books, research papers. Suitable for diagrams. Bibliography. 440pp. 5* x S12. 64917-2Pao$11.95 advanced undergraduate/graduate students as primary, supplementary text. 352pp. 5* x S12. 64S56-7Pao$S.95 UNBOUNDED LINEAR OPERATORS: Theory and Applications, Seymour A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, James Clerk Maxwell. Goldberg. Classic presents systematic treatment of the theory of unbounded linear Important foundation work of modern physics. Brings to final form Maxwell's operators in normed linear spaces with applications to differential equations. theory of electromagnetism and rigorously derives his general equations of field Bibliography. 199pp. 5* x S12. 64S30-3Pao$7.95 theory. I,OS4pp.5* x S12.Two-vol. set. Vol. I: 60636-SPao$11.95 Vol. 11:60637-6Pao$11.95 LIGHT SCATTERING BY SMALL PARTICLES, H.C. van de Hulst. Cornpre- hensive treatment including full range of useful approximation methods for AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VARlATIONS, Charles Fox. researchers in chemistry, meteorology and astronomy. 44 illustrations. 470pp. Graduate-Ievel text covers variations of an integral, isoperimetrical problems, least 5* x S12. 6422S-3Pao$11.95 action, special relativity, approximations, more. References. 279pp. 5* x S~. 65499-0Pao$7.95 CONFORMAL MAPPING ON RIEMANN SURFACES, Harvey Cohn. Lucid, insightful book presents ideal coverage of subject. 334 exercises make book perfect HYDRODYNAMIC AND HYDROMAGNETIC STABILITY, S. Chandrasekhar. for self-study. 55 figures. 352pp. 5* x S\.. 64025-6Pao$9.95 Lucid examination of the Rayleigh-Benard problem; clear coverage of the theory of instabilities causing convection. 704pp. 5* x S~. 64071-X Pao$14.95 OPTICKS, Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's own experiments with spectroscopy, CALCULUS OF VARlATIONS, Robert Weinstock. Basic introduetion covering colors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc., in language the layman can follow. I' isoperimetrie problems, theory of elasticity, quanturn mechanics, electrostatics, etc. Foreword by Alben Einstein. 532pp. 5* x S12. 60205-2Pao$11.95 Exercises throughout. 326pp. 5* x S~. 63069-2Pao$S.95 GENERALIZED INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS, A.H. Zemanian. Gradu- DYNAMICS OF FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA, Jacob Bear. For advanced ate-Ievel study of recent generalizations of the Laplace, Mellin, Hankel, K. students of ground water hydrology, soil mechanics and physics, drainage and Weierstrass, convolution and other simple transformations. Bibliography. 320pp. irrigation engineering and more. 335illustrations. Exercises, with answers. 7S4pp. 5* x S12. 65375-7Pao$S.95 6~ x 9\4. 65675-6Pao$19.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, Richard HANDBOOK OF MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS WITH FORMULAS, Hamming. Classic text stresses frequency approach in coverage of algorithms, GRAPHS, AND MATHEMATICAL TABLES, edited by Milton Abramowitz and polynomial approxirnation, Fourier approximation, exponential approxirna- Irene A. Stegun. Vast compendium: 29 sets of tables. some to as high as 20 places. tion, other topics. Revised and enlarged 2nd edition. 721pp. 5* x 8~. 1,046pp. 8 x 10li. 61272-4Pao$24.95 65241-6Pao$15.95 MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING, John W. THEORETICAL SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Vol. I: Perfect Lattices in Equilib- Dettman. Algebraically based approach to vectors, mapping, diffraction, other rium; Vol. 11: Non-Equilibrium and Disorder, William Jones and Norman H. topics in applied math. Also generalized functions, analytic function theory, more. March. Monumental reference work covers fundamental theory of equilibrium Exercises. 448pp. 5* x 8\\. 65649-7Pao$10.95 properties of perfect crystalline solids, non-equilibrium properties, defects and A SURVEY OF NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS, David M. Young and Robert disordered systems. Appendices. Problems. Preface. Diagrams. Index. Bibliog- Todd Gregory. Broad self-contained coverage of cornputer-oriented numerical raphy. Total of 1,30Ipp. 5* x 8~. Two-vol, set. Vol. I: 65015-4Pao$14.95 algorithrns for solving various types of mathematical problems in linear algebra, Vol. 11:65016-2Pao$14.95 irdinary and partial, differential equations, much more. Exercises. Total of 1,248pp. 5* x 8li. Two-vol. set. Vol. I: 65691-8Pao$14.95 OPTIMIZATION THEOR Y WITH APPLICATIONS, DonaId A. Pierre. Broad- Vol. 11:65692-6Pao$14.95 spectrum approach to important topic. Classical theory of minima and maxima, calculus of variations, simplex technique and linear programming, more. Many TENSOR ANALYSIS FOR PHYSICISTS, J.A. Schouten. Concise exposition of problems, examples. 640pp. 5* x 8li. 65205-X Pao$14.95 the mathematica I basis of tensor analysis, integrated with well-chosen physical examples of the theory. Exercises. Index. Bibliography. 289pp. 5* x 8li. THE CONTINUUM: A Critical Examination of the Foundation of Analysis, 65582-2Pao$8.95 Hermann Weyl. Classic of 20th-century foundational research deals with the conceptual problem posed by the continuurn. 156pp. 5* x 8~. 67982-9Pao$5.95 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS (2nd Edition), F.B. Hilde- brand. Classic, fundamentaltreatment covers computation, approximation, inter- polation, numerical differentiation and integration, other topics. 150 new prob- ESSAYS ON THE THEOR Y OF NUMBERS, Richard Dedekind. Two classic lems. 669pp. 5* x 8~. 65363-3Pao$15.95 essaysby great German mathematician: on the theory of irrational numbers; and on transfinite numbers and properties of natural numbers. 115pp. 5* x 8~. INVESTIGA TIONS ON THE THEOR Y OF THE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT, 21010-3Pao$5.95 Albert Einstein. Five papers (1905-8) investigating dynamics of Brownian motion and evolving elementary theory. Notes by R. Fürth. 122pp. 5* x 8~. THE FUNCTIONS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, Harry Hochstadt. Corn- 60304-0Pao$4.95 prehensive treatrnent of orthogonal polynomials, hypergeometrie functions, Hill's equation, much more. Bibliography. Index. 322pp. 5* x 8~. 65214-9Pao$9.95 CATASTROPHE THEORY FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, Robert Gilmore. Advanccd-level treatment describes mathematics of theory grounded in the work of Poincaré, R. Thom, other mathematicians. Also important applications NUMBER THEORY AND lTS HISTORY, Oystein Ore. Unusually clear, accessible introduetion covers counting, properties of numbers, prime numbers, to problems in mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. 1981 edition. much more. Bibliography. 380pp. 5* x 8~. 65620-9Pao$9.95 References. 28 tables. 397 black-and-white illustrations. xvii + 666pp. 6~ x 9\\. 67539-4Pao$16.95 THE VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS, Cornelius Lanczos. AN INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS, Terrell L. Graduate level coverage of calculus of variations, equations of motion, relativistic HilI. Excellent basic text offers wide-ranging coverage of quanturn statistical mechanics, more. First inexpensive paperbound edition of classic treatise. Index. mechanics, systems of interacting molecules, quanturn staustics, more. 523pp. Bibliography. 418pp. 5* x 8li. 65067-7Pao$11.95 5* x 8~. 65242-4Pao$12.95

MATHEMATICAL TABLES AND FORMULAS, Robert D. Carmichael and ELEMENTARY DIFFERENTlAL EQUATIONS, William Ted Martin and Eric Edwin R. Smith. Logarithms, sines, tangents, trig functions, powers, roots, Reissner. Exceptionally clear, comprehensive introduetion at undergraduate level. reciprocals, exponential and hyperbolic functions, formulas and theorems. 269pp. ature and origin of differential equations, differential equations of first, second 5* x 8li. 60111-0Pao$6.95 and higher orders. Picard's Theorem, much more. Problems with solutions. 331pp. 5* x 8li. 65024-3Pao$8.95 THEORETICAL PHYSICS, Georg Joos, with Ira M. Freeman. Classic overview STATISTICAL PHYSICS, Gregory H. Wannier. Classic text combines therrno- covers essential math, mechanics, electromagnetic theory, thermodynamics, quan- dynamics, statistical mechanics and kinetic theory in one unified presentation of turn mechanics, nuclear physics, other topics. First paperback edition. xxiii + therm al physics. Problems with solutions. Bibliography. 532pp. 5* x 8li. 885pp. 5* x 8~. 65227-0 Pao$19.95 65401-X Pao$12.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

ORDINARY DIFFERENTlAL EQUATIONS, Morris Tenenbaum and Harry SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, N.N. Lebedev. Translated by Richard Silverman. Fa- Pollard. Exhaustive survey of ordinary di fferentia I equations for undergraduates in mous Russian work treating more important special functions, with applications mathematics, engineering, science. Thorough analysis of theorems. Diagrams. to specific problems of physics and engineering. 38 figures. 308pp. 5* x 8~. Bibliography. Index. 818pp. 5* x 8~. 64940-7 Pa. $18.95 60624-4 Pao $8.95

STATISTICAL MECHANICS: Principles and Applications, Terrell L. HilI. OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY FOR AMATEURS, JB. Sidgwick. Mine of Standard text covers fundamentals of statistical mechanics, applications to useful data for observation of sun, moon, planets. asteroids, aurorae, meteors, fluctuation theory, imperfect gases, distribution functions, more. 448pp. 5* x 8~. cornets, variables. binaries, etc. 39 illustrations. 384pp. 518x 8\4. (Available in U.S. 65390-0 Pao $11.95 only) 24033-9 Pao $8.95 ORDINARY DIFFERENTlAL EQUATIONS AND STABILITY THEORY: An INTEGRAL EQUATIONS, F.G. Tricomi. Authoritative, well-wrillen treatrnent Introduetion. David A. Sánchez. Brief, modern treatment. Linear equation of extremely useful mathematical tooI with wide applications. Volterra Equations, stability theory for autonomous and nonautonomous systerns, etc. 164pp. 518x 8\4: Fredholm Equations, much more. Advanced undergraduate to graduate level. 63828-6 Pao $5.95 Exercises. Bibliography. 238pp. 5* x 8~. 64828-1 Pao $7.95 THIRTY YEARS THAT SHOOK PHYSICS: The Story of Quanturn Theory, POPULAR LECTURES ON MATHEMATICAL LOGIC, Hao Wang. Noted George Gamow. Lucid, accessible introduetion to influential theory of energy and logician's lucid treatrnent of historical developments, set theory, model theory, matter. Careful explanations of Dirac's anti-particles, Bohr's model of the atom, recursion theory and constructivisrn, proof theory, more. 3 appendixes, Bibli- much more. 12 plates. Numerous drawings. 240pp. 5* x 8~. 24895-X Pao $6.95 ography. 1981 edition. ix + 283pp. 5* x 8~. 67632-3 Pao $8.95

THEORY OF MATRICES, Sam Perlis. Outstanding text covering rank, non- MODERN NONLINEAR EQUATIONS, Thomas L. Saaty. Emphasizes practica I singularity and inverses in conneetion with the development of canonical matrices solution of problems; covers seven types of equations. " ... a welcome contribution under the relation of equivalence, and without the intervention of determinanrs. to the existing literature .... " -Math Reviews. 490pp. 5* x 8~. 64232-1 Pao $11.95 Includes exercises. 237pp. 5* x 8~. 6681O-X Pao $7.95 FUNDAMENTALS OF ASTRODYNAMICS, Roger Bate el al. Modern approach GREAT EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS: Firsthand Accounts from Galileo to developed by U.S. Air Force Academy. Designed as a first course. Problerns, Einstein, edited by Morris H. Shamos. 25 crucial discoveries: Newton's laws of exercises. Numerous illustrations. 455pp. 5* x 8~. 60061-0 Pao $9.95 motion, Chadwick's study of the neutron, Hertz on electromagnetic waves, more. Original accounts clearly annotated. 370pp. 5" x 8~. 25346-5 Pao $10.95 INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTlAL EQUA- TIONS, John W. Denman. Excellent text covers complex numbers, determinants, INTRODUCTION TO PARTlAL DIFFERENTlAL EQUATIONS WITH AP- orthonormal bases, Laplace transforms, much more. Exercises with solutions. PLICATIONS, E.e. Zachmanoglou and Dale W. Thoe. Essentials of partial Undergraduate level. 416pp. 5*x 8~. 65191-6 Pao $10.95 differential equations applied to common problems in engineering and the physical sciences. Problems and answers. 416pp. 5* x 8~. 65251-3 Pao $10.95 INCOMPRESSIBLE AERODYNAMICS, edited by Bryan Thwaites. Covers theo- retical and experimental treatment of the uniform flow of air and viscous fluids past BURNHAM'S CELESTlAL HANDBOOK, Robert Burnham, Jr. Thorough guide two-dimensional aerofoils and three-dimensional wings; many other topics. 654pp. to the stars beyond our solar system. Exhaustive treatrnent. Alphabetical by 5* x 8~. 65465-6 Pao $16.95 constellation: Andromeda to Cetus in Vol. I; Chamaeleon to Orion in Vol. 2; and Pavo to Vulpecula in Vol. 3. Hundreds of illustrations. Index in Vol. 3. 2,000pp. INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS, Samuel Goldberg. Excep- 6li x 9\4. Three-vol. set. Vol. I: 23567-X Pao $13.95 tionally clear exposition of important discipline with applications to sociology, Vol. 11: 23568-8 Pao $13.95 psychology, economics. Many illustrative examples; over 250 problems. 260pp. Vol. lIl: 23673-0 Pao $13.95 5* x 8~. 65084-7 Pao $8.95

CHEMICAL MAGIC, Leonard A. Ford. Second Edition. Revised by E. Winston LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS, edited by L. Rosenhead. Engineering classic Grundmeier. Over 100 unusual stunts dcmonstrating cold fire, dust explosions, covers steady boundary layers in two- and three-dimensional flow, unsteady much more. Text explains scientific principles and stresses safety precautions. boundary layers, stability, observational techniques, much more. 708pp. 5* x 8~. 128pp. 5* x 8~. 67628-5 Pao $5.95 65646-2 Pao $18.95

AM~TEUR ASTRONOMER'S HANDBOOK, JB. Sidgwick. Timeless, cornpre- LECTURES ON CLASSICAL DIFFERENTlAL GEOMETRY, Second Edition, hensive coverage of telescopes, mirrors, lenses, mountings, ielescope drives, Dirk J Struik. Excellent brief introduetion covers curves, theory of surfaces. micrometers, spectroscopes, more. 189 illustrations. 576pp. 518x 8\4. (Available in fundamental equations, geometry on a surface. conformal mappmg, other topics. U.S.only) 24034-7 Pao $11.95 Problems. 240pp. 5* x 8~. 65609-8 Pao $8.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

ROT ARY-WING AERODYNAMICS, W.Z.Stepniewski. Clear, concise textcovers GEOMETR Y OF COMPLEX NUMBERS, Hans Schwerdtfeger. IIIuminating, aerodynamic phenomena ?f the rotor and offers guidelines for helicopter per- widely praised book on analytic geometry of circles, the Moebius transformation, formance evaluation. Ongmally prepared for NASA. 537 figures. 640pp. 6~ x 9~. and two-dimensional non-Euclidean geornetries. 200pp. 5* x 8~. 64647-5Pao$15.95 63830-8Pao$8.95 DIFFERENTlAL GEOMETRY, Heinrich W. Guggenheimer. Local differential MECHANICS, JP. Den Hartog. Aclassic introductory text or refresher. Hundreds geometry as an application of advanced calculus and linear algebra. Curvature, of applications and design problems i1luminate fundamentals of trusses, loaded transformation groups, surfaces. more. Exercises. 62 figures. 378pp. 5* x 8~. beams and cables, etc. 334 answered problems. 462pp. 5* x 8~. 60754-2Pao$9.95 63433-7Pao$8.95 TOPOLOGY, John G. Hocking and Gail S. Young. Superb one-year course in INTRODUCTION TO SPACE DYNAMICS, William Tyrrell Thomson. Com- classical topology. Topological spaces and functions, point-set topology, much prehensive, classic introduetion to space-flight engineering for advanced under- more. Examples and problems. Bibliography. Index. 384pp. 5* x 8lt graduate and graduate students. Includes vector algebra, kinematics, transforma- 65676-4Pao$9.95 tion of coordinates. Bibliography. Index. 352pp. 5* x 8~. 65113-4Pao$8.95 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, JP. Den Hartog. Full, clear treatment of basic A SURVEY OF l'v!INIMALSURFACES, Robert Osserman. Up-tc-date, in-depth material (tension, torsion, bending, etc.) plus advanced material on engineering discussion of the held for advanced studems. Corrected and enlarged edition covers methods, applications. 350 answered problems. 323pp. 5* x 8~. 60755-0Pao$8.95 new developments. Includes numerous problems. 192pp. 5* x 8~. ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS OF TOPOLOGY, Paul Alexandroff. Elegant, 64998-9Pao$8.95 intuitive approach to topology from set-theoretic topology to Beui groups; how concepts of topology are useful in math and physics. 25 figures. 57pp. 5* x 8~. ANALYTICAL MECHANICS OF GEARS, Earle Buckingham. Indispensable reference for modern gear manufacture covers conjugate gear-tooth action, gear- 60747-XPao$3.50 tooth profiles of vanous gears, many other topics. 263 figures. 102tables. 546pp. ADVANCED STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, JP. Den Hartog. Superbly written 5* x 8~. 65712-4-Pa.$14.95 advanced text covers torsion, rotating disks, membrane stresses in shells, much more. Many problems and answers. 388pp. 5* x 8~. 65407-9Pao$9.95 SET THEORY AND LOGIC, Robert R. Stoll. Lucid introduetion to unified theory of mathematical concepts. Set theory and logic seen as tools for conceptual COMPUTABILITY AND UNSOLVABILITY, Martin Davis. Classic graduate- understanding of real number system. 496pp. 5* x 8i'- 63829-4Pao$12.95 level introduetion to theory of computability, usually referred to as theory of recurrent functions. New preface and appendix. 288pp. 5* x 8~. 61471-9Pao$7.95 A HISTOR Y OF MECHANICS, René Dugas. Menumenral study of mechanical principles from antiquity to quantum mechanics. Contributions of ancient Greeks GENERAL CHEMISTR Y, Linus Pauling. Revised 3rd edition of classic Iirst-year Galileo, Leonardo, Kepler, Lagrange, many others. 671pp. 5* x 8~. ' text by Nobel laureate. Atomic and molecular structure, quantum mechanics, 65632-2Pao$14.95 statistical mechanics, thermodynamics correlated with descriptive chemistry. Problems. 992pp. 5* x 8~. 65622-5Pao$19.95 FAMOUS PROBLEMS OF GEOMETRY AND HOW TO SOLVE THEM Benjamin Bold. Squaring the circle, trisecting the angle, duplicating the cube: AN INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES, SETS AND GROUPS FOR SCIENCE learn their history, why they are impossible to solve, then solve them yourself. STUDENTS, G. Stephenson. Concise, readable text introduces sets, groups, and 128pp. 5* x 8~. 24297-8Pao$4.95 most importantly, matrices to undergraduate students of physics, chernistry, and engineering. Problems. 164pp. 5* x 8~. 65077-4Pao$6.95 MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS, JP. Den Hartog. Classic textbook offers lucid explanations and .illustrative modeis, applying theories of vibrations to a variety of THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CHEMISTRY, Henry M. Leicester. practical industrial engmeering problems. Numerous figures. 233 problems Evolution of ideas, not individual biography. Concentrates on formulation of a solutions. Appendix. Index. Preface. 436pp. 5* x 8~. 64785-4Pao$10.95 coherent set of chemicallaws. 260pp. 5* x 8~. 61053-5Pao$7.95 THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS: An Introductory Essay, Stephan CURVATURE AND HOMOLOGY, Samuel I. Goldberg. Thorough treatment of Körner. Surveys the views of Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz & Kant concerning proposi- specialized bra~ch of differential geometry. Covers Riemannian manifolds, topol- tions and theories of applied and pure mathematics. Introduction. Two appen- ogy of differentiahle mamfolds, compact Lie groups, other topics. Exercises.315pp. dices. Index. 198pp. 5* x 8~. 25048-2Pao$7.95 5* x 8~. 64314-XPao$9.95 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CHEMISTR Y, Aaron J Ihde. Authorita- HISTOR Y OF STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Stephen P. Timoshenko. Excel- tive history of chemistry from ancient Greek theory to 20th-century innovation. lent historical survey of the strength of materials with many relerences to the Covers major chernists and their discoveries. 209 illustrations. 14 tables. Bibliog- theories of elasticity and structure. 245 figures. 452pp. 5* x 8~. 61187-6Pao$11.95 raphies. Indices. Appendices. 851pp. 5* x 8~. 64235-6Pao$18.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

DE RE METALLICA, Georgius Agricola. The famous Hoover translation of THE FOUR-COLOR PROBLEM: Assaults and Conquest, Thomas L. Saaty and greatest treatise on technological chemistry, engineering, geology, mining of early Paul G. Kainen. Engrossing, comprehensive account of the century-old combina- modern times (1556).AII 289 original woodcuts. 638pp. 6~ x 11. . torial topological problem, its history and solution. Bibliographies. Index. IlO 60006-8Clothbd. $18.95 figures. 228pp. 5* x 8~. 65092-8Pao$6.95 CATALYSIS IN CHEMISTRY AND ENZYMOLOGY, William P. Jencks. SOME THEOR Y OF SAMPLING, William Edwards Deming. Analysis of the Exceptionally c1ear coverage of mechanisms for catalysis, forces in aqueous problems, theory and design of sampling techniques for social scientists, industrial solution, carbonyl- and acyl-group reactions, practical kinetics, more. 864pp. managers and others who find statistics increasingly important in their work. 61 5*x 8~. 65460-5Pao$19.95 tables. 90 figures. xvii + 602pp. 5* x 8~. 64684-X Pao$15.95 PROBABILITY: An Introduction, Samuel Goldberg. Excellent basic text coversset THE VARIOUS AND INGENIOUS MACHINES OF AGOSTINO RAMELLI: A theory, probability theory for finite sample spaces, binomial theorem, much more. Classic Sixteenth-Century Illustrated Treatise on Technology, Agostino Ramelli. 360 problems. Bibliographies. 322pp. 5* x 8~. 65252-1Pao$9.95 One of the most widely known and copied works on machinery in the 16th century. 194detailed plates of water pumps, grain mills, cranes, more. 608pp. 9 x 12. LIGHTNING, Martin A. Uman. Revised, updated edition of classic work on the physics of lightning. Phenomena, terminology, measurement, photography, 28180-9Pao$24.95 spectroscopy, thunder, more. Reviews recent research. Bibliography. Indices. 320pp. 5~ x 8\4. 64575-4Pao$8.95 LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, Robert Dorfman, Paul A. Samuelson and Robert M. Solow. First comprehensive treatment of Iinear PROBABILITY THEORY: A Concise Course, Y.A. Rozanov. Highly readable, programming in standard economie analysis. Game theory, modern welfare self-contained introduetion covers combination of events, dependent events, economics, Leontief input-output, more. 525pp. 5* x 8~. 65491-5Pao$14.95 Bernoulli trials, etc. Translation by Richard Silverman. 148pp. 5~ x 8\4. 63544-9Pao$6.95 ELEMENTAR Y DECISION THEORY, Herman Chernoff and Lincoln E. Moses. Clear introduetion to staristics and statistical theory covers datajprocessing, AN INTRODUCTION TO HAMILTONIAN OPTICS, H. A. Buchdahl. Detailed probability and random variables, testing hypotheses, much more. Exercises. account of the Hamiltonian treatment of aberration theory in geometrical opties. 364pp. 5* x 8~. 65218-1Pao$9.95 Many classes of optical systems defined in terms of the symmetries they possess. Problems with detailed solutions. 1970edition. xv + 360pp. 5* x 8~. THE COMPLEAT STRATEGYST: Being a Primer on the Theory of Games of 67597-1Pao$10.95 Strategy, j.D. Williams. Highly entertaining classic describes, with many illus- STATISTICS MANUAL, Edwin L. Crow, et al. Comprehensive, practical trated exarnples, how to select best strategies in conflict situations. Prefaces. collection of c1assicaland modern methods prepared by U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Appendices. 268pp. 5* x 8~ 25101-2Pao$7.95 Station. Stress on use. Basics of statistics assumed. 288pp. 5* x 8~. 60599-X Pao$7.95 MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF OPERATlONS RESEARCH, Thomas L. Saaty. Classic graduate-Ievel text covers historical background, classicaI methods of DICTIONARY/OUTLINE OF BASICSTATISTICS, John E. Freundand Frank forming modeis, optimization, game theory, probability, queueing theory, much J. Williams. A c1earconcise dictionary of over 1,000statistical terms and an outline more. Exercises. Bibliography. 448pp. 5~ x 8\4. 65703-5Pao$12.95 of statistica I formulas covering probability, nonparametrie tests, much more. 208pp. 5* x 8~. 66796-0Pao$6.95 CONSTRUCTIONS AND COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS IN DESIGN OF STATISTICAL METHOD FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF QUALITY CON- EXPERIMENTS, Damaraju Raghavarao. In-depth reference work examines TROL, Walter A. Shewhart. Important text explains regulation of variables, uses orthogonal Latin squares, incomplete block designs, tactical configuration, partial of statistical con trol to achieve quality control in industry, agriculture, other areas. geometry, much more. Abundant explanations, examples. 416pp. 5* x 8\4. 192pp. 5* x 8~. 65232-7Pao$7.95 65685-3Pao$10.95 THE INTERPRETATION OF GEOLOGICAL PHASE DIAGRAMS, Ernest G. THE ABSOLUTE DIFFERENTlAL CALCULUS (CALCULUS OF TENSORS), Ehlers. Clear, concise text emphasizes diagrams of systems under f1uid or Tullio Levi-Civita. Great 20th-century mathematician's classic work on material containing pressure; also coverage of complex binary systems, hydrothermal necessary for mathematical grasp of theory of relativity. 452pp. 5* x 8~. melting, more. 288pp. 6~ x 9\4. 65389-7Pao$10.95 63401-9Pao$11.95 STATISTICAL ADJUSTMENT OF DATA, W. Edwards Deming. Introduetion to VECTOR AND TENSOR ANALYSIS WITH APPLICATIONS, A.I. Borisenko basic concepts of staristics. curve fitting, least squares solution, conditions without and I.E. Tarapov. Concise introduction. Worked-out problems, solutions, exer- parameter, conditions containing parameters. 26 exercises worked out. 271pp. cises. 257pp. 5~ x 8\4. 63833-2Pao$8.95 5* x 8~. 64685-8Pao$8.95 CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS CATALOG OF DOVER BOOKS

TENSOR CALCULUS, J.L. Synge and A. Schild. Widely used introductory text CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS WITH ELEMENTARY covers spaces and tensors, basic operations in Riemannian space, non-Riemannian SOLUTIONS, A.M. Yaglom and I.M. Yaglom. Over 170challenging problems on spaces, etc. 324pp. 5* x 8~. 63612-7Pao$8.95 probability theory, combinatorial analysis, points and lines, topology, convex polygons, many ether topics. Solutions. Total of 445pp. 5* x 8~. Two-vol. set. A CONCISE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS, Dirk Struik. The best brief J. Vol. 165536-9 Pao$7.95 history of mathernaties. Stresses origins and covers every major figure from ancient Vol. 1165537-7Pao$6.95 Near East to 19th century. 41 illustrations. 195pp. 5* x 8~. 60255-9Pao$7.95 A SHORT ACCOUNTOFTHE HISTORYOF MATHEMATICS, W.W. Rouse FIFTY CHALLENGING PROBLEMS I PROBABILITY WITH SOLU- BalI. One of clearest, most authoritative surveys from the Egyptians and Phoeni- TIONS, Frederick Mosteller. Remarkable puzzlers, graded in difficulty, illustrate cians through lSth-century figures such as Grassman, Galois, Riemann. Fourth e1ementary and advanced aspects of probability. Detailed solutions. 88pp. 5* x 8~. edition. 522pp. 5* x 8~. 20630-0Pao$11.95 65355-2Pao$4.95 HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS, David E. Smith. Nontechnical survey from EXPERIMENTS IN TOPOLOGY, Stephen Barr. Classic, lively explanation of anciern Greece and Orient to late 19th century; evolution of arithrnetic, geornetry, one of the byways of mathernaties. Klein boul es, Moebius strips, projective planes, trigonometry, calculatingdevices, algebra, the calculus. 362 illustrations, 1,355pp. map coloring, problem of the Koenigsberg bridges, much more, described with 5* x 8~. Two-vol. set. Vol. I: 20429-4Pao$12.95 c1arity and wit. 43 figures. 210pp. 5* x 8~. 25933-1Pao$6.95 Vol. 11:20430-8Pao$11.95 RELATIVITY IN ILLUSTRATIONS, ]acob T. Schwartz. Clear nontechnical THE GEOMETRY OF RENÉ DESCARTES, René Descartes. The great work treatrnent makes relativity more accessible than ever before. Over 60 drawings founded analytical geometry. Original French text, Descartes' own diagrams, illustrate concepts more c1earlythan text alone. Only high school geornetry needed. rogether with definitive Smith-Latharn translation. 244pp. 5* x 8~. Bibliography. 128pp. 6lî x 9\4. 25965-X Pao$7.95 60068-8Pao$7.95 AN INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY DIFFERENTlAL EQUATIONS, Earl THE ORIGINS OF THE INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS, Margaret E. Baron. A. Ccddington. A thorough and systematic first course in elementary differential Only fully detailed and doeurnenred account of crucial discipline: origins; equations for undergraduates in mathernaties and science, with many exercises and development by Galileo, Kepler, Cavalieri; contributions of Newton, Leibniz, problems (with answers). Index. 304pp. 5* x 8~. 65942-9Pao$8.95 more. 304pp. 5* x 8~. (Available in U.S. and Canada only) 65371-4Pao$9.95 FOURIER SERIES AND ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS, Harry F. Davis. An THE HISTOR Y OF THE CALCULUS AND lTS CONCEPTUAL DEVELOP- incisive text combining theory and practica I example to introduce Fourier series, MENT, Carl B. Boyer. Origins in aruiquity, medieval contributions, work of. orthogonal functions and applications of the Fourier method to boundary-value Newton, Leibniz, rigorous formulation. Treatment is verbal. 346pp. 5* x 8~. problems. 570 exercises. Answers and notes, 416pp. 5* x 8~. 65973-9Pao$11.95 60509-4Pao$9.95 THE THIRTEEN BOOKS OF EUCLID'S ELEMENTS, translated with introdur- THE THEOR Y OF BRANCHING PROCESSES, Theodore E. Harris. First tion and commentary by Sir Thomas L. Heath. Definitive edition. Textual and systernatic, comprehensive treatrnent of branching (i.e. multiplicative) processes linguistic notes, mathematical analysis. 2,500 years of critical commentary. Not and their applications. Gallon- Watson model, Markov branching processes, abridged. 1,414pp. 5* x 8~ Three-vol, set. Vol. I: 60088-2Pao$9.95 electron-photon cascade, many other topics. Rigorous proofs. Bibliography. Vol. 11:60089-0Pao$9.95 240pp. 5* x 8~. 65952-6Pao$6.95 Vol. lIl: 60090-4Pao$9.95 AN INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES, ]oseph Landin. GAMES AND DECISIONS: Introduetion and Critical Survey, R. Duncan Luce Superb self-contained text covers "abstract algebra": sets and nurnbers, theoryof and Howard Raiffa. Superb nontechnical introduetion to game theory, primarily groups, theory of rings, much more. Numerous well-chosen exarnples, exercises. applied to social sciences. Utility theory, zero-sum games, n-person games, 247pp. 5* x 8~. 65940-2Pao$7.95 decision-rnaking, much more. Bibliography. 509pp. 5* x 8~. 65943-7Pao$12.95

THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS, Lucas N.H. Bunt, Phillip S. jones, and Jack D. Bedient. Fundamental underpinnings of modern arithmetic, algebra, geornetry and number systerns derived from ancient civilizations. 320pp. 5* x 8~. 25563-8Pao$8.95 Prices subject to change without notice. Available at your baak dealer or write Ior (ree Mathematies and Scienee Catalog to Dept. Cl, CALCULUS REFRESHER FOR TECHNICAL PEOPLE, A. Alben Klaf. Covers Dover Publications, Ine., 31 East 2nd St., Mineola, N.Y. 11501. Dover publishes more than 250 important aspects of integra I and differential calculus via 756 questions. 566 books eaeh year 011 scienee, elementary and advanced mathematies, biology, music, art, problems, most answered. 431pp. 5* x 8~. 20370-0Pao$8.95 literature, history, social sciences and other areas. DOVER SCIENCE BOOKS

THERISEOFTHENEwPHYSICS, A. d'Abro, (20003-5, 20004-3) $15.90 WHAT IS ScIENCE? Norman R. Campbell. (60043-2) $5.95 THEoRIES OFTHEWORlD FROMANnQUITY TOTHECOPERNICANREvOLurION, Michael J. Crowe. (26173-5) $6.95 A SHORTHISTORYOFTEcHNOLOGY: FRoM THEEAR.LIESI'TIMEs TOA.D. 1900, T.K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. (27472-1) $16.95 F ADSANDF ALLACIESINTHE NAME OF SCIENCE, Martin Gardner. (20394-8) $6.95 UNDERSTANDINGEINSTEINS' THEORIES OFRELATIVITY:MAN's NEW PERsPECTIVE ONTHE COSMOS, Stan Gibilisco. (26659-1) $7.95 Dd1AGNETE, William Gilbert. (26761-X) $11.95 GOSSAMERODYSSEY:THE TRruMPH OFHUMAN-POWEREDFuGHT, Morton Grosser. (26645-1) $9.95 ONTHE SENSATIONSOFTONE, Hermann Helmholtz. (60753-4) $14.95 THE STRANGESTORYOFTHE QUANTUM,Banesh Hoffmann. (20518-5) $7.95 ALcHEMY, E.J. Holmyard. (26298-7) $8.95 THE SCIENCEOF SOAP FILMS ANDSOAP BUBBLES, Cyril Isenberg. (26960-4) $9.95 MENLo PARK REMINISCENCES,VOLUMEONE, Francis Jehl. (26357-6) $13.95 FROM SUNDIALSTOATOMICCLOCKS: THErn THEORYANDCONSTRUCTION, James Jespersen and Jane Fîtz-Randolph. (24265-X) $7.95 ANcIENI'S ANDMODERNS, Richard Foster Jones. (24414-8) $7.95 EXPERIMENI'SINToPOLOGY" Stephen Barr. (25933-1) $5.95 THE GREATPHYSICISTSPROMGALILEOTOEINSTEIN, George Gamow. (25767-3) $8.95 AN lrLUSTRATEDGUlDE TOLINEARPRoGRAMMING,Saul I. Gass. (26258-8) $7.95 THE SCIENCEOF MEAsUREMENT, Herbert Arthur Klein. (25839-4) $16.95 EXCURSIONSIN NUMBERTHEORY, C. Stanley Ogilvy and John T. Anderson. (25778-9) $5.95 THE ENJOYMENTOFMATHEMATICS,Hans Rademacher and Otto Toeplitz. (26242-1) $6.95 DISCOVERINGTHENATURALLAws, Milton Rothman. (26178-6) $6.95 RELATIVITYIN ILLUSTRATIONS,Jacob T. Schwartz. (25965-X) $6.95 THE HISTORICALRooTs OFELEMENTARYMATHEMATICS,Lucas N.H. Bunt et al. (25563-8) $8.95 THE EXACTSCIENCESIN ANnQUITY, O. Neugebauer. (22332-9) $6.95

Paperbound unless otherwise indicated. Prices subject to change without notice. Available at your book dealer or write for free catalogues to Dept. 23, Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501. Please indicate field of interest. Each year Dover publishes over 200 books on fine art, music, crafts and needlework, antiques, languages, literature, children's books, chess, cookery, nature, anthropology, science, mathematics, and other areas. Manufoctured in the U.S.A.