Kumpulam Makalah Tarikh Islam

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Kumpulam Makalah Tarikh Islam Mata Kuliah: TARIKH ISLAM SEJARAH CENDIKIAWAN MUSLIM 1 CENDIKIAWAN MUSLIM 1). Al-BIRUNI (973-1048 M) Astronom berjuluk “Guru Segala Ilmu” Nama lengkap beliau adalah Abu Arrayhan Muhammad Ibnu Ahmad Al- Biruni. Dalam sumber lain di tulis Abu Raihan Muhammad Al Bairuni. Beliau lebih terkenal dengan nama Al-Biruni. Nama beliau tercatat dengan tinta emas dalam sejarah sebagai ilmuwan dan filosof Muslim yang serba bisa. Dengan penguasaan beliau terhadap pelbagai ilmu pengetahuan dan bidang lainnya, beliau mendapatkan julukan sebagai “Ustadz fil „ulum” atau guru segala ilmu dan ilmuawan modern menyebut beliau professor par exellence. Meskipun sebagian besar ilmuwan Muslim masa lalu memang memiliki kemampuan multidimensi, namun beliau tampaknya lebih menonjol. Beliau tak hanya menguasai bahasa Arab dan undang-undang islam, tapi juga Sanskrit, Greek, Ibrani dan Syiria. Beliau memiliki pengetahuan tentang filsafat Yunani, yang menjadi salah satu sebab beliau menjadi sarjana agung yang pernah dilahirkan oleh dunia Islam. Beliau berhasil membuktikan, menyandingkan ilmu dan filsafat telah memungkinkan agama bisa terus hidup subur dan berkembang serta membantu meyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh umat. Beliau telah menghasilkan lebih dari 150 buah buku. Di antara buku-buku itu adalah “Al-Jamahir fi Al-Jawahir” yang berbicara mengenai batu-batu permata; “Al-Athar Al-Baqiah” berkaitan kesan-kesan lama peninggalan sejarah, dan “Al-Saidalah fi Al Tibb”, tentang obat-obatan. Penulisan beliau tentang sejarah Islam telah diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa inggris dengan judul “Chronology of Ancient Nation”. Banyak lagi buku tulisan beliau diterbitkan di Eropa dan tersimpan dengan baik di Museum Escorial, Spanyol. Beliau mendirikan pusat kajian astronomi mengenai system tata surya. Kajian beliau dalam bidang sains, matematika dan geometri telah menyelesaikan banyak masalah yang tidak dapat diselesaikan sebelumnya. Sumbangan beliau terhadap kemajuan sains, matematika dan astronomi yang kini menjadi salah satu symbol peradaban dunia Barat, sungguh sangat nyata. 2 Beliau lahir pada tanggal 15 september 973 di Kath, Khawarazm, daerah yang sekarang lebih dikenal dengan nama Kara-kalpakskaya, Uzbekistan. Sejak usia muda, beliau sudah tertarik pada astronomi dan matematika. Beliau banyak belajar kepada astronom dan ahli matematika terkemuka kala itu, Abu Nasr Mansur. Pada tahun 900 atau saat usia beliau baru menginjak 17 tahun, beliau sudah melakukan pengamatan serius dibidang astronomi, yakni dengan menghitung garis lintang Kath melalui pengamatan ketinggian maksimum Matahari. Ketika usia beliau belum genap 22 tahun, beliau telah menulis kertas kerja meski dalam bentuk pendek. Sayangnya, semua kertas kerja beliau hilang ditelan sejarah. Salah satu karya beliau yang bisa selamat adalah kartografi yang berguna dalam proyeksi pembuatan peta. Sepeti halnya mendeskripsikan proyeksi beliau mengenai belahan Bumi melalui pesawat, beliau pada usia 22 tahun dengan fasih membaca proyeksi peta yang ditemukan orang lain dan mendiskusikannya dalam risalah. Tapi sayang, masa-masa ketika beliau hidup adalah masa-masa genting dunia Islam. Situasi politik yang berkembang saat itu juga turut memengaruhi dan menentukan arah kehidupan beliau. Penguasa Khwarazm adalah Banu Iraq dan secara kebetulan guru beliau, Abu Nasr Mansur adalah seorang pangeran dari keluarga tersebut. Pada tahun 995 terjadi kudeta politik. Perang saudara pun berkecamuk. Sebagai murid, beliau terkena imbas persoalan politik tersebut. Beliau kemudian melarikan diri dari Khwarazm sehingga beliau kemudian tidak mengetahui bagaimana nasib sang guru. Minat dan kecenderungannya untuk mempelajari serta meluaskan dimensi ilmu pengetahuannya telah mendorong beliau merantau sehingga kenegara India. Tetapi semasa berada di India, beliau telah ditawan oleh sultan mahmood al-ghaznawi. Setelah mengetahui keilmuwan beliau, sang sultan pun menugaskan beliau sebagai ulama istana. Kesempatan itu digunakan sepenuhnya oleh beliau untuk mempelajari bahasa Sanskrit dan bahasa lain di India. Disana beliau mendapat kesempatan untuk mengenali agama Hindu dan filsafat India. Hasilnya beliau menulis beberapa buku yang mempunyai hubungan dengan masyarakat India dan kebudayaan Hindu. Dalam satu tulisan beliau menyatakan, ajaran Hindu berasaskan konsep 3 penjelmaan yang mempunyai persamaan dengan ajaran tauhid dalam Islam dan Triniti dalam agama Kristen. Tembok penjara tidak menjadi penghalang kepada beliau untuk terus menuntut dan menghasilkan karya-karya yang besar dalam pelbagai bidang. Sumbangan beliau kepada ilmu dan peradaban India amat besar. Sumbangan beliau yang paling penting ialah dalam penciptaan kaidah penggunaan angka- angka India dan kajian beliau mencari ukuran bumi menggunakan perhitungan matematika. Beliau meninggal dunia pada 1048 M di Ghazna (Afghanistan), setelah berkhidmat dengan cemerlang dalam kejayaan selama 40 tahun. Menurut Max Meyer Hoff, Al-Biruni adalah seorang yang paling menonjol dikalangan para cendikiawan Islam yang mewarnai era kegemilangan sains. Al-Biruni berpandangan dalam berbagai bidang, bahwa seseorang harus menggunakan sumber-sumber yang ada dalam bentuknya yang asli, menyiasati secara terperinci sumber tersebut dengan objektif dan melakukan penyelidikan melalui pengamatan dan ujian. Beliau hidup sezaman dengan Ibnu Sina dan dikatakan pernah bertemu dengan ilmuwan terkenal itu. Sumbangan beliau sangat banyak dan index hasil kerjanya melebihi 60 muka surat. Karya saintifikasi beliau digabung dengan sumbangan Al-Haitam, dan para saintis muslim lain, meletakan batu asas awal dalam bidang sains modern. Beliau membuat sumbangan asli dan penting dalam bidang sains, misalnya tujuh cara penentu arah. Penentu arah utara dan selatan. Beliau membuat teknik perkiraan (Kiraan) matematika untuk memastikan suatu musim. Beliau menulis mengenai matahari dan pergerakannya, serta gerhana. Beliau juga telah menciptakan alat astronomi. Beberapa abad sebelum saintis lain beliau telah membincangkan bahwa bumi berputar pada paksinya dan membuat perkiraan tepat latitude dan longitude. Penemuan ini terkandung dalam buku beliau Al- Athar Al-Baqia. Beliau juga orang pertama yang membuat ujian terperinci yang berkaitan dengan fenomena astronomical. Beliau menyatakan bahwa cahaya lebih laju daripada bunyi. Kepakaran beliau dalam bidang astronomi ditambah dengan fisika menyatakan ramalan-ramalan beliau mengenai kejadian gerhana bulan dan matahari. Beliau juga mampu membuat perkiraan yang tepat dengan lapan elemen dan kompaun, termasuk pelbagai logam dan batu-batu permata. 4 Dalam bidang seperti ini beliau menulis Al-Tafhim Li Awali Sina‘ati Al-Tanjim dan kitab Al-Jamahir. Popularitas dan kecendikiawanan beliau itulah yang menarik perhatian Sultan Mahmood Al-Ghaznawi, hingga beliau menjadi ulama istana. Perlu diketahui bahwa Sultan Mahmood adalah putra Sultan Masood. Sultan Mahmood telah membawa beliau dalam perjalanan yang panjang di India, sampai terhitung 20 tahun. Dalam perjalanan itu beliau mengembara ke beberapa tempat dan mempelajari falsafah hidup, matematika, geografi, dan agama dari orang Pundit. Sebaliknya beliau mengajar mereka bahasa Greek, sains dan falsafah yang beliau kuasai. Kitab Al-Hind karangan beliau menceritakan secara terperinci kehidupan di India, menyentuh pelbagai agama, bahasa dan budaya. Pada tahun 1030 M, beliau menulis bukunya yang termasyhur, Al-Qonun Al-Masudi Fi Al-Haiwa Al-Nujum. Buku ini dikarang selepas pulang dari India dan di dedikasikan kepada Sultan Mahmood. Beliau membicarakan beberapa theorem trigonometri, astronomi, solar, lunar dan pergerakan planet. Beliau adalah seorang saintis Islam tulen yang benar-benar mendapat manfaat dari ajaran Islam dan kajian saintifik. Beliau berkata ―Pengalamanku dalam kajian astronomi, geometri, dan ujian-ujian dalam bidang fisika membuktikan kepadaku bahwa suda tentu ada satu kuasa yang merancang dan kuasa tersebut tidak terbatas. Penemuan-penemuanku dalam bidang astronomi menunjukan adanya sesuatu yang kompleks, yang menakjubkan dalam alam semesta. Ini membuktikan adanya satu sistem yang tidak boleh dijelaskan hanya melalui fisika dan sabab musabab material semata-mata‖. Beliau tidak menyalahgunakan kepakarannya untuk mendapatkan popularitas, kekuasaan maupun kekayaan. Apabila Sultan Masood menghadiahkan uang perak yang di bawa oleh tiga ekor unta, sebagai penghargaan terhadap karya-karya beliau, khususnya kitab Al-Qonun, beliau menolaknya dengan baik dan berkata ―Saya menekuni dunia ilmu karena kecintaan terhadap ilmu pengetahuan, bukan karena uang. 5 2). IBNU KHALDUN (732-808 H/1332-1406 M) DI AKUI SEBAGAI KALIBER INTERNASIONAL Nama lengkap Ibnu Khaldun adalah Waliyuddin Abdurrahman Ibnu Mahammad Ibnu Muhammad Khaldun Alhadlrami. Beliau dilahirkan di Tunisia pada tahun 732 H/1332 M. Guru beliau yang pertama adalah ayah beliau sendiri. Tunisia merupakan markas ulama dan sastrawan di Magrib, tempat berkumpul ulama Andalusia yang lari akibat berbagai peristiwa. Dari mereka Ibnu Khaldun mempelajari ilmu syar‘i dan retorika. Beliau mahir dalam bidang syair, filsafat dan manthiq (logika), sehingga dengan demikian beliau dikagumi oleh guru-gurunya. Dalam buku-bukunya, beliau memngungkapkan rasa terimakasih dan menyatakan kekaguaman serta pujiannya terhadap guru- gurunya, terutama Muhammad bin Abdul Muhaimin bin Abdul Muhaimin Al- Hadhrami yang darinya beliau mempelajari ilmu fiqih, hadist, sirah dan ilmu- ilmu bahasa; dan terhadap Abu Abdilallah Muhammad Bin Ibrahim Al-Abili yang darinya dia mempelajari ―dua sumber ajaran Islam (Al-Quran dan
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