Reader Zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte

Reader Zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte

Reader zur Allgemeinen Wissenschaftsgeschichte Teil 5: Naturwissenschaften I – von Walter Höflechner - Zentrum für Wissenschaftsgeschichte - Graz, März 2008 1 Prähistorie, vor- und außerklassisches Altertum - Mesopotamien, Ägypten, China, Indien................................ 8 1.1 Prähistorisches................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Mesopotamien................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Mathematik........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Astronomie......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Medizin............................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Ägypten........................................................................................................................................................ 14 1.3.1 Mathematik ....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Astronomie ........................................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.3 Medizin............................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Indien............................................................................................................................................................ 18 1.5 China............................................................................................................................................................ 20 2 Klassisches Altertum.......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Grundlegende Vorstellungen....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Natur der Materie............................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Mathematik................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Die führenden griechischen Mathematiker........................................................................................ 29 Hippokrates von Chios (fl. 440) ....................................................................................................... 29 Hippias von Elis (fl. 400) ................................................................................................................. 29 Archytas von Tarent (428–347) ........................................................................................................ 29 Eudoxos von Knidos (408-355) ........................................................................................................ 30 Menaichmos (375-325) ..................................................................................................................... 30 Euklid (325 – 265) ............................................................................................................................ 30 Archimedes von Syrakus als Mathematiker (287-212) .................................................................... 34 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (276/75 – ?) ............................................................................................. 37 Apollonios von Perge (auch: von Alexandria) (260-200/190) ......................................................... 37 Hipparchos von Nikaia (190-120), s. auch Astronomie!! ................................................................. 38 Heron von Alexandria (vermutlich 1. Jh nChr) ................................................................................ 38 Diophant aus Alexandria (vermutlich um 250 nChr) ....................................................................... 38 Pappos von Alexandria (um 300 nChr) ............................................................................................ 40 Theon von Alexandria (2. H. 4. Jh) .................................................................................................. 40 Hypathia (gest. 415) ......................................................................................................................... 40 Proklos Diadochos (410-485) ........................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Mathematik in Rom........................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Der Übergang zum Mittelalter .......................................................................................................... 42 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (ca. 480-524) ......................................................................... 42 Pythagoras von Samos (6. Jh) .......................................................................................................... 24 Thales von Milet (624-546) .............................................................................................................. 26 Platon (427-347) ............................................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Astronomie................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Die wichtigsten griechisch-hellenistischen Astronomen.................................................................... 46 Hiketas von Syrakus um 400 – um 335 vChr) ................................................................................. 46 Eudoxos von Knidos (um 400-355) ................................................................................................. 47 Herakleides Pontikos (388-315) ....................................................................................................... 48 Aristoteles (384-323) ........................................................................................................................ 49 Aristarch von Samos (fl. 280) .......................................................................................................... 50 Seleukos von Seleukia, auch „von Babylon“ (um 190 vChr) ........................................................... 51 Archimedes von Syrakus 287-212 .................................................................................................... 51 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (273-192), ................................................................................................ 52 Apollonios von Perge (260-200/190) ............................................................................................... 52 Hipparchos von Nikaea (190-120) .................................................................................................... 52 Klaudios Ptolemaios (120 – nach 160) ............................................................................................ 53 2.3.2 Zur Vorstellung von den Sphären – Epizykel, Exzenter und Koordinatensystem............................. 58 2.3.3 Astronomische Geräte........................................................................................................................ 60 2.4 Geographie in der Antike............................................................................................................................ 61 2.4.1 Allgemeines........................................................................................................................................ 61 Eratosthenes von Kyrene (273-192 vChr) ........................................................................................ 63 Krates von Mallos (2. Jh vChr) ........................................................................................................ 64 Strabon (63 vChr – um 20 nChr) ..................................................................................................... 64 Marinos von Tyros (fl. 114 nChr) .................................................................................................... 65 Klaudios Ptolemaios (120-nach 160) als Geograph ......................................................................... 65 2.4.2 Geographie in Rom............................................................................................................................ 67 2.4.3 Übergang in das Mittelalter - Frühmittelalter.................................................................................... 67 Kosmas Indikopleustes (1. Hälfte des 6. Jhs) ................................................................................... 68 2.5 „Physik“....................................................................................................................................................... 68 Mechanik ........................................................................................................................................... 69 Archimedes

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    171 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us