Catholic Vital Records of Galicia/Halychyna by Matthew R
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Catholic Vital Records of Galicia/Halychyna by Matthew R. Bielawa Vital records are the key to our genealogical research. 1918. The official full name of the province was Galicia and Although at first glance the Galician vital records seem easy Lodomeria (in German Galizien und Lodomerien). In enough to use (and easy enough to find due to decades of Polish, the term is known as Galicja, and in Ukrainian as microfilming by the Family History Library and increased Ufkbxbyf/Halychyna. The Austrian Empire was commonly access to foreign archives since the fall of Communism), called the Austro-Hungarian Empire after 1867 and the careful study is critical to fully understand the great value of Ausgleich, or Compromise, which transformed the Empire the records. In this article I will present Catholic vital into a dual monarchy Austria and Hungary. Today, this area records from the region of Galicia / Halychyna as it was covers southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, roughly under control of the Austrian Empire and after the from Kraków in the west to Ternopil in the east. implementation of the 1784 Austrian vital records’ The ethnic background of Galicia was always regulations. Furthermore, the paper will include important historically mixed, right up to the end of World War II. information for both the predominately Polish and Roman Roughly speaking, the western half was predominately Catholic western half of Galicia and the predominately Polish and Roman Catholic while the eastern half was Ukrainian and Greek Catholic eastern half. Before predominately Ukrainian and Greek Catholic. This ethnic embarking on this study, it is necessary to discuss some basic boundary, which was far from clear cut, was about the border terminology and background points. between today’s Poland and Ukraine. To simply state, however, that there was a predominance of any one ethnic What is Galicia and Halychyna? group in either half is a poor generalization: each half had a The term Galicia is one of the most confused geographic sizeable minority of the other ethnic group. Additionally, entities to East European genealogists. The English term there were Jews, Germans (including German Catholics), “Galicia”, which can be found in various North America Slovaks, Carpatho-Rusyns, and Armenians throughout the documents such as census records, naturalization papers and province. passenger ship lists, refers commonly to the northern-most Historically the term Galicia did not start with Austria. province of the Austrian Empire, roughly from 1772 to This Austrian period is only a fragment of time in the Fig. 1 - 19th century Galicia. Courtesy of Jonathan D. Shea 36 FEEFHS Journal Volume XI region’s dynamic history. Prior to Austria’s annexation, large minorities of Lutherans, Jews and Orthodox Christians which started in 1772, Galicia referred only to what we know before the Second World War. Two Catholic rites exist in today as western Ukraine or what the Austrian Empire the region, the Roman, or Western, rite and the Greek, or considered eastern Galicia. The historic origins of the term Eastern or Byzantine, rite. Both a part of the Catholic Galicia comes from the name of the old Ukrainian town and Church under the Pope, each rite maintains its own parish principality Ufkbx / Halych (in Polish Halicz), which was registers. This fact must always be kept in mind by the first mentioned in medieval chronicles in the 9th century. researcher. In 1563 at the Council of Trent, the Catholic Galicia is a latinized form of Halych. Throughout the 13th Church proclaimed that its parishes were to keep written and 14th centuries, the Ukrainian principality was fought records of baptisms and marriages. Later in 1614, a directive over by Poles, Hungarians, Lithuanians and Mongols. called for death records to be maintained, as well. When the Finally, in 1349, King Kazimierz the Great took control for Austrians seized the area, they mandated that the Catholic Poland, which ruled the territory up to 1772. The region was priest was to be the official state registrar. In 1784, called at that time by other names, such as Red Rus (in Polish regulations were clearly defined and implemented.2 The key Rus Czerwona, in Ukrainian Hecm Xthdjyf / Rus regulations to be understood are outlined below. Chervona), and Rus Province (in Polish Województwo ruskie).1 Catholic priests were to function as civil registrars for In 1772 the huge Kingdom of Poland began to be non-Catholics chipped away by its land and power hungry neighbors of Catholic priests kept the official vital records for other Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Austria grabbed most of religious groups, such as Jews, Lutherans and Orthodox. Galicia in 1772, completing the annexation in 1846 with the These other faiths sometimes kept their own records, but the acquisition of Kraków. Austria ruled the region up to 1918. records were not state documents. Over time, each of these With its defeat in World War I, the multiethnic Austro- religious groups was granted official record keeper status by Hungarian Empire collapsed, splintering into many new the Austrian government. nations. Although Poland was first to seize the entire Austrian province of Galicia, the Ukrainians formed a short- Records were to be kept in Latin lived government called the Western Ukrainian People’s It’s important for the researcher to become familiar with Republic, which attempted to control the eastern half of some key Latin words and phrases. Although one may find Galicia. After bloody fighting between the two ethnic Polish, Ukrainian and German in some of the records, (in the groups, Poland was victorious and politically dominated the middle of the 19th century, nationalism began to take shape region. The region was commonly called by the Poles as and one could see more Polish and Ukrainian in the records), Ma³opolska, or Little Poland. However, ethnic strife by far the main language of the documents was Latin. This remained between the two groups up to and throughout should be a relief for North American researchers since Latin World War II. At the end of World War II, the Allied Powers is much more recognizable to English than Polish and redrew the map of Eastern Europe, splitting the historical Ukrainian. Note that before the 1784 regulations, Greek Austrian province of Galicia into two, the western half going Catholic records were usually written in Church Slavonic, a to Poland and the eastern half becoming a part of the liturgical language using the Cyrillic alphabet. Roman Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was a part of the Catholic records before 1784 were in Latin. Soviet Union. In addition, the Allied Powers called for One must be careful regarding names and languages massive population exchanges affecting millions of people. found in the records. First names were usually translated Most Poles living in the eastern half were relocated to Poland into Latin. Therefore, the Catholic priest would use Joannes while most Ukrainians (and Carpatho-Rusyns and Lemkos) for the Polish Jan or for the Ukrainian Idfy / Ivan. Some living in the western half were forcibly moved either Greek Catholic priests, flexing their nationalistic aspira- eastward to the USSR or dispersed throughout Poland, thus tions, began to include Ukrainian spellings of the first names essentially breaking up their community and political in the later half of the 19th century. Last names, however, aspirations feared by the Soviet and Polish governments. In were usually written using Polish spelling. Polish, and not 1991 Ukraine became an independent country exercising Ukrainian, was used because it was the more predominant full control over eastern Galicia. political ethnic group of the two in the Galician province. This short history is imperative to the study of Galician vital records. It accounts for the format and structure of the Records were to be kept in columnar format documents over the centuries while giving logical clues as to This again should be a relief for the researcher. It means where to find the location of these records today. that all the information is written in columns, making it very easy to read and search the records. It also means that foreign language is less of a problem so long as only a few Galician Record Keeping and General Description key words are learned. Compare this to the paragraph format which requires the researcher to pick out the main The religious makeup of Galicia was and still is information from long complicated sentences and to stumble predominately Catholic, though the region was also home to through a larger vocabulary and complex grammar. Note FEEFHS Journal Volume XI 37 that older Galician records from before the 1784 decree were Parish sizes differed from place to place. Keep in mind usually written in the paragraph format. the regional differences within Galicia. In eastern Galicia, where a majority of the population was Greek Catholic, each Each type of vital record was to be kept in separate village may have had its own church and served as its own registers parish. On the other hand, one Roman Catholic parish may The Catholic priest was to keep three separate registers have served the Roman Catholic minority of many for each event: births/baptisms, marriages, and deaths. surrounding villages. The opposite is usually the case in Furthermore, each village in the parish was to be listed western Galicia, where one Greek Catholic parish may have separately. It is therefore, most important that the researcher served the Greek Catholic minority of many surrounding know the parish his/her ancestor came from. If the villages. researcher knows the village name, he/she would then have I must stress that Catholics were allowed to marry into to learn to which parish the village belonged. Keep in mind different rites.