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DigitalResources SIL eBook 52 ® A Grammar of the Muna Language René van den Berg A Grammar of the Muna Language René van den Berg SIL International® 2013 SIL e-Books 52 2013 SIL International® ISBN: 978-1-55671-343-9 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair-Use Policy: Books published in the SIL e-Books (SILEB) series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes free of charge (within fair-use guidelines) and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Editor-in-Chief Mike Cahill Managing Editor Bonnie Brown Compositor Margaret González 2 VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND, EN VOLKENKUNDE 139 RENÉ VAN DEN BERG A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 1989 FORIS PUBLICATIONS Dordrecht-Holland / Providence-U.S.A. Published by: Foris Publicatons Holland P.O. Box 5093300 AM Dordrecht The Netherlands Sole distributor for the U.S.A. and Canada: Foris Publications U.S.A., Inc. P.O. Box 5904 Providence R.I. 02903 U.S.A. Research for this book was made possible by a grant from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of tropical Research (WOTRO). ISBN 90 6765 454 X © 1989 Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Printed in the Netherlands. Contents Preface xii Conventions xiv Maps xvi Map 1. Indonesia xvi Map 2. Muna-Buton area xvii 1. General introduction 1 1.1. Muna: the island, the people 1 1.1.1. Location 1 1.1.2. Ecology 2 1.1.3. Demography 3 1.1.4. Housing and economy 4 1.1.5. Social organization 4 1.1.6. Religion 4 1.1.7. History 5 1.2. The language 6 1.2.1. Previous studies 6 1.2.2. Language boundaries and dialects 6 1.2.3. Subgrouping 8 1.2.4. Literature and language use 8 1.3. Methodology and framework 9 1.3.1. Fieldwork 9 1.3.2. Framework 10 Illustrations 11 2. Phonology 15 2.1. Phonemes: inventory and description 15 2.1.1. Phoneme inventory 16 2.1.2. Phonetic description 16 2.2. List of contrasts 21 2.3. Phoneme frequency 22 2.4. Syllable and root structure 23 2.4.1. Syllable structure 24 2.4.2. Root structure 24 vi CONTENTS 2.5. Stress 25 2.6. Vowel sequences 25 2.7. Phonotactics 27 2.8. Morphophonemics 32 2.8.1. -um- allomorphy 32 2.8.2. Nasal accretion 35 2.8.3. Possessive suffix -ndo/-do 36 2.8.4. Allomorphy of -Ci and -Cao 36 2.9. Adaptation of loanwords 37 3. Words and word classes 41 3.1. Words, affixes, clitics 41 3.1.1. Words 41 3.1.2. Affixes 42 3.1.3. Inflection and derivation 42 3.1.4. Clitics and cliticization 42 3.2. Word classes 43 3.3. Individual discussion of word classes 44 3.3.1. Noun 44 3.3.2. Verb 45 3.3.3. Pronoun 47 3.3.4. Numeral 47 3.3.5. Quantifier 47 3.3.6. Adverb 47 3.3.7. Preposition 47 3.3.8. Conjunction 47 3.3.9. Particle 48 3.3.10. Interjection 48 3.4. Word-class changes and double membership 48 3.5. Conclusion 49 4. Verbal inflection 50 4.1. Subject inflection 50 4.2. Agreement 52 4.3. The three verb classes 52 4.4. Membership of the three verb classes 54 4.5. Realis and irrealis 57 4.6. The definiteness shift 59 4.6.1. Definition and illustration 59 4.6.2. Derived transitivity and the definiteness shift 63 4.6.3. Exceptions to the definiteness shift 65 4.7. Minor verb class changes 66 4.8. Direct and indirect object inflection 67 4.8.1. Direct object inflection 69 4.8.2. Indirect object inflection 70 4.8.3. The missing first person inclusive 71 4.8.4. The form -kaeta 72 4.9. Inflection and derived constructions 73 5. The nominal phrase 76 5.1. Internal structure of the nominal phrase 76 CONTENTS vii 5.2. The noun 77 5.2.1. The common noun 77 5.2.2. Internal structure of the complex noun 78 5.2.3. Proper nouns 79 5.3. Personal pronoun 81 5.3.1. Usage 82 5.3.2. Derivation 83 5.3.3. Reduced pronouns 84 5.3.4. Pronoun as head of NP: modifiers 84 5.4. Possession 85 5.4.1. Possessive suffixes 86 5.4.2. Possessive constructions with and without linker 86 5.5. Demonstrative pronoun 89 5.5.1. Forms 89 5.5.2. Locative usage 89 5.5.3. Temporal usage 91 5.5.4. Anaphoric usage 91 5.5.5. The referential demonstratives 92 5.5.6. Other usages of the referential demonstratives 96 5.5.7. Combinations of demonstratives 97 5.5.8. Derivations of demonstratives 100 5.6. Particles 102 5.6.1. The article o 102 5.6.2. Usage of o 102 5.6.3. Co-occurrence restrictions of o 104 5.6.4. Variation in usage 106 5.6.5. The particle ndo 108 5.7. The measure phrase 109 5.7.1. The numeral 110 5.7.2. Derivations on numeral bases 113 5.7.3. Derivations on measure phrase bases 115 5.7.4. Classifiers 116 5.7.5. Measure nouns 118 5.7.6. Quantifiers 120 5.7.7. Quantification 123 5.8. Clausal heads of NP 126 5.8.1. Relative clause as head of NP 126 5.8.2. Simple verbal clause as head of NP 127 5.9. Attributes 128 5.9.1. Types of attributes 128 5.9.2. Descriptive attributes 130 5.10. Combinations and restrictions of modifiers 133 5.11. Variation and marked orders 135 6. The prepositional phrase 137 6.1. Local prepositions 137 6.1.1. The preposition we 137 6.1.2. The preposition te 138 6.1.3. The preposition ne 139 6.2. Non-local prepositions 141 6.2.1. The preposition bhe 141 6.2.2. The preposition so 143 6.2.3. The preposition ampa 144 6.2.4. The preposition peda 145 viii CONTENTS 6.3. Complex prepositions 146 7. The clause 148 7.1. Intransitive clauses 148 7.1.1. Bare intransitive clauses 149 7.1.2. Unmarked order: VS 150 7.1.3. SV order: syntactic factors 151 7.1.4. SV order: pragmatic factors 153 7.2. Existential clauses 158 7.2.1. Existential clauses with naando 159 7.2.2. Existential clauses with bhe 160 7.3. Transitive clauses 161 7.3.1. Unmarked order: SVO 162 7.3.2. Zero objects 163 7.3.3. Object agreement 164 7.3.4. Object focus 165 7.4. Experiential clauses 169 7.5. Copular clauses 169 7.6. Equative clauses 170 7.7. Exclamatory clauses 172 7.8. Fronting 174 7.9. Indirect object extensions 175 7.9.1. Full indirect objects 175 7.9.2. Oblique indirect objects 177 7.9.3. IO pronominal suffix 179 7.9.4. Preverbal IO and DO 180 7.10. Temporal, locative and manner periphery 181 7.10.1. Temporal periphery 182 7.10.2. Locative periphery 184 7.10.3. Manner periphery 185 7.10.4. Combination of peripheries 187 7.11. Adverbs 187 7.11.1. Adjuncts 187 7.11.2. Disjuncts 189 7.12. Other peripheral elements 190 7.12.1. Vocatives 190 7.12.2. Interjections 191 7.12.3. Ideophones 194 8. Clausal modifications 195 8.1. Transitivizing 195 8.2. Causatives 197 8.2.1. Factitives 198 8.2.2. Causatives on dynamic intransitive bases 198 8.2.3. Causatives on transitive bases 199 8.2.4. Locutional causatives 201 8.2.5. Combinations of causatives 202 8.3. Detransitivizing 203 8.4. Reciprocals 206 8.5. Negation 207 8.5.1. The negator miina 207 8.5.2. The negators pa, pae, paise 209 8.5.3. The negators pata, tapa 211 CONTENTS ix 8.5.4. The negator suano 212 8.5.5. Other negators 212 8.6. The interrogative mode 213 8.6.1. Yes-no questions 213 8.6.2. Content questions 215 8.6.3. The question verb afa 221 8.6.4. Questions introduced by soo-mo 223 8.6.5. Other question words 223 8.6.6. Indirect questions 223 8.6.7. Echo questions 224 8.7. The imperative mode 225 8.7.1. The imperative verb form 225 8.7.2. The use of free pronouns in imperatives 226 8.7.3. Modifying the imperative: affixes and adverbs 226 8.7.4. The prohibitive 228 8.8. The adhortative mode 229 9. The sentence 231 9.1. Subordination: relative clauses 231 9.1.1. Marked by active participles 231 9.1.2. Marked by passive participles 234 9.1.3. Nominalized relative clauses 235 9.1.4. Locative relative clauses 236 9.1.5. Free relatives 236 9.2. Juxtaposition 238 9.2.1. Types of juxtaposed clauses 239 9.2.2. Subject complementation 240 9.2.3. Object complementation 242 9.2.4. Clauses juxtaposed to NPs 244 9.3. Conjoining: introduction 246 9.4. Conjoining without conjunction 247 9.5. Alternative 248 9.6. Simultaneous 248 9.7. Temporal 249 9.7.1. Marked by affixes 250 9.7.2. Marked by dependent conjunctions 250 9.7.3.
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    Public Health of Indonesia Irma, R., Widianingsih, E., & Rasmaniar. (2020). Public Health of Indonesia: 6(3), 85-93 ISSN: 2477-1570 http://stikbar.org/ycabpublisher/index.php/PHI/index Original Research RELATIONSHIP OF MORINGA LEAF CONSUMPTION HABITS AND BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IN MUNA TRIBE IN INDONESIA Rita Irma, Emi Widianingsih, Rasmaniar Department of Nutrition, Poltekkes Kemenkes Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia Received: 3 June 2020 | Accepted: 12 August 2020 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i3.343 Correspondence: Rita Irma Jalan Jendral A.H Nasution No.G-14 Anduonohu, Kambu, Kec. Kambu, Kota Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara 93231, Indonesia Email : [email protected] Mobile: 085241533003) Copyright: © 2020 the author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: In Indonesia, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has increased. DM can have a significant impact on health that requires serious countermeasures. Moringa leaves have been extensively studied in terms of their efficacy in the treatment and prevention of DM. ObJective: To identify the relationship between the habit of consuming Moringa leaves and blood sugar levels of Muna tribe. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study design conducted among local people in the Muna tribe community at Gunung Jati sub-district, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 81 people was participated selected using a proportional random sampling. Results: The average of frequency consumption of Moringa leaves among Muna tribe was one time a day, with consumption as much as 160 grams/day.
  • Comparative Constructions in Muna

    Comparative Constructions in Muna

    More than Most: Comparative Constructions in Muna René van den Berg SIL International Comparative constructions are an understudied field of research in the regional languages of Indonesia. This paper provides a detailed look at Muna, an Austronesian language of southeast Sulawesi, where there appears to be an unusually large assortment of comparative constructions and lexemes. These include the comparative, superlative and equative degree (all of which are expressed non-morphologically), correlative and ‘let alone’ constructions, as well as various inherently comparative lexemes. Of typological interest are the use of a comitative preposition for the standard marker, and the lack of a designated word meaning ‘less’. The wealth of data available is possibly related to various aspects of the Muna culture, including the popularity of competitive games and the traditional social stratification. 1. Introduction Muna is a Western Austronesian language spoken in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (see map 1 for the location of Muna in Indonesia).1 It is a member of the small Muna-Buton group, itself part of the larger Celebic group, which is a subgroup of Western Malayo-Polynesian. Muna is probably spoken by over 300,000 people, but the exact number of speakers is very difficult to ascertain. There has been considerable outmigration from the island of Muna to the provincial capital Kendari, as well as to other places in eastern Indonesia (Maluku, Papua), and these are not usually included in census figures. Also, there is considerable language shift to Indonesian. Traditionally this shift happened among urban and educated Muna people (especially in Kendari, but also in Raha, the capital of Muna), but it is now increasingly found across the whole island, due to widespread education in Indonesian and exposure to the media, specifically television.