An Exiled Generation: German and Hungarian Refugees of Revolution, 1848–1871 Heléna Tóth Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04663-4 - An Exiled Generation: German and Hungarian Refugees of Revolution, 1848–1871 Heléna Tóth Index More information

Index

Abdülmecid I (sultan of the Ottoman Ancona, 106, 242 Empire), 143 Andrássy, Count Gyula de Csíkszentkirály abolitionism, 134, 140 et Krasznahorka, 55, 82, 93–4, 144, Abt, Franz Wilhelm, 181 241 Ács, Gedeon, 139, 209, 212, 249–50 Anglo-Turkish commercial treaty (1838), 189 Adliczer, Antal, 146 Anneke, Mathilda Franziska, 81 Albrecht of Austria (archduke, duke of Apollo Rooms, 132 Teschen), 93 Association of Hungarian Political Exiles, 196 Aleppo, 43, 76, 159 asylum, 1 see also England, Ottoman Ali, Mehmed Emin, pasha, 159 Empire, Switzerland, United States Almássy, Mihály, 5, 19 extradition laws, 1 Almássy, Pál, 244 practice of, 1, 34 American Civil War (1861–1865), 156–7, Australia, 20 202 Austro-French Piedmontese War (Second amnesty, 5 War of Italian Independence) (1859), general, 248–9 76, 212, 245 in Baden, 222, 227, 231–5, 237, 248 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), in the Habsburg Empire, 219–21, 226, 184, 236, 248, 250–4 235–7, 248–9 Austro-Prussian War (1866), 76, 236, 252 in Württemberg, 222–5, 232, 248 on condition of emigration, 5, 11, 19, 21, Baden, Grand Duchy of, 9, 79, 237 46–63, 79, 239 April insurrection (1848), 25 state policy in Baden, 60 border region, 66, 71 see also émigrés: on the occasion of events related to royal activities in border regions families, 220–2, 226 constitutional assembly, 67, 70, 147 petitions for, 7, 18, 45–6, 60, 80, 82–91, emigration from, 11 201, 215 émigrés from, 10–11, 36 see also political collective, 79, 89, 103, 215, 224, 237 exile: from the German lands criteria for judging, 18, 52, 60–1, 97–8, military ofﬁcers, 61, 119, 239 see also 104, 215, 224–5, 227–30 émigré military ofﬁcers in England, scribes, 87 Ottoman Empire, Switzerland, amnesty petitions, see amnesty United States, United States Amsberg, George von, 165 amnesty for, 222, 234–5

288

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04663-4 - An Exiled Generation: German and Hungarian Refugees of Revolution, 1848–1871 Heléna Tóth Index More information

Index 289

parliament, 24 Central European Democratic Committee, popular uprising, 9 167, 193–5 Prussian military, 71–3 Chicago, 205 remigration to, 31–2, 218 Cincinnati, 205 returning to citizenship rights, 240 procedure of, 226–7 forfeited through emigration, 31 Bader, Joseph, 58 Clauss, Martin Friedrich, 224 Bangya, János, 197 Communist Workers’ Educational Society Barsi, József, 53 (Communistischer Arbeiter- Basel, 66, 230 Bildungsverein), 193, 195–6 Batthyány, Count Kázmér Antal Ferenc de Congress of Vienna (1815), 1 Németújvár, 199 conservatives, 20 Batthyány, Count Lajos de Németújvár, 62, constitutionalism, 2, 223 183 Corvin-Wiersbitzki, Otto Julius Bernhard Bavaria, Kingdom of, 172 von, 165 Becher, August, 53 Crimean War (1853–1856), 76, 119, 146, Beck, Countess Wilhelmine von, 121 160, 190 Belgium, 73, 120, 257 Csermely, Albert, 45 Belgrade, 44 Bem, Józef Zachariasz, 159, 165 Dancs, Lajos, 225 Bern, 17, 29, 31, 108, 173–7, 185 Darasz, Albert, 194 Bernard, Charles Ambroise, 143, 185 Darmstadt, 162 Besanne, 230 Deák, Ferenc, 236, 245, 253 Beulwitz, Hartmund von, 92 Debrecen, 242 Black Forest Support and Charity Deffner, Carl Ludwig, 180 Association (Schwarzwälder Dembiński, Henryk, 165 Unterstüztung und democrats, 107 Wohltätigkeitsverein), 193 Detroit, 155 Blum, Robert, 181, 201 Dietrich, Joseph, 67, 69–70, 73, 232–4, Bonn, 107 239 Börnstein, Heinrich, 116, 206 Discourses (Eszmecserék), 189 Boston, 123, 134, 164, 208–12, 249 Dresden, 97 Bowen, Francis, 125, 127 Bradford, 149 Egressy, Gábor, 92, 98 Braun, Ernst, 55 Ell, Franz, 235 Brownson, Orestes, 125 emigration Bruchsal, 49–50, 52 see also political as process, 8 prisoners from the German lands, 6, 12 Brussels, 183, 225 layers of, 12, 167, 169–70 to replace a prison sentence, see amnesty: Camp Floyd, 164 on condition of emigration Canning, Stratford, 1st Viscount Stratford émigrés, see also political exile de Redcliffe, 40 activities in border regions, 21, 34, Castle Garden Theater, 128, 131 63–77, 240 Cavour, Count Camillo Benso, 202 and political refugees, distinctions Cegléd, 253 between, 5 Central Committee for the Support of all biographies of, 4, 43, 215, 227–30, 238 Émigrés in Switzerland conversion to Islam, see Ottoman (Centralkomitee zur Unterstützung Empire:conversion of émigrés to sämmtlicher Flüchtlinge in der Islam Schweiz), 174, 178, 181–2 imagined community of, 17, 170, 191

290 Index

émigrés, (cont.) Fort Hamilton, 164 memoir literature, 36, 40, 114–16, forty-eighters, see émigrés 119–20, 129–31, 181, 225 France, 47, 73, 120, 150 networks of, 171, 180–1, 210, 212, Frankfurt parliament, 16, 102, 163, 171, 230–1 173, 201 international dimensions, 184–5, 189, dissolution of, 3, 27 192, 196–7 Franz Joseph I (emperor of Austria, king of professional trajectory of, 7, 110, Hungary), 10, 37, 92, 150, 201, 219, 116–20, 142–66, 183–4, 188 221, 223–4, 236, 241–2 self-perception of, 46, 119, 157, 177, 216, assassination attempt on, 69 243, 250–4 see also political exile: Frauenfeld, 69 deﬁnition of French Revolution, 256 surveillance of, 64, 192, 197, 230–1 Friedmann, Hermann, 227 trajectories of, 73–6 Friedrich I (grand duke of Baden), 221, 224, women, 39, 79, 110–11, 208 231, 234 England, 1, 12–13, 63, 73, 81, 120 Friedrich Wilhelm IV (king of Prussia), 3, 9, as country of asylum, 3, 15–16 26, 251 book market, 121 Fröbel, Karl Friedrich, 163 émigré military ofﬁcers, 161 Füster, Anton, 202 émigré physicians, 148–51 immigrants from the German lands, 149, Gaál, Gusztáv, 144–6 192–3 Gachnang, 103, 147 Schiller centenary, 200–1 Gagern, Friedrich Balduin Ludwig von, 25 Esslingen, 247 Gailingen, 67 European Democratic Committee, 194 Galata, 189 execution, see also revolution of 1848: Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 4, 120 punishments Garrison, William Lloyd, 140 in absentia, 55, 96 Geneva, 183–4 extradition laws, see asylum Gérando, Auguste de, 211 Gérando, Joseph Maria de, 211 family Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, 231 as cohesive political force in exile, 111, Giessen, 173 174, 184 Goegg, Armand, 195 as lobby group for amnesty, 7, 16, 79–80, Göttingen, 65 222, 225–6 Grafenhausen, Ferdinand Fritz von, 58 as unit of loyalty, 100 Gulda, Sebastian, 69 as unit of migration, see political exile: as Guyon, Richard Debaufre, 40, 95, 131, family migration 160–1, 190 life in exile, 104–12 metaphor of, 7, 79, 112–13 Habsburg Empire, 37, 73, 79 relatives of forty-eighters as prisoners, 50, amnesty, 60–1 95–7 army, 44, 161, 187 Fauer, Julianna von, 82, 99 labor migration from, 13, 143–4, 177 Fáy, András, 93 remigration to, 96–7, 140, 218, 248–9 Fazy, James, 184, 185 procedure of, 219 February Patent (1861), 235 Hajnik, Henrietta, 62, 97 Ferdinand I, emperor of Austria, Hajnik, Pál, 101 king of Hungary and Bohemia, Hamburg, 106, 122, 239 158 Hammerschmidt, Károly, 144–6 Fickler, Joseph, 195, 205 Hannover, 27 Florence, 243 Hans Ibeles, 107–8

Index 291

Hartmann, Moritz, 168, 184 Italian legion, 37, 39 Harvard University, 127 Italy, 76 Hauser, Matthäus, 55 Hauslaub, Franz Ritter von, 41, 61, 93, 95, Jacobi, Abraham, 155 100, 143, 218 James, Henry, 141 Häusser, Ludwig, 231 Jestetten, 70–1 Haynau, Julius Jacob von, 95 Jósika, Miklós, 244 Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz, 24–5, 73, 137, 203 Kalapsza, János, 134–5, 164, 208 Heidelberg, 237, 240 Kapff, Ludwig, 84, 89 Heilbronn, 174, 176, 239 Kapp, Friedrich, 137 Heinzen, Karl, 195 Karády, Ignác, 212 Hermann, 200 Kassa, 187 Hermann, Maximilian von, 64 Kászonyi, Dániel, 151, 196–7, 202, 250 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich, 63, 198 Kertbeny, Karl (Károly) Maria, 104, 246 hiking, political signiﬁcance of, 180–1 Kiefer, Hermann, 155 Hilzingen, 67, 232, 239–41 Kinizsi, István, 210 Hoffmann, Karl, 103, 147–8 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried, 107, 138–9, 195, Hohenasperg, 48–9, 51–2 see also political 197, 199–201, 206 prisoners Kinkel, Johanna, 108, 142 Holzschreiter, Johann Georg, 70–3 Klapka, György, 61, 185 homeopathy, 150–1 Klüber, Friedrich Adolf, 32 Horváth, Mihály, 183–4, 225 Kmetty, György, 146 Hungarian Academy of Science, 183, 191 Knechtel, János, 186 Hungarian Controversy, 124–8 Kochendörfer, Karl, 234 Hungarian Émigrés’ Newspaper (Magyar Köhlreuter, Wilhelm, 226–7, 259 Száműzöttek Lapja), 207 Komárom, 61, 105, 122, 185 Hungarian Society, 189–91 capitulation of, 10 Hungarians, national stereotypes about, Körmendy, Lajos, 140 135–6 Korn, Philipp, 129 Hungary, Kingdom of, 3 Kornis, Károly, 207 April laws (1849), 10 Kossuth, Lajos, 4, 14, 19, 37, 46, 64–5, 73, army, 11 76, 112, 120–1, 128–9, 133, 139, émigrés from, 11, 13–14, 21, 38–41 145, 194, 197–8, 202, 207, 243, labor migration from, 13, 170, 188 250–4 parliament (1861), 201, 236, 241–9 Kossuth, Zsuzsanna (wife of Rudolf reform movement, 10 Meszlényi), 110, 208, 210 remigration to, 42–3, 201, 249–50 Kövy, Albert, 62, 97 revolution of 1848 and war of Krajtsir, Károly, 123 independence, 10, 37–8, 188 Kudlich, Hans, 111, 174 military ofﬁcers, 157–8 Kuné, Gyula (Julius), 116 serving in the Ottoman army, 43, 146, Kütahya, 43, 76 158–61, 188 Lederle, Franz, 58 imposters, 141 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 194 Irving House, 136 Libényi, János, 69 Istanbul, 5, 13, 39, 43, 76, 96, 143, 146, liberals, 20, 85, 161, 167, 172 150, 185–91 Lieber, Francis, 139 Hungarian legion, 188 Linden, Joseph von, 232 Imperial Medical School, Istanbul, 143, Loewe, Wilhelm, 168 146, 185 Lohbauer, Rudolf, 162

292 Index

London, 17, 65, 82, 107–8, 149, 191–202, Nádasdy, Count Leopold, 219 219, 242–3, 259 Napoleon III (emperor of the Second French Loose, Heinrich, 60 Empire), 202 Lörrach, 25 nation Lowell, Anna, 137, 209–11 national identity, 13, 200, 250 Lowell, Robert, 124 National Association (Nationalverein), 197 loyalty, 79, 85, 100, 226 Neuchâtel, 182, 200 Lugano, 29 New Buda, 207 Lugos, 99 New York, 17, 90–1, 122, 128, 132, 136, Lülley, Emanuel, 39 204–5, 225 Luther, Martin, 201 Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 10, 37

Mahmud II (sultan of the Ottoman Empire), Obermüller-Venedey, Henrietta, 102 143 October Diploma (1860), 235 Maier, Adolf, 24, 85 Offenburg, 237, 240 Makk, János, 66 Olmütz, 50, 52 see also political prisoners Malsch, 226, 265 Orbán, Balázs, 187 Manchester, 149–50 Orbán, János, 187 Mann, Ambrose Dudley, 57 Ottoman Empire, 61, 93, 120, 131, 259 Mannheim, 9 as country of asylum, 3, 5, 15, 21, 38–44, Markdorf, 69 73, 158 see also Istanbul Markgröningen, 224, 230 conversion of émigrés to Islam, 144–5, Marquardsen, Heinrich, 56 158–9 Marx, Karl, 149, 197 émigré military ofﬁcers, 146, 158–61, Mayer, Carl, 108, 111, 168, 173, 176, 178, 188 180–1, 183, 200, 247–9 émigré physicians, 147 Mayer, Emilia, 110–11 labor migration, 143–4, 185–6, 188 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 4, 65, 120, 193–4, 199, negotiations on behalf of émigrés, 40–1 256 Tanzimat reforms, 143, 185 Mészáros, Lázár, 152, 210, 212 Meszlényi, Zsuzsanna, see Kossuth, Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Zsuzsanna Viscount of, 159 Metternich, Prince Klemens Nepomuk Paris, 82, 97, 115, 123, 183, 199 Lothar von Winneburg-Beilstein, Peabody, Elisabeth, 211 143 Pera, 189 Meysenbug, Malwida von, 81 Perczel, Miklós, 135 migration, see also emigration, émigrés Perczel, Mór, 95 labor migration, 12, 28, 119, Pest-Buda, 95, 249 193–204 Pfau, Ludwig, 176 networks of, 13 Philadelphia, 205 patterns of, 14, 203–4 physicians, 119, 142–56 see also émigré Milan, February Uprising (1853), 69 physicians in England, Ottoman career mobility, 161 Empire, Switzerland, United States punishments for, 44 Plessen, Wilhelm August von, 58 Milwaukee, 205 Podhraszky, Károly, 100 monarchy Polish legion, 37, 39 concept of, 98, 113, 215–17 Polish revolution (1830-1831), 1, 123 restoration of, see revolution of 1848: émigrés of, 38, 165, 194, 256 restoration of monarchical power political crime Mühlausen, 230 deﬁnition of, 1, 257, 259 Müller, Friedrich, 227 political exile

Index 293

and labor migration, 7, 119, 137–8, Rastatt, 9, 27, 34, 49, 165 see also political 143–4, 149, 153, 167, 185–6, prisoners 195–6, 203–7, 216 Rau, Christine, 99 as asset, 118–19 Rau, Gottlieb, 53, 99, 102, 205 as family migration, 5, 7, 21, 40, 54, 62, Reichenbach, Count Oscar von, 168 78–9, 104–5, 141, 147, 160, 173, Reichle, Elisabeth, 82–91, 98, 111, 204 204, 233, 259 Reichle, Johannes, 5, 19, 82–91, 111, 137, as spectacle, 4 171, 203–4 collective aspects of, 6, 16, 81 Reinstein, August, 109, 168–9 collective narrative of, 17, 97–8 remorse, see amnesty: petitions for:criteria common assumptions about, 1, 4, 34 for judging deﬁnition of, 19, 36, 43, 46 republicans, 10, 20, 24–5, 29, 71, 137, 139, European dimensions of, 258 175, 193–5 ﬁnancial aspects, 28, 34, 105, 110, restoration of monarchical power, 115–16, 126, 199 see revolution of 1848 from the German lands, 28–30 Reutlingen, 231 heterogeneity (political), 14, 175, 178 revolutions of 1848 heterogeneity (social), 28, 35–6, 176, 190, as spectacle, 122 199 European dimensions of, 2–3, 122, 167 in literature, 2, 107–8, 141 goals of, 13, 37, 85, 202, 207 in the 1830s, 12, 172–3, 191 in Baden, 3, 24–7 layers of, 76, 136, 138–9, 163, 172, 256 in Hungary, 3, 10, 37–8 narrative of, 227–30 in the German lands, 9–10 returning from, 17, 20, 44, 214–17 in Württemberg, 23–4 see also amnesty information networks, 3, 17 procedure, 31–2, 42–3, 45 legacy of, 2, 8, 16–19, 23, 63, 79, 99, see also Baden, Grand Duchy of: 206–7, 215, 254–5 returning to: procedure of, local, 66–73, 215, 217, 238–41 Württemberg, Kingdom of: narrative of, 215, 238 see also émigrés: remigration to, Hungary, Kingdom memoir literature of: remigration to as commodity, 119, 122–4 political prisoners, 24, 47, 49–52, 80, 224 collective, 177 relatives of forty-eighters, 50, 94–6 historical, 184 rumours about, 29 performance, 119, 128–9, 132 political refugees, see émigrés punishments, 31, 33, 42, 44, 62, 80, 83, political trials, 147 224, 258–9 see also execution in sentences, 54–5 absentia Presser, Bartholomä, 240 collective, 94–6 Prokesch, Baron Anton von Osten, 187, 190 principles of, 103 Prussia, 27, 248 restoration of monarchical power, 3, 85 military, 34 see also amnesty Puky, Miklós, 184 women, 80–2 Pulszky, Ferenc, 101, 195, 197, 201, 243–5 Riedheim, 240 Pulszky, Theresa, 101, 210, 212 Roggenbach, Franz Xaver August, Freiherr Putnam, Mary Lowell, 124–8, 135–6, 211 von, 49, 58 Römer, Christof Heinrich Gottlob Friedrich, Ráday, Gedeon, 93 24, 26, 85 Radetzky, Field Marshal, Count Johann Rösch, Andreas, 52 Joseph Wenzel, von Radetz, 3 Róth, Mátyás, 151 Radosvljević, Teodor-Teja, 218 Rottenburg, 92 Rákóczi, Prince Ferenc II, 38 Rózsa, János, 164

294 Index

Ruge, Arnold, 194 as country of asylum, 3, 11, 15, 20, 23, rump parliament, see Wörttemberg, 28–9, 73, 172–85, 247 Kingdom of émigré military officers, 163 Russian Empire, 47, 73 émigré physicians, 28–9 Rüstow, Friedrich Wilhelm, 162 landscape, symbolic significance of, 178–82 Sala, George Augustus, 198 negotiations on behalf of émigrés, 21, Saxony, Kingdom of 27, 177 29–34 Schäfer, Friedrich, 52 Schiller centenary, 182–3 Schaffhausen, 70, 230 Syria, 146, 159 Schärttner, August, 196 Szakadáty, Pál, 238–9 Schiller centenary, see Switzerland: Schiller Szapáry, Countess, Etelka, 82 centenary; England: Schiller Szemere, Bertalan, 120, 198 centenary Szentes, 253 Schöpf-Merei, Ágost, 149–50 Szilágyi, Dániel, 191 Schulz, Friedrich Wilhelm, 162 Szokoly,Viktor, 49 Schurz, Carl Christian, 137 Schwarzenberg, Karl, 188 Techow, Gustav, 195 Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix von, 45, 95 Teleki, Blanka, 81 Schwenk, Martin, 82, 100 Teleki (De Gerando), Emma, 210–11 Sedgwick, Catherine Mary, 135, 137 Teleki, László, 186, 245–7 Serbia, 218 Temesvár, 45 Shumen, 45, 76, 129 The Bostonians, 141 Sigel, Franz, 29, 137, 195, 199, 203 The Neckar Steamer (Das Neckar Silistra, 196 Dampfschiff), 24 Simon, Ludwig, 16, 108, 114, 121, 141–2, Thompson, Samuel, 151 168, 176, 178, 180, 185, 215 Thun, 162 Simonyi, Ernő, 201, 242–3 Thuolt, István, 135 Singen, 240 Thurgau, 67 socialists, 20, 137, 175, 257 Tkalac, Imbro Ignatijević, 112 Solothurn, 230 Trier, 114 Sonderbund War (Sonderbundskrieg) Tübingen, 65, 87 (1847), 162 Turin, 253 spiritism, 140 Türr, István, 253–4 Spitzer, Sigmund, 144 Tuttlingen, 5, 82–4, 88, 90, 98, 171, 203 Splény, Béla, 95 Splény, Lajos, 96 Újházy, László, 105–7, 122, 124, 179, 207, Splény, Mária (wife of Richard Guyon), 40, 241–2 50, 95, 97, 160, 190 Ulm, 87 Spreng, August, 91, 203, 224 United States, 1, 13, 73, 90, 120, 259 St. Gallen, 30 as country of asylum, 3–4, 15–16, 46, St. Louis, 205 105, 247 Staÿ, Philipp, 234–5 as marketplace for narratives of the Storz, Friederika, 78–9, 83, 87, 111 revolution, 122, 132, 137–9 Storz, Hermann, 54, 78, 203 banishment of criminals to, 56 Strasbourg, 162, 230 book market, 121 Struve, Gustav Karl Johann Christian, 26, charity for émigrés, 208–10 137, 195 émigré military officers, 163–5 Stuttgart, 9, 26, 57 émigré physicians, 156 Sumner, Charles, 139 immigration from the German lands, Switzerland, 1, 11, 63, 66, 114, 120, 259 138–9, 154–6, 204–7

Index 295

Utah, 164 Wilson, Henry, 127 Utzmemmingen, 48 Wolpert, Julius, 239 workers’ associations, 172, 177 Venedey, Jacob, 102 Württemberg, Kingdom of, 79 Veress, Sándor, 40 banishment from Vidin, 39–40, 150 common criminals, 57 Vienna, 95, 201 border region, 66 Világos, 37, 95, 131, 187 censorship, 181 Villingen, 147 émigrés from, 10–11, 36 see also political Vogt, Carl Christoph, 108, 168, 173, 185 exile: from the German lands Vogt, Friedrich Philipp Wilhelm, 108, labor migration from, 11, 193 172–5 liberal government, 24, 85 Vogt, Louise, 111 prison law (1851), 51 voluntary banishment, see amnesty: on remigration to, 30–1, 218, 248 condition of emigration rump parliament, 9, 26–7, 173 trial by jury, 223 Wabern, 108 costs of, 53–4 Weber, Max, 205 introduction of, 53 Weisser, Adolph, 231 Wÿla, 103, 147 Weitling, Wilhelm, 137 West Point, 163 Young Europe, 194 Whitehead, James, 150 Wiesloch, 237, 240 Zeller, Eduard, 101, 222 Wilhelm I (king of Württemberg), 26, 51, Zerfﬁ, Gusztáv, 64, 197, 202 60, 64, 78, 101, 217, 222–5, 230–1 Zsulavszky, Emilia, 212 Willich, August, 195 Zürich, 69, 162, 179, 183