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The Kossuth Emigration and the Hungarians’ Participation in the American Civil War Table of Contents

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The Kossuth Emigration and the Hungarians’ Participation in the American Civil War Table of Contents ISTVÁN KORNÉL VIDA THE TRUE CAUSE OF FREEDOM: THE KOSSUTH EMIGRATION AND THE HUNGARIANS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 Objectives of Research 2 Position and Significance within the Scholarship 5 Thesis Outline 8 Methodology 18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20 CHAPTER 1: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY 24 The Historiography of the Kossuth Emigration 24 Attempts to Synthesize the History of Hungarian Americans 25 The Kossuth Emigration 28 About the Hungarians’ Involvement in the American Civil War 30 Modern Research of the Hungarians’ Involvement in the Civil War 32 Methodology of the Current Work 33 CHAPTER 2: ”TO THESE SHORES I WAS DRIVEN BY TYRANNY” 45 CHAPTER 3: ”EXTRA HUNGARIAM NON EST VITA, SI EST VITA, NON EST ITA” 62 CHAPTER 4: ”TO SEE THIS GREAT COUNTRY UNITED AGAIN” 92 CHAPTER 5: TAKING UP ARMS IN THE CIVIL WAR 108 New York and the “Melting Pot Soldiers” 113 Frémont’s Hungarians in Missouri 116 The Midwest: Hungarians Enlisting in Illinois, Indiana and Iowa 122 Hungarians in Confederate Ranks 124 CHAPTER 6: THE TRIUMVIRATE 128 Alexander Asboth 129 Julius H. Stahel 133 Charles Zagonyi 140 CHAPTER 7: INTERNATIONAL FRAUD: COL. BÉLA ESTVÁN 154 CHAPTER 8: ”FRIENDS OF THE LONG-OPPRESSED RACE”: SLAVERY AND HUNGARIANS IN THE COLORED REGIMENTS 167 CHAPTER 9: THE AFTERMATH 182 Kossuth Emigrés in the Post-Civil War Years 182 ”In Everlasting Remembrance” 191 CONCLUSION 198 BIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF HUNGARIAN PARTICIPANTS IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 203 MOST-OFTEN-OCCURRING MISSPELLINGS OF HUNGARIAN NAMES IN AMERICAN SOURCES 339 BIBLIOGRAPHY 342 1 INTRODUCTION Objectives of Research In order to understand the different levels of objectives of this doctoral dissertation, it is necessary to provide some context to the overall project. This dissertation is the result of a research project I started as an undergraduate student. In seven years, it went through several stages (M.A. thesis, Hungarian National Students’ Conference Competition Paper, Ph.D project proposal) which were needed to take it further on to a higher level of complexity and contribute to the insufficient and out-of-date literature of the field. As an undergraduate student I sought after the Hungarians’ involvement in the American Civil War, hopelessly surrounded as it was by myths of extraordinary heroism spread mostly by Hungarian-American, often self-appointed, historians eager to demonstrate the military contributions of their community to the Union cause. In the paper that came out of this project I managed to do away with many of these misconceptions, but I could not escape realizing that I left many more questions unanswered than I could actually settle. Meanwhile, I managed to dig up a challenging amount of basically unknown archival as well as published material that prompted me to continue my work and considerably widen the scope of my investigations. Through the long months of research in the archives and libraries in the United States and Germany as well as Hungary, I slowly realized that I needed to venture into new fields of study that no Hungarian historian had yet attempted; into ones that at first glance seemed to take me further and further away from my orginial goal: immigration history, historical geography, community studies, and genealogy. However, I felt that my predecessors studying this subject matter had committed a serious mistake by taking this short episode of the Hungarian participants’ lives out of the context of Antebellum America ignoring most of their experience as immigrants who had carried their heavy ”cultural baggage” with them all the way from Hungary. With these factors in mind, I formulated the following major objectives for my dissertation: 2 (1) To try to place the so-called Kossuth emigration within the wider context of the Old Immigration in general, and the emigrés of the European revolutionary wave of 1848/1849 in particular. (2) To correct earlier estimates regarding the number of people of Hungarian origin in the United States in the 1850s by analyzing various archival sources, particularly passenger lists of ships arriving in American ports between 1848 and 1865; Federal Census data from the years 1850 and 1860. (3) To place Hungarians in mid-nineteenth century American society a) by making use of data mainly from the above-mentioned federal population records b) by identifying some similar and dissimilar characteristics of Hungarians in the United States with those of other ethnic groups. An extensive comparison of this kind, however, would go beyond the scope of this study. (4) To find the major motivating forces which induced many Kossuth emigrés to enlist in the American Civil War. (5) To draw an objective picture of the role Hungarian emigrants played in the conflict between North and South. (6) To place some of the legendary Hungarian figures of the Civil War under my magnifying glass, and take a measure of their activities. (7) To study the Post-Civil War careers of the Hungarian soldiers for indications of whether their military service meant a step forward in the process of their integration into American society and their assimilation into American life. (8) To compile the so-far most accurate biographical list of Hungarian participants in the Civil War. In order to proceed, however, it is essential to define the term ”Kossuth emigration”. Up to now, scholars have taken this term for granted, and made no distinctions among Hungarians living in the United States in the decade prior to the Civil War, therefore, no attempts to define the term itself have been made. In this understanding, everybody who fought under Kossuth’s flag in the Hungarian War of Independence in 1848/49 and fled the country after the collapse of the Hungarian cause to escape Habsburg retaliation did qualify as a Kossuth emigrant. No attention was paid to 3 those who had emigrated to the United States before 1848, yet volunteered in the Civil War. As a matter of fact, it has to be pointed out in their defence that, with the lack of complete statistical data of Hungarians leaving the country following the surrender of the Hungarian Army in 1849, it is almost impossible to determine who had actually taken part in the Hungarian War of Liberation, and who had not. Although I carried out extensive research in various federal immigration records, the very often fragmented nature of these sources precludes wide generalizations concerning the major ”push- factors” that motivated Hungarians to migrate to the United States in this particular period. However, it can be safely concluded that no Hungarian mass migration to the United States had occured before 1848 (between 1829 and 1848, the number of Hungarians arriving in American ports never exceeded 12 per year), therefore, it can be inferred that most Hungarians in this period had indeed been involved in the events of the Hungarian freedom fight on one level or another, and their decision to leave their homeland had to do with either the fear of reprisal, or with seeking liberal ideals for which they had in vain fought in Hungary. That is the reason why I resolved that I would regard ’Kossuth Emigrant’ an umbrella term, with all Hungarians living in the United States in the period between 1848 and 1865 comprised in it, and use it interchangeably with the term ’Forty-Eighter’, frequently applied to other ethnic groups, as well. Another possible source of confusion, which has caused several problems in the literature scrutinizing the foreigners’ involvement in the American Civil War, also has to be clarified. Very often the ethnicity of the individual soldiers is difficult to determine. Moreover, many of them are claimed by several ethnic groups as their ”own”. Hungary, for instance, was not an independent country in the middle of the nineteenth-century, and remained under Habsburg rule after the Austrian-Russian coalition forces crushed the Hungarian armed forces in 1849. Slightly more than half a century later, Hungary lost huge portions of its territory after the First World War, raising the question whether people who were born in Transylvania, for example, which was detached from Hungary after 1920 and became part of neighboring Romania, should be considered Hungarian or Romanian. Throughout my work, I resolved this problem by taking the Pre-Trianon historical boundaries of Hungary as a point of reference. However, I did not keep to it under all circumstances: wherever it was possible, I considered what the individuals 4 themselves said about their ethnicity (for example, Albin Schoepf was born in Podgorze, Poland, from a Polish father and a Hungarian mother, yet he declared on several occasions that he regarded himself Hungarian — this explains his inclusion in this work). In my dissertation, I decided not to make any differentiation between those who were born in the Pre-Trianon territory of Hungary and those who were ethnic Hungarians (the two categories coincided with the overwhelming majority of individuals under my scrutiny) as far as terminology was concerned, and I refer to both groups as Hungarians, instead of using the Hungarian word ’magyar’ for ethnic Hungarians, since it did not seem to lead anywhere with this specific sample. Furthermore, I deem it essential that this desperate quest for ethnic heroes should be over once and for all, as it is most often historial accuracy which falls victim to these attempts. Therefore, I indicated everywhere the possible links individual soldiers had with other ethnic groups hoping that this will result in an unbiased academic approach void of the tensions caused by the long rivalry between neighboring countries in Central- Eastern Europe. Position and Significance within the Scholarship Studying historical links and contacts is not an effortless enterprise. The many barriers include: the need for reading knowledge of two or more languages and the scattered location of sources.
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