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Geographical Pattern of Muslim Population in India, 2001

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Geographical Pattern of Muslim Population in India, 2001 Geographical Pattern of Muslim Population in India, 2001 Mehar Singh Gill Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/16/4/363/1447305/arwg_16_4_w27123w42833514v.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Geography Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia P. D. Bhardwaj Geography Department, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India Firuza Binti Mustafa Geography Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia The pattern of Muslim population in India reflects the contribution of a number of factors: proselytization, migration, and natural growth rate. The partition of the country in 1947 made its own important contribution, effecting profound changes in the distribution pattern of Muslims that resulted in the migration of about 10 million people to and from the newly created country of Pakistan, but natural growth has been the chief determinant of the growth of India’s Muslim population during the post-independence period. Relatively high growth of the Muslim popu - lation in this period is mainly attributable to two factors: a higher incidence of poverty, which is closely correlated with higher fertility; and the persistence of a pro-natal attitude among this population. Higher concentrations of Muslims are found in two types of areas: (a) those that experienced a longer duration of Muslim rule and (b) those located at the margins of the Hindu heartland. Keywords: Muslims, distribution, religious conversions, castes, poverty La distribution de la population musulmane en Inde reflète un certain nombre de facteurs: le prosélytisme, la migration, et le taux de croissance naturelle. La parti - tion du pays en 1947 a fortement contribué à la situation actuelle, modifiant profondément la répartition des musulmans par le déplacement d’environ 10 millions de personnes entre les deux États nouvellement crées, l’Inde et le Pakistan. Cependant, c’est la croissance naturelle qui a été le principal détermi - nant de l’augmentation de la population musulmane indienne au cours de la période qui a suivi l’indépendance. La croissance relativement élevée du nombre de musul - mans pendant cette période est principalement attribuable à deux facteurs : une plus grande incidence de la pauvreté, étroitement corrélée avec une fécondité plus élevée et la persistance d’une attitude pro-nataliste dans cette population. Des concentrations plus fortes de musulmans sont observées dans les espaces qui ont connu depuis longtemps une domination musulmane et dans ceux qui se trouvent à la périphérie du foyer hindou. Mots-clés: musulmans, répartition, conversions religieuses, castes, pauvreté The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 16, no 4 (2013) 363 -376 © 2013 AWG Publishing, Toronto Canada 364 Mehar Singh Gill, P. D. Bhardwaj, and Firuza Binti Mustafa Introduction The present study is an attempt to understand the spatial fabric of India’s Muslim population. In the case of such a large country marked by huge cultural, religious, and historical diversity, any socio-religious and histor - Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/16/4/363/1447305/arwg_16_4_w27123w42833514v.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 ical discourse happens to fall short of requisite “scientific” rigour in one way or another (see Figure 1). This is more so concerning sensitive issues such as religious conversions and the growth of various religious commu - nities in the plural societies of developing countries. As per the 2001 census data, 1 India ranked second in the world, after Indonesia, in terms of the size of its Muslim population. Constituting the largest religious minority in the country, Muslims have been playing a signal role in various socio-political fields at different areal scales; that is, from local to national. Muslims accounted for 13.43 % of the total popu - lation of India in 2001. In 5 of the 35 states and union territories 2 of the country, their proportion was greater than 20 %. The spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent commenced in the 8th century AD. This period witnessed rapid growth of the Muslim popula - tion in India because of the following factors. Migration of a notable number of soldiers and artisans from Central and West Asia was a catalytic agent. Their migration was the result of better economic oppor - tunities in India, which was much ahead economically from the migrants’ semi-arid homeland, characterized by indifferent agricultural conditions and a general paucity of resources. Such people happened to settle primarily in main cities, which often served as headquarters for different hierarchies of Muslim rulers and officials. A majority of the immigrant soldiers, artisans, and traders married locally in their new homes in India. So, at this time immigrants as well as the children from their Indian marriages provided the core population of India’s Muslim community. Subsequently, religious conversions—forced, induced, and voluntary— worked to swell the ranks of this community, particularly during the period of Muslim rule in the country. Generally speaking, from the 11th to the 16th centuries forced conversions to Islam played a major role in the growth of India’s Muslim population (Schermerhorn 1978, 158), particu - larly in pockets of strong dominance of Muslim rule. Later on, however, voluntary conversions to Islam played a major role in this regard. This period of British rule in India saw a notable decline in religious conversions to Islam. This decline occurred partly because of the loss of Muslim political power in several areas of the country and partly because of a religious resurgence following the emergence of reformation movements among the Hindus, beginning in the late 1860s and the early 1870s. However, in the Muslim-ruled states, especially the larger ones, conversions to Islam continued at a perceptible pace, because the British The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 16, no 4 (2013) Geographical Pattern of Muslim Population in India, 2001 365 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/16/4/363/1447305/arwg_16_4_w27123w42833514v.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 FIGURE 1 rulers did not interfere in such matters of the then individual princely states. Apart from minor and sporadic instances, the post-independence period in India has been free from active religious conversions to Islam. However, this period has witnessed a very rapid growth of the Muslim population as compared to that of Hindus and other religious communi - ties. Consequently, the population of Muslims in the country has gone up from 10.69 % in 1961 to 13.43 % in 2001, attributable to the community’s notably higher fertility rates (Tables 1 and 2). Relatively high fertility rates in the Muslim community in India stem mainly from: (a) a greater incidence of poverty, which limits access to family planning resources, and (b) the persistence of a pro-natal attitude (Bhagat and Praharaj 2005, The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 16, no 4 (2013) 366 Mehar Singh Gill, P. D. Bhardwaj, and Firuza Binti Mustafa 413; Dharmalingam, Navaneetham, and Morgan 2005, 435). TABLE 1 India: Total fertility rate (TFR) by religion Religion TFR Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/16/4/363/1447305/arwg_16_4_w27123w42833514v.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 2.65 Hindus Muslims 3.09 Christians 2.35 Sikhs 1.96 Buddhists/Neo-Buddhists 1.96 Jains 2.02 Others 2.65 Source : International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International 2007, National Family Health Survey-3, 2005-06, Mumbai: IIPS, p. 80 TABLE 2 India: Percentage of different religious communities in total population, 2001 Hindus Muslims Sikhs Christians Jains Buddhists Others India 80.46 13.43 1.87 2.34 0.41 0.77 0.65 Jammu & Kashmir 29.63 66.97 2.04 0.20 0.02 1.12 0.00 Himachal Pradesh 95.43 1.97 1.19 0.13 0.02 1.25 0.01 Punjab 36.94 1.57 59.91 1.20 0.16 0.17 0.04 Chandigarh 78.61 3.95 16.12 0.85 0.29 0.15 0.03 Uttaranchal 84.96 11.92 2.50 0.32 0.11 0.15 0.01 Haryana 88.23 5.78 5.54 0.13 0.27 0.03 0.01 Delhi 82.00 11.72 4.01 0.94 1.12 0.17 0.02 Rajasthan 88.75 8.47 1.45 0.13 1.15 0.02 0.01 Uttar Pradesh 80.61 18.50 0.41 0.13 0.12 0.18 0.01 Bihar 83.23 16.53 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.06 Sikkim 60.93 1.42 0.22 6.68 0.03 28.11 2.39 Arunachal Pradesh 34.60 1.88 0.17 18.72 0.02 13.03 30.73 Nagaland 7.70 1.76 0.06 89.97 0.11 0.07 0.31 Manipur 46.01 8.81 0.08 34.04 0.07 0.09 10.86 Mizoram 3.55 1.14 0.04 86.97 0.02 7.93 0.27 Tripura 85.62 7.95 0.04 3.20 0.01 3.09 0.04 Meghalaya 13.27 4.28 0.13 70.25 0.03 0.20 11.53 Assam 64.89 30.92 0.08 3.70 0.09 0.19 0.09 West Bengal 72.47 25.25 0.08 0.64 0.07 0.30 1.12 Jharkhand 68.57 13.85 0.31 4.06 0.06 0.02 13.04 Orissa 94.35 2.07 0.05 2.44 0.02 0.03 0.98 Chhattisgarh 94.70 1.97 0.33 1.92 0.27 0.31 0.46 Madhya Pradesh 91.15 6.37 0.25 0.28 0.90 0.35 0.68 Gujarat 89.09 9.06 0.09 0.56 1.04 0.04 0.06 Daman & Diu 89.69 7.76 0.09 2.13 0.17 0.08 0.07 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 93.52 2.96 0.06 2.75 0.39 0.21 0.04 The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 16, no 4 (2013) Geographical Pattern of Muslim Population in India, 2001 367 Maharashtra 80.37 10.60 0.22 1.09 1.34 6.03 0.24 Andhra Pradesh 89.01 9.17 0.04 1.55 0.05 0.04 0.01 Karnataka 83.86 12.23 0.03 1.91 0.78 0.74 0.22 Goa 65.78 6.84 0.07 26.68 0.06 0.05 0.03 Lakshadweep 3.66 95.47 0.01 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/16/4/363/1447305/arwg_16_4_w27123w42833514v.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Kerala 56.16 24.70 0.01 19.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Tamil Nadu 88.11 5.56 0.02 6.07 0.13 0.01 0.01 Pondicherry 86.77 6.09 0.01 6.95 0.10 0.01 0.02 Andaman & Nicobar 69.24 8.22 0.45 21.67 0.01 0.12 0.07 : Source Census of India 2001; The First Report on Religion Data , New Delhi, 2004 Spatial Pattern of the Muslim Population Expectedly, very large inter-district variations are found in the percentage of Muslims to the total population, ranging from 98.49 % in the Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir in north India to 0.09 % in the West Khasi district in Meghalaya in the north-east.
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