E - proceedings of the 36 th IAHR World Congress 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

A REVIEW OF THE NAVI GABILITY MODELING FO R INLAND WATERWAYS

ANDERSON L. FRIGO ( 1) , TOBIAS B. BLENINGER (2 ) (1) Federal University of Parana , Curitiba , Brazil , [email protected] (2) Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Among all Brazilian waterways the Paraguay highlights as one of the most important. It is approximately 1 30 0 kilometers long and links the interior of South Amer ica to the deep - water in Argentina and Uruguay, enabling the efficient flow of raw material as grain and ore. Nevertheless, the potential of the Paraguay River is not fully explored . One of the main factors contributing to this scenario is t he lack of operational methodologies and field surveys. The navigation is performed using only bathymetric data and the expertise of the sailors, which is not consistent with modern, competitive and safe waterways. Therefore, Brazilian government started a project to revitalize the Paraguay waterway, comprising the river and its most important tributaries. This study presents the initial investigation to assess the navigability of the Paraguay River. Initially previous works related to hydrodynamic modeling and operational methodologies used worldwide were analyzed. It was identified that there is a lack of researches on this topic, sparse on specific problems and the methodologies used are often concepts of marine navigation and approach channels. Initial s urveys for Paraguay River are described and discussed. Large - scale field measurements are necessary to determine the navigation potential of the river, hence longitudinal bathymetry, velocity profile, sediment sampling, hydrologic parameters of the watersh ed and vessel characteristics were measured. Given the large extent of the study area the main difficulty was to determine whether the samples were sufficient to characterize the spatial and temporal characteristics of the river and which is the most appro priate hydrodynamic model to be applied. Also, to better evaluate the navigability condition it will be necessary do develop a model that couple the , vessels and flow characteristics to assess the motion of boats on the waterway .

Keywords: Inland waterway, navi gability, hydrodynamic modeling, Paraguay River.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of waterways The globalization of the economy, associated with increased international competitiveness, is pressing and discarding competitors with high internal costs for shipping and handling of raw materials and finished products. In this context, water transport is a k ey factor, inducing planned development, linking regions and providing safe and economical handling of materials, products and people . Another relevant aspect is that only waterway s feature a multipurpose aspect, as the river also operates as supply of water, hydroelectricity generation and prevention of floods (Alfredini and Arasaki, 2009). Given the vast expanse of inland waterways in Brazil , deployment, maintenance and improvement of waterways works represent a factor of prime importance to expansion and diversification of the transport matrix. Investments in research and infrastructure are beyond the flow of goods or movement of people, this analysis represent a strategic long - term planning of major importance for economic and logistic issue s. Regarding road and rail modes, water transport is the most economical mode to shift large volumes of with low unit value, such as grain and ore. However, the poles of origin or destination of the loads should be located near a waterway, which can stimulate the production and storage of goods in marginal bands, adding density to the economic system. Whenever combined participation with another transport mode, it is essential that the distances traveled by rivers are higher than the distance covered by other modes of transportation . As a result, the utilization of waterways must be inserted into larger programs, considering the exploitation of mineral resources, agricultural or industrial development (Alfredini and Arasaki, 2009). According to the Bra zilian National Agency of Waterway Transportation (ANTAQ, 2012) Brazil has one of the largest waterway networks in the world, about 27,000 km in the sailing conditions, with potential for expansion to over 15,000 km, with a total estimated navigable mesh 4 3,000 km, highlighting the waterways of the Madeira - Amazonas, Tocantins - Araguáia, São Francisco, Paraguay - Paraná and Tietê - Paraná rivers. Despite all the advantages of waterway transportation, only 13% of the total volume of cargo was transported by this mode in Brazil. The road transport accounted for 52%, 30% by railroads, 4.6% by pipeline s and 0.4% by air (Minist é rio dos Transportes, 2012). In the United States and the European Union the percentage of the waterways exceeds 25%. Germany, for example, ha s an economically efficient network of waterways. The transport capacity in waterways is approximately 65 billion tons per year, equivalent to 80% of transport capacity by rail. The German Federal waterways

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accumulate a total of 7,300 kilometers and are an important part of the European waterways network (Bundesanstalt f ü r Wasserbau, 2007). A comparison betwee n modes was made by Costa ( 2001 ), in relation to the carrying capacity , life span , implementation costs and s ocial and environmental impacts, presente d in Table 01 .

Table 1. Comparison between the main modes of transport.

A NALYZED W ATERWAYS R AILROADS H IGHWAYS FEATURE

C ARRYING 1 typical barge convoy (6 barges) 132 wagons bulk 234 bulk trucks 1 CAPACITY

L IFE SPAN 1 barge = 50 years 1 train = 30 years 1 truck = 10 years

I MPLEMENTATION 1 km = US$ 34,000 1 km = US$ 1.4 million 1 km = US$ 440,000 COST S OCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL 1 km = US$ 0.23/100 ton/km 1 km = US$ 0. 74 /100 ton/km 1 km = US$ 3. 20 /100 ton/km 2 COST

Research in coastal and open water navigation are broad and diverse, e.g. , hydrodynamic modeling, evaluation of traffic, optimization of the vessel s and simulators. However, this material cannot always be applied to inland navigation. This study investigated various researches related to hydrodynamic modeling of vessels and rivers to be applied on the Paraguay River . The assessment study of the Paraguay w aterway requires a large set of fie ld surveys and measurements, as bathymetry, flow discharge, velocity profiles, sediment analysis. The data collected in the first survey at Paraguay River and its main tributaries will also be described. This data must be analyzed to determine the most appropriate hydrodynamic modeling technique to be applied , whi ch in turn will provide the best results in the evaluation of the river navi gability. 1.2 Feasibility of the Paraguay w aterway Few watercourses u nder natural conditions presents features that allow safe and continuous navigation , capable of carrying out the transport of cargo on a commercial state (Almeida and Briggheti, 1997) and the Paraguay River is an example . However, even these waterways require frequent follow - up studies and maintenance to assess the continuous conditions f or navigation. The study of waterways, either on the management or technical procedures, is essentially a multidisciplinary task, involving areas of geo - referencing, hydrology, hydrodynamic modeling, geotechnical and hydraulic works, in addition to general issues of planning and logistics. The waterways management becomes even more complex when corrections to the safety of navigation are necessary, but due to natural states of watercourse s, critical points to navigation (e . g ., narrow channels, sharp bends, bridge spans, and gaps ). These critical sections require a detailed analysis and modeling, to preserve both vessels as the navigation channels. All engineering measures to improve navigability are planned in order to optimize the hydraulic system and to mai ntain the natural morphology of rivers , always considering the traffic requirements and the minimization of environmental impacts ( Bundesanstalt f ü r Wasserbau, 2007). Among some of the key technical aspects that must be considered in waterways, can be cite d: a nalysis of hydraulic and morphodynamic characteristics of the channels; hydraulic structures of waterways; o ptimization of the operation and management of the channels; i nteraction vessel - waterway ; traffic system analysis and environmental needs. Previous studies conducted by the Brazilian National Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport (DNIT) state that the Paraguay River, in its natural state, can be considered quite satisfactory for navigation, however, needs to receive maintenance in s ome places during the dry season to ensure their navigability. The commercial shipping in the Brazilian portion of the Paraguay River occurs mainly between Corumbá and Porto Murtinho. The tributaries of the Paraguay River are more difficult to commercial t ransport due to silting and bed changes. It was proposed the execution of dredging, removal of rock and curves fixes on the Paraguay River and main tributaries , forming a deep between the cities of Cáceres, Brazil, and Nueva Palmira, Uruguay. Howev er, given the environmental impacts involved in this proposal, the federal government is studying alternatives with less impact for implementation. T he process of revitalization of the Paraguay River waterway is not intended to dramatically change this river system. The possible environmental impacts described by some authors , due to the barge traffic and adaptation works on the channel, can only be tr uly determined after a review of the n avigability of the river. This analysis can only be performed by detailed system modeling and several simulations . The Brazilian government in order to examine the technical and economic viability of the Paraguay waterway ordered within the aid of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and the Technological Institute of Transportation and

1 Capacity: 1 barge = 1,100 tons, 1 wagon bulk = 50 tons and 01 grain truck = 28 tons. 2 Accidents, noise and environmental pollution, water consumption and land occupied.

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Infrastructure (ITTI) the development of hydrodynamic simulations from the data obtained in field surveys in the Paraguay River and its main tributaries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the waterway for large scale navigation. 2. AREA OF STU DY The Paraguay River is one of the major rivers of the La Plata basin, the second largest basin in South America and th e fifth largest in the world. The river flows toward the center of the sub - continent, forming a natural corridor for the region's development. The basin can be divided into a high region, called Plateau, and a low, flat area, called Pantanal, which is temp orally and partially flooded every year (Clarke, 2003). The La Plata River basin covers part of central and northern Argentina, a vast part of Uruguay, the whole Paraguay, a small area in southeast Bolivia and a large part of southern Brazil. The management of the drainage basin is crucial for economic development of those countries, especially because about 70% of the total GNP of the five countries is produced within the basin (Tucci, 2009). In the Brazilian section t he Paraguay - Paraná w aterway h as approximately 1270 km long , ranging from C á ceres to the mouth of the Apa River ( ANTAQ , 20 12 ) . From headwaters located at the Parecis plateau in Mato Grosso State, Central - West Region of Brazil, to its confluence with the Parana River the Paraguay River is about 2621 km long (Innocencio, 1988). The Brazilian portion of the waterway is div ided as north and south stretch. The fluvial style of the river varies significantly along the course of the upper Paraguay River, especially within the Pantanal wetland and its surrounding areas. The north stretch, between the cities of Cáceres and Corumbá , present s s ome caveats to navigation as shoal formation by variation in the flow rates and sedimentation patterns along the channel. The second section has a broader ch annel to navigation and greater depth, but still has some navigation restrictions. At the confluence of the Paraguay and Paraná River, near the cities of Corrientes and Resistencia in Argentina, the average flow of the Paraguay River is 2,700 m³/s (Clarke et al., 2003) . In the Brazilian territory the largest tributaries of the Paraguay River and also the main tributaries of the Pantanal inundation area are the Cuiaba, São Lourenço, T aquari, Miranda and Aquidauana rivers. In this study the data collection wa s focused on the Cuiabá River. The Cuiaba River , presented in Figure 1, from its river source to the mouth has approximately 8 5 0 km of ex tension. T he current navigability condition is not totally mapped, due to the recent construction of a hydroelectric da m upstream the city of Cuiab á.

Figure 1. Area of study, presenting th e Pantanal region and Paraguay w aterway within the rectangle area . The Cuiaba River was the site of the first data collection campaign and is also highlighted .

The need for dredging in all rivers of the region has been reinforced during the last three decades as a consequence of erosion in the catchment and increased volume of sediment transported to the Paraguay River. The erosion and enhanced sediment supply, however, cannot be att ributed solely to soya crops and cattle pasture on the surrounding plateaus. In addition hydrological records show that rainfall and runoff have increased since 1970 (Collischonn et al., 2001). Some authors state that this region suffers large amount of s ediments due to natural conditions, given the geomorphologi cal features found in th e basin, as presented by Assine (200 5 ). In this case, to ensure the navigation conditions in some tributaries of the Paraguay River the dredging operations would be so inten se and periodic that these projects could not be economically feasible. However, understanding this dynamic of sediment transport from the basin to the rivers requires further investigation .

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3. FIELD SURVEY Initial f ield investigation and measurements were conducted in the Brazilian stretch of Paraguay River and its main tributaries. The first survey , described in this study, was mostly performed in the Cuiaba River . The survey was cond ucted by a team of UFPR, ITTI, DNIT and the Brazilian Navy , which provided the hydrographic vessel and general support . The main objective was the characterization of the Cuiaba River and determine its current condition of navigability . Therefore, various measurements were performed : velocity profile sampling; longitudin al and transversal bathymetry of the channel ; river bed and floating sediment sampling ; measure of the river flow ; analysis of the staff gages condition and installation of new ones ; determination of critical points for navigation and i dentification of areas with environmental impacts. Also, the whole course was recorded by camera s for the imaging along the river. Due to the low water level in the Cuiaba River and the draft requirement of the vessel, it was not possible to navigate the whole length of the river and approximately 700 km were covered, remaining 1 50 km upstream . 3.1 Flow velocity and discharge The velocity profile s of the river were measured using an acoustic Doppler current profiler 3 (ADCP) . The equipment was adjusted to a smaller vessel and measurements were performed perpendicular ly to the channel flow. Both the bathymetry of the section a nd the flow velocity were determined, providing the instantaneous average flow in the analyzed section. In the Cuiaba R iver 135 points were determined as the most critical for navigation. These sections are regions with sharp bends, formation of s and s hoal, tributary entrances and strong transversal water currents. Each section was covered twice, in a total of 270 ADCP sec tion files. Figure 2 presents the cross sections locations where velocity profiles and bathymetry were sampled. The Brazilian National Agency of Water (ANA) manages a database with historical river discharge data, obtained from a network of staff gages along the main rivers of Brazil. Later , these data will be used for comparative analysis with the results obtained by the ADCP . G iven the upstream construction in the Cuiaba River, the relation curve between water level and river flow must be reassesse d .

Figure 2 . Cuiaba River survey, the blue marks indicate s cross sections locations where velocity profiles and bathymetry were sampled using ADCP .

3.2 Bathymetry The bathymetry of the region is carried out by the Brazilian Navy and is updated approximately every two years. These data are used in the development of new charts and updating the existing ones in the region. The hydrographic surveys follows the guidelines provided by the International Hydrographic Organization (OHI). For the evaluation of the navigability in the Paraguay waterway the b athymetric study on this survey was concentrated at critical points, since the data in those regions will be fundamental to the modeling. 3.3 Sediment transport

3 Sontek RiverSurveyor® M9 integrated with GPS and Hydroboard.

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The analysis of the sediment trans is a key factor in the modeling of river systems and navigability . The dynamics of sand shoal formation will determine the location of critical areas, the main navigation channel and costs related to the areas where dredging is necessary , which can even economically derail the waterway. The sediment sampling was performed in two ways: bed solids and floating sediment . The bottom sampler removed the s ediment present in the riverbe d . The suspended solid sampler removes sediments that are still in settling process or do not decant at all , stay ing suspended in the water column. The collection points were carried out every 100 kilometers and where confluence of rivers occur red, at the m outh of the rivers Cuiabá , S ão Lourenço and Piquiri . 4. WATERWAY MODELING 4.1 Research on navigability Research on assessment of waterways and navigability is not a recent topic. Haupt (1908) discussed the importance of investment in the waterway modal of transport, stating the urgent need of measures to relieve the country (USA) from the inadequate facilities for the removal of the high tonnage produced. The author also researched vari ous fields related to the waterborne transportation , highlighting the analysis of economic viability due to dredging and the political impediments. Even after a century this topic and discussions proposed by the author are still relevant and current in Brazil. Nowadays, beside the economic concern, the feasi bility of construction and maintenance of waterways is mainly related to the capacity of this mode to provide safe and efficient navigation, which can only be guaranteed by detailed modeling of the river system , hydrological study of the region , investigat ion of vessel interaction with the channel and traffic management. Ocean navigation is a thoroughly studied field, there are several guidelines for operation in open areas, navigation in restricted areas and approaching channels ( PIANC, 1997) , as the technical reports produced by PIANC 4 . Also , t here are plenty researches on maritime navigation , as the a nalysis of squat effects and ship movement (Varyani, 2006; Delefortrie , 2010; Lataire et al., 2012); the e ffect of vessel traffic in the ship stabil ity (Gourlay, 2009); the m ovement of ships in restricted waterways (Constantine, 1960); the study of ship accident s probability (Briggs et al., 2003) and v essel traffic management (Incee and Topus, 2004). Concerning to rivers , d iverse new and classical studies can be used to help the assessment of the navigation condition of waterways, as the analysis of the influence of hydrology on channel flow (Henderson, 1966; Nilson et al., 2012), sediment transport (Violeau et al., 2002; Rijn, 20 07) and waterworks impacts on the flow (Costa 2001; Alfredini and Arasaki, 2009). Also there are specific PIANC technical rep orts related to inland waterway, as the standardization of ships and inland waterways (1996) , v essel t raffic and t ransport management (2004) and guidelines for river information services (2011). The river modeling is critical for the navigability assessment. T he study on which modeling approach to be used must be thorough, especially given the complex characteristics of the r egion and the necessity of the vast gathering of data that will be perfo rmed over the field surveys . Regarding this, as the area is a naturally flooded region it is important to understand the patterns of river flows and inundation. Horrit and Bates (2002) discussed the use of one - dimensional or bi - dimensional modelling for inundation areas. The authors presented the performance of 1D (HEC - RAS) and 2D (TELEMAC - 2D and LISFLOOD - FP) river models and their ability to predict a particular inundation extent. The work indicated that the HEC - RAS model was the best tool for the studied reach and the different predictive performances of the models stem from their different responses to changes in friction parameterization. Nevertheless , these results may be linked to the conditions of the study area used by the authors. For the Paraguay waterway region sensitivity studies among the different possi ble models should be tested and the results compared . However, despite the studies related to ocean navigation or river modeling there are no models that include all those features in a practical and integrated way to be applied on inland waterways , especially in a system as complex and dynamic as the Pantanal region . Also, the evaluation of the effects of currents on the vessels and the environmental impacts caused by the navigation of boats in the waterway s also lacks research. 4.2 Integrated navigability modeling Even if the model performs a good representation of the river, the simple understanding of river flow is not enough to ensure the safe and optimal use of the waterway . The study of the interaction between vessels and the rivers is essential for the development of craft simulators and for the waterways planning (Benedict et al., 2013 ) . A study published by t he US Army Corps of Engineers ( Skaggs and Bastian , 1986 ) present ed a brief review of different studies using hydrodynamic modeling on inland waterway and . All studies emphasized the relevance of the analysis of the interactions between vessels and the flow for the management of the American inland waterways. Therefore a complementary mathematical and computational model is necessary. G iven the local characteristics of the channel s (bathymetry, radius of curvature and obstacles), of the river flow (discharge and velocity) and the vessel (draft, length, speed and width) , the proposed model evaluate the interaction that occurs between the ships and the channel, providing relevant information to the waterway managers . For the navigability study of the Paraguay River this tool will be developed. Regarding the integrated navigability model, initially the hydrodynamic study of the river will be performed by a one - dimensional model, which is capable of providing the flow average speed, required to determine the actual speed of the vessel. A lso the average depth of the section will be determine d , which summed to the bathymetric data allows the identification of critical section s. Subsequently, the two - dimensional and three - dimensional modeling of the same stretch

4 World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure .

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will be held to increase the information detail , given the importance of the evaluation of the different currents and vortex formation in the channel in addition to the longitudinal flow. After the flow characteristics are calculated, the model receive as input the characteristics of the vessels, the interactions between vessels and the navigat ion channel will be implemented and the motion of the typical vehicles that travel in waterways will be evaluated. It is sought in this integrated model between the waterways and vessels a river mapping , with the definition of the best possible navigation channel path . Also to define risk areas due to shoal formation, sharp bends or strong transversal currents and regions where the passage of vessels in both directions are or not safe . The most important feature is that the model includes the data and eval uate the navigability of rivers condition in a fast and prac tical way and for any river. 5. CONCLUSIONS The general study commissioned by the Brazilian government aims to assess the feasibility of the revitalization of the Paraguay River waterway , taking into account the physical, economic, environmental and social features . In this paper the initial activity related to the hydrodynamic aspects of the waterway were described and i nitial studies and inspections were carried out during the year 2014 and shall co ntinue for 2015. The first campaign was held in one of the main tributaries of the Paraguay River, the Cuiabá River. Even before determining which modeling technique will be used to reproduce the behavior of the rivers, an extensive data collection in the region was performed, focusing on the bathymetry, velocity profile, discharges values and sediment sampling. Several research was done on how to efficiently evaluate the waterways navigability. I t was determined that one o f the most important factors is the quality in the river system modeling , especially in the complex region of the Pantanal, an area that naturally remains flooded for several months in the year. H owever, it was observed that for the optimization of the waterway the movement of vessels due to the natural conditions of the rivers should also be simulated. Although there are several studies rel ated to the movement of vessels in maritime environment , t here is a lack of published studies that address in an integrated manner the movement of vessels in waterways , evaluatin g the effects caused by different parameters of the rivers , channel flow and vessels . I n partnership with the German Fe deral Agency of Waterways (BAW ) r esearchers , a model to assess the i n tera c tion of boats on the navigation channel will be developed . This i n tera c tion analysis is essential to assess the navigability of the river and the ne ed for changes in the waterway, promoting the Paraguay River waterway modernization with the least possible environmental impact s . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the support of Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) for the scholarship of ALF at PPGERHA/UFPR. The authors also acknowledge the support of ITTI and Brazilian Navy for support. REFERENCES Alfredini, P. and Arasaki, E. (2009). Obras e gestão de portos e costas - A técnica aliada ao enfoque logístico e ambiental. Editora Blucher . Ameida, C. E. and Brigghetti, G. (1997). Navegação interior e portos marítimos. Technical report, EPUSP . ANTAQ (2012). Anuário estatístico aquaviário. Technical report, Agência Nacional dos Transportes Aquiaviários . Assine L. (20 05 ). River avulsions on the Taquari megafan, Pantanal wetland, Brazil . Geomorphology , 70 , 357 - 371 . Benedict, K. , Baldauf, M. , Kirchhoff, M. , Köpnick, W. and Eyrich, R. (2013). Combination of fast - time simulation and automatic assessment for optimising tuning of mathematical simulator ship models, Institut an der Hochschule Wismar . Briggs, M. J., Borgman, L. E. and Bratteland, E. ( 2003 ). Probability assessment for deep - draft navigation channel design. Coastal Engineering , 48, 29 - 50. Bundesanstalt f ü r Wasserbau. ( 2007 ). Technical report, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung . Clarke, R. T., T ucci, C. E. M. and Collischonn , W. ( 2003 ) . Variabilidade Temporal no Regime Hidrológico da Bacia do Rio Paraguai. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos , 8, 201 - 211. Collischonn, W., Tucci, C. E. M. and Clarke, R. T. (2001). Further evidence of changes in hydrological regime of the River Paraguay: part of a wider phenomenon of climate change? Journal of Hydrology , 245, 218 - 238. Constantine , T. (1960). On the movement of ships in restricted waterways . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 9, 247 - 256. Costa, L. S. S. ( 2001 ). As hidrovias interiores no Brasil. FEMAR . Delefortrie, G. , Vantorre, M. , Eloot, K. , Verwilligen, J. and Lataire, E. (2010). Squat prediction in muddy navigation areas. Ocean Engineering , 37, 1464 - 1476. Gourlay, T. ( 2009 ). Sinkage and trim of two ships passing each other on parallel courses. Ocean Engineering , 36, 1119 - 1127 . Haupt, L. M. ( 1908 ). The waterway problem . Journal of the Franklin Institute , 165, 326 - 344 . Henderson, F. M. ( 1966 ). Open channel flow . Prentice Hall PTR . Horritt, M. S. and Bates, P. D. ( 2002 ). Evaluation of 1D and 2D numerical models for predicting river flood inundation . Journal of Hydrology , 2 68, 87 - 99 . Ince, A. N. and Topuz, E. ( 2004 ). Modelling and simulation for safe and efficient navigation in narrow waterways The Journal of Navigation , 57, 53 - 71. Innocencio, N.R. (1988). Hidrografia. In: IBGE (ed.) Geografia do Brasil . Rio de Janeir o, IBGE,1, 73 – 90. Lataire, E., Vantorre, M. and Delefortrie, G. (2012). A prediction method for squat in restricted and unrestricted rectangular fairways . Ocean Engineering , 55, 71 - 80 . Minist é rio dos Transportes . ( 2012 ) . Annual t echnical Report , Brazilian Ministry of transportation .

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Nilson, E. , Lingemann, I. , Klein, B. and Krahe, P. (2012). Impact of hydrological change on navigation conditions, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde . PIANC. ( 199 6 ). Standardisation of Ships and Inland Waterways for River/Sea Navigation . InCom Working Group 16 . PIANC. (1997). Approach channels: A Guide for design . Report working group PTC II - 30. PIANC. (2004). Vessel t raffic and t ransport m anagement in the i nland w aterways and m odern i nformation s ystems . InCom Working Group 24 . PIANC. ( 2011 ) Performance i ndicators for i nland w ate rways t ransport – User Guideline . InCom Working Group 111 . Rijn, L. C. V. ( 2007 ). Unified view of sediment transport by currents and waves. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 133 (6), 649 - 667 . Tucci, C. E. M. ( 200 9 ). Some scientific challenges in the development of S outh America's water resources. Hydrological Science Journal , 2009, 46, 937 - 946 . Skaggs, L. and Bastian, D. F. ( 1986 ). Annotated bibliography of vessel simulation studies used in channel design . Technical report , US Army Corps of Engineers . Varyani, K. S. ( 2006 ). Squat effects on high speed craft in restricted waterways . Ocean Engineering , 33, 365 - 381 . Violeau, D. , Bourban, S. , Cheviet, C. , Markofsky, M. , Petersen, O. , Roberts, W. , Spearman, J. , Toorman, E. , Vested, H. J. and Weilbeer, H. Numerical simulation of cohesive sediment transport: intercompari son of several numerical models. Proceedings in Marine Science , 5, 75 - 89 .

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