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Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study GREAT LAKES ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY STUDY Final Report Fall 2007 GREAT LAKES ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY STUDY By: Transport Canada U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Transportation The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Environment Canada U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication This publication is also available in French under the title: Étude des Grands Lacs et de la Voie maritime du Saint-Laurent. Rapport final, automne 2007. Permission is granted by the Department of Transport, Canada, and the U.S. Department of Transportation, to copy and/or reproduce the contents of this publication in whole or in part provided that full acknowledgement is given to the Department of Transport, Canada, and the U.S. Department of Transportation, and that the material be accurately reproduced. While the use of this material has been authorized, the Department of Transport, Canada, and the U.S. Department of Transportation, shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretation thereof. The information in this publication is to be considered solely as a guide and should not be quoted as or considered to be a legal authority. It may become obsolete in whole or in part at any time without notice. Publication design and layout by ACR Communications Inc. ii Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are pleased to present the binational report on the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study, the result of collaborative research and analysis by seven federal departments and agencies from Canada and the United States. The report summarizes the findings of the study and sets out observations and key considerations for continuing the success of a productive, safe and reliable waterway in a cost-effective, efficient and sustainable manner. The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system is a vital resource. As one of the world’s greatest and most strategic waterways, it is also an essential part of North America’s transportation infrastructure. The system enables and facilitates significant domestic and international trade for the continent’s largest interior markets including the industrial, manufacturing, agricultural and natural resource sectors. It is likely that few outside the Great Lakes basin and St. Lawrence River region appreciate the crucial role of the waterway. This resource flows directly across two provinces and eight states, situated at the axis of the world’s largest binational trading relationship. Since coming into full operation in 1959, the St. Lawrence Seaway has handled more than 2.3 billion metric tons of cargo with an estimated value of $350 billion. The competitiveness, prosperity and economic progress achieved are the result of a strong partnership that provides enormous benefit to both countries. The upcoming 50th anniversary of the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway is a reminder that the economic vitality and efficiency of marine transportation and trade cannot be taken for granted. Waterborne movement is cost competi tive, fuel efficient, safe, and possesses some environmental advantages. When integrated with rail and trucking into a multimodal transportation network, it can greatly increase capacity with minimal negative impacts on society. For the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system to be sustainable and optimize its contribution to the future movement of goods, it needs a strategy for addressing its aging infrastructure. Principally this includes its lock systems, but it should also adopt a more holistic view of the ports it serves and their evolving linkages to other modes of transportation. Recognition of this central fact by both nations prompted this comprehensive study on future needs of the system focusing on strategic issues that encompass economic, environmental and engineering dimensions. Study partners look to a future in which a modern waterway capitalizes on its inherent advantages to meet the projected doubling of freight traffic and trade activity in North America. An improved Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system — one that is part of a more integrated transportation network and trade corridor — can serve as a complement and alternative that can accommodate rapidly growing containerized freight traffic as easily as it does bulk and general cargoes. This binational report is a unique document. It expresses not only a common determination, but also a climate of mutual understanding, sharing and confidence among the study partners. This is a testament to the scores of individuals representing the seven participating departments and agencies who devoted their considerable time, effort and expertise to this initiative. Thanking all who have contributed to this undertaking would be a significant task in itself and inevitably result in omission of individuals who merit deep gratitude. However, we cannot forgo honouring the study’s management committee: Marc Fortin from Transport Canada and David Wright from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Their commitment and determination built a culture of teamwork that has resulted in this impressive effort. Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study iii The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system is bigger than any report, or commission, charged to investigate it. It belongs to all stakeholders. It is our hope that the study will have a significant influence in creating a context for discussion and action to develop a safe, healthy and economically sound waterway for future generations. In our estimation, the study lives up to its appointed task of providing a comprehensive understanding of needs, opportunities and challenges in the next 50 years. We look forward to sharing and discussing the work and findings of the study. Respectfully, The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study’s Steering Committee Kristine Burr Jeffrey N. Shane Assistant Deputy Minister, Policy Under Secretary for Policy Transport Canada U.S. Department of Transportation Steering Committee Co-Chair Steering Committee Co-Chair Theodore A. Brown Acting Chief, Planning and Policy U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Richard J. Corfe President and Chief Executive Officer The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation Collister Johnson, Jr. Administrator Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Albin Tremblay Regional Director General Environment Canada Charles M. Wooley Deputy Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service iv Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword and Acknowledgements . iii List of Figures . vii List of Tables . viii Executive Summary. 1 Chapter 1 – Introduction . 13 Chapter 2 – The Waterway . 17 System overview . 18 Origins . 19 The system today . 20 The Great Lakes. 22 The Welland Canal. 24 The Montreal-Lake Ontario section . 26 The St. Lawrence ship channel . 28 System operation and management . 30 Evolution . 31 Challenges . 33 Chapter 3 – The Economic Importance of the GLSLS. 35 Evaluating significance . 36 Cargoes . 37 Grain. 37 Inputs to the iron and steel industries . 38 Coal . 40 Stone. 41 Other cargoes . 42 Containerized cargo . 43 System segments . 44 Other determinants of traffic . 45 Forecast based on existing traffic mix . 46 The competitiveness of the GLSLS. 48 Conclusions . 52 Chapter 4 – Environmental Considerations . 53 Overview . 54 Valued ecosystem components. 55 Air quality . 55 Terrestrial ecosystems . 56 Aquatic ecosystems . 57 Evaluation of stressors . 61 Issues related to channel and port maintenance . 61 Water management . 63 Land-based support activities. 63 Ship operations. ..
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