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Citrus Limon) and the Future of Its Cultivation by Using Bio-Fertilizers
Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network REVIEW ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021 18(1): 889-898. OPEN ACCESS The importance of lemon (Citrus limon) and the future of its cultivation by using bio-fertilizers Salem Abdelmoaty1, Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker*1, Noor Afiza Badaluddin1, Khamsah Suryati Mohd1, Umar Aliu Abdullah1, Nurul Elyni Mat Shaari1, and Khairil Mahmud2 1School of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia *Correspondence: [email protected] Received 10-12-2020, Revised: 09-03-2021, Accepted: 10-03-2021 e- Published: 15-03-2021 Lemon trees (Citrus lemon L.) are among the trees scattered in Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia, The importance of lemons has increased in recent times, especially after the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic around the world, as lemon juice rich in vitamin C is fortified for the immunity of the human body. Also, it is an important source of Flavonoids, known as antioxidants, which remove free radicals that damage tissue cells within the body. Bio-fertilizers are products containing multiple genera of microorganisms in large numbers and beneficial to both plants and soil in an integrated manner. In addition bio-fertilizers have proved that increase the nutrient content inside plants, whether in leaves or fruits,which is reflected in the quantity and quality of fruits and also balance the ratio between plant nutrients in the soil. -
What to Eat on the Autoimmune Protocol
WHAT TO EAT ON THE AUTOIMMUNE PROTOCOL All the foods listed here are great to include in your It’s time to create an epidemic of - health. And it starts with learning ents that will help regulate your immune system and how to eat more nutrient-dense food. your hormones and provide the building blocks that your body needs to heal. You don’t need to eat all of these foods (it’s okay if snails, frog legs, and crickets aren’t your thing, and it’s okay if you just can’t get kangaroo meat or mizuna), but the idea is both to give Poultry innovative ways to increase variety and nutrient density • chicken • grouse • pigeon by exploring new foods. • dove • guinea hen • quail • duck • ostrich • turkey • emu • partridge (essentially, Red Meat • goose • pheasant any bird) • antelope • deer • mutton • bear • elk • pork • beaver • goat • rabbit • beef • hare • sea lion • • horse • seal • boar • kangaroo • whale • camel • lamb (essentially, • caribou • moose any mammal) Amphibians and Reptiles • crocodile • frog • snake • turtle 1 22 Fish* Shellfish • anchovy • gar • • abalone • limpet • scallop • Arctic char • haddock • salmon • clam • lobster • shrimp • Atlantic • hake • sardine • cockle • mussel • snail croaker • halibut • shad • conch • octopus • squid • barcheek • herring • shark • crab • oyster • whelk goby • John Dory • sheepshead • • periwinkle • bass • king • silverside • • prawn • bonito mackerel • smelt • bream • lamprey • snakehead • brill • ling • snapper • brisling • loach • sole • carp • mackerel • • • mahi mahi • tarpon • cod • marlin • tilapia • common dab • • • conger • minnow • trout • crappie • • tub gurnard • croaker • mullet • tuna • drum • pandora • turbot Other Seafood • eel • perch • walleye • anemone • sea squirt • fera • plaice • whiting • caviar/roe • sea urchin • • pollock • • *See page 387 for Selenium Health Benet Values. -
An Orangelo Is a Citrus Fruit That Is a Cross Between an Orange and What Other Fruit?
An orangelo is a citrus fruit that is a cross between an orange and what other fruit? Continue This article contains a list of links related to reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has no in-line links. Please help improve this article by entering more accurate quotes. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) OrangeloHybrid parentageCitrus paradisi × Citrus sinensisOriginPuerto Rico An orangelo (Spanish chironja - C. paradisi × C. sinensis) is a hybrid citrus fruit that is believed to originate in Puerto Rico. The fruit, a cross between grapefruit and orange, spontaneously appeared in the shade of trees grown on coffee plantations in the Puerto Rican Highlands. In 1956, Carlos G. Moscoso of the Horticultural and Agricultural Expansion Service at the University of Puerto Rico noticed trees that grew fruit that were larger and brighter than other trees on plantations. The Rootstock trials led to the development of a hybrid commonly known as chironia. In Puerto Rican Spanish, the name portmanteau is orange (Puerto Rico Spanish: porcelain) and grapefruit (toronja). Orangelos are often eaten in the same way as grapefruit (cut in half and eaten with a grapefruit spoon), but sweeter and brighter in color than grapefruit, and easier to clean. They are round to pear-shaped, with 9-13 segments. References a b Morton, J. (1987). Orange. hort.purdue.edu. received on January 17, 2017. I don't know what to do. fruitsinfo.com. Received on January 17, 2017. Chironja's external references to the Citrus Variety Collection. PUERTO RICAN CHIRONJA - A new type of citrus Chironja on citrus ID Puerto Rico chironja-new all-purpose citrus fruits This article related to fruit is a stub. -
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Other Biological Properties of Pompia Juice
molecules Article Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Other Biological Properties of Pompia Juice 1, , 2, 1, 3 Antonio Barberis * y , Monica Deiana y , Ylenia Spissu y , Emanuela Azara , Angela Fadda 1, Pier Andrea Serra 1,4, Guy D’hallewin 1, Marina Pisano 3 , Gabriele Serreli 2, Germano Orrù 1,5 , Alessandra Scano 5, Daniela Steri 6 and Enrico Sanjust 2,* 1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (P.A.S.); [email protected] (G.D.); [email protected] (G.O.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (G.S.) 3 Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (M.P.) 4 Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 5 Department of Surgical Sciences, Molecular Biology Service, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; [email protected] 6 PPD Pharmaceutical Industries, 37121 Verona, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (E.S.); Tel.: +39-079-2841710 (A.B.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 15 June 2020; Accepted: 9 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: Pompia is a Citrus species belonging to Sardinian endemic biodiversity. Health benefits were attributed to its flavedo rind extracts and essential oils while the juice qualities have never been investigated. In this paper, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other biological properties of Pompia juice were studied. -
Survey of Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus
USDA ??:-Z7 S rveyof Phenolic United States Department of Agriculture C mpounds Produced IliIIiI Agricultural Research In Citrus Service Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 United States Department of Agriculture Survey of Phenolic Compounds Agricultural Produced in Citrus Research Service Mark Berhow, Brent Tisserat, Katherine Kanes, and Carl Vandercook Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 This research project was conducted at USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Fruit and Vegetable Chem istry laboratory, Pasadena, California, where Berhow was a research chemist, TIsserat was a research geneticist, Kanes was a research associate, and Vandercook, now retired, was a research chemist. Berhow and Tisserat now work at the USDA-ARS National Center for AgriCUltural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, where Berhow is a research chemist and Tisserat is a research geneticist. Abstract Berhow, M., B. Tisserat, K. Kanes, and C. Vandercook. 1998. Survey of Mention of trade names or companies in this publication is solely for the Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommenda Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1856, 158 pp. tion or endorsement by the U. S. Department ofAgriculture over others not mentioned. A survey of phenolic compounds, especially flavanones and flavone and flavonol compounds, using high pressure liquid chromatography was While supplies last, single copies of this publication may be obtained at no performed in Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, representing 5 genera, cost from- 35 species, and 114 cultivars. The average number of peaks, or phenolic USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research compounds, occurring in citrus leaf, flavedo, albedo, and juice vesicles 1815 North University Street were 21, 17, 15, and 9.3, respectively. -
Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Yield of Peel and Composition
agronomy Article Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Yield of Peel and Composition of Essential Oils from Citrus Cultivated in Bahia (Brazil) and Corsica (France) François Luro 1,*, Claudia Garcia Neves 2, Gilles Costantino 1, Abelmon da Silva Gesteira 3 , Mathieu Paoli 4 , Patrick Ollitrault 5 ,Félix Tomi 4 , Fabienne Micheli 2,6 and Marc Gibernau 4 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP) Corse, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 20230 San Giuliano, France; [email protected] 2 Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900, Brasil; [email protected] (C.G.N.); [email protected] (F.M.) 3 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/nº, Cruz das Almas, BA 44380-000, Brasil; [email protected] 4 Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6134 SPE, Université de Corse-CNRS, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (F.T.); [email protected] (M.G.) 5 Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP) Corse, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), 20230 San Giuliano, France; [email protected] 6 Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP), Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), 34398 Montpellier, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-95-59-59-46 Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 24 August 2020; Published: 26 August 2020 Abstract: The cosmetic and fragrance industry largely exploits citrus essential oils (EOs) because of their aromatic properties. -
Joimalofagmoiltdraiesea
JOIMALOFAGMOILTDRAIESEARCH VOL. XIX WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 15, 1920 No. 8 RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CITRUS-CANKER OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AND HYBRIDS OF THE GENUS CITRUS, INCLUDING THE WILD RELATIVES » By GEORGE I*. PELTIER, Plant Pathologist, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and Agent, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, and WILLIAM J. FREDERICH, Assistant Pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture 2 INTRODUCTION In a preliminary report (6)3 the senior author briefly described the results obtained under greenhouse conditions for a period of six months on the susceptibility and resistance to citrus-canker of a number of plants including some of the wild relatives, Citrus fruits, and hybrids of the genus Citrus. Since that time the plants reported on have been under close observation; a third experiment has been started, and many inoculations have been made in the isolation field in southern Alabama during the summers of 1917, 1918, and 1919. Many more plants have been successfully inoculated; others have proved to be extremely sus- ceptible; while some of those tested still show considerable resistance. The results obtained up to November 1, 1919, are described in tjhis report. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS In the greenhouse, the methods used and the conditions governing the inoculations described in the preliminary report were closely fol- lowed. The same strain of the organism was used and was applied in the 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. The paper is based upon cooperative investigations between the Office of Crop Physiology and Breeding Investi- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Plant Pathology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. -
Improvement of Subtropical Fruit Crops: Citrus
IMPROVEMENT OF SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS: CITRUS HAMILTON P. ÏRAUB, Senior Iloriiciilturist T. RALPH ROBCNSON, Senior Physiolo- gist Division of Frnil and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Tndusiry MORE than half of the 13 fruit crops known to have been cultivated longer than 4,000 years,according to the researches of DeCandolle (7)\ are tropical and subtropical fruits—mango, oliv^e, fig, date, banana, jujube, and pomegranate. The citrus fruits as a group, the lychee, and the persimmon have been cultivated for thousands of years in the Orient; the avocado and papaya were important food crops in the American Tropics and subtropics long before the discovery of the New World. Other types, such as the pineapple, granadilla, cherimoya, jaboticaba, etc., are of more recent introduction, and some of these have not received the attention of the plant breeder to any appreciable extent. Through the centuries preceding recorded history and up to recent times, progress in the improvement of most subtropical fruits was accomplished by the trial-error method, which is crude and usually expensive if measured by modern standards. With the general accept- ance of the Mendelian principles of heredity—unit characters, domi- nance, and segregation—early in the twentieth century a starting point was provided for the development of a truly modern science of genetics. In this article it is the purpose to consider how subtropical citrus fruit crops have been improved, are now being improved, or are likel3^ to be improved by scientific breeding. Each of the more important crops will be considered more or less in detail. -
S01P11 Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Tunisian Citrus
S01 Our results demonstrate that the citron group has a relatively high allelic diversity, probably due to multiple introductions of several varieties. Self-fertilization was the mode of reproduction, which most frequently led to the development of commercial varieties with specific aromas and flavors such as the cultivar ‘Corsican’, a putative ‘Common Poncire’ self-crossed hybrid. However, some varieties appeared to be interspecific hybrids related to citron but only by male parent. This varietal diversity was probably favored by spreading seeds to extend the cultivation of citron in Mediterranean countries. The chemical diversity does not always correspond to genetic diversity but nevertheless reveals specific profiles for some genotypes. S01P11 Analysis of genetic diversity in Tunisian citrus rootstocks Snoussi H.1, Duval M.F.2, Garcia-Lor A.3, Perrier X.2, Jacquemoud-Collet J.C.2, Navarro L.3, and Ollitrault P.2 1Tunisian National Agronomic Research Institute (INRAT), Horticultural Laboratory, Tunisia; 2International Center for of Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Department BIOS. TGU. AGAP, France; and 3Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Spain. [email protected] Breeding and selection of new citrus rootstocks are nowadays of the utmost importance in the Mediterranean Basin because the citrus industry faces increasing biotic and abiotic constraints. In Tunisia, citrus contributes significantly to the national economy, and its extension is favored by natural conditions and economic considerations. Sour orange, the most widespread traditional rootstock of the Mediterranean area, is also the main one in Tunisia. In addition to sour orange, other citrus rootstocks well adapted to local environmental conditions are traditionally used and should be important genetic resources for breeding. -
Essential Oil Composition and Biological Activity of “Pompia”, a Sardinian Citrus Ecotype
molecules Article Essential Oil Composition and Biological Activity of “Pompia”, a Sardinian Citrus Ecotype Guido Flamini 1,2, Laura Pistelli 2,3 , Simona Nardoni 4 , Valentina Virginia Ebani 2,4, Angela Zinnai 2,3, Francesca Mancianti 2,4, Roberta Ascrizzi 1,* and Luisa Pistelli 1,2 1 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; guido.fl[email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (L.P.) 2 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute” (NUTRAFOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (V.V.E.); [email protected] (A.Z.); [email protected] (F.M.) 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-alimentari, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Daniela Rigano Received: 20 February 2019; Accepted: 1 March 2019; Published: 5 March 2019 Abstract: Pompia is a Sardinian citrus ecotype whose botanical classification is still being debated. In the present study, the composition of Pompia peel essential oil (EO) is reported for the first time, along with that of the leaf EO, as a phytochemical contribution to the classification of this ecotype. The peel EO was tested for its antioxidant ability (with both the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picarylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). Moreover, its antimicrobial activities were tested for the first time on dermatophytes (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), on potentially toxigenic fungi (Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger) as well on bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudointermedius). -
New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Presentation
New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Citrus species & Citrus Relatives Hundreds of varieties available. CITRON Citrus medica • The citron is believed to be one of the original kinds of citrus. • Trees are small and shrubby with an open growth habit. The new growth and flowers are flushed with purple and the trees are sensitive to frost. • Ethrog or Etrog citron is a variety of citron commonly used in the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles. The flesh is pale yellow and acidic, but not very juicy. The fruits hold well on the tree. The aromatic fruit is considerably larger than a lemon. • The yellow rind is glossy, thick and bumpy. Citron rind is traditionally candied for use in holiday fruitcake. Ethrog or Etrog citron CITRON Citrus medica • Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron is a unique citrus grown mainly as a curiosity. The six to twelve inch fruits are apically split into a varying number of segments that are reminiscent of a human hand. • The rind is yellow and highly fragrant at maturity. The interior of the fruit is solid rind with no flesh or seeds. • Fingered citron fruits usually mature in late fall to early winter and hold moderately well on the tree, but not as well as other citron varieties. Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron NAVEL ORANGES Citrus sinensis • ‘Washington navel orange’ is also known • ‘Lane Late Navel’ was the first of a as the Bahia. It was imported into the number of late maturing Australian United States in 1870. navel orange bud sport selections of Washington navel imported into • These exceptionally delicious, seedless, California. -
Citrus Limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review Of
plants Review Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Szopa * and Halina Ekiert Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (M.K.-S.); [email protected] (H.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-620-54-30 Received: 15 December 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C.