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Defence VOLUME 144 Review SPECIAL ISSUE 2016/2 THE CENTRAL JOURNAL OF THE HUNGARIAN DEFENCE FORCES Issued by the HDF Defence Staf HM Zrínyi Térképészeti és Kommunikációs Szolgáltató Nonprof t Közhasznú Társaság takes part in publishing Responsible for the publishing: and distributing the journal. Lieutenant General Zoltán Orosz Responsible manager: Editorial board Managing director Zoltán Benkóczy Chairman (Editor in Chief): Branch manager: Mihály Vigh Lieutenant General Zoltán Orosz (PhD) Acting Head of editorial staf : Maj. Gen. (Ret.) János Isaszegi (PhD) Members of the Board: Col. János Besenyő (PhD) Editor of the special issue: Col. János Besenyő (PhD) Secretary of the Editorial Board: Capt. Róbert Stohl Col. (Ret) Ferenc Földesi (PhD) (PhD) Col. (Ret) Dénes Harai (PhD) Language revision: Kosztasz Panajotu Col. József Koller (PhD) Col. Péter Lippai (PhD) Editorial staf Col. (Ret) László Nagy (CSc) Responsible editor: Zoltán Kiss Brig. Gen. Romulusz Ruszin (PhD) Proofreading: Boldizsár Eszes Col. Siposné Dr. Kecskeméthy Klára (CSc) Design editor: Katalin Dancs Editorial Secretary: Gabriella Solti Sándor Szakály (DSc ) Telephone: +36 1 459-5355 Rudolf Urban (CSc) (Brno University) e-mail: [email protected] Postal address: 1087 Budapest, Kerepesi u. 29/b Advisory Board: Defence Review was printed in the company printshop. Ágota Fóris (PhD) Brig. Gen. Imre Pogácsás (PhD) The entire content of the journal is accessible on Brig. Gen. Gábor Horváth www. honvedelem.hu Head of Printing of ce: director Zoltán Pásztor Zoltán Kalmár (PhD) Brig. Gen. Imre Lamos HU ISSN 2060-1506 Maj. Gen. István Szabó Defence Review is recognised by the Hungarian Academy István Szilágyi (DSc) of Sciences as a category „B” benchmark publication. The Brig. Gen. József Szpisják papers published by Defence Review are reviewed and Brig. Gen Attila Takács edited. István Tarrósy (PhD) Defence Review is a member of the European Military Péter Wagner (PhD)) Press Association (EMPA) Defence VOLUME 144 Review SPECIAL ISSUE 2016/2 THE CENTRAL JOURNAL OF THE HUNGARIAN DEFENCE FORCES CONTENTS Preface . 3 LAW AND MIGRATION István Harkai: Beliefs and Misconceptions about the Contemporary Migration in the Light of the Law on Refugees . 4 EUROPE Péter Á. Kiss: Europe’s Second Front: the Risks and Challenges of the Balkan Peninsula’s Fundamentalist Islamist Organizations . 26 György Nógrádi: Bosnian Radicalism in Austria . 40 Abdessamad Belhaj – Bianka Speidl: Fitna Rising: The Sunnī-Shīʻī Clashes in Western Europe . 54 Lt. Col. Endre Szénási: Foreign Fighters in Ukraine . 67 Petra Kiss: From Cooperation to Confrontation. The NATO – Russian Roller-coaster: Relations after the Warsaw Summit . 81 AFRICA AND MIDDLE-EAST Carlos Ruiz Miguel: Terrorism and Covert Operations in North Africa . 95 Mariann Vecsey: The EU’s Hat-trick in Africa . 133 2 Georg Schmidt: The Complications of Emergency Management in the Syrian Civil War . 144 Kobi Michael – Yoel Guzansky: The Arab Failed State Phenomenon and International Order . 154 Zoltán Somodi: Religious Minorities in Islamist Politics . 169 DISTANT SHORES Csaba Barnabás Horváth: The Australia-India-Japan-US Quadrilateral – a Strategic Coalition in Formation? . 182 Fruzsina Simigh: The Islamic State Adds a New Twist to China’s Uighur Problem . 193 CONTEMPORARY WARFARE Lt. Col. András Mező: SITREP on the Hungarian Doctrine Development. 203 Col. István Resperger: A New Approach to National and International Crisis Management . 215 FORUM Lt. Gen. Zoltán Orosz: The First United Nations Chiefs of Defence Conference (2015) – Results and Experiences . 229 Gen. (Ret) Zoltán Szenes: Forward Military Presence: Assessing the NATO Warsaw Summit . 241 Capt. Gergely Tóth – Lt. Col. László Ujházy: NATO Reservists in the New Security Environment . 261 REVIEW Lt. Gen. Zoltán Orosz: Review of “Darfúr, a lángoló tartomány” (Darfur, the Flaming Province) . 272 Col. (Ret.) Philip Wilkinson: Winning Wars Amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Confl ict . 273 About the Authors . 275 Editorial Policies . 280 Guidelines for Authors . 282 3 PREFACE As Deputy Chief of Staff of the HDF and Chair of the HDF General Staff Scientifi c Research Centre, I proudly present the latest special issue of our scientifi c journal, Defence Review, which is a young sprout of Honvédségi Szemle, and still is a very vivid professional English language forum on military and security policy topics. In this special issue we are presenting not only the studies of our military servicemen but also papers from research fellows and colleagues. As the global crises reach the European continent, NATO and the European Union are called to prepare and present an appropriate response to these challenges. In the fi rst sec- tion, our authors examine contemporary migration in a legal context, as István Harkai helps clarify all the terminology in the Hungarian and European legal systems in connection with the migration crisis. Radicalism is what inspired György Nógrádi and Álmos Péter Kiss to analyse the Balkans changes, and its effects on Austria. Bianka Speidl and Abdessamad Belhaj open a very interesting question examining the Shíi and Sunni clashes in Western Europe. As there is a serious confl ict in our Eastern neighbourhood, Endre Szénási is sum- marizing the foreign fi ghters' role in the Russian-Ukrainian crisis. There are many confl icts in – geographically – distant regions (such as Africa and the Middle-East) that might seriously infl uence the European security. I highly recommend the summary of the EU peacekeeping attempts in Africa written by Mariann Vecsey and a very well-based analysis of counterterrorism operations in North Africa by Carlos Ruiz Miguel. As we look to more distant shores, Csaba Barnabás Horváth, a research fellow of the Gen- eral Staff Scientifi c Research Centre, presents an excellent report on Australian-Indian-Jap- anese-US international connections in the Asian region, as does Fruzsina Simigh on the Uighur question in China and its connections with the so-called Islamic State. We should not ignore the results of the recent professional forums like CIOR, UN Chiefs of Defence Conference, or the NATO Warsaw Summit. Besides the short report of these events, we can read in-depth evaluations on the effects of these conferences. Considering the wide-ranging content of the recent compilation, I am proudly present- ing this issue and warmheartedly welcome all our colleagues' future papers on the topic of military science and security policy in order to enhance a more extensive professional dis- cussion both at national and international levels. Lieutenant General Zoltán Orosz Deputy Chief of Defence, Hungarian Defence Forces 4 Law and migration István Harkai: BELIEFS AND MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE CONTEMPORARY MIGRATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE LAW ON REFUGEES ABSTRACT: Contemporary migration is not unparalleled in history. Wandering into Europe challenges the host countries. The flux of immigrants encumbers the social and economic boundaries of the European countries and the asylum rules as well. How should we change these rules to grant protection for those who really stand in need? What are the obligations of the destination countries and where do transit countries stand in this relation? If we grant rights for a certain group of people, can we expect something in return? Can we establish obligations to the newcomers, or if they receive refugee status, are they going to be immune to the rules of the host countries? Is it a realistic expectation to integrate the new- comers into the European culture and system, or – as the tendencies show – can we consider them as a serious risk to European security? Are we allowed to stigmatize a group of people due to the behaviour of a few of them? Will different cultures and religions change Europe? The present essay tries to find answers, based on the literature, the legal background and personal experience, where and how we should reform the legal system regarding the law on refugees. How we could create a lawful but also enforceable legal regime on migration? KEYWORDS: migration, Europe, migration law, law on refugees, refugee status, terrorism, human smuggling A BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO EUROPE An analysis of the historical background is especially important in this matter. “Migrant crisis” and other similar terminologies are unable to correctly describe the real background and reasons of this phenomenon. To be objectiVe is an important assumption not only for scholars but it has to be essential for legislators and eVen for aVerage citizens. Yet, this es- sential element is a missing part in most of the cases. Fort this Very reason we endeaVour to present a few historical examples, which in some points, are similar to the recent situation. Migration in the Carpathian Basin and in its close surrounding areas The Carpathian Basin, surrounded with high mountains and crossed by riVers proVides a natural and short route for those who would like to reach Western Europe across the Balkans.1 The problems of our modern days are not without examples as the migrants who wanted to enter Europe used the roads which were the most logical way in the geografical sense. 1 „Határok, hódítók, menekülők”. Archeológia Altum Castrum Online Magazin. http://archeologia.hu/hatarok- hoditok-menekulok, Accessed on 21 February 2016. Law and migration 5 One of the first and highly protected borders in Pannonia was built by the Romans. It followed the line of the Danube. The limes and the riVer border, the so-called ripa, were constructed in order to encumber the inVasion of barbarians. The Roman border protection system was breached in the 4th Century by the Quadis, then by the Sarmatians. After them Hun, Longobard, AVar, SlaVic, Frank and Hungarian inVaders conquered the proVince. After the Magyars consolidated the Hungarian rule in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th Century, the immigration restarted and it was contiguous during the middle ages. Organised and spontaneous settling started in the 12th Century in the reign of Géza II. From Western Europe Walloon and Italian peasants arriVed.2 Beside Latins, the biggest group of immigrants were the Saxons who moVed in Hungary in the 12-13th Centuries.