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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
Morocco 2014: the Return of Authoritarianism
Geographical Overview | Maghreb Panorama Morocco 2014: The Return of Authoritarianism Maâti Monjib (PJD) heading the coalition seems to have definitively Professor come to terms with royal hegemony over the execu- Mohammed V University, Rabat tive branch. It thus relinquished a democratic inter- pretation of the 2011 Constitution granting the exec- utive branch substantial powers while turning various Geographical Overview | Maghreb Geographical Overview 2014 was the third year of the Benkirane administra- royal powers – formerly discretionary – into limited tion. The cabinet led by him resulted from the early powers. After this reshuffle, control over key minis- elections brought on by the 20 February Movement tries such as those of the Interior, Foreign Affairs and protests (the Moroccan version of the so-called Education by palace officials has made the little pow- ‘Arab’ Spring) occurring over the course of 2011. er held by the Prime Minister dwindle even more. This is the first time in Moroccan history that an Isla- This return to pre-2011 monarchic authoritarianism mist party independent from the monarchy is head- has been accompanied by an increase in the weight ing the government. In any case, Benkirane, a mod- of security agencies in decision-making processes. erate conservative leader, only managed to stay at This is implicitly justified by the real threats to the the head of the coalition government during the sec- country by extremist groups, whether loyal to Daesh 176 ond half of 2013 by making significant political con- or al-Qaeda. Some two thousand Moroccans, a cessions to the pre-Arab Spring establishment, par- large part of them bearing European passports, are ticularly insofar as sharing power with the royal participating in the combats in Syria, Iraq and other palace camp. -
Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List
Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include -
The Legal Issues Involved in the Western Sahara Dispute
The Legal Issues Involved In The Western Sahara Dispute The Principle of Self-Determination and the Legal Claims of Morocco COMMITTEE ON THE UNITED NATIONS JUNE 2012 NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION 42 WEST 44TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10036 THE LEGAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE WESTERN SAHARA DISPUTE THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION Table of Contents Contents Page PART I: FACTUAL BACKGROUND....................................................................................... 3 PART II: ENTITLEMENT OF THE PEOPLE OF WESTERN SAHARA TO SELF- DETERMINATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ........................................................... 22 I. THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: GENERAL PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................ 22 A. Historical Development of the Right to Self-Determination ................................................ 23 B. The United Nations Charter and Non-Self-Governing Territories ....................................... 26 C. Status of Right as Customary Law and a Peremptory Norm ................................................ 27 D. People Entitled to Invoke the Right ...................................................................................... 32 E. Geographic Boundaries on the Right to Self-Determination ................................................ 34 F. Exceptions to the Right to Self-Determination ..................................................................... 38 II. THE COUNTERVAILING RIGHT TO TERRITORIAL -
El Statu Quo De Perejil», Peace & Security – Paix Et Sécurité Internationales, No 9, 2021
PEACE & SECURITY – PAIX ET SÉCURITÉ INTERNATIONALES EuroMediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations Issue 9, January-December 2021 | ISSN 2341-0868 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Paix_secur_int.2021.i9.1503 Citation: PÉREZ-PRAT DURBAN, L: «España y Marruecos en el Estrecho de Gibraltar, el statu quo de Perejil», Peace & Security – Paix et Sécurité Internationales, No 9, 2021. Received: 13 July 2021. Accepted: 27 July 2021. ESPAÑA Y MARRUECOS EN EL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR: EL STATU QUO DE PEREJIL Luis PÉREZ-PRAT DURBÁN1* I. PLANTEAMIENTO – II. SITUACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA, SITUACIÓN EN EL CONTENCIOSO – III. PORTUGAL Y PEREJIL – IV. ESPAÑA Y PEREJIL – V. MARRUECOS, ESPAÑA Y PEREJIL – VI. CONCLUSIONES RESUMEN: El incierto estatuto jurídico de la isla de Perejil, disputada por España y Marruecos, trae causa de una confusa historia que se retrotrae a los tiempos en que Ceuta pertenecía a Portugal. Por ello, para analizar los títulos españoles hay que examinar tanto los que se derivan de los actos portugueses en el islote como los desarrollados por España a lo largo de los siglos, desde el siglo XV. Y, posteriormente, es ineludible analizar la posición de Marruecos en el contencioso. Todo ello confluye en un statu quo indeterminado que se afianzó tras el incidente militar desencadenado entre España y Marruecos en 2002. PALABRAS CLAVE: Estrecho de Gibraltar; conflicto de la isla de Perejil; islote; adquisición de soberanía territorial; conquista; ocupación; prescripción adquisitiva. SPAIN AND MOROCCO IN THE STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR: THE STATU QUO OF PEREJIL ISLET ABSTRACT: The uncertain legal status of the island of Perejil, disputed by Spain and Morocco, brings about a confusing history that goes back to the times when Ceuta belonged to Portugal. -
Tome Ii: Brief Curriculum Vitae
Short CV Saad MRANI, MD, PhD Date of Birth: 07/06/1968 Nationality: Moroccan ADDRESS: Department of Virology- Mohammed V University Hospital, BP 6704 Madinat Al Irfane- Rabat. Morocco Mobile: +212661116123 E-mail: [email protected] POSITION TITLE Director of the Research Center in Genomics of Human Pathologies. Mohammed V University of Rabat. OTHER POSITIONS · 2018: Director of Clinical Biology Specialty Degree. Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences. Casablanca.Morocco. · 2009-2016: Head of Department of Virology - Mohammed V University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco. · 2009-Present: Head of Medical Virology Research Team. University Mohammed V, Rabat. · 2008-Present: Scientific consultant for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University Mohammed V Rabat (UM5R) · 2007-2009: Head of Research and Biosafety Laboratory (NSB3) at the Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Rabat. · 2007-Present: Professor of Virology- Mohamed V University- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy - Rabat- Morocco · 2002- 2007: Associate Researcher position at INSERM- FRANCE (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) - 1996-2001: MD, Resident physician in medical biology at the university hospital Ibn Sina. Rabat -Morocco EDUCATION and DEGREES · 2012: University Degree in Biological and Medical Engineering-Valorisation of Biomedical Research and Innovation. - Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie. · 2007: Full Professor of Medical Virology. University Mohamed V -Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat · 2007: Ph.D., Molecular Biology, University Lyon1. France. · 2006: Certificate in management of Nuclear, Radiologic, Chimical and Biological Threats. Grenoble, France · 2005-2006: University Degree in Bio-Terrorism and agents class 3 et 4. Faculty of Medecine La Timone, CHU Marseille, France. · 2004-2005: University Degree in Epidemiology and Investigational Methods for Communicable Diseases. -
Trading Mechanisms, Return's Volatility and Efficiency in the Casablanca
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Trading mechanisms, return’s volatility and efficiency in the Casablanca Stock Exchange FERROUHI, El Mehdi and EZZAHID, Elhadj Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco July 2013 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77322/ MPRA Paper No. 77322, posted 06 Mar 2017 15:24 UTC Trading mechanisms, return’s volatility and efficiency in the Casablanca Stock Exchange El Mehdi FERROUHI and Elhadj EZZAHID Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco This paper studies the impact of the stock market continuity on the returns volatility and on the market efficiency in the Casablanca Stock Exchange. For the most active stocks, the trading mechanism used is the continuous market which is preceded by a call market pre-opening session. Results obtained concerning return volatility and efficiency under the two trading mechanisms show that the continuous market returns are more volatile than the call market returns and 50 percent of stocks studied show independence between variations. Keywords: Trading mechanism, microstructure, call market, continuous market, efficiency, volatility 1. Introduction The microstructure of financial markets is the discipline that studies the modalities of the operational functioning of financial markets and the mechanisms that lead to the determination of prices at which stocks are exchanged. Thus, it discusses the impact of trading mechanisms on the pattern of financial markets. In this paper we will focus in the impacts of trading mechanisms, which differ from a market to other, on return’s volatility and market efficiency. Some stock markets apply the “call market” in which trading and orders executions occur at regular time intervals. All transactions are conducted at a single price determined to balance the sales and purchases orders. -
Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations
BELLCORE PRACTICE BR 751-401-180 ISSUE 16, FEBRUARY 1999 COMMON LANGUAGE® Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations BELLCORE PROPRIETARY - INTERNAL USE ONLY This document contains proprietary information that shall be distributed, routed or made available only within Bellcore, except with written permission of Bellcore. LICENSED MATERIAL - PROPERTY OF BELLCORE Possession and/or use of this material is subject to the provisions of a written license agreement with Bellcore. Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations BR 751-401-180 Copyright Page Issue 16, February 1999 Prepared for Bellcore by: R. Keller For further information, please contact: R. Keller (732) 699-5330 To obtain copies of this document, Regional Company/BCC personnel should contact their company’s document coordinator; Bellcore personnel should call (732) 699-5802. Copyright 1999 Bellcore. All rights reserved. Project funding year: 1999. BELLCORE PROPRIETARY - INTERNAL USE ONLY See proprietary restrictions on title page. ii LICENSED MATERIAL - PROPERTY OF BELLCORE BR 751-401-180 Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations Issue 16, February 1999 Trademark Acknowledgements Trademark Acknowledgements COMMON LANGUAGE is a registered trademark and CLLI is a trademark of Bellcore. BELLCORE PROPRIETARY - INTERNAL USE ONLY See proprietary restrictions on title page. LICENSED MATERIAL - PROPERTY OF BELLCORE iii Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations BR 751-401-180 Trademark Acknowledgements Issue 16, February 1999 BELLCORE PROPRIETARY - INTERNAL USE ONLY See proprietary restrictions on title page. iv LICENSED MATERIAL - PROPERTY OF BELLCORE BR 751-401-180 Geographical Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations Issue 16, February 1999 Table of Contents COMMON LANGUAGE Geographic Codes Countries of the World & Unique Locations Table of Contents 1. -
Gender Matters: Women As Actors of Change and Sustainable Development in Morocco
ISSUE BRIEF 06.19.20 Gender Matters: Women as Actors of Change and Sustainable Development in Morocco Yamina El Kirat El Allame, Ph.D., Professor, Faculty of Letters & Human Sciences, Mohammed V University In comparison to other countries in Against Women helped encourage the the Middle East and North Africa, the Moroccan feminist movement, leading to Moroccan government has implemented a the launch of feminist journals including considerable number of reforms to improve Lamalif and Thamanya Mars in 1983. In the women’s rights, including a gender quota 1990s, women mobilized around the issue of for parliamentary elections, a revision of reforming the Mudawana. In 1992, a petition the Family Code (the Mudawana), a reform was signed by one million Moroccans, and of the constitution, a law allowing women in 1999, large demonstrations were held in to pass nationality to their children, an Rabat and Casablanca. The reforms to the amendment of the rape law, and a law Mudawana were officially adopted in 2004. criminalizing gender-based violence. The 20 February Movement, associated Despite these reforms, women's rights and with the regional uprisings known as the gender equality have not improved; most “Arab Spring,”1 began with the twenty- of the changes exist on paper, and the legal year-old anonymous journalist student, measures have not been implemented well. Amina Boughalbi. Her message—“I am Moroccan and I will march on the 20th of February because I want freedom and HISTORY OF MOROCCAN WOMEN’S equality for all Moroccans”—mobilized INVOLVEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE several thousand, mainly young, Moroccan Moroccan women have DEVELOPMENT men and women. -
9. 地圖資料代碼*(適用於欄號 131) Cartographic Materials Codes 131
地圖資料代碼 9. 地圖資料代碼*(適用於欄號 131) Cartographic Materials Codes 131$a: 球形體 (Spheroid Codes) aa = Airy (1830) al = Everest (Malaya) ba = Svanberg ab = Australian National am = Everest (Borneo) bb = Zhylinskiy ("Adjustment (1966) an = Helmert 1906 Spheroid") ac = Bessel 1841 ao = Hayford 1909 (and 1910) bc = Walbeck ad = Clarke 1858 International 1924 see bd = War Office (McCaw) ae = Clarke 1866 Hayford (ao) 1924 af = Clarke 1880 ap = Kragenhoff be = World Geodetic System ag = Clarke 1880 (Modified) aq = Krasovskiy 1848 (1972-) ah = Clarke 1880 (Palestine) ar = Müffling 1821 uu = unknown spheroid ai = Danish (Andreae) as = S.E. Asia ("Fischer 155") zz = other known spheroid of aj = Delambre (Carte de at = Struve construction of the map France) ak = Everest (1830) ________________________________________________________________________________ * 一、本地圖資料代碼表取自 UNIMARC Manual : Bibliographic Format 1994 APPENDIX F : Cartographic Materials Codes. (http://www.ifla.org/VI/3/p1996-1/appx-f.htm) 二、本代碼表係援用 UKMARC (1986)。 126 地圖資料代碼 131$b: 水平基準面 (Horizontal Datum Codes) Note: See also sequence of non specific horizontal datums starting at taa aaa = Abidjan, Ivory Coast bgk = Kili Island Observation Spot, Kili aab = Abra Pampa, Argentina Island, Marshall Islands aac = Abrolhos Lighthouse, Brazil bgl = Kloster Ivaniæ, Yugoslavia aad = Abut Head (Okarito Meridional Circuit) bgm = Kobukutei, Pescadores South Island, New Zealand bgn = Koepang, Timor, Indonesia aae = Accra, Leigon Pillar (GCS No. 121), bgo = Koh-I-Malik Siah, Pakistan Ghana bgp = Kogo, Rio Muni, -
Demobilization in Morocco: the Case of the February 20 Movement by © 2018 Sammy Zeyad Badran
Demobilization in Morocco: The Case of The February 20 Movement By © 2018 Sammy Zeyad Badran Submitted to the graduate degree program in Political Science and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chairperson: Dr. Hannah E. Britton Co-Chairperson: Dr. Gail Buttorff Dr. Gary M. Reich Dr. Nazli Avdan Dr. Alesha E. Doan Date Defended: 31 May 2018 ii The dissertation committee for Sammy Zeyad Badran certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Demobilization in Morocco: The Case of The February 20 Movement Chairperson: Dr. Hannah E. Britton Co-Chairperson: Dr. Gail Buttorff Date Approved: 31 May 2018 iii Abstract This dissertation aims to understand why protests lessen when they do by investigating how and why social movements demobilize. I do this by questioning the causal link between consistent state polices (concessions or repression) and social movement demobilization. My interviews with the February 20 Movement, the main organizer of mass protests in Morocco during the Arab Spring, reveals how ideological differences between leftist and Islamist participants led to the group’s eventual halt of protests. During my fieldwork, I conducted 46 semi-structured elite interviews with civil society activists, political party leaders, MPs, and independent activists throughout Morocco. My interviews demonstrate that the February 20 Movement was initially united, but that this incrementally changed following the King’s mixed-policy of concessions and repression. The King’s concessionary policies convinced society that demands were being met and therefore led to the perception that the February 20 Movement was no longer needed, while repression highlighted internal divides. -
State-Sponsored Female Religious Authority and The
PIETY, HONOR, AND THE STATE: STATE-SPONSORED FEMALE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN MODERN MOROCCAN SOCIETY by SOPHIE HOOVER A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Anita Weiss and Professor Angela Joya for offering me invaluable advice, wisdom, and assistance while developing this thesis. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor Rick Colby for his generosity with his resources and time in developing my understanding of Moroccan Islam. Thanks are also in order to Professor Southworth for volunteering her time to serve on my thesis committee, and Ms. Miriam Jordan for all of her time and assistance in finalizing the format of this thesis. This paper would not have been possible without any of you, thank you. iii Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Theoretical Framework 10 III. Overview of State Religious Authoritative Bodies 14 The Supreme Religious Council 17 The Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs 19 Religious Authority as Patriarchal State Power 20 IV. Implementation of Women as Religious Guides and Religious Scholars 24 ‘Alimat: Female Religious Scholars 24 Murshidat: Female Religious Guides 28 V. Profiles of ‘Alimat and Murshidat 34 Dr. Rajaa Naji Mekkaoui 34 Fatimah Bouselama 37 Bouchra 39 Hannane 41 Karima 43 VI. Impact on Patriarchal Notions of Society 45 Increasing Empowerment, Within Limits 45 Reduced or Enhanced Oppression? 52 VII. Conclusions 58 Bibliography 63 iv I.