Thesis Zaragoza-Cristiani
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Empowerment through migration control cooperation The Spanish-Moroccan case Jonathan Zaragoza-Cristiani Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, May 2016 European University Institute Department of Political and Social Sciences Empowerment through migration control cooperation The Spanish-Moroccan case Jonathan Zaragoza-Cristiani Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Rainer Bauböck, European University Institute Prof. Anna Triandafyllidou, European University Institute, RSCAS Prof. Sandra Lavenex, Université de Genève Prof. Hein de Haas, University of Amsterdam © Jonathan Zaragoza-Cristiani, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of Political and Social Sciences - Doctoral Programme I Jonathan Zaragoza-Cristiani certify that I am the author of the work “Empowerment through migration control cooperation: The Spanish-Moroccan case” I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297). The copyright of this work rests with its author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This work may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. This authorisation does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this work consists of 89425 words. Statement of language correction: This thesis has been corrected for linguistic and stylistic errors. I certify that I have checked and approved all language corrections, and that these have not affected the content of this work. Signature and date: 07/04/2016 A mis padres, Cristina y Jordi Abstract In EU migration studies, sending and transit states’ compliance with destination states’ migration control policies is often explained as the result of the EU and the member states successfully wielding pressure and persuasive bargaining power. This thesis argues that sending and transit states do not cooperate because they are persuaded to do so by the superior power and are subject to pressure exercised by the EU member state, but because of a long bargaining process between the two countries in which bilateral, multilateral, geopolitical factors and bargaining strategies all play an important role. Migration control cooperation cannot be understood by just analyzing the relations between the EU and its neighbourhood countries, but instead needs to be analyzed in the terms of bilateral relations and the influence of linkages, interdependence relations and embedded processes between EU members and neighbour states. Moreover, by examining the terms and factors of migration control cooperation between such pairs of states, I demonstrate how the latter can enhance their bargaining position by cooperating strategically and conditionally. Through an in-depth analysis of over twenty-five years of the Spanish-Moroccan migration control cooperation I explain the reasons of Moroccan (non-) cooperation over certain periods of times, geographical areas and measures, as well as the structure of the terms of their collaboration. The findings prove that Morocco has instrumentalized migration in order to obtain bargaining power. In other words, through migration control cooperation Morocco has gained power in economic, political, diplomatic, and regional terms. By applying a strategic conditional cooperation on migration control, refusing to implement certain migration control tasks, using the interdependence framework in its favour, taking advantage of the international context and implementing a successful bargaining strategy, Morocco has over the years become a key partner for Spain and the EU with a strong and privileged bargaining position in the North-African, Mediterranean and international arenas. 1 2 Acknowledgments This thesis would have never seen the light of the day without the support of many people, who helped in one way or another during all these years. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor at the EUI, Rainer Baub öck , for his strong support and great supervision throughout the five years of writing the thesis. I could not have made it without his thoughtful guidance and above all without his understanding and encouragement during a specific moment in which I was lost and I felt in the edge between keeping going forward or quitting. I also owe special thanks to the members of the examining board, Sandra Lavenex, Hein de Haas and Anna Triandafyllidou, for taking the time to read my long work and for their most valuable and insightful comments. I am indebted to Professor Ricard Zapata-Barrero for opening me the doors of academia, pushing me to begin my Phd research in the UPF, and then supporting me to fly the nest and to continue my research in Florence. I am also eternally grateful to my friend Camil Ungureanu who convinced me to apply for the EUI, guided me to elaborate a good proposal and made me believe I had a chance to be accepted (I will always remember when you told me: “this is your golden bullet”). I want also to thank especially my colleagues and friends in the Borderlands team for having being there during the last months before defending this thesis. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Professor Raffaella del Sarto, for her understanding and for allowing me to leave aside my duties in order to finish my thesis. Professor Jean-Pierre Cassarino had also an important role in my thesis, since he pushed me to put into question everything and to try to carry out an innovative research. Simone Tholens, Johanne Kuebler and especially my wonderful “Borderchicas” Asli Okyay, Ylenia Rocchini who suffered my horrible mood before resubmitting the thesis, giving me in exchange support, smiles, friendship and good moments. I want to thank too Prof. Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly, the Center for Global Studies and the Borders in Globalization Project for giving me the opportunity to finish my thesis in the University of Victoria. I will always remember the summer 2015, and also the support I received from my Canadian friends Nicole Bates-Eamer and David Moffette during those hard three months in Victoria. 3 I want to thank Professor Virginie Guiraudon for letting me fulfil my dream of being part of Science Po Paris (even for a short period of time) and also to Nora El Qadim, whose pioneering research ensured me that what I was trying to demonstrate was difficult but possible. Thanks also go to the many people that I have met and interviewed along the way, who have provided their time and insights. I will always remember the help, conversations and good moments with Maha Sano, Elena Gonzalez and Erena Calvo, who made me feel in Rabat like at home. However, when it comes about talking about home, Florence and the EUI have been along these years a warm and inspiring home that has allowed me to start finding myself. This has been due largely to the people that I have been meeting on the way to completing this thesis and who deserve my heartfelt gratitude. From the Language Center (Nicola Owtram, Nicola Hardgreaves, Annarita Zacchi and Edurne Iraizoz) to the Cafeteria (Guya and Antonella), and of course Monika Rzemieniecka, I am sure I will always fondly remember all the people from the EUI. Within this group of people, the Librarians have been at the last stage of writting my dissertation an omnipresent “bookend”, preventing me from falling into depression or loneliness. My beloved Machteld (and Lily), and of course Alberto, Elena, Ruth and Lorenzo were always there to give me energies in one way or another to keep working on my thesis. I want also to express my gratitude to Katia Soboul, for listnening at me and for giving me her opinion and support at a time I was overcoming a complex and hard personal obstacle in my life. Finally, I want to thank the best present Florence could have ever given me: Grazie Francesca, senza di te non ce l’avrei fatta. La tua personalità, energia e felicità mi hanno fatto respirare quando stavo per annegare. Mi hai fatto capire non solo che essere pesimista non è la soluzione, ma anche che questo mondo merita tutto i miei sforzi perche ci sono angeli come te che lo meritano. I want to say a full of love thanks to the Mad Cows (Franci The-Kid-Spaccu-braccio, Santa Bea de Alcala, Laia Darth Vader, Sanecita, Mira, Tiger Inken, Ievita, Sara T., Lore, and of course mi Hannita Bibi). Although I spent an incredible amount of hours with/for you in my fourth year, I will always feel proud of the great moments we spent together and the big achievements we made together. Of course, I have also to blame Nú(t)ria for all these great moments because not only she led me to the dark side of the force with lots of Nutella and delicious cakes, but she also helped me disconnecting 4 from the thesis every day for more than two years with her “chapas” and our “couple moments” watching football, series or movies together. Ricardo y Javier sois los hermanos que nunca tuve, y que, junto con Alexis y Pedro, y también junto a Diederik, me ayudasteis a convertirnos juntos en Soldados del Amor , algo que solo nosotros sabemos lo mucho que significa.