DOCSLIB.ORG

Thành Phần Hóa Học Tinh Dầu Lá Cam Chanh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thành Phần Hóa Học Tinh Dầu Lá Cam Chanh TẠP CHÍ SINH H ỌC, 2013, 35(1): 61-66 THÀNH PH ẦN HÓA H ỌC TINH D ẦU LÁ CAM CHANH - Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck TR ỒNG Ở NGH Ệ AN Phan Xuân Thi ệu*, Hoàng V ĩnh Phú, Nguy ễn Anh D ũng Tr ường đại h ọc Vinh, *[email protected] TÓM T ẮT: Bằng ph ươ ng pháp c ất lôi cu ốn h ơi n ước đã xác định được hàm l ượng tinh d ầu trong lá c ủa 3 gi ống cam Chanh ( Citrus sinensis) : cam Chanh, cam Vân Du và cam Ch ịu nhi ệt so v ới nguyên li ệu t ươ i của t ươ ng ứng là 0,45%, 0,25% và 0,30%. Thành ph ần hóa h ọc c ủa tinh d ầu được xác định b ằng ph ươ ng pháp s ắc ký khí ghép kh ối ph ổ cho th ấy, có 48 hợp ch ất đã được phát hi ện, trong đó, ch ủ y ếu là các monoterpene. Thành ph ần chính c ủa tinh d ầu gồm sabinene (24,85-34,45%), linalool (9,95-12,25%), limonene (7,13-9,80%), (Z)-β-ocimene (6,80-8,87%), 3-carene (3,08-4,07%), E-citral (geraniol) (6,99- 10,66%), Z-citral (neral) (1,65-2,63%), β-caryophyllene (2,52-3,40%), spathoulenol (allo) (3,08-5,11%) và β-sinensal (4,20-6,75%). Từ khóa : Citrus sinensis , monoterpene, linalool, limonene, sabinene, tinh du. MỞ ĐẦ U Ngh An. Chi cam quýt ( Citrus ) có kho ng h n 20 VẬT LI ỆU VÀ PH ƯƠ NG PHÁP NGHIÊN C ỨU loài, phân b t nhiên n , mi n Nam Trung Qu c, Vi t Nam, Lào, Campuchia, Thái Vật li ệu Lan và Mianma, trong ó, trung tâm phong phú V%t li u c dùng trong nghiên c u là lá và a d ng nh t là khu v c n và Malaixia ca loài Cam chanh ( Citrus sinensis (L.) [18]. Vi t Nam, chi Cam quýt có kho ng 20 Osbeck) bao g m 3 gi ng: cam Chanh, cam loài và r t nhi u gi ng (cultivars) c tr ng Ch u nhi t và cam Vân Du c thu t i Tr m hu ht các vùng [24] . thí nghi m gi ng cây !n qu Ph Qu ', huy n Các gi ng cam quýt c tr ng ch yu Ngh (a àn, t)nh Ngh An. Tiêu b n m &u th c l y qu !n, ngoài ra, còn c dùng làm nguyên v%t c l u gi * t i Khoa Sinh h c, tr ng i li u s n xu t axít xitric. V" qu , hoa và lá c a hc Vinh. nhi u gi ng dùng c t tinh d u và tách các Ph ươ ng pháp hp ch t flavonoid có ho t tính sinh h c cao nh ch ng oxi hóa, kháng viêm, kháng khu #n, Tinh d u t$ lá các gi ng c tách bng c ch các t bào ng th và ng !n ng $a các ph ng pháp c t lôi cu n h i n c theo tiêu bnh v tim m ch [12, 14, 25]. H u nh t t c chu #n D c i n Vi t Nam III [3]. Lá t i (2 các loài thu c chi Cam quýt u có ch a tinh kg) c c t nh " và ch ng c t trong th i gian du trong v" qu , lá và hoa. Tinh d u trong lá 3 gi áp su t th ng. Hàm l ng tinh d u lá ph n l n các loài là ngu n nguyên li u quan c tính theo nguyên li u t i. tr ng trong công ngh ch bi n th c ph #m, Thành ph n hóa hc c a tinh d u c xác dc ph #m và h ng li u [1, 23]. nh b ng ph ng pháp s c ký khí (GC) và s c Vi c nghiên c u tinh d u c a các loài và ký khí ghép kh i ph (GC/MS). Sc ký khí trên gi ng cam quýt ã c nhi u công trình c %p máy Hewlett-Packard 6890N Plus gn v i u n và ã cho th y, thành ph n ch y u trong dò FID (Agilent Technologies, M +). C t tách tinh d u c a h u h t các loài thu c mao qu n HP-5MS: dài 30 m, ng kính 0,25 mm, l p phim dày 0,25 ,m. Ch ng trình nhi t chi Cam quýt là h p ch t thu c nhóm terpene o o o và nhóm ch c ru u, còn các h p ch t thu c : 60 C (2 phút) t !ng 4 C/phút, n 220 C (10 phút); nhi t injector 250oC; nhi t detector nhóm sesquiterpene th ng r t ít [15, 28]. o Bài báo này cung c p m t s d &n li u v tinh 260 C, khí mang H 2 (1,4 ml/phút); b m m &u t du tách t $ lá c a 3 gi ng cam chanh tr ng ng, 1 µl c a dung d ch ã pha lo ng (50 mg 61 Phan Xuan Thieu, Hoang Vinh Phu, Nguyen Anh Dung tinh d u hòa tan trong 1 ml metanol); t - l chia th vi n Willey/Chemstation HP. dòng 1:50. Sc ký khí ghép kh i ph (GC/MS), trên h KẾT QU Ả VÀ TH ẢO LU ẬN th ng HP 6890N/HP 5973 MS, c t HP-5MS Bng ph ng pháp c t lôi cu n h i n c ã (dài 30 m; ng kính 0,25 mm; l p phim xác nh c hàm l ng tinh d u trong lá so dày 0,25 ,m), iu ki n phân tích nh trên ch ) v i nguyên li u t i c a cam Chanh, cam Vân khác khí mang là He. Các thông s v %n hành Du, cam Ch u nhi t t ng ng là 0,45%, 0,25% kh i ph (MS) là in th ion hóa 70 eV; và 0,30%. Tinh d u có màu tr ng, mùi th m t nhi t ngu n ion 230 oC, kho ng kh i l ng nhiên. m/z 35-50. S. d /ng ph ng pháp s c ký khí và s c ký Các thành ph n tinh d u c xác nh %n khí ghép kh i ph i, chúng tôi ã xác nh c bng cách so sánh các d * ki n ph MS c a thành ph n hóa hc ca tinh d u t $ lá c a các chúng v i ph chu #n ã c công b có trong gi ng Cam chanh (bng 1). Bảng 1. Thành ph n hoá hc c a tinh d u t $ lá các gi ng Cam chanh Hàm l ng % trong tinh d u lá Tên h p ch t STT Cam Ch u nhi t Cam Vân du Cam Chanh 1 α-thujene 0,30 0,30 0,25 2 α-pinene 1,20 1,34 1,16 3 β-pinene 0,87 Vt Vt 4 Camphene 0,05 0,05 0,05 5 Sabinene 24,85 34,45 27,18 6 Myrcene 0,20 0,28 0,27 7 3-carene 4,07 4,03 3,58 8 Limonene 9,80 7,34 7,13 9 (Z)-β-ocimene 8,87 6,80 8,00 10 trans-sabinen hydrate 0,05 - - 11 α-terpinolene 0,37 0,75 0,27 12 Linalool 12,25 9,95 9,90 13 (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatrien 0,01 0,02 trace 14 Allo-ocimene 1,38 1,29 0,68 15 Citronellal 0,28 0,21 0,22 16 Tecpinol-4-ol Vt 0,01 Vt 17 Decanon - Vt Vt 18 β-citronellol Vt 0,01 0,14 19 Z-citral (neral) 2,63 2,25 1,65 20 (trans)-geraniol Vt Vt Vt 21 E-citral (geranial ) 6,99 7,62 10,66 22 Thymol 0,01 Vt 0,03 23 Methyl geranate 0,03 0,03 0,02 24 Citronellyl acetate 0,04 0,05 0,03 25 Neryl acetae 0,02 0,03 0,02 26 Geranyl acetae 0,05 0,10 0,06 27 γ-terpinene 0,69 0,58 0,35 28 Bicycloelemene 0,08 0,10 0,10 29 β-elemene 0,09 0,10 0,06 62 TP CHÍ SINH H C, 2013, 35(1): 61-66 30 β-caryophyllene 3,40 3,23 2,52 31 γ-elemene 0,21 0,12 0,02 32 α-humulene 1,32 1,90 1,81 33 β-selinene Vt 0,16 0,22 34 α-selinene 0,33 0,05 0,08 35 0-cadiene Vt Vt 0,70 36 Elemol 0,32 Vt 0,17 37 Nerolidol 0,03 0,04 0,09 38 Caryophyllene oxide 0,11 0,14 Vt 39 Isoaromadendrene oxide Vt 0,05 Vt 40 1-cadiene 0,04 0,04 Vt 41 α-cadinol 1,14 0,89 1,35 42 Spathulenol (allo) 4,54 3,08 5,11 43 Santalol 0,43 0,45 0,81 44 β-sinensal 6,09 4,20 6,75 45 Oplopenon 0,02 0,03 0,1 46 Isospathulenol 0,05 Vt 0,06 47 (E,E)-farnesene 0,01 0,07 0,05 48 α-sinensal 0,04 0,02 0,07 Monoterpene 74,32 75,18 70,14 Sesquiterpene 18,88 15,13 20,25 Monoterpene aldehydes 9,90 8,08 12,53 Monoterpene alcohols 11,31 7,97 7,92 Monoterpene esters 0,14 0,22 0,13 Sesquiterpene aldehydes 6,11 4,22 6,82 Sesquiterpene alcohols 6,51 4,99 7,42 Sesquiterpene esters 0,02 0,03 0,10 Tổng thành ph ần ch ứa oxi 34,99 27,03 36,92 Vết < 0,01%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder
    Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11: 77-81, 2011 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Marcelo Claro de Souza1*, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi2 and Antonio de Goes3 Received 11 February 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 ABSTRACT - A citrus scab disease, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, is currently found in all citrus areas throughout Brazil. That being, given the importance of this casual agent, the behavior of tangerines and hybrids influenced by this pathogen was evaluated under natural infection conditions. This study was performed with plants around 15 years old without irrigation; 100 fruits of three plants were collected during harvest season, using a grade scale varying from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms) the level of disease severity was determined. Among the cultivars, citrus scab resistance was observed in Citrus deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. nobilis; a mandarin hybrid (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa) and a satsuma hybrid (C. unshiu x C. sinensis). Among the other genotypes, symptoms were observed with levels of severity ranging from 1 to 3, indicating moderate resistance. Key words: Citrus scab, citrus crop, resistant varieties. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, E. fawcettii is responsible for citrus scab. The disease is widespread in many humid, citrus-cultivating In many citrus production areas around the world, areas around the world and decreases fruit values on the Elsinoe fawcettii is one of the main fungi diseases found. fresh-fruit market (Feichtenberger et al. 1986). In young It attacks a wide variety of citrus species and cultivars, plants or under severe infection, it may cause significant resulting in scab disease on leaves, twigs, and fruits (Timmer fruit drop.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus from Seed?
    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Indications in Vietnam
    PUBLISHING RESPONSIBILITY Dinh Huu Phi (Dr.) General Director of the Natonal Ofce of Intellectual Property, Preface Ministry of Science and Technology A geographical indicaton (GI) is a sign which identfes a product whose reputaton and specifc quality atributes consttuted by the unique combinaton of local natural resources and cultural ones in a given territory, region or country. GI has been increasingly adopted as an efectve EDITED BY: strategy to raise awareness of the consumers about the origin and quality of products, as well as to Dao Duc Huan (Dr.) promote image of origin-based products and valorize the heritage values consttuted by natural and Trinh Van Tuan (Dr.) cultural resources aiming at raising compettveness of traditonal products. There are around 10,000 Luu Duc Thanh products protected under GI worldwide, with an estmated annual trading turnover of US$ 50 billion. Nguyen Ba Hoi Thanks to favorable natural endowments, diversifed traditons and cultures, experiences, diligence and skills of the people, Vietnam possesses a diverse range of typical agricultural and handicraf products of quality and reputaton anchored on territory and associated with local cultural identtes. PREPARED BY: Many origin-based products are widely known in the domestc and internatonal markets. Nguyen Mai Huong (Dr.) Nguyen Huong Trang Vietnam has built a fundamental legislatve framework to facilitate the registraton for Pham Thi Hanh Tho (Dr.) Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao protected geographical indicatons (PGI) aiming at promotng origin-based products in parallel Estelle Bienabe (Dr.) Nguyen Ha Thanh with enhancing their values and compettveness in the market. That 60 agricultural and handicraf Bui Quang Duan Le Minh Thu products originated from 39 provinces and cites beneft from PGI by June 2018 underlines an Dang Phuc Giang Bui Tuan Anh increasingly signifcant role of GI in producing and trading local specialtes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mojitos Vino Non Alcoholic Margaritas Mas Canned Beer Draft Beer
    Margaritas Mojitos canned beer Cantina-rita 13 Cantina Mojito 13 12 oz 8.5 Sauza 100% Blue Agave Tequila, Fresh Citrus Sour - Bacardí Superior Rum, Fresh Mint, Sugar, Fresh Lime, Club Soda Modelo Especial • Pacifico • Tecate Rocks or Frozen Add Fruit: Strawberry, Mango, Passion Fruit, Local Guava, Lychee, Waikiki Brewing Co. Hana Hou Hefe • Heineken Add Fruit: Strawberry, Mango, Passion Fruit, Local Pineapple, Watermelon +1 Local Guava, Lychee, Watermelon +1 16 oz 8.5 Mango-Ginger Mojito Cadillac Margarita 14.5 14.5 Bud Light • Miller Lite • Coors Light • Michelob Ultra Cazadores Reposado Tequila, Fresh Citrus Sour, Old Lahaina Gold Rum (Maui), Fresh Mint, Mango Purée, Grand Marnier Float Fresh Lime, Ginger Picante Margarita 13.5 draft beer Tanteo Jalapeño Tequila, Ancho Reyes Chile Vino Liqueur, Fresh Citrus Sour 16 oz 9.5 / 22 oz 11.5 Endless Summer Margarita 14.5 Sparkling Rotating taps of Local and Mexican Beer Espolòn Blanco Tequila, Watermelon Purée, Prosecco, Riondo, Spumante DOC, Italy 10 Please ask your server for today's selections Fresh Citrus Sour, Prosecco Float Sparkling Rosé, Martini & Rossi Brut, Italy 10 Yuzu Margarita 14.5 Make it Cantina Style White Casamigos Blanco Tequila, Fresh Yuzu and Palomino +1 - Salt Rim, Fresh Lime Juice & Ice Citrus Juices, Togarashi-Salt Rim Rosé, Fleur de Mer, Côtes du Rhône, France 15 Michelada +2 - Salt Rim, Fresh Lime Juice, Chardonnay, Decoy by Duckhorn, Sonoma County, California 14 Tapatio Hot Sauce, Maggi Seasoning & Ice, Sauvignon Blanc, Starborough, Marlborough, New Zealand 10 with
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Subtropical Fruit Crops: Citrus
    IMPROVEMENT OF SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS: CITRUS HAMILTON P. ÏRAUB, Senior Iloriiciilturist T. RALPH ROBCNSON, Senior Physiolo- gist Division of Frnil and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Tndusiry MORE than half of the 13 fruit crops known to have been cultivated longer than 4,000 years,according to the researches of DeCandolle (7)\ are tropical and subtropical fruits—mango, oliv^e, fig, date, banana, jujube, and pomegranate. The citrus fruits as a group, the lychee, and the persimmon have been cultivated for thousands of years in the Orient; the avocado and papaya were important food crops in the American Tropics and subtropics long before the discovery of the New World. Other types, such as the pineapple, granadilla, cherimoya, jaboticaba, etc., are of more recent introduction, and some of these have not received the attention of the plant breeder to any appreciable extent. Through the centuries preceding recorded history and up to recent times, progress in the improvement of most subtropical fruits was accomplished by the trial-error method, which is crude and usually expensive if measured by modern standards. With the general accept- ance of the Mendelian principles of heredity—unit characters, domi- nance, and segregation—early in the twentieth century a starting point was provided for the development of a truly modern science of genetics. In this article it is the purpose to consider how subtropical citrus fruit crops have been improved, are now being improved, or are likel3^ to be improved by scientific breeding. Each of the more important crops will be considered more or less in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Presentation
    New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Citrus species & Citrus Relatives Hundreds of varieties available. CITRON Citrus medica • The citron is believed to be one of the original kinds of citrus. • Trees are small and shrubby with an open growth habit. The new growth and flowers are flushed with purple and the trees are sensitive to frost. • Ethrog or Etrog citron is a variety of citron commonly used in the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles. The flesh is pale yellow and acidic, but not very juicy. The fruits hold well on the tree. The aromatic fruit is considerably larger than a lemon. • The yellow rind is glossy, thick and bumpy. Citron rind is traditionally candied for use in holiday fruitcake. Ethrog or Etrog citron CITRON Citrus medica • Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron is a unique citrus grown mainly as a curiosity. The six to twelve inch fruits are apically split into a varying number of segments that are reminiscent of a human hand. • The rind is yellow and highly fragrant at maturity. The interior of the fruit is solid rind with no flesh or seeds. • Fingered citron fruits usually mature in late fall to early winter and hold moderately well on the tree, but not as well as other citron varieties. Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron NAVEL ORANGES Citrus sinensis • ‘Washington navel orange’ is also known • ‘Lane Late Navel’ was the first of a as the Bahia. It was imported into the number of late maturing Australian United States in 1870. navel orange bud sport selections of Washington navel imported into • These exceptionally delicious, seedless, California.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of New Varieties Recently Distributed from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program
    Descriptions of new varieties recently distributed from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program Toni Siebert, Robert Krueger, Tracy Kahn, John Bash and Georgios Vidalakis he Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP) Protected Foundation Block Budwood is operated through the Department of Plant “Protected Foundation Block Budwood” is budwood TPathology and Microbiology at University of provided from CDFA registered CCPP citrus trees from the California (UC) Riverside and is funded in large part LREC screenhouses and is available from the University of by The California Citrus Research Board (CRB). The California in accordance with the CDFA regulations for cit- CCPP processes citrus propagative material in two rus registration and certification. Protected Foundation Block phases. First, during the quarantine phase, citrus bud- Budwood is produced by trees grown in pots and in ground wood of potentially important commercial varieties is under protective screen and is intended for individual nurseries introduced from any citricultural area, germplasm or or growers to produce their own registered budwood source breeding program of the world under the authority of trees or for the production of nursery increase blocks from a permit which is issued to CCPP by the United States which additional budwood may be harvested in accordance Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant with CDFA (or other appropriate) regulations and used for Health Inspection Service in cooperation with the Cali- the production of certified nursery stock. A signed “Waiver fornia Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). and Release” form must accompany all orders for Protected While in quarantine at the Rubidoux Facility in River- Foundation Block Budwood.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • Drinks Menu SEAFOOD RESTAURANT & TEPPANYAKI
    Drinks Menu SEAFOOD RESTAURANT & TEPPANYAKI CALVADOS & COGNAC 30ml ANTIPODES SPRING WATER Antipodes water is exceptionally pure. No sterilisation, Boulard Pays d’Auge Calvados France 13 no additives, no industrial cleansing or processing. Meukow VSOP Cognac France 13 500ML sparkling NZ 7 Hennessy Master No.3 Cognac France 22 1 LITRE sparkling NZ 12 Hennessy XO Cognac France 29 BOUTIQUE GIN & TONIC SWEET & FORTIFIED Served on paddles with enhancers and paired with 30ml 60ml your choice of Fever-tree tonic. Noble One Botrytis Semillon Riverina 8 15 ARCHIE & ROSE SIGNATURE DRY NSW 13 Yalumba Botrytis Viognier S.A 6 10 Perfectly balanced and wonderfully complex. Spain Rare Amontillado Dry Rich Sherry 10 19 ANTIPODES ORGANIC NSW 15 Fino Jarana Dry Fine Sherry Spain 10 19 Infused with Lemon Myrtle, Australian Aniseed Manzanilla Papirusa Dry Sherry Spain 10 19 Myrtle and Tasmanian Pepperberry. 12yo Grand Tawny Port S.A Galway Pipe 6 10 DASHER & FISHER OCEAN TAS 15 Penfold’s Grandfather Rare Tawny S.A 10 19 12 botanicals that uncover an abundance of Warre’s Vintage Port Portugal 10 19 wakame seaweed from the Tasman Sea. HOT BEVERAGES ROKU JAPAN 13 Japanese botanicals of cherry blossom, Milk available: green tea, yuzu peel and Sansho pepper Full Cream | Skim | Bonsoy +0.7| Lactose Free +0.7 | Coconut +0.9 FEVER-TREE TONICS COFFEE by Moreton Bay Coffee Company from 4 mug +1 PREMIUM INDIAN clean and refreshing HOT CHOCOLATE 6 ELDERFLOWER floral CHAI LATTE 7 MEDITERRANEAN botanical oils, fruits and herbs TEA (loose leaf) 4.5 AROMATIC citrus, cardamom
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Greening ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus’
    Plant Diseases Caused by Bacteria - NARRATIVES Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Hosts: All citrus cultivars, species, hybrids, and citrus relatives are susceptible, including Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Citrus paradisi × Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus aurantium, Citrus hystrix, Citrus limon, Citrus madurensis, Citrus jambhiri, Citrus ×nobilis, Citrus ×paradisi, Fortunella spp., Severinia buxifolia, Limonia acidissima, Balsamocitrus dawei, Microcitrus australasica, Murraya koenigii, Poncirus trifoliata, Swinglea glutinosa, Triphasia trifolia, Clausena lansium, and Clausena indica. Disease common name: Huanglongbing or citrus greening. Pathogen: Citrus greening is caused by a phloem-limited bacterium having a Gram-negative type cell wall. The pathogen is ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in Asia and the Americas, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’ in Africa, and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ in the Americas. Disease Cycle Inoculum: Various indigenous rutaceous hosts serve as a reservoir for the bacterium. Transmission: Inoculum is carried by two species of psyllid vectors. The Asian strain is spread primarily by Diaphorina citri (Figs. 1–4), which occurs throughout tropical and subtropical Asia, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Reunion, Mauritius, Mexico, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. In the United States, it has been found in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas. The primary vector for the African strain is Trioza erytreae, which is found in Africa, Yemen, and nearby countries. Both insect vectors can transmit all three strains of the bacterium. These insects are not particularly efficient vectors and high numbers of insects are needed to cause serious disease outbreaks. The disease also can be graft transmitted but success of transmission is variable. Infection: The bacterium is found in sieve tubes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 HCMGA Fruit Tree Handbook
    Reasons to Shop the Harris County Master Gardener Association 2021 Fruit Tree, Avocado, Fig, Berry, Pecan, Coffee, and More Sale 1. A completely coordinated online order and contactless pick up locations, Online store with coordinated catalog, plant list and planting instructions, ample adjacent parking, and convenient and assisted loading zone. 2. This year’s sale will include over 100 different citrus trees non-citrus trees, avocado trees, fig trees, berry plants, and Arabica coffee. Plus MicroLife 6-2-4 All Organic Biological Fertilizer and MicroLife Citrus & Fruit 6-2-4 All Organic Biological Fertilizer, and 40Lb bags of Microlife 6-2-4 and the best prices in Houston. 3. Children’s activities kit with our Growing with Plants And Nature crew. Fun filled gardening activities for the future gardeners. 1 per car load, please 4. Sales staff are all Harris County Master Gardener volunteers to assist customers in their selection of Trees, plants and more, as well as advise the proper planting, feeding and tending of all plants on sale. 5. “Ask a Master Gardener” members are available to direct any questions gardeners may be experiencing in their yard, supported with published AgriLife Extension brochures and literature to guide them through fertilizing, planting, and garden and yard maintenance. Harris County Master Gardener Association 9449 Grant Road, Houston, Texas 77070 http://hcmga.tamu.edu http://AgriLife.org/HarrisHort www.facebook.com/HarrisCountyMasterGardeners www.facebook.com/HarrisCountyHorticulture Harris County Master Gardener
    [Show full text]