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Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables Victor T. Artero, Frank J. Cruz, and Vincent M. Santos, with Jesse P. Bamba College of Natural & Applied Sciences University of Guam | Unibetsedåt Guahan Foreword Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Amaryllis Family Amaryllidaceae Garlic Åhos (a hos) his publication was developed to provide information on local Onion, bulb Siboyas Allium cepa Tand scientific names of fruits and vegetables grown on Guam. (se bojas) Be aware, however, notice is given that botanical (scientific) names Onion, green bunching Siboyas Chamoru Allium fistulosum of plants change periodically as taxonomic work refines plant (si bo jas Chamoru) groupings. Local names, with their pronunciation in parentheses, are based on the authors’ experience and are not necessarily the Arum Family Araceae official local names. Because Chamoru is principally a spoken Coco yam Sunen ‘Honolulu’ Xanthosoma voilaceum4 language, some of the names and spellings may vary among (White tuber taro) (su nin Honolulu) Giant dryland taro Piga’ Alocasia indica1 Chamoru speakers. For example, “Kamba” for cucumber, has (pee ga) evolved as a result of farmers’ common usage. Some local names Giant swamp taro Ba’ba’ Cyrtosperma edule2 vary between Guam and the Common wealth of the Northern (ba ba) Red taro Suni Colocasia esculenfa3 Mariana Islands. (su ni) Island history reveals that many fruits and vegetables were introduced during the Spanish era. As such, most of the local Banana Family Musaceae Banana, dessert-type Aga’5 Musa spp. and cultivars6 names are similar to Spanish-sounding names. In contrast, the (a ga) more recently introduced species have either English- or Asiatic- Cavendish Group sounding names, or in some instances, the English or Asiatic Giant Cavendish Lakatån Dwarf Cavendish Guåhu names are adopted as local names. Valerie Chikita (Taiwan7) Williams In this publication, names of the fruits and vegetables are Lady Finger Group grouped in their plant families. Both the family names and the Apple banana Manila common plant names under them are listed alphabetically. This Fiji Fiyi publication can also function as a reference guide for those Jamaican red practicing crop rotation by ensuring that the alternate crop is from Other Makåo a different family. In addition, the numbers in superscript refer to Banana, cooking-type Chotda8 Musa spp. and cultivars6 the notes on page 12. (chot da) Common varieties Gålayan Long Sabå (also called Palau) Tanduki 2 | Foreword Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables | 3 Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Bixa Family Bixaceae Citrus or Rue Family Rutaceae Annatto, Achote Achote Bixa orellana Calamondin lemon Kalamanse’ Citrus mitis (Lipstick plant) (a cho te) (ka Ia man si) Grapefruit Kåhet Må’gas9 Citrus x paradisi (ka hit ma gas) Cactus Family Cactaceae Kusai lime Lemon-lime Citrus aurantifolia Pitaya/Dragon Fruit Dragon Fruit Hylocereus undatus Lemon Lemmon-riåt Citrus limon (le mon re at) Lime (Local) Lemmon china Limonia aurantifolia Capers Family Capparidaceae (le mon chee na) Capers (local) Atkapåres Capparis spinosa Limeberry Lemmon di china Triphasia trifolia Capers (imported) (at ka pa ras) var. mariana (le mon de chee na) Capparis cordifolia) Mexican/Keylime Lemmon ademelong Citrus aurantifolia (le mon a da me long) Orange Kåhet Citrus sinensis Carica or Papaya Family Caricaceae (ka hit) Papaya Papåya Carica papaya Pomelo Kåhet-Må’gas9 Citrus grandis (pa pa ja) (ka hit ma gas) Sour orange Lalångha Citrus aurantium (Ia lang ha) Cashew Family Anacardiaceae Tangerine Lalanghita Citrus reticulata Cashew Kasoi Anacardium occidentale (Ia Ia nghi ta) (ka soy) Mango Mångga Mangifera indica (mang ga) Coffee Family Rubiaceae Mango, Saipan Månggan Saipan Mangifera odorata Coffee Kafe (mang gan sa i pan) (ka fae) Spanish plum Siniguelas Spondias purpurea Arabian Coffea arabica (si ne gue las) Liberian Coffea liberica Vi apple Vi apple* Spondias cytherea Robusta Coffea canephora * Sometimes mistakenly called lychee Combretum Family Combretaceae Local almond Talisai Terminalia catappa (ta lee sai) Custard Apple or Annona Family Annonaceae Custard apple Anonas Annona reticulata (Bullocks-heart) (a no nas) Sweetsop Åtes Annona squamosa (Sugar apple) (a tis) Soursop Laguanå Annona muricata (la gwa na) 4 | Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables | 5 Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Cycad Family Cycadaceae Grass Family Poaceae Federico palm Fadang Cycas cirinalis Corn Mais-Ilotis10 Zea mays (fa dang) (ma is) - (Ilo tis) Rice Få’i Oryza sativa (fa e) Ginger Family Zingiberaceae Sugarcane Tupo Saccharum officinarum Chinese ginger (white) Åsngot Zingiber officinale (tu pu) Laurel Family Lauraceae (as ngot) Avocado Alageta Persea americana Tumeric (yellow) Åsngot Curcuma Ionga (a Ia ge ta) (ma ngu) Lily Family Liliaceae Gourd or Cucurbit Family Cucurbitaceae Asparagus Asparagus Asparagus officinalis11 Bittermelon Atmagosu Momordica charantia (at ma go su) Bottle gourd Kalabasa Lagenaria siceraria Mahogany Family Meliaceae (ka la ba sa) Santol Santot Sandoricum koetjape Cantaloupe Mellon Båstos Cucumis melo (san tot) (me lon bas tus) Cucumber Kåmba Cucumis sativus (kam ba) Mallow Family Malvaceae Pepinu7 Okra (Gumbo) Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (pi pi no) Honey dew Mellon Finu Cucumis melo Marant Family Marantaceae (me lon fee nu) Arrowroot Aroru or sågu Maranta arundinacea12 Melon: Local white and Pipinu Cucumis melo (a ro ro/ sa gu) oriental yellow varieties (pu pi no) Pipinon-pakpak7 (pi pi non - pak pak) Mint Family Lamiaceae Muskmelon Mellon Båstos Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Mint or Spanish mint Yerba buena Mentha arvensis (me lon bas tus) (jet ba bwe na) Pumpkin Kalamasa Cucurbita pepo (ka Ia ma sa) Spanish gourd Chaiote Sechium edule Morning Glory Family Convolvulaceae (Chayote) (chai o te) Swamp cabbage Kangkong Ipomoea aquatica Vegetable sponge Patola Luffa acutangula (kang kong) (Sponge gourd) (pa to Ia) Sweet potato Kamuti Ipomoea batatas Watermelon Chandiya Citrullus lanatus (ka mu ti) (chan di yo) Waxgourd Kondot Benincasa hispida Mulberry Family Moraceae (kon dot) Breadfruit Lemmai Artocarpus altilis (le mai) Breadfruit Dokdok Artocarpus mariannensis (dog dog) Jak-fruit or Jackfruit Långka’ Artocarpus heterophyllus (Lang ka) 6 | Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables | 7 Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Mustard or Crucifer Family Brassicaceae Palm Family Arecaceae Broccoli Broccoli Brassica oleracea Betel-nut Pugua’ Areca catechu Brussels sprouts Brussuels sprouts (pu gwa) Cauliflower Cauliflower Red flesh nut Ugam Chinese cabbage Napa Brassica rapa (u gam) (na pa) White flesh nut Chångga Pak-Choy Petsai (chang nga) Petsai Petsai Chinese betel-nut Pugua’ china Veitchia merrillii Won-Bok (pu gwa chee na) Head cabbage Cabbage Brassica oleracea Coconut Niyok Cocos nucifera Rapollo7 (nee jog) (ra po ju) Radish Radis Raphanus sativus (ra dis) Pandanas/Screw Pine Family Pandanaceae Spreading plant/large Påhong Pandanus dubius fruits Myrtle Family Myrtaceae (Broad thorny (pa hong) Guava Åbas Psidium guajava leaves-nuts edible) (a bas) Tall plant/small fruits Kaffo’ Pandanus fragrans Java plum or Jambolan Limboi Syzygium cumini (Thin thorny leaves-nuts (ka fu) (lim boy) generally not eaten) Malay apple Makupa Syzygium malaccense Textile pandan Åkgak A variety of P. fragrans (Mountain apple) (ma ku pa) Spreading plant/ (ag gag) Wax jambu Makupa Syzygium samarangense no fruits (Leaves used for weaving) Small plant/small fruits Fayåo A variety of P. fragrans Nightshade Family Solanaceae (Leaves used as spice) (fa jao) Eggplant Birenghenas Solanum melongena (be re nghe nas) Pepper, cayenne chili Donne’ Pika Capsicum annuum Parsley Family Apiaceae (do ni pee ka) Carrot Yanahoria Dacus carota Pepper, sweet or bell Donne’ Mames Capsicum annuum (ya na ho ria) (do ni ma mis) Pepper, wild chili Donne’ Sali Capsicum frutescens (do ni sa lee) Pasionaria/Granadilla Family Passifloraceae Potato Batåtas Solanum tuberosum Passion fruit Passion fruit Passiflora edulis (ba ta tas) Tomato Tumåtes Solanum lycopersicum (to ma tis) Pepper Family Piperaceae Betel pepper Pupulu Piper betle (Betel-leaf) (pu pu lu) Olax Family Olacaeae Black pepper Primenta Piper nigrum Sour cherry Pi’ot Ximenia americana (pree men ta) (pee ut) 8 | Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables Common, Chamoru, and Scientific Names of Fruits and Vegetables | 9 Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Common name Chamoru name Botanical name Pineapple or Bromeliad Family Bromeliaceae Spurge Family Euphorbiaceae Pineapple Piña Ananas comosus Cassava Mendioka Manihot esculenta13 (pee na) (men di o ka) Tahitian gooseberry lba Phyllanthus acidus (i ba) Pomegranate Family Punicaceae Pomegranate Granåda Punica granatum (gra na da) Tacca Family Taccaceae Arrowroot Gåpgap Tacca leontopetaloides14 (gab gab) Protea Family Proteaceae Macadamia Macadamia Macadamia integrifolia Tilia Family Tiliaceae Panama cherry Mansanita Muntingia calabura Pulse or Pea Family Fabaceae (man sa nee fa) Cuamenchitl Kamachili Pithecellobium dulce (ka ma chee lee) Mungbean Monggos Phaseolus radiata Vine Family Vitaceae (mong gus) Grape Ubas Vitis rotundifolia Peanut Kakaguatis Arachis hypogaea (u bas)
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    TheThe AsianAsian CitrusCitrus PsyllidPsyllid andand thethe CitrusCitrus DiseaseDisease HuanglongbingHuanglongbing Psyllid Huanglongbing The psyllid (pronounced síl - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid The pest insect It has an egg stage, 5 wingless intermediate stages called nymphs, and winged adults Adult The pest insect Egg 5 Nymphs (insects molt to grow bigger) Adult psyllids usually feed on the underside of leaves and can feed on either young or mature leaves. This allows adults to survive year -round. The pest insect When feeding, the adult leans forward on its elbows and tips its rear end up in a very characteristic 45 o angle. The eggs are yellow -orange, tucked into the tips of tiny new leaves, and they are difficult to see because they are so small The pest insect The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct the honeydew away from their bodies. These waxy tubules are unique and easy to recognize. Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender The leaves and stems. pest insect Thus, nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves. As Asian citrus psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows. Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there. The pest insect What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants in the Rutaceae family • Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, mandarins…) • Fortunella (kumquats) • Citropsis (cherry orange) • Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine) • Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf) • Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange) Plants • Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) • Clausena indica (wampei) affected • Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime) • Others….
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding