Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army on Civil

Home , Franklin Canal (Texas), Josias River, Miami River (New York)

Ist Session House Document No. 4 1958

ANNUAL REPORT

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30

THE ARMY DFFIC[ ( . SFFICEF OF ENGINEERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

VOL. 1 OF TWO VOLUMES F:86th Congress, 1st Session an .. - - - - House Document No. 4

ANNUAL REPORT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1958

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

U.S. ARMY

ON CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 1958

IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. 1

CFTHE ARMY . OFF ,'DE . .. F ENGINEERS y

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents

3PROPERTY OF THE UNITErD STATES GOVERNMENT

CONTENTS

Volume 1 Page Letter of Submittal ------V CHAPTEI I. A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVEL- OPMENT 1------1. Scope of the Program 1------. 2. Status of Program 2------3. Organization 3------II. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 4------1. Navigation 4------2. Shore Protection ------13 3. General Flood Control ------13 4. Multiple-Purpose (Power) Projects------18 5. Hydroelectric Power Production------21 6. Mississippi River Flood Control------25 7. General Operations ------32 III. BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM------34 1. Navigation ------34 2. Flood Control ------36 3. Other Benefits ------38 4. Public Recreation Use of Project Areas------40 5. Fish and Wildlife_ ------41 IV. CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOP- MENT ------43 1. Program Policy Matters_------43 2. Omnibus River and Harbor and Flood Control Bill -- 46 3. Examinations and Surveys------47 4. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors------51 5. Beach Erosion Board ------51 6. Advance Engineering and Design------52 7. Collection and Study of Basic Data------53 V. FUNDING TRENDS------55 1. Funds Available for Work_------55 2. Annual Appropriations------58 3. Expenditures (Costs) ------61 VI. OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES------64 1. St. Lawrence Seaway------64 2. St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers - -- 64 3. Flood Fighting and Other Emergency Operations ... 65 4. Administration of Laws for Protection of Navigable Waters_------67 5. Regulation of Hydraulic Mining, California------69 6. Civil Works Investigation Program------69 7. United States Lake Survey ------70 8. Washington, D.C., Water Supply------72 9. Work for Other Agencies_------72 10. Foreign Technical Assistance ------73 11. Publications of the Corps of Engineers------74 II IV CONTENTS

Page CHAPTER VII. ECONOMY MEASURES_- ____---____---76 1. Organization, Facilities and Procedures -- - 76 VIII. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES -.... ______- 79

Volume 2

Reports on individual project operations and related civil works activities published as a separate volume. SUBJECT: Annual Report on Civil Works Activities. TO: THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY. 1. Herewith is my report for fiscal year 1958 on the civil functions of the Department of the Army administered by the Chief of Engineers. 2. These activities include the planning, funding, construction, operation, and maintenance of works for navigation and flood control including the multiple-purpose water resource developments associated therewith, as authorized by law. The first volume of my report gives a brief description and summary, along with a record of accomplishments during the year. The second volume sets forth the detailed engineering, fiscal, and statistical data. For the entire program-navigation, flood control, multiple-purpose projects with power, and Mississippi River and Tributaries-construction was initiated on 44 new projects, including 3 new features of the Mississippi River and Tributaries project. Construction operations were carried out on 264 additional projects, of which 80 were placed in effective operation. The major features and problems of the programs pursued during the year are outlined below. 3. The active civil works program, consisting of 3,177 project authorizations, has a total estimated cost of about $17 billion. Appro- priations through fiscal year 1958 for that work total about $7.9 billion, leaving about $9.1 billion still required to complete the active program. Passage of additional authorizing legislation shortly after the end of the final year increased this backlog by about $750 million. 4. Navigation. Waterborne commerce of the United States during calendar year 1957 reached a record high of 1.13 billion tons, representing an increase of 4 percent over the 1956 total which also was a record year. Traffic on the Great Lakes continued at a high level, amounting to 117 billion ton-miles. Traffic on the inland waterway system, exclusive of the Great Lakes, reached a record high of 115 billion ton- miles, an increase of 6 percent over the preceding year. 5. Work was initiated on 23 projects. Construction activities were carried out on 123 improvements, of which 55 were placed in useful operation. Maintenance operations, such as dredging, repairs, and restoration of structures, were conducted at 266 projects at a total cost of $76.9 million. These maintenance activities were confined principally to deep-draft harbors and major inland waterways, and in a few lesser channels where hardship would result from nonmaintenance. VI REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

6. A major navigation improvement under construction is the St. Lawrence Seaway project, being constructed for the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. During the year all features required to accommodate existing 14-foot navigation were completed to permit raising of the pool. Other major navigation improvements under construction include: Delaware River; Old River, Louisiana, navigation lock; Great Lakes Connecting Channels; the Calumet-Sag portion of the Illinois Waterway; and five replacement locks and dams on the Ohio River. 7. Flood Control. The authorized flood-control program was carried forward at an accelerated rate. Construction was under way on 104 specifically authorized projects, of which 17 were fully completed, and an additional 16 were advanced to the stage which permitted their beneficial use. Work was initiated on 14 new projects. Work accomplished on the Alluvial Valley of the Mississippi River project included construction or enlargement of 47 miles of levee, placement of 19 miles of bank protection, and dredging of 36 million cubic yards of material. At the end of the year construction of the entire Mis- sissippi River project was 68 percent completed. 8. Large-scale benefits have accrued to the Nation as a result of the Federal flood-control program. Flood damage prevented by Corps of Engineers' projects in useful operation is estimated to total $9 billion through 30 June 1958, including $296 million during fiscal year 1958. Severe general flooding occurred in the Central Valley and other portions of California; in the Ouachita and Red River Basins of Arkansas and Louisiana; in the Wabash River Basin of Indiana and Illinois; and in seven basins of Texas-the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe-San Antonio, Nueces, and Sulphur. In Cali- fornia, during the period January through April alo 1 e, about $32 million in flood damage was experienced and about $154 million of damage was prevented by flood-control works. 9. Multiple-PurposeProjects With Power. Large multiple-purpose reservoir projects are under construction for navigation, flood control, and development of hydroelectric power. Construction was carried out on a total of 23 multiple-purpose projects, 1 of which was sufficiently completed for full beneficial use. At 8 of the 23 projects some or all primary project features were in useful operation at the end of the year. Maintenance activities were continued on 32 projects al- ready in operation. Generating capacity installed during the year amounted to 792,000 kilowatts. At the end of the fiscal year the generating capacity in operation, 5.6 million kilowatts, represented 20 percent of the national hydroelectric capacity, or 4 percent of the total generating capacity, of the utility systems in the United States. The 27 billion net kilowatt-hours of energy generated at Corps of Engi- LETTER OF SUBMITTAL vII neers' projects during the fiscal year, an increase of 20 percent over the preceding year, represents about 20 percent of the hydroelectric energy produced and 4 percent of the total electric energy produced by all sources of the Nation's utility systems. 10. Water Supply. Besides serving their primary functions, reservoir projects produce many collateral benefits, including water supply. The Corps is now providing over 1.2 million acre-feet of storage space for domestic and industrial water supply in 18 reservoirs serving about 40 cities and towns. About 4 million acre-feet of storage space is being utilized, either exclusively for irrigation, or jointly for irrigation and other purposes. In addition, large quantities of water made available by power releases and evacuation of flood control storage improve the quantity and quality of downstream flows. Reservoir releases also provided low-flow regulation which benefited water supplies, pollution abatement, recreation, and fish and wildlife along the streams. 11. Recreational Use. Civil works' reservoir and navigation projects provide excellent opportunities for public recreation throughout the United States and make available approximately 3 million acres of water surface at normal pool levels. The majority of the recreational services available to the public are provided at non-Federal expense. Total attendance at Corps of Engineers' projects was 84 million during calendar year 1957, an increase of 20 percent over the preceding year. Youth camps operated by various public agencies now have a capacity for some 30,000 campers and are a growing factor in recreational use. Investment-wise, most of the facilities and services are provided by State and other local agencies. 12. Investigations. The investigation program of the Corps of Engineers, which provides the basis for sound development of the Nation's water resources, was continued with funds made available by Congress for that purpose. During the year 85 reports were transmitted to Congress. A comprehensive review report on the Columbia River and tributaries was essentially completed. Major studies under way, but not yet completed, include comprehensive reviews of the Mississippi, Ohio, Delaware, and Potomac Basins, and of Great Lakes harbors; surveys of the San Francisco Bay area and of Great Lakes water levels; and studies of hurricanes and hurricane-induced flooding. Improvements in procedures and techniques permitted a more economical production of detailed investigations and reports. The River and Harbor, Flood Control, and Water Supply Act of 1958 (PL 85-500) was passed by Congress and approved by the President on July 3, 1958. This act increased basin monetary authorizations by $608 million and authorized 139 additional projects, including the VIII REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 first 3 hurricane-flood protection projects, at an estimated Federal cost of $748 million, and an aggregate of $1,356 million. 13. Major activities on basic policies and agreements are discussed below. a. Extensive discussions were continued with the Department of the Interior, Federal Power Commission, and General Accounting Office in the development of uniform financial and cost accounting policies and practices. The manual on policies and procedures was brought up to date for publication. b. The Interagency Committee on Water Recources revised and continued a restudy of its 1950 report on economic analysis of projects and prepared a revision of its 1951 report on policies and procedures. c. Discussions were continued to improve coordination with the program of upstream reservoirs of the Soil Conservation Service, De- partment of Agriculture, under Public Law 566, 83d Congress. Coop- erative basinwide planning was continued in the Delaware, Potomac, and Cape Fear Basins, and the cooperative study in the Des Moines Basin was completed. During the year comments were made on 46 plans prepared under Public Law 566. d. Expanded fields of activity, authorized by the River and Harbor, Flood Control, and Water Supply Act of 1958, previously mentioned, include control of noxious aquatic growths in eight States, hurricane flood protection, and in providing storage in reservoirs for future water supply needs. Planning was initiated to implement these new programs. 14. I feel that 1958 has been a year of substantial accomplishment, both in respect to physical progress and policy considerations. I am confident that the comprehensive approach being made to the development of our water resources and the control of floods will lead to sound and coordinated progress on the civil works program in future years.

E. C. ITSCHNER, Major General, USA, Chief of Engineers. CHAPTER I

A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

1. SCOPE OF THE PROGRAM

The civil works program of the Corps of Engineers constitutes a major portion of the Federal plan for developing the Nation's water resources. From a modest beginning over a century ago, the scope of the work has been enlarged to meet the continually growing demands of an expanding population for water uses. Beginning with a $75,000 appropriation in 1824 for snagging and clearing the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, the program has grown during the 135 year period until it constitutes a multimillion dollar activity, with over 3,000 projects in the 48 States, the District of Columbia, and the Territories and possessions. The work embraces projects for the improvement of the Nation's rivers and harbors for navigation, flood control, hydropower, and related purposes. Navigation improvements at coastal and Great Lakes harbors generally involve the dredging of channels and anchorages, and frequently the protection of entrances by jetties and the creation of protected areas by breakwaters. Rivers are improved for navigation by clearing and snagging, dredging, construction of regulating works, and canalization by locks and dams. Flood control is accomplished by improving the channels of streams to increase carrying capacity, by creation of diversion channels, by construction of reservoirs for storage or detention of flood flows, and by levee and floodwall construction for protection of areas subject to damage. Projects for beach erosion control entail principally restoration of damaged areas by artificial placement of sandfill and construction of seawalls, groins, and similar structures to prevent further damage and induce beach replenishment. The civil works program which involves development of our major rivers has naturally afforded large possibilities for conservation and use of our water resources. Reservoirs constructed under this program often provide for the development of hydroelectric power, for storage of water for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use, and for improvement of low-water flows. In many cases the projects also provide large public recreational values and opportunities for preservation of fish and wildlife resources. These collateral functions 1 2 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

have become increasingly important in serving the needs of an expanding economy. Throughout the development of this extensive program, the Congress has always specified the areas to be investigated; pre- scribed the policies to be followed; and defined the limits of Federal participation. Congress authorizes projects individually, and assigns responsibility for their construction and administration to the Secre- tary of the Army and the Chief of Engineers.

2. STATUS OF PROGRAM Federal activity in providing navigation improvements dates back to the first River and Harbor Act, passed in 1824. The major growth of the civil works program has occurred since 1928, when Congress adopted the project for flood control and navigation in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi and, particularly, since 1936 when Federal participation in flood control on a nationwide basis was first authorized by Congress. As a result of successive congressional authorizations, the program has grown in magnitude until, as of June 30, 1958, it included improvements completed, under construction, and not started, with a total estimated cost of $19.5 billion. This total program includes certain projects which, because of changes in economic and physical conditions since authorization, are no longer required, have been classified as inactive, as well as other projects which require further study for determination of their status. Projects in these two categories have a total estimated cost of about $2.5 billion, leaving an active program with a total estimated cost of $17.0 billion. This program is being subjected to continuing review and will be adjusted from year to year as warranted by changed conditions. The status of the active program, as of June 30, 1958, was as follows:

Active Civil Works Program

Number of Appro- projects or Estimated priations Required Status project cost, 1957 through to author- fiscal year complete izations 1958

(Millions of dollars) Completed or substantially completed. 2, 391 3, 459 3, 432 27 Under construction ------392 8, 937 4, 447 4, 490 Authorized, not started ------394 4, 587 24 4, 563

Total ------3, 177 16, 983 7,903 9, 080

The backlog of active authorized work consists of those projects for which there is a current need and justification, such as the flood control work needed to protect areas where there is danger to life or A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 3 possibility of heavy economic loss; navigation improvements required by a rapidly expanding economy; and hydroelectric power and water supply developments in conjunction with flood control and navigation. Other authorized projects currently assigned a lower priority require restudy because of changed physical and economic conditions since authorization, or because of an indicated lack of local interest. Most of the projects in both categories will require further detailed planning before they can be placed under construction.

3. ORGANIZATION The civil works mission of the Corps of Engineers is accomplished through a highly decentralized organization consistent with the wide geographic spread of authorized activities. This organization is com- prised of 11 divisions which are subdivided into 40 districts com- pletely covering the continental United States, Territories, and oversea possessions. Boundaries between divisions and districts are selected so as to place, to the extent practicable, a river basin or appropriate coastal area within a single division and district, although in major basins this delineation is not always feasible. The divisions and districts are administered by officers of the Corps of Engineers directing the work of about 27,000 civilians, exclusive of contractors' personnel, engaged in the planning, supervision of construction, and operation of civil works. These field offices, together with certain additional division and district offices, also handle the military construction programs of the Army and the major portion of the Air Force program. CHAPTER II

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS

The civil works program of the Corps of Engineers, comprising navigation, flood-control and multiple-purpose projects, and various related activities, was diligently prosecuted during the fiscal year. Notable progress was made in carrying out project construction and placing additional works in useful operation. Construction was initiated on 41 new projects and on new features at 3 Mississippi River flood-control projects. Also, construction operations were carried out on 264 additional projects. Seventy-seven projects, including features at two Mississippi River flood-control projects and at one multiple-purpose project, were placed in effective operation. A summary of project construction and operations by classes follows:

1. NAVIGATION The present program for rivers and harbors as specifically authorized by the Congress includes projects located throughout the continental United States, Puerto Rico, Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands. These projects are of various types-deep-draft harbors accommodating oceangoing vessels, shallow-draft channels for general small-boat navigation, inland waterways for commercial barge navigation, and the Great Lakes harbors and connecting waterways. Construition. During the fiscal year 1958 active construction operations were carried out on 123 navigation projects of which 55 were placed in useful operation as shown in table 1. In the fiscal year 1958, work was initiated on 23 navigation projects listed in table 2. The 45 navigation projects having major construction activity under way at the close of the fiscal year, exclusive of the 23 new starts listed in table 2, are shown in table 3. Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on 266 navigation projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $76,- 892,461. In allocating the funds being provided for project maintenance every effort consistent with budgetary requirements is made to maintain navigation projects adequately to serve the reasonable requirements of commerce and navigation. Accomplishment of this work was principally confined to deep-draft harbors and major inland waterways, and for those relatively few channels serving areas where hardship to the locality would result from nonmaintenance. Table 1. Navigation Improvements Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Date started Date placed in useful Nature of improvement operation 0

Beals Harbor, Maine_ April 1956 --- November 1957_ _ Dredging. Portland Harbor, Maine April 1955 ------October 1957 - Do. o Rockland Harbor, Maine_---- April 1957--- April 1958 -.. Do. 0 Chatham (Stage) Harbor, Mass - ---- September 1957 ___ October 1957 -- Do. Fall River Harbor, Mass__ March 1957 _.. June 1958 ----- Do. Mystic River, Mass January 1956_ do__ Do. Town River, Mass------July 1956---- do__ Do. do_ x Wellfleet Harbor, Mass April 1958- Do. Housatonic River, Conn June 1955_ ..... September 1957.- Do. Sakonnet Harbor, R.I January 1957 .. October 1957 - Do. I '-3 Sandy Hook Bay at Leonardo, N.J_ September 1957-_ November 1957. Do. 0 Inland Waterway between Rehobeth Bay and May 1956 _..... July 1957 ...... Do. Delaware Bay, Del. o Lowes Wharf Anchorage, Md_ June 1957 do- Do. Queenstown Harbor, Md_ -do_ do__ Do. Oyster Channel, Va__------July 1957 -... August 1957 -- Do. Thimble Shoal Channel, Va_------February 1957 .. July 1957 .... Do. Norfolk Harbor (Craney Island Disposal Area), July 1954------October 1957 ... Disposal area. b 0n Va. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (Fairfield Drain- August 1957------May 1957- .- Pumping plant, canals, drainage control age), N.C. gates. Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay, N.C. (Old House April 1957 July 1957 ...... Dredging. Channel). Wilmington Harbor, N.C__ . July 1956 - -- January 1958 . . Do. Waterway Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Harbor, July 1957----- July 1957_... Do. N.C. Table 1. Navigation Improvements Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1958-Continued

Project- Date started Date placed in useful Nature of improvement operation 9ca f

Port Royal Harbor, S.C__------March 1956 _.- June 1958- --- Dredging hi St. Augustine Harbor, Fla------April 1957 ------August 1957 -- Dredging and jetty. Q St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla_ June 1957-- -- - .do- Dredging. Big Lagoon Channel, Fla_ April 1957 -- July 1957 ------Do. Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, October 1954 .. October 1957 .. Construction of Warrior Lock and Dart. Ala. Fly Creek, Fairhope, Ala_------August 1957 -- Dredging. -do_---- Gulf Intracoastal Waterway-Port Aransas-Corpus December 1956 - July 1957------Do. Christi Wty., Tex.-Channel to La Quinta. harbor. Cornucopia Harbor, Wis July 1957_ .... June 1958 ------Small boat o Knife River Harbor, Minn------December 1956 ._ November 1957_ -- Do. Black River Harbor, Mich_ January 1957 -. June 1958 ------Do. Winona Harbor, Minn------August 1957 ... May 1958------Do. Chippewa Harbor, Isle Royal, Mich September 1957 - June 1958------Do. Inland Route, Mich October 1956 . May 1958 ----- Dredging. Toledo Harbor, Ohio_...... June 1957_ ..... December 1957 .... Do. Holland Harbor, Mich__------March 1957 _- August 1957 -- Do. 00 Oswego Harbor, N.Y May 1957 ----- July 1957 ------Do. Redondo Beach Harbor, Calif May 1956------May 1958------Breakwater. Crescent City Harbor, Calif_ 1955 ------October 1957 -. Do. Richmond Harbor, Calif_ October 1955_ do-----_---- Dredging. --- Columbia River at Baker Bay, Wash_ June 1957------December 1957 - Dredging and boat basin. Skipanon Channel, Oreg_ April 1957 ..-.. October 1957 - Boat basin at Warrenton, Oreg. €o Chetco River, Oreg_- June 1957 _... December 1957 .- Jetty. Columbia River between Vancouver, Wash., and September 1957_-_ September 1957_- Dredging Oregon slough. The Dalles, Oreg. Columbia River at the mouth, Oregon and April 1956_ do_ Dredging. Washington. 0o Anacortes Harbor, Wash __------November 1956__ July 1957 -_ _ Dredging and breakwater. Bellingham Harbor, Wash___----- August 1957 -- May 1958 -. Breakwater. Do. 0 Grays Harbor and Chehalis River, Wash .... June 1957 _.-. January 1958 . . and breakwater. Shilshole Bay, Wash ------April 1957 _----- June 1958 ----- Dredging Blaine Harbor, Wash_------June 1957 _---- October 1958 -- Do. Dredging. tz Elfin Cove, Alaska__------November 1957 - May 1958 .... Do. Pelican Harbor, Alaska_ -- -- _- October 1957- March 1958- Do. Valdez Harbor, Alaska_------April 1957 -.. October 1957 ---- Do. Craig Harbor, Alaska------June 1957_ -- --do__

0 z o Table 2. Navigation Improvements Initiated During Fiscal Year 1968

Project Date started Scheduled completion Nature of improvement date

Newburyport Harbor, Mass _- _ November 1957 _. September 1958 . Dredging. Weymouth Fore River, Mass June 1958 .--- _ March 1961 ... Do. Bullocks Point Cove, R.IL--- May 1958 --- March 1959 -- Breakwater and dredging. Cambridge Harbor, Md _ -- _do - October 1958 . Dredging. Norfolk Harbor, Va October 1957 .-.- June 1960------Widening 40-ft channel. Savannah Harbor, Ga_-- April 1958 ----- December 1958 - Dredging.

Savannah below Augusta, Ga _- July 1958 -- -- June 1961 _.. Bank stabilization. Anclote River, Fla------June 1958 . August 1958 ---- Dredging. Horseshoe Cove, Fla_----- do- February 1959 .. Do. Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet, La - -- March 1958 --. June 1967 _.. ... Construction and dredging. Galveston Harbor and Channel, Tex.-Galveston May 1958 --..- June 1962 ...... Seawall construction. Seawall, Tex. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway: Il co 1. Guadalupe River-Channel to Victoria, -- do -- June 1964_ ..... Dredging. Tex. Lii 0 2. Realignment vicinity Aransas Pass, Tex -- -. do _ January 1960 .... Construction of highway bridge and dredging. New Richmond Locks and Dam, Ohio River, In- April 1958 .--- December 1963 - Replacement of existing locks 31 thru 34. diana and Kentucky. Dam 8, Monongahela River, W. Va_- - _-do - January 1960 ... Raise crest of dam. Houghton-Hancock Bridge, Mich- January 1958 __ December 1959 .. Bridge alteration. St. Marys River, Mich ... July 1957 ____ June 1964 Dredging. Port Austin Harbor, Mich- April 1958 --- June 1959 _. . Breakwater and dredging. St. Marys River, Bridge Island, Mich December 1957 .. April 1960 _----- Replacement of railroad bridge. Erie Harbor, Pa_-.. . May 1958 -- October 1958 -.. Widen 25-foot approach channel to ore dock. Barcelona Harbor, N.Y. _ _do June 1960 . .. Breakwater. Playa del Rey Inlet and Harbor, Venice, Calif .- - February 1958 -- do_ Small boat harbor. g Columbia River between Chinook and Head of April 1958 -.. August 1958 Boat basin and breakwater at Chinook. Sand Island, Oreg. and Wash. STillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg May 1958- Channel dredging and boat basin at 0 Garibaldi. SKodiak Harbor, Alaska_ October 1957 ... June 1959 .... Dredging. Ketchikan Harbor, Alaska- November 1957------do_ Do.

tot

C, 0o

z Table 3. Other Navigation Improvements Under Construction June 80, 1958 0

Projects Date started Scheduled completion Nature of improvement date

Guilford Harbor, Conn. ___ .. February 1957 -- July 1958 _... Dredging. Boston Harbor, Mass_..___...__ November 1956 -- November 1959_ -- Do. Cape Cod Canal (Onset Bay), Mass- May 1957------June 1958------Do. New York and New Jersey Channels, N.Y. and October 1953-... November 1959_. - Dredging and rock removal (middle S N.J. section). Jones Inlet, N.Y_ July 1953 ---- December 1958.. Jetty and dredging. Great Lakes to Hudson River Waterway, N.Y... .. September 1953___ June 1962---..... -- Dredging, raising locks and bridges. Delaware River between Philadelphia, Pa., and July 1956 -.. June 1964 _.. Dredging and bridge reconstruction. Trenton, N.J. Inland Waterway-Delaware River to Chesapeake May 1957------June 1960 .------Summit Bridge. Bay, Del. and Md. Waterway Coast of Virginia_ July 1956------November 1958._ Dredging. Intracoastal Waterway, Jacksonville to Miami, April 1957------January 1960 .. Do. Fla.-Eau Gallie to Fort Pierce. Tampa Harbor, Fla_ November 1955 -- March 1960 .... Do. Black Warrior, Warrior and Tombigbee Rivers, October 1956 ---. June 1961 ------Construction of Jackson Lock and Dam. Ala. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, La.: 1. Algiers alternate connection------May 1947 ------June 1960 Construction and dredging. 0 2. Port Allen lock and canal-Plaquemine- February 1955... June 1961 Do. Morgan City alternate route. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Ark. and Okla _ May 1950 _.. After 1960.... Bank stabilization. Brazos Island Harbor, Tex., 36-foot project ... January 1957 .... January 1961 Dredging. Houston Ship Channel, Tex., 36-foot project . June 1950 _---- October 1960 Do. to Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Waterway, Tex., July 1956 ___.._ January 1962 Do. 36-foot project. Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex., channel rectifi- April 1957 ..... August 1964_ Do. cation. Missouri River-Kansas City to mouth, Mo ... 1912_ After 1961_ Bank stabilization. Missouri River-Kansas City to Sioux City, Iowa_ 1928------After 1967_ Do. Greenup Locks and Dam, Ohio River__ - 1955_ December 1960 .. Replacement for existing Locks and Dams 27-30, inclusive. Markland Locks and Dam, Ohio River------_ IMay 1956 June 1962 Replacement for existing Locks and Dams 35-39, inclusive. New Cumberland Locks and Dam, Ohio River . April 1955 .. _ April 1961 _. . Replacement for existing Locks and Dams 7-9, inclusive. Locks and Dam 41, Ohio River August 1956 October 1962 ... Reconstruction of Locks and Dam 41. Hildebrand Lock and Dam, Monongahela River, April 1956 -.. December 1959 .... Replacement for existing Locks and z0 W. Va. Dams 12 and 13. St. Anthony Falls, Minn_ 1948_------June 1963 Channel and lock. Calumet-Sag modification to Illinois Waterway, November 1955_ May 1960 .. Channel improvement, bridge reloca- Ill., and Ind. tion, and dredging. 0 Detroit River, Mich__ May 1957------June 1964 Dredging. zo Whitefish Point Harbor, Mich_------August 1956 ----- June 1959 Breakwater and dredging. Cheyboygan Harbor, Mich__ May 1957_ ..... September 1958 _ _ _ Dredging. Cleveland Harbor, Ohio____ July 1950__ .... After 1959 -.. Dredging Cuyahoga River and replacement of railroad bridges. Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio October 1955 - June 1959--- Deepening of east outer harbor. Oswego Harbor, N.Y May 1957- --- June 1960 ------Breakwater. 0v San Diego River and Mission Bay, Calif .... April 1948 ------June 1959 .... Dredging and jetties. Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel, July 1949...... June 1962_ .... Construction and dredging. Calif. San Joaquin River-Stockton Deep Water Chan- February 1955 ..-. After 1965 .... Do. nel, Calif. Everett Harbor and Snohomish River, Wash.... April 1957- ....- August 1958----....-- Dredging and breakwater. Quillayute River, Wash_...... May 1957...... June 1957 ...... j Do. Table 3. Other Navigation Improvements Under Construction June 30, 1968-Continued tl3

Project Date started Scheduled completion Nature of improvement date

Willapa River and Harbor and Naselle River, July 1957------January 1959 ---- Dredging and breakwater. Wash. Kawaihae Harbor, T.H------January 1957 _- June 1958 ...- - Do. Nawiliwili Harbor, T.H ------_.-_--- _ -December 1955... March 1959_ .. Dredging.

Wr PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 13

Inactive canalized waterways. Public Law 85-294, 85th Congress, amending Public Law 996, provides for restoration of Dam No. 3, Little Kanawha River, W. Va., and transfer of the projects to local interests. Public Law 85-500, 85th Congress, Section 108, authorizes repair and modification of the Upper Fox River locks and dams and their conveyance to the State of Wisconsin. Public Law 85-500, 85th Congress, Section 110, authorizes the repair and modification of the Illinois and Mississippi Canal, Ill., and its conveyance to the State of Illinois. Public Law 85-837, 85th Congress, provides for the disposal of federally owned property of Hanson Company and Houma Canals, La. 2. SHORE PROTECTION The policy of Federal assistance in the construction of works for the restoration and protection against erosion by waves and currents applies to shores of the United States, its Territories and possessions, that are owned by States, municipalities, or other political subdi- visions, and also to shores other than public if there is a benefit such as that arising from public use or from the protection of nearby public property or if the benefits to those shores are incidental to the project. During fiscal year 1958, construction operations were carried out on four shore-protection projects as shown in table 4.

Table 4. Shore-ProtectionProjects Under Construction, June 30, 1958

Project Date started Scheduled completion Nature of date improvement

Sasco Hill Beach, Conn.. February 1956 June 1958 ------Shore protection. Southport Beach, Conn-- August 1956--...- _ _ _ do __Do. Compo Beach, Conn ------July 1956 - - After 1960 Do. Winthrop Beach, Mass--- September 1949 June 1959--- Do.

3. GENERAL FLOOD CONTROL The general statutory background and broad description of the authorized flood control general program and the program for the Sacramento River, Calif., were discussed on pages 4 through 9 of part 1, volume 1, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1953. Additional authorizations through fiscal year 1957 are described on page 15, volume 1, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1956 and on page 11, volume 1, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for fiscal year 1957. During fiscal year 14 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

1958, the Congress enacted Public Law 85-500 which was approved by the President on July 3, 1958. That Act provides increases in basin authorizations for existing comprehensive plans and authorizes additional projects throughout the Nation. It includes three projects, designated as hurricane-flood protection projects, which deserve special mention because they are the first projects authorized as a result of hurricane studies, and because the Act specifies particular provisions of local cooperation. The three projects are as follows: 1. New Bedford, Fairhaven, and Acushnet, Mass., at an estimated Federal cost of $10,480,000; 2. Narragansett Bay Area, R.I. and Mass., at an estimated Federal cost of $11,550,000; and 3. Galveston Bay, Tex., at and in the vicinity of Texas City, at an estimated Federal cost of $5,662,000. Construction. During fiscal year 1958 active construction operations were carried out on 104 specifically authorized flood-control projects, of which 17 were fully completed, and an additional 16 were completed for beneficial use as shown in table 5.

Table 5. Flood-Control Projects Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Date started Date placed in Nature of project useful operation

American River, Calif May 1957 .- _. December 1957__ Local protection. Barre Falls, Mass ------1956_------February 1958- Reservoir. Blackfoot Area, Snake October 1957_ January 1958- -Local protection. River, Idaho. Buffumville, Mass -- 1956_------February 1958- Reservoir. Coralville, Iowa------1949------January 1958_- _ Do. Gold Creek, Alaska - April 1957------March 1958 -_Local protection. Grand Forks, N. Dak.l_ April 1954------May 1958 ... Do. Mathews Canyon, Nev 1957_------December 1957.. Reservoir. Mustinka River, Minn. October 1953------do ------Local protection. Otter Brook, N.H ------1956_------February 1958.. Reservoir. Pine Canyon, Nev -.. 1957 ------December 1957_ Do. Pineville, Ky- - July 1953-..... October 1957_-_ Local protection. Reynoldsville, Pa _----November 1956- November 1957. Do. Shelly Area, Snake December 1957__ March 1958 _.. Do. River, Idaho. Wellsville, Genesee July 1956 ------December 1957 Do. River, N.Y. Wichita and Valley Cen- May 1950 ------1958------Do. ter, Kans.

1 Unit of Red River of the North Basin project. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 15 During the year work on 14 specifically authorized flood-control projects exclusive of multiple-purpose projects was initiated as shown in table 6.

Table 6. Flood-Control Projects Initiated During Fiscal Year 1958

Scheduled Project Date started completion Nature of project date

Abilene, Kans ------September 1957 1960 Local protection. Canyon, Tex ------June 1958 ------1964 Reservoir. Carlyle, Ill_------do-...... 1964 Do. Cooper, Tex------_ _ do-...... 1964 Reservoir and channel. East Brimfield, Mass ------May 1958--- 1960 Reservoir. Greybull, Wyo June 1958 -.. 1959 Local protection. Hodges Village, Mass ------April 1958------1959 Reservoir. North Hartland, Vt------May 1958... 1962 Do. Prompton, Pa April 1958_. 1960 Do. San Antonio Channel Improve October 1957_ 1959 Local protection. ment, Tex. San Lorenzo River, Calif_ - do------1960 Do. Terminus, Calif------August 1957.. 1962 Reservoir. Thomaston, Conn------November 1957_ 1961 Do. Waco, Tex------June 1958 _---- 1964 Do.

The 74 flood-control projects under active construction during the fiscal year, exclusive of multiple-purpose projects and those projects placed in useful operation or initiated during the year as given in tables 5 and 6, are listed in table 7.

Table 7. Flood-Control Projects Under Active Construction During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Date Scheduled com. Nature of project started pletion date

Abiquiu (Chamita Reservoirs Proj- 1956 1962 - . Reservoir. ect), N. Mex. Adams, Mass_ 1950 1958 _. . Local protection. Amazon Creek, Oreg 1951 1958 Do. Amite River and Tributaries, La ____ 1957 1960 Do. Anacostia River Basin, D.C. and Md_ 1955 1959 Local protection and navigation. Ball Mountain, Vt 1956 1960.... Reservoir. Barbourville, Ky__ ___ 1955 1958 Local protection. Battle Creek, Kalamazoo River, Mich_ 1957 1961 Do. Bear Creek, Pa. 1956 1960 Reservoir. Bradford, Pa____ .. 1955 1960 Local protection. Buckhorn, Ky 1956 1960 _. Reservoir.

-. =

r= : 1O REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 7. Flood-Control Projects Under Active Construction During Fiscal Year 1958-Continued

Project Date Scheduled com- Nature of project started pletion date

Buffalo Bayou, Tex-_ -- 1956 1965- Local protection. Calion, Ark_...... 1957 1959 .. Do. Cape Girardeau, Mo.....--. 1956 1960 -- Do. Catlettsburg, Ky 1956 1958 -- - Do. Central and Southern Florida ...... 1950 After 1965-- Do. Clear Creek Drainage and Levee 1941 1962 -.. Local protection. District, Ill. Columbia Drainage and Levee District 1941 1958- Do. No. 3, Ill. Cumberland, Md., and Ridgeley, 1948 1959 _- Do. W. Va. Dallas Floodway, Tex. . .. 1953 1959 -.. Do. Devil, East Twin, Warm and Lytle 1956 1962 -- Do. Creeks, Calif. Dillon, Ohio...... 1946 1961 -. . Reservoir. Dyberry, Pa_ 1957 1959 -- Do. Eagle Gorge, Wash_ 1956 1962 - Do. East Barre, Vt__.... 1956 1959 - Dam modification. East St. Louis and vicinity, Ill - -- 1937 1962..-- Local protection. Endicott, Johnson City and Vestal, 1957 1960 -- - Do. N.Y. Ferrells Bridge, Tex__...... 1955 1959 _ . . Reservoir. Fort Chartres and Ivy Landing 1950 1958 _.. Local protection. Drainage and Levee Dist., Ill. Grand Forks, N. Dak 1954 1957 -- Do. Kansas Citys, Kans. and Mo ..-.. 1940 1961 - .. Do.

Keystone, Okla___ _ 1957 1965 -- Reservoir. Little Sioux River, Iowa ---- 1956 1961 ..- Local protection. Los Angeles County Drainage Area, 1935 1966 --. Do. Calif. Lower San Joaquin River, Calif .. 1956 1964 - Do. Lucky Peak, Idaho 1949 1960 .. . Reservoir. Mandan, N. Dak_ 1949 1959 -- - Local protection. Mansfield, Ind__ 1956 1960 .. Reservoir. Memphis, Wolf River and Noncon- 1939 1959 --- Local protection. nah Creek, Tenn. Missouri River Ag. Levees, Iowa, 1948 1976 - Do. Kans., Nebr., and Mo. Missouri River, Kenslers Bend, Iowa_ 1946 1961 . Do. North Adams, Mass_ 1950 1960 . Do. North Springfield, Vt_..... 1957 1960 -.. Reservoir. Oklahoma City Floodway, Okla .. - -- 1953 1959..... Local protection. Oologah, Okla...... 1950 1960 - Reservoir. Painted Rock, Ariz_ 1956 1960 - Do. Perry County Drainage and Levee 1946 1962 . Local protection. District, Mo. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 17

Table 7. Flood-Control Projects Under Active Construction During Fiscal Year 1958-Continued

Project Date Scheduled corn- Nature of project started pletion date

Pomme de Terre, Mo_ __ 1957 1962 Reservoir. Prairie du Rocher and vicinity, IlL --- 1948 1959 Local protection. Red River below Denison Dam, Tex._ 1948 1964 Do. Riverside Levees, Calif. .. 1956 1959 Do. Rough River, Ky- 1955 1960 Reservoir. Russian River Channel Improvement, 1956 1963 Local protection. Calif. Russian River (Coyote Valley Reser- 1956 1963 Reservoir. voir), Calif. Sacramento River Flood Control 1918 1964 ... Local protection. Project, Calif. Sacramento River Major and Minor 1949 After 1965- Do. Tributaries, Calif. Salina, Kans____ 1957 1960 - Do. San Antonio and Chino Creeks, Calif- 1956 1960 -. .- Do. Sioux Falls, S. Dak.....__ 1956 1960 Do. Stillwater, Pa_ 1957 1960 - Reservoir. Success, Calif__ 1956 1961 _ - Do. Sutton, W. Va_ 1950 1959- Do. Topeka, Kansas River, Kans 1937 1963 _ . Local protection. Toronto, Okla_ 1954 1959 .. Reservoir. Townshend, Vt__ 1957 1961 .- - Do. Tuttle Creek, Kans 1952 1961 - - Do. Upper Iowa River, Iowa 1957 1958 _ . . Local protection. Vincennes, Ind__- 1952 1961 _ . Do. Waterbury, Vt_____ 1956 1959 _ - Dam modification. Willamette River Basin, Oreg .... 1938 1966 _- Local protection. Wilson, Wenkel and Prairie du Pont 1950 1961 - -- Do. Drainage and Levee District, Ill. Wood River Drainage and Levee 1952 1962 -- . Do. District, Ill. Woonsocket, R.I___ __ 1956 1959 .... Do. Wrightsville, Vt____ 1956 1959 .------Dam modification.

Construction operations were also carried out pursuant to Public Law 685, 84th Congress. Three small projects were placed in useful operation pursuant to this program and four new projects were initiated during the fiscal year. In addition design studies were carried out on 30 projects and plans and specifications were under preparation for 9 projects which are expected to be initiated in fiscal year 1959. 18 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on 137 flood-control projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $4,778,696.

4. MULTIPLE-PURPOSE (POWER) PROJECTS The importance of multiple-purpose projects in relation to the overall activities of the Corps of Engineers continued to increase during the fiscal year as a result of the large construction program relating to these projects currently under way and the placing in operation of primary-purpose features at several projects. These projects have been designed to serve primarily in the interest of navigation or flood control and the production of hydroelectric power, although frequently other benefits, such as irrigation, pollution abatement, water supply, and recreation are also realized. The inclusion of power features in conjunction with other project features has often resulted in an enhancement of their economic value. Pertinent information on the power aspects of multiple-purpose projects is contained in section 5, Hydroelectric Power Production. Construction. During the year, construction operations were carried out on 23 multiple-purpose projects, of which 1 was completed for beneficial use as shown in table 8.

Table 8. Multiple-Purpose Projects Completed for Full Beneficial Use During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Date Date completed for Project primary purposes started beneficial use

Buford Dam, Ga-... 1950 October 1957_ Flood control, navigation and power. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 19 During the year, no new multiple-purpose projects were started. Of the 23 multiple-purpose projects under active construction during the fiscal year, 8 projects had some or all primary project features in useful operation at the end of the year. These projects are listed in table 9.

Table 9. Multiple-PurposeProjects Under Construction With Some or All Primary Project Features in Useful Operation June 30, 1958

Date Scheduled corrn- Features placed in Project primary pur- Project started pletion date operation during pose FY 1958

2 Bull Shoals Res., Ark_ -1946 April 1962 1------Flood control, and power.2 Cheatham Lock and 1950 June 1959_ May 1958, in- Navigation 2 and Dam, Tenn. itial power. power. Chief Joseph Dam, 1949 1959------Power.' Wash. Garrison Reservoir, 1946 June 1961------Flood control,2 N. Dak. navigation,2 and power.2 Gavins Point Reser- 1952 --.. do Do. voir, S. Dak. and Nebr. Old Hickory Lock and 1952 June 1959 Power units-- Navigation 2 and Dam, Tenn. power.' The Dalles Damn, Oreg. 1952 November ----- do_ .----. Do. and Wash. 1960. McNary Lock and 1947 June 1960 Do. Dam, Oreg. and Wash.

Power units 5 and 6. 2 Projects operated for these primary purposes at the beginning of and throughout fiscal year 1958. 20 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINFRS,. U.S. ARMY, 1958

Of the multiple-purpose projects under active construction at the end of the fiscal year, 14 projects had no primary-project features in operation. They are shown in table 10.

Table 10. Multiple-Purpose Projects Under Construction and Not Operating June 30, 1958

Project Date started Scheduled com- Project primary purposes pletion date

Barkley Dam, Ky- June 1957 ____ 1965 .. Flood control, navigation, and power. Cougar Reservoir, Oreg June 1956 .... 1961 Flood control, power irrigation, and navigation. Dardanelle Lock and June 1957 -.. 1966 Navigation and Dam, Ark. power. Eufala Reservoir, Okla _ December 1956-- 1965 Flood control and power. Walter F. George Lock 1955___ 1962 -. Navigation and and Dam (Fort power. Gaines Lock and Dam,) Ala. and Ga.

Fort Peck, Mont., sec- August 1956 - December Power. ond powerplant. 1961.

Greers Ferry Reservoir, June 1957 -- 1963 -..- - Flood control and Ark. power. Hartwell Reservoir, Ga. 1955_ 1962 -. - Flood control, navi- and Ala. gation, and power. Hills Creek Reservoir, 1956_ 1962 .. . . Flood control, power, Oreg. irrigation, and navigation. Ice Harbor Lock and 1955------1961 Navigation and Dam, Wash. power. John Day Lock and June 1957 - 1.1974 Navigation, flood Dam, Oreg. and control, power, and Wash. irrigation. McGee Bend Reservoir, September 1956- June 1963_ Power. Tex. Oahe Reservoir, S. Dak. 1949 ------S1965 - Flood control, power, and N. Dak. navigation, and irrigation. Table Rock Reservoir, 1953_ 1961961 .1 .. Flood control and Mo. power.

Maintenance. Operation and maintenance activities were conducted on 32 multiple-purpose projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $15,668,600. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGR%8 21

5. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION Continuing progress was realized during the fiscal year in the civil works program for the construction and operation of hydroelectric power production facilities in connection with the Corps of Engi- neers' multiple-purpose projects. Electric energy production was substantially larger than the preceding fiscal year. Under existing laws the Corps of Engineers delivers, with one minor exception, the power produced and available for sale to the De- partment of the Interior for disposition at rates approved by the Federal Power Commission. Installed capacity. Generating capacity of 792,000 kilowatts was installed by the Corps of Engineers during the fiscal year. This capacity consisted of 17 generating units installed in 3 existing projects and 2 new projects as shown in table 11. This additional capacity represents 67.4 percent of the hydroelectric capacity or 7.98 percent of the total generating capacity added to the nation's utility systems during the fiscal year.

Table 11. Generating Capacity Placed in Service During Fiscal Year 1958

Added Project capacity (kilowatts)

Buford, Ga_------46,000 Cheatham, Tenn.' ------12,000 Chief Joseph, Wash ------320, 000 Old Hickory, Tenn_ ------75, 000 The Dalles, Oreg. and Wash.' ------339, 000

Total ------792, 000

Projects beginning initial operation during fiscal year. At the end of the fiscal year, the generating capacity installed and operated by the Corps of Engineers totaled 5,616,400 kilowatts at 31 projects as listed in table 12. The 659,000 kilowatts installed in the Chief Joseph and the Dalles projects was a substantial and much needed addition to the capacity of the Northwest region. At the end of the fiscal year, the total generating capacity constructed and operated by the Corps of Engineers represents 4.18 percent of the total generating capacity and 20.4 percent of the hydroelectric capacity supplying utility systems in the United States. Hydroelectric power production. A general overall improvement in water-supply conditions along with the additional generating capacity installed during the fiscal year resulted in the production of 27.2 billion net kilowatt-hours of electric energy at Corps of 22 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION NET ANNUAL KILOWATT-HOURS

27.2 B28LLIONKWH

27.2 BILLION KWH - 2 a

25 24 23 u 220 21 0 19I0- 181-- 176 I6 0 15 14

12 (I) lz 9 -J M- 8J 7 6 5 4 3 a

0 FISCAL YEARS Chart I Engineers projects, an increase of 20.4 percent over the power production of the prior fiscal year. Corps of Engineers power production for the fiscal year represents approximately 19.7 percent of the hydroelectric power produced and 4.3 percent of the total electric energy produced from all sources for the Nation's utility systems. Chart I illustrates the increasing trend of power production for Corps of Engineers multiple-purpose projects with power. Additional capacity under construction. At the end of the fiscal year, the Corps of Engineers had under construction 1,198,000 kilowatts of additional capacity at 6 operating projects and 3,635,400 kilowatts of capacity at 15 new projects, making a total of 4,833,400 kilowatts under construction as listed in table 13. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 23 HYDRO-POWER PRODUCTION CAPACITY

OPERATING AND SCHEDULED .. ~_."•Aii MILLION KILOWATTS

,•,l Oa t m,n •A______m a nn" I PERIOD LUWATT b UNIbTS PROJECTS.I PRIOR TO FY 1958 4,824,400 125 30 FY 1958 792,000 15 I 52. FABLE F FY 1959 400,000 7 0 FY 1960 492,000 7 .. . _ TOTAL 6,508,400 154 32 31. OHE ATHAM * PROJECTII Ih ITIAL OPERATIONiI

1 iAIL5 I 160.BUFORD 29.THE DALLES 28.OLD HIGKORY 27.JIM WOODRUFF 26.GAVINS POINT I mllmum! +------,1------I I- +_____ I- I 1 25.GARRISON 24.BLAIKELY MOUNTAIN 2AIGHIEF JOSEPH BENI FAJ ' _22. AL DJ[rl I # ' l &I IL - LOOKOUT POINT

120. FT. RANDALL 19.TENKILLER. FERRY I. McNARY IT. PHILPOTT 16. DETROIT 2 15. WHITNEYI 14. FT. GIBSON 13. CLARK HILL 12. JOHN H. KERR II. BULL SHOALS SIN OPERATION PRIOR TO 1953: I. BONNEVILLE 6.ALLATOONA 2. FT. PECK 7.NARROWS 3. NORFORK &CENTER HILL 4.DENISON 9. WOLF CREEK 5.DALE HOLLOW Ip.ST. MARYS

-- I 1 l r i I 1 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 FISCAL YEARS Chart II Projects in operation and under construction have a total ultimate capacity of 12,129,400 kilowatts, of which, under the construction schedules at the beginning of fiscal year 1959, 6,016,400 kilowatts will be in operation by 30 June 1959. Chart II shows the rapid increase of installed capacity in recent years at Corps of Engineers projects. 24 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 12. Hydroelectric Projects in Operation June 30, 1958

Initial Existing Under Ultimate Project operation installation construction construction fiscal year (kilowatts) (kilowatts) (kilowatts)

Albeni Falls, Idaho...------1955 42, 600-42, 600 Allatoona, Ga------1950 74, 000 110, 000 Blakely Mountain, Ark------1956 75, 000 75, 000 Bonneville, Oreg. and Wash-...... 1938 518, 400 - - 518, 400 Buford, Ga. ------1957 86, 000- - --- 86,000 Bull Shoals, Ark. and Mo------1953 160, 000 90, 000 340, 000 Center Hill, Tenn_ ------1951 135, 000 135, 000 Cheatham, Tenn------1958 12, 000 24, 000 36, 000 Chief Joseph, Wash------1956 960, 000 64, 000 1, 280, 000 Clark Hill, Ga. and S.C------1953 280, 000 280, 000 Dale Hollow, Tenn------1949 54, 000 54, 000 Denison, Okla. and Tex ..... 1945 70, 000 - - 175, 000 Detroit, Oreg------1954 118, 000 118, 000 Fort Gibson, Okla_ --- -- 1953 45, 000 67, 500 Fort Peck, Mont_ ------1944 85, 000 80, 000 165, 000 Fort Randall, S. Dak__ ---- 1954 320, 000-- 320, 000 Garrison, N. Dak------1956 240, 000 160, 000 400, 000 Gavins Point, Nebr. and S. Dak 1957 100, 000------100, 000 Jim Woodruff, Fla. and Ga------1957 30, 000------30, 000 John H. Kerr, N.C. and Va... 1953 204, 000------204, 000 Lookout Point, Oreg_ --- - 1955 135, 000 135, 000 McNary, Oreg. and Wash ------1954 980, 000 980, 000 Narrows, Ark__------1950 17, 000 - -- 25, 500 Norfork, Ark. and Mo_ 1944 70, 000 _ - 140, 000 Old Hickory, Tenn_ --- -- 1957 100, 000 100, 000 Philpott, Va-... ------1954 14, 000 14, 000 St. Marys, Mich ------1952 18,400 18,400 Tenkiller Ferry, Okla___ -- - 1954 34, 000 _34, 000 The Dalles, Oreg. and Wash ------1957 339, 000 780, 000 1, 275, 000 Whitney, Tex_ 1954 30, 000 -- 30, 000 Wolf Creek, Ky------1952 270, 000-270, 000

Totals, projects in operation ------_ 5, 616, 400 1, 198, 000 7, 558, 400 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 25

Table 13. Hydroelectric Projects Under Construction June 30, 1958

capacity Scheduled Nameplate Project operation, fiscal year Existing Under Ultimate installation construction installation (kilowatts) (kilowatts) (kilowatts)

Barkley, Ky. and Tenn- - 1964 ------130, 000 130, 000 Beaver, Ark . ..___ 1965 ------96, 000 96, 000 Big Bend, S. Dak_ 1965 ------240, 000 240, 000 Cougar, Oreg _ 1962 ------25, 000 25, 000 Dardanella, Ark- 1965 ------120, 000 120, 000 Eufaula, Okla_ 1964 ------90, 000 90, 000 Greers Ferry, Ark- 1963 ------96, 000 96, 000 Hartwell, Ga. and S.C 1962 ------264, 000 330, 000 Hills Creek, Oreg 1962 ------30, 000 30, 000 Ice Harbor, Wash 1962 ------270, 000 270, 000 John Day, Oreg. and Wash ... 1966 ------1.304. 400 2, 174, 000 McGee Bend, Tex 1966 45,000 45, 000 Oahe, N. Dak. and S. Dak .... 1963 -- 595, 000 595, 000 Table Rock, Mo. and Ark .... 1960 _ 200, 000 200, 000 SWalter F. George, Ala. and Fla --- 1963 130, 000 130, 000

Total, projects under con- struction_ ------3, 635, 400 4,571, 000 Total, projects in operation (table 12) ------5, 616, 400 1, 198,000 7, 558, 400

Total_ .. 5, 616, 400 4, 833, 400 12, 129, 400 Total, projects in operation and under construction -10,449,800

6. MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD CONTROL The project for Mississippi River and tributaries, authorized by the Flood Control Act of May 15, 1928, and subsequent amendments, provides for flood protection of its alluvial valley below Cape Girardeau, Mo., from Mississippi River and local floods by means of levees and floodwalls, channel realinement and stabilization, reservoirs, floodways and outlets, and drainage works. Authorizations through 1953 are described on pages 10 and 11 of part I, volume I, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1953. Amendments to the project in the Flood Control Act, approved September 3, 1954, are described in the report for 1955. The total authorization for the project at the close of the fiscal year is $1,327,679,600, of which $1,009,402,102 1 has been appropriated, and $995,843,151 has been expended.

1Includes $2,443,900 of advance procurement obligational authority against FY 1959 appropriation.

S 504744---59-3 26 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Construction. During the year, the following items of construction in three projects have been completed:

Table 14. Projects Which Have Been Fully Completed During the Year

Project Date completed Nature of project work

Atchafalaya Basin, La..__. June 1958 _--- Franklin pumping station. Tensas Basin, Ark-- January 1958-- Arkansas State Highway Bridges 1 and 4 over Canal 19, Ark. October 1957_- Boeuf River, Ark., channel improvement, Reaches 5 and 6. Yazoo Basin, Miss....------May 1958------Two Yazoo County bridges over Lower Auxiliary Channel, Miss.

During the year, the following features of two projects were placed in useful operation:

Table 15. Projects Placed in Useful Operation

Project Date placed in Nature of project work operation

Tensas Basin, Ark .------January 1958 _- Canal 19, Ark., channel improvement, Reaches 1 and 2. Yazoo Basin, Miss ..- April 1958 . _ _ _ Belzoni local protection.

During the year progress was made in the continuing construction of the principal features of the project on the main stem and on the tributaries in the alluvial valley. Main stem work on levees, revetment, dikes, and dredging was accomplished as follows: New main line levees constructed, 0.9 mile; main line levees enlarged to grade and section, 18.6 miles; secondary levees constructed, 27.1 miles; bank protection placed, 18.7 miles; dikes constructed, 2.4 miles; and dredging, 35,918,162 cubic yards. At the end of the fiscal year, a total of 1,714.3 miles of main line levees, containing 1,087 million cubic yards, had been constructed, of which 1,563.5 miles, containing 1,014 million cubic yards, are located along the Mississippi River, and the remainder along major tributaries (lower Arkansas and Red Rivers) and outlets. Work was continued on the following additional project features: PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 27

Table 16. Projects on Which Construction Was Continued During Fiscal Year 1858

Project Nature of project work

Mississippi River Improvements-- -Levees, revetments, wavewash protection. Memphis Harbor, Tenn ---- Ensley, Tenn., levee. Vicksburg Harbor, Miss ... Retaining dikes and approach fill. Atchafalaya Basin, La___--- Levees, channel improvement by dredging and highway relocation. Lake Pontchartrain, La_ Enlargement of lake shore levee, shaping, and wavewash protection. Old River, La_ Low sill and overbank control structures and outflow channel. Tensas Basin, Ark . . Canal 81, Ark., channel improvement, Reach 1. Yazoo Basin, Miss Lower Auxiliary channel, leveed floodway and landside drainage ditches-mile 0.0 to mile 17.2. Holly Bluff Cutoff, Big Sunflower River between mile 19.2 and mile 33.5. Channel improvement, Little Sunflower River, mile 6.14 to mile 27.75. Channel improvement, David and Burrell Bayous. Lower Arkansas River, Ark. Enlargement and construction of levees (North Bank). and drainage structures. Reelfoot Lake, Ky. and Tenn ..--- Channel improvement, Running Reelfoot Bayou. Lower White River...... White River Backwater levee system, levee enlargement. St. Francis Basin, Ark. and Mo St. Francis River Floodway between Madi- son, Ark, and Marianna, Ark., channel dredging and levees. Clark's Corner Cutoff, channel and levees. Missouri Pacific RR crossing over floodway near Marianna, Ark. U.S. Highway No. 79 crossing over floodway near Marianna, Ark. 28 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEE&, U.S. ARMY, 1958

During the year, work was initiated on the following project features:

Table 17. Projects on Which Construction Was Initiated During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Date initiated Nature of project work

Mississippi River- Baton Rouge Harbor, January 1958 -___ Barge channel and turning basin. Devil's Swamp, La. Tensas Basin, Ark ..------April 1958 ..... Canal 19, Ark., channel improvement, Reach 3. Yazoo Basin, Miss-...... September 1957 Pompey Ditch levee setback. June 1958 ------East Bank new levee, Yazoo City to Piney Creek. .... do-...... East bank new levee, Piney Creek to Techeva Creek.

During the year, preconstruction planning was continued on Mis- sissippi River levee enlargement and bank revetments, New Madrid, Mo., floodway closure, and on the alluvial valley levees and channel improvements under construction. Such planning was also initiated on the following additional work:

Table 18. Projects on Which PreconstructionPlanning Was Initiated During Fiscal Year 1958

Project Nature of project work

Tensas Basin, Ark--. --.- Bayou Macon, La., channel improvement, mile 0:0 to mile 102.0. Lower Boeuf River, La., channel improvement, mile 0.0 to mile 46.0. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRFS 29 Incident to the construction of the project, the following features 'were maintained and operated during the year: Table 19. Projects on Which Maintenance and Operation Activities Were Conducted During the Fiscal Year 1958

Project Nature of project work

- -- I

Mississippi River___. Channel improvement, levees, revetments, and wavewash protection. Atchafalaya Basin, La- Levees and channels. Operation and maintenance. Locks: Bayou Sorrel. Bayou Boeuf. Berwick. Floodgates: Charenton. Calumet. Bayou Courtableau, Bayou Dar- bonne, and numerous other small drainage outlets. Wax Lake Drainage Outlet. Atchafalaya and Old Rivers, Mor- 12-foot by 125-foot navigation channel gan City-Mississippi River. through Grand and Six-Mile Lake. Morganza Floodway, La .... Floodway and control structure. Bonnet Carre Spillway, La ... Levees, floodway, and control structure. Lower Red River, La__ Levees and bank protection works. Yazoo Basin, Miss.- Greenwood, Miss_ Local protection-levees, storm water pumping stations, and drainage structures. Yazoo City, Miss_ Local protection-levees, storm water and sanitary sewage pumping stations and drainage structures. Sardis Reservoir, Miss ... Reservoir. Arkabutla Reservoir, Miss-_ Do. Enid Reservoir, Miss .... Do. Grenada Reservoir, Miss .. Do. St. Francis Basin, Mo.- Wappapello Reservoir, Mo_ __ Do.

Floods. No flooding of consequence occurred on the Mississippi River from Cairo, Ill., to its mouth during fiscal year 1958. Crest stages at key stations ranged from 10 feet below flood stage at Ar- kansas City, Ark., to 0.3 foot above flood stage at Red River Landing, La. The St. Francis River crested at St. Francis, Ark., on March 29 at a stage of 21.9 feet, about 3 feet above flood stage. Operation of flood control works on the St. Francis River effected stage reduction above Lake City, Ark., ranging from 1 to 4 feet. The lower White River crested at Clarendon, Ark., on May 16-17 about 6 feet above flood stage at a stage of 30.5 feet, which was materially reduced by the operation of upstream reservoirs. Crest stages oc- 30 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 curred on the West Tennessee tributaries as follows: Obion River at Bogota, Tenn., reached 25.4 feet on November 22; North Fork of Forked Deer River at Dyersburg, Tenn., reached 27.8 feet on No- vember 20; Hatchie River at Rialto, Tenn., reached 16.5 feet on November 22. These stages were 12.4 feet, 13.8 feet, and 4.5 feet, respectively, above flood stages at those stations. In the Yazoo Basin, Miss., the Tallahatchie River crested at Swan Lake, Miss., on May 4 at a stage of 30.4 feet, about 4.5 feet above flood stage. The Yazoo River crested at Greenwood, Miss., on May 10 at a stage of 34 feet, and at Yazoo City, Miss., on May 21 at a stage of 34.3 feet. These stages were 1 foot below and 5.3 feet above bankfull, respectively. Operation of flood-control reservoirs in the Yazoo Basin effected stage reductions averaging 4 feet on the Coldwater River, 3 feet on the Tallahatchie River, and about 6 feet on the Yazoo River at Greenwood. In the Sunflower Basin, record stages were prevalent generally throughout the basin. The Big Sunflower River crested at Sunflower, Miss., on May 5 at a stage of 28.3 feet, about 3.3 feet above flood stage and 0.9 foot above previous record. The Black River crested at Jonesville, La., on May 30 at a stage of 53 feet, about 3 feet above flood stage. The Red River crested at Alexandria, La., on May 13 at a stage of 40.3 feet, about 8 feet above flood stage. Operation of flood control works in the basin above Alex- andria, La., effected a reduction in the stage of about 3.7 feet. The Ouachita River crested at Monroe, La., on May 23 at a stage of 50.45 feet, about 10.5 feet above flood stage and 0.03 foot above previous record. Condition of overall project. At the end of the fiscal year, construction on the project as a whole between Cape Girardeau, Mo., and the Gulf of Mexico was 68 percent complete. Work on the main stem is sufficiently well advanced that excellent flood protection from Mississippi River flood overflow is afforded most of the alluvial valley, except in the unprotected backwater areas. A total of 1,443.8 miles of main line levees has been enlarged to project grade and section. The Mississippi River stabilization program has progressed steadily during recent years through the construction of bank revet- 2 ment, dikes, and corrective dredging to prevent the river from re- gaining its former length due to its natural tendency to meander. A long-range plan is being developed to bring about and maintain the desired alinement of the river between Baton Rouge, La., and Cairo, Ill. At the end of the fiscal year, there were 387 miles of operative revetment and 39,930 linear feet of effective dikes on the Mississippi 2 Dikes in this case are distinguished from levees and embankments and comprise structures designed to restrict low-water flow of the river to a channel narrower than its natural one. Dikes are of pile or timber construction and either transverse or longi- tudinal with respect to the flow of the current. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRES 311 River below Cairo, Ill. Additional project work on the lower Arkansas River consisted of 17 miles of revetment and 66,995 linear feet of dikes. Additional project work on lower Red River and the Atcha- falaya River consisted of 4.4 miles of revetment and 16,627 linear feet of dikes. The Arkabutla, Sardis, Enid, and Grenada Reservoirs in the Yazoo Basin, Miss., and the Wappapello Reservoir in the St. Francis Basin, Mo., have been completed. Other authorized improvements in the alluvial valley, including levees, channel improvements, and supplementary drainage works, are under construction. A total of 1,148 miles of secondary levees, containing 356 million cubic yards, is in place. The Bonnet Carre, Morganza, West Atchafalaya, and Atchafalaya floodways in Louisiana, which are in a useful operational status, will permit the diversion of 1,750,000 cubic feet per second of extreme flood discharge to the Gulf of Mexico, leaving 1,250,000 cubic feet per second to pass down the main stemn at New Orleans. On completion, the Old River control structure will prevent the steadily enlarging channels of the Old and Atchafalaya Rivers from capturing the flow of the Mississippi River. The total damages that have been prevented since the adoption of the project are estimated at about $6 billion, which amounts to approximately $6 of benefits for every dollar of project funds so far appropriated. The authorized Mississippi River and tributaries project, as amended, provides for a 12- by 300-foot navigation channel on the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge, La., and Cairo, Ill., and a 12- by 125-foot navigation channel on the Old and Atchafalaya Rivers between the Mississippi River and Morgan City, La. The Mississippi River channel between Baton Rouge and Cairo was maintained to provide a dependable 9-foot depth for navigation throughout the year, with commensurably greater depths available during the highwater season. The Atchafalaya River channel through Grand and Six-Mile Lakes, between the Mississippi River and Morgan City, was maintained to provide project depth throughout the year. Comprehensive review of MississippiRiver and Tributariesproject. The comprehensive project review authorized on June 12, 1954, will cover the need for navigation improvements on the main stem, the adequacy and cost of flood control features of the project, and the coordination of these features with the plans of other Federal and State agencies for the development, conservation, and utilization of water resources in the alluvial valley. During the year, work was continued on this review which consisted of field investigations and office studies of authorized alluvial valley project features, as well as modifications thereof, and flood control, drainage, and water supply improvements that have been requested by local interests at public hearings. In response to the request of the President of the Mississippi River Commission, the State soil conservationists of Missouri, Arkan- 32 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 sas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, with the assistance of other agencies of the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest Service, and the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, furnished agricultural economic data for use in determining the economic justification of proposed improvements. The Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Depart- ment of the Interior, with the assistance of State Game and Fish Commissions, is also making investigations to determine desirable plans for the coordination of proposed improvements with the conservation of fish and wildlife habitat. A supplementary study was continued to determine the benefits from upstream reservoirs in the relief of flood damage to lands and the increase of low stream flow in the Mississippi River below the M>rouri River.

7. GENERAL OPERATIONS Work done by contract. The Corps of Engineers for many years has consistently adhered to its policy of having construction work done by contractors wherever practicable. This past year was no exception to the policy. In fact, 96 percent of all construction work was performed by contract and only 4 percent by Government plant and hired labor. In recent years the amount of construction by hired labor has remained at this low percentage. A larger percentage of the maintenance work has been performed by hired labor. The hired labor work on construction projects has been limited to such types of operations as dredging in exposed harbor entrances by Government- owned hopper dredge, the construction of erosion-control and levee- revetment works and grouting operations. The nature of such work does not readily lend itself for advertising and performance by contract. Accident prevention. The continued attention which the Corps of Engineers has paid over the years to the prevention of accidents to all its construction and maintenance operations, whether by hired labor or contract, further reduced the losses, waste, and suffering from such incidents. While the exact value of increased efficiency, lower costs, and conserved manpower is not available, chart III shows the continued improvement in the disabling injury frequency rate for Corps of Engineers' contractors employed on civil works projects as compared to that for the construction industry nationwide. The 1958 rate is the lowest in the history of the Corps of Engineers. Fire prevention. Corps of Engineers' property and equipment loss by fires during the fiscal year 1958 amounted to $49,171, a decrease of $7,145 over the fiscal year 1957. One fire, occurring on a commercial tanker while in a navigation lock, caused $45,000 of the total loss. Considering the value of all plant and equipment owned by the Corps of Engineers, the fire loss is considered to be exceptionally low. DISABLING INJURY FREQUENCY RATE NUMBER OF DISABLING INJURIES PER MILLION MANHOURS WORKED

40 0

z 0

z 0 4 0 z 0

0 0 JI 0 z LTj -J 4 0

0zf FY 53 FY 54 FY 55 FY 56 FY 57 FY 58 LEGEND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ~ CORPS OF ENGINEERS HIRED LABOR .CORPS OF ENGINEERS CONTRACTORS *THE RATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY FOR THE YEAR 1958 IS NOT AVAILABLE Chart III. C3 CHAPTER III BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM

For 135 years the Corps of Engineers has built and maintained the Nation's harbors and navigable waterways, and since 1936 when the Federal Government assumed responsibility for nationwide flood control, the Corps has been assigned responsibility for carrying out that task. The active program, including the $1.5 billion Mississippi River and Tributaries project, consists of about 3,200 Congressionally authorized projects having an estimated cost of $17 billion. To date the Corps has completed almost 2,400 projects costing about $3.5 billion, and has invested an additional $4.4 billion in projects under construction. Uncompleted portions of work under way, and authorized projects not started, comprise an active program totaling some $9.1 billion. Built primarily for navigation or flood control, the projects now in operation have yielded important benefits both with regard to their primary objectives and from collateral functions, such as hydroelectric power, municipal and industrial water supply, recreational development, pollution abatement, fish and wildlife conservation, irrigation supply, and similar related activities.

1. NAVIGATION The navigation element of the Civil Works program consists of three major parts: Coastal harbors and channels, Great Lakes harbors and channels, and the inland and intracoastal waterways. Navi- gation facilities provided under this program carry huge tonnages of foreign and interstate commerce and have yielded vast savings in transportation costs that have more than justified their provision. (The most recent analysis of that program, based on 1953 costs and waterborne commerce, is contained in volume 1 of the 1955 Annual Report.) Total waterborne commerce of the United States in calendar year 1957 reached a record high of 1,131,000,000 tons, as compared with 1,093,000,000 tons in 1956, the previous record year. Coastal harbors and channels. Improvement of coastal harbors and channels by the Federal Government has been a progressive development keeping pace with the growth of maritime commerce and the requirements of shipping. Natural facilities have been improved over the years to the greater depths required to handle the ocean carriers of today. As a result, depths of 35 feet generally prevail at

34 BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 35 major harbors on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, ranging up to 45 feet in New York harbor, and depths of 30 to 40 feet are generally available along the west coast. Harbors and channels of lesser depth have also been provided for commercial fishing, general recreation boating, and for use as harbors of refuge. Total commerce at coastal harbors and channels, exclusive of intraport and local traffic, reached a record high of 520 million tons in 1957, an increase of 5 percent over the previous year. Great Lakes. The Great Lakes system is the world's largest and busiest inland waterway. In 1957 over 117 billion ton-miles of freight moved on the Great Lakes. Eight states border on the Lakes, and nine others are directly tributary thereto. The Lakes have a total water surface of about 95,000 square miles, two-thirds of which is in the United States. These vast water areas, joined by the connecting channels, provide a low-cost transport artery that permits movement of bulk materials and products of every description in huge quantities to advantageously located manufacturing areas. Controlling depths in the connecting channels are generally 21 feet in upbound, and 25 feet in downbound channels; however, improvement to provide depths of at least 27 feet is now under way. This important transportation artery is connected with the Gulf of Mexico by means of a 9-foot barge navigation on the improved Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and with the Atlantic Ocean by means of the New York State Barge Canal system and the Hudson River, and by the existing 14-foot St. Lawrence Canals. The St. Lawrence Seaway, when completed in 1959, will give the Lake ports access to the sea lanes of the world via channels having a minimum depth of 27 feet. There are 57 Federally improved harbors on the Great Lakes with project depths of 18 feet or more, of which 15 provide depths of 25 feet or more. There are also numerous other harbors improved by the Federal Government to lesser depths. Many of the harbors on the Great Lakes will require improvement to handle the deeper draft traffic that will utilize the improved connecting channels and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Studies are currently under way to determine where improvement is advisable. Inland and intracoastalwaterways. Inland and intracoastal waterways, the third element of the navigation program, are an important element of the national transportation structure. They have proved their worth, both in peace and war, as routes for low-cost movement of bulk commodities to supplement the major forms of overland transport. The Federal Government has improved in varying degree some 22,600 miles of waterways in this country to provide the most ex- 36 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 tensive inland navigation system in the world. Traffic on the inland waterway system has grown tremendously over the years, reaching a record high of 115 billion ton-miles in 1957, as compared with 109 billion ton-miles in 1956, the previous record year. The large increase in traffic on the inland waterways results, in part, from the fact that industry, recognizing the economic ad- vantages of low-cost water transportation and the availability of adequate water supplies for industrial processing, is crowding to and along the river banks. Along the Ohio River, for example, invest- ments in new industrial development since World War II exceed the $10 billion mark. The resultant increase in Ohio River traffic since the end of the war has been outstanding, the record 82 million tons handled in 1957 being about twice the 1946 figure, and about 7 percent more than the previous year.

2. FLOOD CONTROL Federal interest in flood control began in the Alluvial Valley of the Mississippi when the Corps of Engineers first undertook navigation improvements on that river early in the 19th century, and when the interrelationship of flood control and navigation became ap- parent. This Federal interest took definite form with establishment of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879, but the first major Federal participation in flood control began in 1928 when Congress adopted the present project for flood control and navigation in the Alluvial Valley of the Mississippi. The responsibility for nationwide flood control was assigned to the Corps of Engineers by the 1936 Flood Control Act, which also established the Federal policy for that activity. During the intervening period since 1936, the Corps of Engineers has completed 358 projects having a total cost of $982 million; 155 projects having a total estimated cost of $3.9 billion are under construction; and the remainder of the active program, consisting of 236 projects estimated to cost $1.8 billion, has not been started. In addition, multiple-purpose reservoir projects complete or in partial operation have been providinng important flood-control benefits. Corps of Engineers projects complete or in partial operation for flood control have been highly effective in alleviating flood damages throughout the Nation. During the limited period they have been in operation, they have prevented flood damages of about $9 billion, including $296 million during fiscal year 1958. A breakdown of the damages prevented, according to major drainage basins or regions, follows: BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 37

Fiscal year Cumutlative 1958 to date (in millions of dollars) New England_--__------_---- 0.1 98.6 Middle Atlantic------7.2 150.5 Gulf and South Atlantic 9.2 43.9 Lower Mississippi___ 19.6 6, 005.2 Rio Grande and Gulf 34. 6 150. 7 Arkansas-White-Red 20. 3 179. 2 Missouri__ 0.8 760.5 Ohio...... 26. 7 521. 3 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence 0.7 8.7 Upper Mississippi_ Minor 97. 8 Souris-Red ------0.1 6.4 Colorado------Minor 0. 1 Great Basin------Minor 0. 5 Central and South Pacific...... 41.6 165. 6 Central Valley- 122.4 569.0 Columbia..._...... 12. 3 191. 1 North Pacific- 0.2 3.6 Territory of Hawaii_------Minor Minor Alaska 0.1 1.7

Total...... 295.9 8, 954. 4 Despite the progress made on the flood control program, adequate protection is not available in most areas, and the Nation is highly vulnerable to severe damages from major floods. In the Central Valley and other areas of California, during the period of January through April alone, estimates indicate that about $32 million in flood damage was experienced and about $154 million in damages was prevented by existing flood control works. During the year major flooding also occurred in the Sabine River Basin in Texas and Loui- siana, the Red River Basin in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana, and the Wabash River Basin in Illinois and Indiana. The disastrous effects of recent floods emphasize that the Nation will remain vulnerable to severe flood damage from major floods until an adequate degree of protection is achieved throughout the country. This goal may be reached through orderly prosecution of existing flood-control plans, expanded as determined to be necessary on the basis of up-to-date engineering and economic studies which take into account more recent flood experience and the expanded economic development that has been or is taking place in the flood plains. The results obtained through the operation of completed flood-control projects have proven that most of the flood damage now experienced can be economically prevented through comprehensive river basin development of our water resources. 38 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

3. OTHER BENEFITS 'The aforementioned navigation and flood-control benefits alone do not represent the total benefits realized from the civil works program. Large additional benefits also accrue through conservation and use of our water resources by multiple-purpose development. These include development of hydroelectric power, storage of water for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use, and the numerous benefits that result from improvement of low river flows. In many cases the projects also provide large public recreational values and opportunities for enhancement of fish and wildlife resources. Hydroelectric power. The position of hydroelectric power development in the civil works program has grown with the increasing needs of the Nation for electric energy, with the greater knowledge accumu- lated in recent years of the ability of rivers to supply that power, and as a result of the expanding Federal interest in its regulation, development, and use. The civil works program, involving the construction of dams and reservoirs, has afforded large possibilities for the development of water power. Hydroelectric power production at Corps' projects in operation during fiscal year 1958 amounted to 27.2 billion net kilowatt- hours of electric energy. This represents approximately 19.7 percent of the hydroelectric power produced and 4.3 percent of the total electric production from all sources of the Nation's utility systems. Details of hydroelectric power production at Corps of Engineers projects are contained in chapter II, paragraph 5. Water supply and stream-flow regulation. Continued droughts in various parts of the United States during recent years, growth of population, and increased demands of manufacturing processes have served to focus the attention of the general public on the need for adequate amounts of water of a suitable quality. Adequate water supplies are required for the future welfare of many communities and the availability of additional supplies will greatly affect their future development and the possible development of new towns and associated industries. As a result, many States are taking positive steps to study suitable State legislation for the purpose of safeguard- ing available water supplies in the best overall public interest. The Corps of Engineers has general legislative authority to modify reservoir plans to provide additional storage for water supply, on the condition that local interests pay the cost of such additional storage, and to make contracts with States, municipalities, local agencies, and individuals, for surplus water that may be available at civil works projects. In addition, water supply features have been included in projects under authority of special legislation after the need has been established. The Water Supply Act of 1958, enacted shortly BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 39

after the end of this fiscal year (July 3, 1958), provided a broader authority for the provision of water supply storage for future needs in Federal reservoir projects. Under the various appropriate authorities, numerous communities have availed themselves of the opportunity to obtain needed water supplies. The Corps of Engineers is providing 1,232,441 acre-feet of storage space in 18 reservoirs in the interest of domestic and industrial water supply, which serve more than 40 towns and cities. An additional 800,000 acre-feet of storage under agreement will be provided by projects under construction.

Water Supply Storage Provided by the Corps of Engineers

Water supply storage Project (acre-feet) Local agency Baldhill, N. Dak------S69, 500 Eastern North Dakota, Water Develop- ment Association. Belton, Tex ___ 12, 000 Fort Hood, Tex. Belton, Tex___ 113, 700 Brazos River Authority, Tex. Berlin Dam, Ohio .... 19, 400 Mahoning Valley Sanitary District. Burr Oak, Ohio (Tom 9, 300 State of Ohio. Jenkins). Canton Dam, Okla --- 90, 000 Oklahoma City, Okla. Clark Hill, Ga. and S.C - 210 McCormick, S.C. Dam B, Tex- 94, 200 Lower Neches Valley Authority, Tex. apevine, G Tex -- 85, 000 Dallas, Tex. Cities, Tex. Grapevine, Tex - - 50, 000 Park Grapevine, Tex 1, 250 Grapevine, Tex. Heyburn, Okla 1, 000 Kiefer, Okla. Homme, N. Dak - - 1 3, 650 Grafton and Park River, N. Dak. Hords Creek, Tex ..-. 5, 780 Coleman, Tex. Hulah, Tex__ _ - 15, 400 Bartlesville, Okla. Lake Texoma, Okla. and 21, 300 Denihon, Tex. Tex. Lavon Dam, Tex - -- 100, 000 North Texas Municipal Water District. Lewisville, Tex_ -- -- 415, 000 Dallas, Tex. Lewvisville, Tex -- -- 21,000 Denton, Tex. Mosquito Creek Ohio 11, 000 Warren, Ohio. San Angelo, Tex - 80, 351 Upper Colorado River Authority. Texarkana, Ark. and Tex_ 1 13,400 Cities of Texarkana, Ark. and Tex.

Total 1, 232, 441 t Seasonal for flood control and water supp)ly.

During the year 610,000 acre-feet of water was furnished from reservoirs exclusively for domestic and industrial water supply. Other conservation releases of 2,299,000 acre-feet, together with 30,894,000 acre-feet for hydro power generation, improved the quantity and quality of water available for water supply downstream. 40 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARIMY, 1958

Under basin authorizations, Corps of Engineers' examination and survey reports may include such other uses as may be properly related to or coordinated with proposed navigation and flood-control projects. In that connection, the formulation of comprehensive water, resources plans may include irrigation among the other uses which may be in- corporated into flood-control or navigation projects. Irrigation storage space in Corps of Engineers' reservoirs falls into two categories, one in which storage space is allocated exclusively to irrigation use, and the other where, due to existing seasonal patterns of flood runoff, irrigation may share storage with flood control or other project functions. There are about 4 million acre-feet of storage space being operated either exclusively or jointly for irrigation and other uses, as shown in the following tabulation. Releases of water during the year for irrigation amounted to about 1.6 million acre-feet.

IrrigationStorage-In Operation-Corpsof Engineers' Reservoirs

Exclusive irrigation Joint-use storage storage Releases Project (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) Conchas, N. Mex _ 279, 000 76, 000 Cottage Grove, Oreg------30, 000 25, 400 Detroit, Oreg-- - 300, 000 231, 200 Dorena, Oreg- 70, 000 55, 800 Fern Ridge, Oreg- 95,000 78, 400 Folsom, Calif- 512,000 (1) Harlan County, Nebr 150 000 65, 300 Isabella, Calif_ -- -535, 000 89, 000 John Martin, Colo_ 384,000 81,000 Lookout Point, Oreg 340,000 259, 100 Lucky Peak, Idaho- 280, 000 (2) Pine Flat, Calif__,,,,,,,,, 1,000,000 644, 000

Total------.. 813, 000 3,162, 000 1, 605, 200 I Operated by the Bureau of Reclamation. 2Operated in conjunction with reclamation reservoirs.

4. PUBLIC RECREATION USE AT PROJECT AREAS The water areas and land of civil works projects of the Corps of Engineers are providing additional recreational resources very much in demand by the public in its increasing desire for additional outdoor activities, particularly those associated with water bodies. This is demonstrated by the increase of public attendance and the great dis- tance traveled to enjoy the recreational resources provided by civil works projects. Attendance in calendar year 1957 exceeded 84 million as contrasted with 26 million in 1952 and 70 million in 1956. Water- craft at peak day attendance exceeded 83,000 boats. In using the recreation resources afforded by civil works projects the public was accommodated access to these waters through the mainte- BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM4 41 nance of 3,080 access points. Provision for boat launching was also made at 1,350 locations and picnicking at 1,250. The majority of the access points, boat-launching sites and picnicking facilities have been provided by the Corps of Engineers. However, there has been consid- erable development of recreational facilities, areas and services at other than Federal expense either by State, county or municipal agencies or by commercial concession agreements. Grants to public agencies such as States, counties, and cities for park and recreation use and to States for fish and wildlife management total hundreds of thousands of acres. Organized youth camps operated by public and quasi-public agencies on leased land total 220. These camps have a capacity of well over 30,000 campers. More and more people, especially young families, use the public camp ground facilities for tent camping. Revenues derived from the leasing of civil works project lands including commercial recreation leases, continue to be deposited in a special account of the Treasury and 75 percent of such funds are returned to the States for distribution to the counties for public purposes pursuant to section 206 of the Flood Control Act of 1954 and in accordance with State laws governing the distribution of such funds. 5. FISH AND WILDLIFE Over 6 million acres of lands and waters of the civil works projects of the Corps of Engineers are the habitat for fish and upland game and the nesting, resting and feeding areas for millions of ducks, geese and other migratory waterfowl. A high percentage of these lands and waters are open to fishing and to many forms of hunting. Most of the State wildlife agencies cooperate with the Corps of Engineers in con- ducting research in fishery management and in a wide field of wildlife research on these lands and waters. Many of these same agencies have resident wildlife conservation officers at the principal reservoir projects and manage a substantial acreage of the projects' lands wholly or in part for wildlife. Through both research and management these agencies have been able to devise better procedures for the evaluation of the fishery pro- ductivity of the waters. The knowledge obtained has been beneficial in the formulating of fishing regulations which generally has resulted in the lengthening of the season and the removal of limits on the catch. In a few reservoir areas where the number of carp is a problem, notable success has been achieved by manipulation of water levels during spawning with the result that the carp population has been greatly reduced. Many streams below the hydroelectric power dams which heretofore had no trout now support a substantial trout fishery of

504544-59-----4 42 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 regional and national importance. Both lands and waters have been provided for establishment of additional trout hatcheries inmmediately below some dams. In addition to the lands made available for fish and wildlife management by State and local agencies, extensive areas have been made available to the Fish and Wildlife Service for additions to the Federal Wildlife Refuge System. The large number of people participating in fishing at Corps reservoirs contributes substantially to the number of licenses sold by the States. This in turn greatly increases the revenues available to these agencies to defray the costs of their administration and development for fish and wildlife purposes. Substantial sums of Corps or Engineers' funds have been made available to the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior for the study of effect of project construction and operation on fish and wildlife resources and for the determination of the means and measures that may be adopted to prevent loss or damage to these resources. CHAPTER IV

CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. PROGRAM POLICY MATTERS

The Corps of Engineers continued participation with other Federal agencies and with agencies of the various States in activities pertaining to the development of national water resource policies. In addition, various policies and procedures in use by the Corps of Engineers were reviewed, improved, and modified. The more important of these activities are discussed in the following paragraphs. Interagency Committee on WVater Resources. The Interagency Committee on Water Resources is composed of policy officials at the secretarial level of the Departments of Agriculture, Army, Com- merce, Health, Education, and Welfare, Interior, and Labor, and the Federal Power Commission. It is the responsibility of the committee to establish means and procedures to promote coordination of the water and related land resources activities of the member agencies; to undertake resolution of interagency differences to the extent possible under existing law and administration policy; to suggest to the President changes in policy which would promote coordination and eliminate or reduce interagency differences; and to review problems referred to it by the interagency committees in the field. Field committees have been set up for the Missouri, Columbia, Pacific South- west, and Arkansas-White-Red Basins and the New England-New York area. During the year the Committee performed its regular activities principally through its standing subcommittees on hydrology, sedi- mentation, and evaluation standards. At the close of the fiscal year the Committee had under consideration a recommendation from the Subcommittee on Evaluation Standards that a revised version of the May 1950 report on "Proposed Practices for Economic Analysis of River Basin Projects" be published and be adopted for consideration by the participating agencies. In addition, the 1951 edition of the manual on "Policies and Procedures for Distribution and Coordination of Reports by Agencies Represented in the Interagency Committee in Water Resources" was brought up to date for issuance in July 1958. Watershed protection and flood prevention. During fiscal year 1958 further intensive efforts were made to improve coordination between 43 44 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 plans for upstream reservoirs developed by the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture under the authorities of Public Law 566 (the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954, as amended) and plans prepared by the Corps of Engi- neers pursuant to flood control and rivers and harbors legislation. The increasing magnitude of the Public Law 566 program, as well as the broadening of its scope, brought to light additional difficult problems in coordination and further emphasized the need for better coordination. To this end cooperative planning on a basin-wide scale was continued in the Delaware, Potomac, and Cape Fear River basins, with full collaboration by the Department of Agriculture. In the Des Moines River basin the cooperative study initiated in fiscal year 1957, in compliance with the desires of the Committees on Appropri- ations, was completed. This study revealed that small upstream reservoirs would not significantly reduce the peak flows of major floods in the main stream. Efforts to eliminate important differences in cost-sharing policy were continued. The development under Public Law 566 of plans for several major channel improvement projects for the protection of urban areas led to the initiation of a joint effort to develop an agreement aimed at the elimination of duplication in this segment of the Federal flood-control program. Public Law 566, as amended, provides that plans proposing the construction of engineering works expected to cost more than $250,000, or of reservoirs having a capacity in excess of 2,500 acre-feet, shall be submitted to the Secretary of the Army for his views and recom- mendations. During fiscal year 1956 the Corps of Engineers submitted to the Secretary of the Army its comments upon 46 plans prepared under Public Law 566 as a basis for the views and recoinm- mendations which he submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture. Recreation. Because of the rapidly increasing recreational use of reservoir projects, recreation policy associated with such projects was extensively reviewed during the fiscal year. In providing and operating works for flood control, navigation, and related water resources developments the Chief of Engineers recognizes that recreation is a tangible and important function of water resource development. Accordingly, the Corps of Engineers will continue to provide, in accordance with existing authority and subject to the availability of funds, the basic facilities which are necessary for preservation of the resource and for access and use by the public which will point the way toward full development and use by non-Federal interests. Cost-sharing hurricane flood protection projects. The Flood Con- trol Act approved July 3, 1958 adopted three hurricane flood-protection projects for Narragansett Bay, New Bedford, and Texas City, with Federal participation limited to 70 percent of the costs, and CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 45 local interests required to bear at least 30 percent of the costs. Tenta- tive guidelines on this matter issued in April 1958 are being revised for application to other hurricane, tidal, and lake flood-protection studies in order to conform to the policy in cost-sharing established in the 1958 act. Water Supply Act of 1958. The Water Supply Act of 1958 (title III, Public Law 85-500), approved July 3, 1958, provided additional authority to the Corps of Engineers to include municipal and industrial water supply storage in any reservoir propect surveyed, planned, constructed, or to be planned, surveyed, and/or constructed by the Corps of Engineers subject to the terms of that act. The act provides a general policy for considering water supply in civil works projects, including new projects recommended to Congress for authorization and modification of authorized projects to include water supply. One of the most important features is the additional authority to provide water supply storage in reservoir projects for anticipated future demand, provided State or local interests give reasonable assurances that they will contract for the use of such storage on a basis which will permit paying out the costs allocated to water supply within the life of the project. By the close of the fiscal year, policy instructions concerning the interpretation and application of the legislation were in the process of being prepared for early circula- tion among the field offices. Aquatic Plant Control. The River and Harbor Act of 1958 (title I, Public Law 85-500), section 104, authorized a comprehensive project for the control and progressive eradication of water hyacinth, alligatorweed, and other obnoxious aquatic plants from navigable waters, tributary streams, connecting channels and other allied waters in the eight coastal States from North Carolina to Texas in the combined interest of navigation, flood control, drainage, agriculture, fish and wildlife conservation, public health, and related purposes. The authorized program is additional to eradication work now underway and provides for continued research for the most effective and economic control measures. The program, estimated to cost $1,350,000 annually over a period of five years, of which 70 percent shall be borne by the United States and 30 percent by local interests, is to be administered by the Corps of Engineers in cooperation with other Federal and State agencies. Federal funds appropriated for this project will be allocated by the Chief of Engineers on a priority basis, based upon the urgency and need of each area, and the availability of local funds. Remedial works (relocations). Section 111 of the River and Har- bor Act, approved July 3, 1958, Public Law 85-500, provides that whenever, during the construction or reconstruction of any naviga- 46 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

tion, flood control, or related water development project under the direction of the Secretary of the Army, the Chief of Engineers determines that any structure or facility owned by an agency of government and utilized in the performance of a governmental function should be protected, altered, reconstructed, relocated, or replaced to meet the requirements of navigation or flood control, or both; or to preserve the safety or integrity of such facility when its safety or usefulness is determined by the Chief of Engineers to be adversely affected or threatened by the project, the Chief of Engineers may, if he deems such action be in the public interest, enter into a contract providing for the payment from appropriations made for the construction or maintenance of such project, of the reasonable actual cost of such remedial work, or for the payment of a lump sum representing the estimated reasonable cost: Provided, That this section shall not be construed as modifying any existing or future requirement of local cooperation, or as indicating a policy that local interests shall not hereafter be required to assume costs of modifying such facilities. The provisions of this section may be applied to projects hereafter authorized and to those heretofore authorized but not completed as of the date of this act, and notwithstanding the navigation servitude vested in the United States, they may be applied to such structures or facilities occupying the beds of navigable waters of the United States. In connection with civil works projects, section 111 was enacted into law for the purpose of authorizing the Chief of Engineers to provide for the protection, alteration, reconstruction, relocation or replacement of any structures or facilities owned by an agency of government and utilized in performance of a governmental function. In the past the Corps of Engineers could pay only the value of a structure or facility measured on the basis of acceptable appraisal practices, normally reproduction cost new less depreciation. In most instances, a new, comparable structure or facility could not be constructed with funds which the Federal Government was authorized to pay the local governmental agency for the old improvement. This, in many instances, resulted in special legislation to construct new, comparable facilities. General legislation such as Section 111 was considered by the Congress preferable to special legislation in order to enable local governments to replace adversely affected facilities.

2. OMNIBUS RIVER AND HARBOR AND FLOOD CONTROL BILL The President on July 3, 1958, signed S. 3910, authorizing construction of 139 river and harbor, beach erosion and flood-control projects in 44 States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The total estimated Federal cost of work authorized in the bill is $1,556,230,500, of which $1,356,230,500 is for the Corps of Engineers CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 47 and $200,000,000 is for Missouri River Basin work by the Department of the Interior. The grand total is broken down as follows: No. of projects Types of projects Estimated cost 68 Flood control ------$545, 579, 800 57 Rivers and harbors 190, 723, 000 14 Beach erosion control------11, 627, 700

139 747, 930, 500 12 Basin authorizations --- _- - -- _ - 608, 300, 000

151 1, 356, 230, 500 1 Department of the Interior ------200, 000, 000

152 1, 556, 230, 500 There are also authorizations for 61 surveys, in 27 States and Hawaii. 3. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS During the year the Public Works Committees of Congress adopted 105 resolutions requesting review of previous reports on proposed river and harbor and flood-control improvements. Accomplishment and status of the survey program are indicated in the following table:

Table 20. Summary of Reports Processed During Fiscal Year 1958 and Status at End of Year

Reports transmitted to- Number

Congress ------85 Bureau of the Budget ------71 State and Federal agencies ------71 River and Harbor and Beach Erosion Boards------81

Total actions ------318

Status as of June 30, 1958 Favorable reports before Congress------8 Reports in process in Office, Chief of Engineers------22 Active reports in field offices ------266 Special studies active in field offices --- 10 Inactive reports in field offices_ ------636 Special studies inactive in field offices------0

Total ------942 48 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Current survey program. The increased level of appropriations for examinations and surveys resulted in increased activity in the investigations program. Public Law 85-500, sections 105 and 208, eliminated the need for preliminary examination reports. This and other improvements are expected to provide more economical and faster production of survey reports. Further economies in report production are anticipated from the new manuals of procedures which were prepared during the year. Interagency coordination continued. Special studies in the survey program are discussed in subsequent paragraphs. Developments in survey procedures. Preparation of engineering manuals on survey report procedures, including evaluation principles and practices applicable to all phases of project development, was continued during fiscal year 1958. The preliminary manual on general procedures issued in June 1956 (EM 1120-2-101) was partly revised in view of comments of division and district engineers and instructions from the chairman of the House Committee on Public Works to proceed directly with survey studies when preliminary scope studies pursuant to committee resolution indicated the need for detailed surveys. The omnibus authorization act approved July 3, 1958 (Public Law 500, 85th Cong.), permitted complete adoption of the single-stage survey report procedure and was implemented through changes to EM 1120-2-101. Manuals and instructions on the evaluation and cost sharing in small boat harbor projects and hurricane protection projects were issued and other manuals on project formulation and evaluation were in preparation at the end of the year. Columbia River and tributaries review. A comprehensive review of the report on Columbia River and tributaries published as House Document No. 531, 81st Congress, was authorized on July 28, 1955. Investigations initiated during fiscal year 1956 were essentially completed in fiscal year 1958. While the review will be comprehensive in scope in that it will cover the entire field of water resource use, studies will be directed primarily toward reanalysis of the main control plan with a view to solution of the major problems of providing main stem flood control and navigation and a basic plan of power development for the Pacific Northwest. Close coordination is being maintained with interested Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations. Delaware River comprehensive review. Review of the report on Delaware River published in House Document No. 179, 73d Congress, and related reports, was initiated in fiscal year 1956 responsive to resolutions of the Public Works Committee of Congress. Studies were continued during fiscal years 1957 and 1958. By letter of Octo- ber 22, 1956, the President directed arrangements be established to CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 49 assure full and continuing exchange of information and views among all parties concerned with development of the water resources of the Delaware River Basin. This is being accomplished by means of a coordinating committee on which there is Federal, State, and local representation. The review will be comprehensive in nature, including consideration of flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power, low-flow regulation, recreation, fish and wildlife conservation, pollution abatement, control of salinity encroachment, and allied purposes. The most suitable plan for serving such purposes and the extent to which the Federal Government, the several State governments, and other interests can be expected to participate in effecting its development must be determined. Comprehensive survey of Great Lakes harbors. The St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes connecting channels projects will provide a waterway with minimum depth of 27 feet throughout the Great Lakes system connecting with the Atlantic Ocean. Anticipated traffic into the Great Lakes through the deep-draft St. Lawrence Seaway, as well as deeper-draft traffic expected from improvement of connecting channels necessitates comprehensive reexamination to determine the ad- visability of further improvement of commercial harbors on the Great Lakes. Such studies were authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House Public Works Committees on May 18, 1956, and June 27, 1956, respectively. The initial phase of the study is a comprehensive traffic analysis to provide an estimate of the prospective waterborne commerce, both bulk and general cargo, which will use the Seaway and connecting channels. These studies are underway and scheduled for completion in the fall of 1959. A total of 26 public hearings have been held to obtain the views of local interests regarding deep draft improvements desired. About 56 harbors will be considered. Interim reports on 18 harbors which will benefit movement of iron ore, coal, and stone are scheduled for completion by the reporting offices during fiscal year 1959. Hudson River siltation study. This study, authorized on July 29, 1955, by resolution of the House Committee on Public Works, will determine what improvements are necessary and feasible to lessen shoaling in the pier slips on both sides of the Hudson River and in the Federal channel at and in the vicinity of Edgewater, N.J. Move- ment of freight totaling more than 50 million tons annually and docking of practically all of the passenger liners entering New York Harbor are affected adversely by siltation in this area. Investiga- tions were initiated during fiscal year 1957 and continued during fiscal year 1958. Due to the complexity of the problem, model studies are 50 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 being made to aid in determination of the sources of the silt and to test the effectiveness of possible remedial measures. Hurricane study. Hurricanes of recent years have caused large loss of life and unprecedented damage to property. In recognition of this, Public Law 71, 84th Congress, authorized study of the coastal and tidal areas along the eastern and southern seaboards of the United States with a view to securing data on the frequency and behavior of hurricanes, determination of methods of forecasting their paths and improving warning services, and means of preventing loss of life and property damage. This study is being made in cooperation with the Weather Bureau and other Federal and State agencies concerned with hurricanes. Initial appraisal of the problem to determine areas where severe damage has occurred and where there appears to be some likelihood of development of feasible corrective measures was essentially complete at the end of fiscal year 1957, and interim reports on some 40 such areas were in progress during the year. The Flood Control Act of 1958 included authorization of projects for protection of Narragansett Bay, R.I. and Mass., New Bedford Harbor, Mass., and Texas City, Tex., in accordance with plans of the Chief of Engineers contained in House Document No. 230, 85th Con- gress, Senate Document No. 59, 85th Congress, and House Document No. 347, 85th Congress, respectively. Ohio River comprehensive review. Comprehensive review of water resource development plans and requirements in the Ohio River basin was initiated during fiscal year 1957 responsive to authorization provided by resolution of the Senate Public Works Committee on May 16, 1955. This study involves reexamination of existing plans and consideration of additional plans necessary to establish a basinwide program for effective water resource conservation and use. Close coordination will be maintained with interested Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations. During fiscal year 1958 meteorological and hydrological studies which will be used to establish the standard project and design floods for the Ohio basin flood-control system were essentially completed. Potomac River comprehensive review. A comprehensive review of previous reports on the Potomac River and tributaries was authorized on January 26, 1956. Investigations were continued in fiscal year 1958. The objective of the review is development of a comprehensive, basinwide, water resource program. Attention to the pressing problems of water supply and stream pollution, particularly in the Washington metropolitan area and the tributary North Branch basin, comprises an important part of the study. Close coordination is being maintained with Federal, State, and other local agencies and organizations to insure development of a sound and acceptable plan CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 51 of improvement. An interim report on the North Branch basin is scheduled in view of the urgency of its flood-control and water conservation problems. Survey of the San Francisco Bay area. A comprehensive preliminary examination and survey of the San Francisco Bay area was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1950. Preliminary examination has been completed and survey scope investigation was in progress during fiscal year 1958. The study will include consideration of navigation requirements, flood control, reclamation of marginal lands, water supply, salt water intrusion, sediment deposition, and other water problems in the bay area. The possibility of using dikes or barriers across the northern and southern portions of the bay for fresh water impoundment, and as causeways, is being investigated. Model studies are being used as an aid in the solution of complex hydraulic problems. Coordination is being maintained with State and local interests.

4. BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS AND HARBORS During fiscal year 1958 the Board held 4 meetings of 1 to 2 days' duration and held 2 public hearings in Washington. The Board considered 76 reports, acting favorably on 22 and unfavorably on 17 survey reports; recommending 19 surveys be made and reporting unfavorably on 14 preliminary examination reports; issued a "Not Convinced" notice on 1 report; and deferred action on 3 reports. The Board recommended construction of projects totaling $309,970,000, of which $293,200,000 was the estimated cost to the United States and $16,770,000 the cost to local interests, which included work to be done by local interests and cash contributions. The estimated cost of construction for the 19 projects for which surveys were recommended totaled $461,154,000. Of the 31 unfavorable survey and preliminary examination reports acted on by the Board, 26 reports involved construction work estimated to cost $60,165,000. No cost estimates were made on the remaining 5 survey and preliminary examination reports as they covered investigations that were obviously unfavorable or no longer necessary. The total estimated cost of construction in the 67 reports in which cost estimates were included was $831,289,000.

5. BEACII EROSION BOARD The Beach Erosion Board completed action on 3 beach erosion control studies in cooperation with local public agencies during the fiscal year and assisted State agencies insetting up the study programs for 7 new cooperative studies and one additional report to a continuing study, as indicated in the table below. 52 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

List of Beach Erosion Control Cooperative Studies Completed and Applications Approved

Cooperative Studies Completed During Year

South Kingstown and Westerly, R.I. Palm Beach County, Fla. (Phase 1-Lake Worth Inlet to South Lake Worth Inlet.) Key West, Fla.

Applications for Cooperative Studies Approved During Year

New Bedford, Mass. Wessagussett Beach, Weymouth, Mass. Atlantic City, N.J. (Review). Virginia Beach, Va. (Review). Ocracoke Island, N.C. Fort Macon-Atlantic Beach, N.C. Coast of Southern California, Pt. Conception to the Mexican Boundary (Re- view) -- Phase 1 (continuing study). Presque Isle Peninsula, Pa. (Review). During the year 15 reports were reviewed for probable effects of navigation or flood control improvements on the adjacent shore lines. In addition 1 hurricane appraisal report and 2 hurricane preliminary examination reports were reviewed. Results of the research investigations conducted by the Board are made available to the using public in the form of publications. During the year 10 technical memoranda were issued.

6. ADVANCE ENGINEERING AND DESIGN During the preliminary phase of preparing authorized projects for construction, features thereof are developed, firm estimates of costs are prepared, orderly construction schedules are worked out, and necessary detailed information is readied for coordination with local interests, States, and other agencies. A backlog of projects ready for initiation of construction is in preparation to allow an expansion of the civil works construction program at such time as the national budgetary policy permits, at the same time assuring the development of a sound and well-balanced program consistent with the Nation's needs in the fields of navigation, flood control, and allied water uses. The sum of $8,016,500 was made available in fiscal year 1958 for advance engineering and design. With these funds and funds carried over from prior years, the Corps of Engineers prosecuted planning on 119 projects, consisting of 22 navigation, 89 flood control, and 8 multiple purpose projects. Planning on 49 of these projects was advanced to the stage where construction could be readily initiated. Funds in the amount of $7,457,782, representing approximately 77 percent of the total available for this activity, were obligated during the fiscal year. CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

In addition to planning work on projects, the Corps of Engineers continued its program of investigating the means of improving design and construction procedures. The accomplishments and economies effected in this field of activity are set forth in the discussion of the civil works investigations program in chapter VI.

7. COLLECTION AND STUDY OF BASIC DATA The collection and study of basic data are indispensable to the planning, design, and operation of Corps river-basin projects for the development of the Nation's water resources. This item includes those cooperative activities performed by other Federal agencies for which funds are provided by the Corps of Engineers for the basic programs of observing, compiling, reporting and publishing data on stream flow, rainfall, and fish and wildlife resources. A description of each of these activities during fiscal year 1958 is presented below: a. Cooperative programs with U.S. Weather Bureau. (1) Operation of a network of rainfall gages, primarily of the continuous recording type, known as the Hydroclimatic Net- work, was continued by the Weather Bureau at the request of the Corps of Engineers. Funds in the amount of $424,771 were transferred to the Weather Bureau for continued operation of this network during fiscal year 1958. A total of 2,684 stations (2,238 recording and 446 nonrecording) were in operation in the network on June 30, 1958. Data from these stations are published monthly by the Weather Bureau in "Hourly Precipitation Data." (2) The Hydrometeorological Section of the Weather Bureau was continued during the fiscal year at the request of the Corps of Engineers to review the meteorological aspects of the storm study program and to continue the development of theoretical concepts and practical technmiques of estimating probable maximum precipitation for use in engineering design. Funds in the amount of $115,800 were made available to the Weather Bureau to finance continued operation of this section during fiscal year 1958. The primary accomplishments during the year were continued investigations of precipitation in oro- graphic regions in the State of California and drafting of report thereon; continued study of seasonal variation of the Standard Project Storm for areas up to 20,000 square miles and preparation of final draft of report; estimates of probable maximum precipitation for 11 project areas; study of three-dimensional structure of moisture transport in the eastern United States to determine factors controlling large-area long-duration storms; review of several storm studies and 54 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

other investigations involving meteorological phases of engineering problems. (3) The River and Rainfall Reporting Networks, currently totaling 39 in number, were also continued at the request of the Corps in order that frequent reports of river stage and rainfall data would be available as required by District Engi- neers for flood control operation and flood-forecasting purposes. Funds in the amount of $108,512 were transferred to the Weather Bureau for continuation of this program during fiscal year 1958. b. Stream Gaging Program with the U.S. Geological Survey. The Geological Survey was requested to continue the cooperative program of constructing, maintaining, and operating stream gaging stations required in connection with Corps of Engineers activities. A total of $1,287,490 was transferred to the Geological Survey for operation of approximately 1,720 stations under this program during fiscal year 1958. Data obtained from these stations are published by the Geolog- ical Survey in the series of annual Water Supply Papers. CHAPTER V FUNDING TRENDS 1. FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR WORK Fiscal year 1958 funds appropriated for civil works activities of the Corps of Engineers amounted to $638,667,796.89 1. Individual appropriations are detailed in table 21. Status of the funds advanced by local interests for navigation and flood-control improvements is shown in table 22.

Table 21. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1958

The funds with which the works for the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors and flood control were prosecuted during the fiscal year were derived from unexpended balances of prior appropriation and from the following appropriations acts, and by transfer from other departments:

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATION ACT, 1958: Aug. 26, 1957 Flood Control, Mississippi River and ------_------$60, 715, 000. 00 Tributaries. General Investigations, Corps of Engi- 10, 779, 600. 00 neers, Civil. Construction, General, Corps of Engi- 449, 398, 500. 00 neers, Civil. Operation and Maintenance, General, 103, 850, 000. 00 Corps of Engineers, Civil. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, 11, 350, 000. 00 Civil, 1958. United States Section, Saint Lawrence 125, 000. 00 River Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958.

636, 218, 100. 00 SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION ACT, 1958: Aug. 28, 1957 Construction, General, Corps of Engi- 425, 000. 00 neers, Civil. JOINT RESOLUTION: June 30, 1958 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, 401,600. 00 Civil, 1958. ' Exclusive of $9,480,500 provided by Joint Resolution as an advance of fiscal year 1959 funds for Advance Procurement in fiscal year 1958. 55 56 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 21. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1958-Continued The funds with which the works for the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors and flood control were prosecuted during the fiscal year were derived from unexpended balances of prior appropriations and from the following appropriations acts, and by transfer from other departments:

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

RESTORATIONS: Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Ac- Dec. 31, 1957 $13, 800. 00 tivities (Transfer to Corps of Engi- neers, Civil), 1956. Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Ac- --- do . .. . 216. 07 tivities (Transfer to Corps of Engi- neers, Civil), 1957. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Feb. 26, 1958 5. 89 Civil, Prior Years. U.S. Section, St. Lawrence River -- - do _ --- 209. 11 Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Apr. 17, 1958 381. 50 Civil, Prior Years. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Apr. 22, 1958 1, 425. 79 Civil, 1957. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, June 6, 1958 1, 431. 43 Civil, 1956.

17, 469. 79

ADJUSTMENT WARRANT: General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, June 30, 1958 -37, 000. 00 Civil, 1958. TRANSFER OF FUNDS: General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, ._do _------37, 000. 00 Civil, 1958. United States Section, St. Lawrence -- 37, 000. 00 River Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958. SPECIAL FUNDS: Hydraulic Mining in California, June 19, 1954 18, 000. 00 Debris Fund. Maintenance and Operation of Dams Aug. 26, 1935 152, 127. 30 and Other Improvements to Navi- gable Waters (Credits to Accounts from Licenses under Federal Water Power Act, 26 August 1935). Payments to States, Flood Control June 28, 1938 1, 472, 499. 80 Act, 26 June 1938, as amended. TRUST FUNDS (CONTRIBUTIONS AND ADVANCES): Rivers and Harbors, Contributed Various...... 9, 771, 661. 87 Funds. FUNDING TRENDS 57

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

FUNDS TRANSFERRED FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS: Disaster Relief, Executive, Office of $805, 500. 00 the President (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Technical Cooperation, General, Exec- . .do- ----.... 15,000.00 utive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Technical Cooperation, General, Exec- 20, 000. 00 utive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, -.do . .... Civil) 1957. Technical Cooperation, General, Exec- -. do . .... 10, 690. 00 utive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) 1958. Defense Support, Near East, Africa -- 553. 64 and South Asia, Executive (Transfer do to Corps of Engineers, Civil) 1955. Defense Support, General, Executive 1, 000. 00 (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1958. Defense Support, Asia, Executive . .do 25, 000. 00 (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. Commodity Credit Corporation, Cap- _.do -2, 738. 49 ital Fund (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Ac- do 35, 100. 00 tivities (Transfer to Corps of En- gineers, Civil), 1958. Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Survey, .. do 1, 212, 800. 00 State (Transfer to Corps of En- gineers, Civil). United States Dollars Advanced from . do 212. 80 Foreign Governments, U.S. Educa- tional Exchange Program, Depart- ment of State (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Capital Outlay, U.S. Soldiers Home .I 2, 200, 000. 00 (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil).

Total funds transferred from other _ _ _4,322,010.67 departments.

Grand total, all funds .------652,761,469.43

504844-59r---5 y 58 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

JOINT RESOLUTION (ADVANCE May 12, 1958 PROCUREMENT): Flood Control, Mississippi River and-- _ _ _ _ _ $4, 250, 000. 00 Tributaries. General Investigations, Corps of En------_ _ - 135, 000. 00 gineers, Civil. Construction, General, Corps of En------_ -- 2, 850, 000. 00 gineers, Civil. Operation and Maintenance, General,- -- - -2, 200, 000. 00 Corps of Engineers, Civil. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers,- _ .------.-- 45, 000. 00 Civil, 1958 and 1959. United States Section, Saint Lawrence- -- - -500. 00 River Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958 and 1959.

9, 480, 500. 00

Table 22. Advanced Funds The following amounts have been advanced by local interests for river and harbor improvements under the provisions of Section II, River and Harbor Act, 3 March 1925, and for flood-control works under the provisions of the Act of 15 October 1940 and are returnable to the same interests when necessary Govern- ment funds are available.

Balance due Amount Amount Balance from United received returned due from District States, during during United 30 June fiscal fiscal States 1957 year year 30 June 1958

Selkirk---shore protection-- Buffalo . - $5, 000 - ....- .. $5, 000 Jones Beach Inlet, N.Y___ New York, 337, 500- -. - _ _ _ _ _ 337, 500 N.Y.

Total rivers and harbors ------405, 000 - -405, 000

2. ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS Chart IV indicates the fluctuations in annual appropriations since 1948 for civil works functions. Chart V shows actual appropriations adjusted to reflect rising construction costs for the past 10 years. Al- though actual appropriations for fiscal year 1958 represent an increase of 3 percent over 1949, application of the Engineering News Record's ACTUAL APPROPRIATIONS - CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS FY 1948 - 1958 INCL.

H z d~I

0 ...... O 1 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1954

EXCLUSIVE OF APPROPRIATION TRANSFER FOR WORK BY OTHER AGENCIES 1art IV. ADJUSTED APPROPRIATIONS -- CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS o FY 1948 -1988 INCL.

700 1_

600 _ _ _Q

500

g TOTAL ADJUSTED APPROPRIATIONS 4 ° 300

CONSTRUCTIONC

2a ______,_ _ __ ..______

MAINTENANCE AND OTHERSl 100 0 v0oodoo ,+onaog,3.

865 Oa CDOWDDE~o SDOOOR1ADOIO¢C ooaoooocs ouucmacaoon0000Ca000coRMSDOD

0 APRORITINSAJUTE.T..4

1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

CO APPROPRIATIONS ADJUSTED TO 1946 PRICE LEVELS C BY USE OF ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD CONSTRUCTION0 COST INDEXES Chart V. FUNDING TRENDS 61

EXPENDITURES (COST) - CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS

700

TOTAL

500

5001-

W CONSTRUCTION 0 O 0 400 o 2I

0 a 300

z -r

200 ALL OTHERS

195 193 154 94 0

1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

FISCAL YEARS Chart VI. cost of construction index to the 1958 appropriation shows a decrease of 34 percent in the amount of work which the appropriation could produce as compared to the slightly lower appropriation a decade ago.

3. EXPENDITURES (COSTS) During fiscal year 1958 expenditures (costs) amounted to $684,690,- 087 on the civil works program. Of this amount $542,108,479 was for construction and $142,581,608 for all other activities except those funded by contingencies, advances, and collections from local sources and transfers from other agencies. Chart VI shows comparative ex- penditure (cost) data since 1952. Expenditures under each appropriation are listed in table 23. 62 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 23. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1958 The total actually expended under the direction of the Chief of Engineers in connection with the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors, flood control, and other miscellaneous works during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1958 is as follows:

Appropriation title Amount

RIVERS AND HARBORS AND FLOOD CONTROL: Flood Control, Mississippi River and Tributaries ..... $58, 412, 041. 05 General Investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil...... 9, 787, 126. 64 Construction, General, Corps of Engineers, Civil .... 499, 462, 074. 61 Operation and Maintenance, General, Corps of En- gineers, Civil___ 103, 420, 773. 57 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, Prior Years__ 552. 64 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1956 ___ 85. 02 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957 ... 72, 892. 65 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958 ..... 11, 662, 454. 21 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958 and 1959___ 231. 57 Maintenance and Operation of Dams and Other Im- provements to Navigable Waters_ 152, 127. 30

Totals Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control ... 682, 970, 359. 26

MISCELLANEOUS APPROPRIATIONS: Niagara Remedial Works, Corps of Engineers, Civil --- 90, 187. 55 U.S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of En- gineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957...... 323. 11 U.S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of En- gineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1958 _---- 84, 835. 93 Hydraulic Mining in California, Debris Fund_.... 13, 593. 00 Payments to States, Flood Control Act 28 June 1938 as amended... ___...... 1, 530, 788. 06

Total Miscellaneous Appropriations- 1, 719, 727. 65

CONTRIBUTED AND ADVANCED FUNDS: Rivers and Harbors, Contributed Funds...... 9, 518, 741. 00 Rivers and Harbors, Advanced Funds-- - 176, 542. 28

Total Contributed and Advanced Funds- - 9, 342, 198. 72

Total Engineer Department and Contributed Funds_-- 694, 032, 285. 63

TRANSFERS FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS: Disaster Relief, Executive Office of the President (Trans- fer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) -__ 157, 042. 40 Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)..._..._ ...._... 3, 172. 15 FUNDING TRENDS 63

Table 23. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1958-Continued The total actually expended under the direction of the Chief of Engineers in connection with the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors, flood control, and other miscellaneous works during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1958 is as follows:

Appropriation title Amount

TRANSFERS FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS-Con. Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957------$37, 333. 35 Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1958_ --- _- --__ 833. 11 Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955- 20. 73 Defense Support, General, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1958------330. 00 Defense Support, Asia, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956_ _-__ -1,020. 96 Defense Support, Asia, Executive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957___ 18, 047. 45 Commodity Credit Corp, Capital Fund (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil).. --- 9, 785. 56 Salaries and Expenses Maritime Activities (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956___ 13, 800. 00 Salaries and Expenses Maritime Activities (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957_ 3, 192. 56 Salaries and Expenses Maritime Activities (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1958_ 34, 912. 55 Construction, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------1, 456, 394. 22 Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Survey (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) ------1, 201, 087. 24 United States Dollar Advances from Foreign Govern- ments, U.S. Educational Exchange Program, State (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)- - -- 2, 917. 98 Salaries and Expenses, National Science Foundation (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)-- _ _ 491, 849. 43 Maintenance and Operations, U.S. Soldiers Home (Trans- fer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957_____ -- 7, 875. 00 Capital Outlay, U.S. Soldiers Home (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) ------90, 681.77

Total transfers from other departments__ ___ 3, 528, 254. 54

WORKING FUNDS: Consolidated Working Fund, Army, Engineers, Civil (Trust Fund)------249. 87

GRAND TOTAL-Accrued expenditures by Engineer Department------697, 560, 790. 04 CHAPTER VI

OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES

1. ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY By letter dated September 17, 1954, addressed to the Secretary of the Army, the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation designated the Corps of Engineers as its agent for design and construction of the seaway project. The Corporation was created on May 13, 1954 under authority of Public Law 358, 83d Congress, 2d Session. The project involves construction of navigation facilities in United States waters in the reach of the St. Lawrence River which constitutes the boundary between the United States and Canada, and coordination thereof with the power facilities to be constructed concur- rently by others. During fiscal year 1958, all features required to provide for 14-foot navigation were completed to a point that would permit commencement of pool-raising on July 1, 1958. Both locks and the Long Sault Canal were turned over to the Seaway Corporation for operation. As of June 30, the United States portion of the navigation project was about 80 percent complete. Major items remaining to be completed include the Cornwall Island channel excavation, the high level highway bridge, the Thousand-Islands channel excavation, and maintenance buildings and facilities. For detailed report on the St. Lawrence Seaway, see volume 2, Buffalo District, page 1393.

2. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER JOINT BOARD OF ENGINEERS This Board, having United States and Canadian sections, was created pursuant to the order of approval issued by the International Joint Commission on October 29, 1952. The United States section was established and its duties defined by Executive Order issued No- vember 4, 1953. Members of the United States section are the Secre- tary of the Army and the Chairman of the Federal Power Commis- sion, with Maj. Gen. C. G. Holle, special assistant to the Chief of Engineers, and Mr. F. L. Adams, chief of the Bureau of Power of the Federal Power Commission, as alternates. The duties of the Board are to review and approve, in behalf of both federal governments, the plans, specifications, and work schedules for the power project in the International Rapids section of the 64 OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 65 St. Lawrence River, and to inspect construction operations to insure conformance with Board approvals. The power project is being constructed jointly by the Power Authority of the State of New York and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. Supervision of construction pursuant to the Federal Power Commission license issued July 15, 1953, to the Power Authority of the State of New York also was assigned to the United States section, thus integrating these two Federal supervisory activities. A small engineering staff to support the United States section was established in Massena, N.Y., with Washington liaison. In consideration of the advanced stage of completion of the power project, the resident staff at Massena was progressively reduced during the latter part of the fiscal year in preparation for closing of the Massena office early in fiscal year 1959. Costs of the United States section through June 30, 1958 totaled about $395,000. An additional $100,000 was appropriated to finance the activities of the United States section during fiscal year 1959. All costs of the United States section are subject to reimbursement by the Power Authority of the State of New York, as provided in the appropriation acts.

3. FLOOD FIGHTING AND OTHER EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Emergency flood-control activities, involving advance preparation for flood emergencies, flood rescue work, flood fighting, and the repair and restoration of flood-control works damaged or destroyed by flood, were carried on during the year under the Corps' statutory authority set forth in Public Law 99, 84th Congress, and prior legislation. In addition, disaster assistance and engineering services were made available as authorized and directed by the Federal Civil Defense Admin- istration, in accordance with the procedures established pursuant to Public Law 875, 81st Congress (Disaster Act of 1950). The most noteworthy flood emergencies and emergency operations during the fiscal year are described in the following paragraphs. Operationsin connection with disasters occurring during priorfiscal years. Publication of final report on "Operation NOAH", covering disaster recovery operations in the northeastern states initiated in fiscal year 1956, was delayed pending resolution of contractor claims. In North Carolina, work continued on the program authorized by FCDA for clearing and snagging natural channels in recovery from hurricane and storm disasters of calendar years 1955-56. Following completion of the initial portion of the program at a cost of $1 million, incremental work was authorized by FCDA at $1.3 million estimated cost. A project for closure of a hurricane-formed inlet at Long Beach, N.C., authorized by FCDA, was completed at cost of $150,579, including preliminary costs. 66 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Public Law 99 activities. Programs under Public Law 99 for repair and restoration of flood damaged flood-control works were continued. During fiscal year 1958, obligations for all emergency flood-control activities, including those in connection with floods of prior fiscal years, totaled $8,324,712; expenditures aggregated $7,932,569. Work was largely concentrated in the Arkansas-White- Red Basin, where obligations were $4,672,279; and in the central and south Pacific and central valleys of California, where obligations totaling $707,571 were incurred. California spring floods of 1958. Severe flooding occurred during February in the Sacramento River Basin as a result of two storms. Preliminary estimates placed damages at $6 million. The upper Sacramento River, above the Feather River confluence, reached the highest stage since 1943. In April, a series of coastal storms produced heavy rainfall in northern and central California. Major floods developed in the San Francisco Bay area, in the San Joaquin delta area, and on the lower San Joaquin River and tributaries. Communities affected included Alviso, Stockton, Lathrop, and Vernalia. The President on April 4, 1958, made a "major disaster" declaration with respect to the flood-affected areas. Under authority of Public Law 99, the Corps of Engineers furnished assistance to local interests in flood fighting and initiated a program of repair and restoration of damaged flood-control works. Spring floods of 1958 in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Heavy rainfall over the upper portion of the Ouachita Basin caused flooding on the Ouachita River in April, May, and June. Record stages were reached at many points, with about 2.5 million acres inundated including 500,000 acres of cleared land. Estimated damages were about $12.5 million, of which $10 million were agricultural damages. Severe rainstorms during the latter part of April and early May caused major flooding on the lower Red River in Arkansas and Louisiana; there were record stages in May on Caddo Lake, in Lou- isiana, on the Big Black and Sunflower Rivers, Miss., and on the Sulphur River, Tex. Under Public Law 875, the President on May 15, 1958, made a "major disaster" declaration with respect to the affected areas in Arkansas, and on May 20, 1958, also acted similarly on Louisiana. Local interests were aided by the Corps of Engineers in flood fighting efforts on the Ouachita River, and an emergency repair program under Public Law 99 was initiated on the Arkansas and Red Rivers. Texas floods, autumn of 1957 and spring of 1598. During October and November 1957, widespread flooding occurred in the Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado river basins, and heavy rains in February caused flooding in the lower reaches of the Guadalupe-San Antonio and OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 67 Nueces river basins. Major flooding occurred during April and May, causing heavy damage in the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, and Guadalupe- San Antonio river basins. There followed on June 6, 1958, a "major disaster" declaration by the President under Public Law 875, with respect to the affected areas. Public Law 99 assistance rendered by the Corps of Engineers included emergency repair of damaged levees. Floods in Wabash River basin, June 1598. A series of unusually heavy rainstorms caused near-record stages on the Wabash and White Rivers and extensive flooding throughout the basin in Indiana. Flood- ing also occurred in adjacent river basins in Ohio and Illinois. Severe damages were sustained in the Wabash River basin, with over 20 privately constructed levees breached or overtopped and more than 600,000 acres of agricultural land flooded. Damages were in the order of $25 million, according to an early and incomplete estimate. De- velopment of an extensive program of emergency repair and restoration of damaged levees was initiated under Public Law 99.

4. ADMINISTRATION OF LAWS FOR PROTECTION OF NAVIGABLE WATERS In administering the Federal laws enacted for the protection and preservation of the navigable waters of the United States, 6,199 permits for structures or operations in navigable waters were issued and plans for 150 bridges, dams, dikes, or causeways were approved during the year. In addition, 29 extensions of time for commencement or completion of construction of bridges were granted. Eighty sets of regulations for the use, administration, and navigation of navigable waters were established, including drawbridge regulations, establishment of anchorage grounds, special anchorage areas, danger zones and restricted areas. The Corps of Engineers engaged in the following additional activities relative to the administration of the laws for the protection of navigable waters: Investigations of the discharge or deposit of refuse matter of any kind in navigable waters; prevention of pollution of coastal navigable waters by oil; administrative determination of the heads of navigation and the extent to which the laws shall apply to specific streams; supervision of the harbor of New York to prevent obstructive or injurious deposits in the waters thereof, including the waters of Long Island Sound; establishment of reasonable rates of toll for transit across bridges over navigable waters; granting of permits for the occupation and use of Federal works under control of the Corps of Engineers; reports of international boards on operations affecting international boundary waters; and legislation in connection with the foregoing. There is a continuing program to prevent deposits or to obtain the removal of any deposits in channels which obstruct navigation or in- 68 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 crease Federal maintenance costs. In all areas of the country, most industries and municipalities are removing, or are participating in the cost of removal of shoals for which they are responsible. All waterways are being observed and negotiations commenced with any company or municipality which may be causing shoaling due to waste deposits. During the past few years agreements averaging approximately $1 million per year have been reached with some of our major industries. The program has resulted not only in a saving in dredging costs of approximately $4 million and more efficient use of dredging equipment, but also in a stimulation of planning by the industries to improve their operations for recovering salvageable material. In the case of one company, which declined to accept responsibility for its deposits in the Calumet River, Ill., court action was instituted in 1954. Decree was entered on June 24, 1957, in favor of the United States. The defendant was ordered to stop the deposit of materials and to remove the accumulation within six months. The defendant has appealed the case. This is the only case in which an equitable agreement could not be reached. A report entitled "Navigational Clearance Requirements for High- way and Railroad Bridges," prepared by the United States Depart- ment of Commerce, was released in 1955. The conflicting interests involved are the desire of navigation interests for the maximum navigation opening and the desire of bridge owners to conserve funds by building a minimum crossing. In connection with its continuing studies of the problems involved at intersections of highway and water traffic, the Corps of Engineers is making a thorough review of its policy on bridge clearances with a view to resolving problems involved in meeting the requirements of both the water and land transportation interests. The present system of standard bridge clearances is being reviewed and extended to cover, insofar as practicable and necessary, all navigable waterways. During the fiscal year 1958, review of the standard bridge clearances for the entire Gulf Intra- coastal Waterway, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, and the Mis- souri River were initiated. Four public hearings were held, one for each section of the Intracoastal Waterway and two for the Missouri River, divided into the lower and upper river at Gavins Point Dam. The procedure whereby a "findings of fact" is prepared for attach- ment to the formal approval of bridge plans was continued. When necessary, or in controversial cases, an economic analysis to assist in determination of the clearance requirements for a bridge may be developed. Toward the end of fiscal year 1956, the Secretary of the Army gave his advance approval to the location and plans of bridges across reaches of waterways navigable in law but not actually navi- gated other than by logs, log rafts, rowboats, canoes, or small motor- boats. Action has been implemented to set up a procedure for OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 69 administering this advance approval and delineating these proposed reaches. Under the Bridge Alteration Act (Truman-Hobbs) approved on June 21, 1940, as amended by the act of July 16, 1952, the cost of alter- ing a bridge used for railroad traffic, combined railroad and highway traffic, or a publicly owned highway bridge, found by the Secretary of the Army to be obstructive to navigation, is apportioned between the bridge owner and the United States. Hearings in connection with obstructive qualities are held to determine if the bridge is an unreason- able obstruction to navigation. During fiscal year 1958 no hearings were held on obstructive bridges. Initial funds were made available for commencement of alteration of two bridges and additional funds have been made available for continuation of alteration on three bridges. Action was continued on six additional obstructive bridge cases in various stages of development. The removal of wrecks in navigable waters of the United States is governed by sections 19 and 20 of the River and Harbor Act approved March 3, 1899, and is predicated entirely upon their being obstructions to navigation. During the fiscal year, 73 wrecks were removed by the Corps of Engineers as obstructions to navigation.

5. REGULATION OF HYDRAULIC MINING, CALIFORNIA The California Debris Commission created by act of Congress, regulates hydraulic mining in the drainage area of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to prevent the resulting debris from being carried into navigable waters. The Commission has licensed 12 mining operators, of which 2 utilize storage behind the Federal debris dams. During the year the Harry L. Englebright Dam and the North Fork Dam, together with their appurtenant service facilities, were operated and maintained for the storage of hydraulic mining debris. Studies were conducted of the adequacy and the cost of improvement of the existing recreational areas of the two dams. Bank protection along Yuba River at Dantoni's, Yuba County, was accomplished. In addition, bank restoration and stone protection along the right and left banks of Yuba River, near Marysville, was initiated. The cost of this activity is paid in part from funds provided from receipts of required contributed funds. In addition to the above contributed funds, $37,582 deferred maintenance funds were expended on the Yuba River project during fiscal year 1958.

6. CIVIL WORKS INVESTIGATION PROGRAM Seventy-nine investigations and studies leading to more reliable engineering design data, utilization of superior or less costly con- 70 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 struction materials, and improvements in construction and maintenance procedures for civil works projects were continued under this program. Approximately 71 percent of the total program cost for fiscal year 1958 was expended at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, and the remainder at the Beach Erosion Board and various Corps of Engineers field offices. Benefits realized include more precise engineering designs and direct savings in project construction and maintenance costs. Aggregates for concrete structures. The quality of the coarse aggregates, which comprise about 70 percent of the concrete, influences the durability, life, and appearance of a structure. Studies are in progress to develop laboratory tests which will provide a more positive means for evaluating aggregate quality. Other studies have been completed which have indicated that certain mineral admixtures (pozzolans) inhibit or minimize the undesirable reactions of certain aggregates. The result of this latter investigation provides an additional potential means for safe use of reactive aggregates with the accompanying benefits of broadened competition and in many instances substantial savings in cost. Paints and protective coatings. The primary paint problems associated with civil works structures are those of steelwork exposed to erosive underwater environment and conditions of frequent and severe moisture condensation. Investigations of protective coatings suitable for use on hydraulic structures, and of improved techniques for preparation of surfaces, have resulted in substantial increases in the service life of protective coatings. Where previously structures or portions of structures have required repainting at intervals of 2 or 3 years, suitable and proven paint systems have extended that interval to as much as 10 years. Salt water intrusion in coastal rivers. The movement of salt water from the ocean into the mouths of coastal rivers and its intermixing with the fresh water flowing in these rivers influence the amount and pattern of shoaling in these and adjacent areas. The basic laws governing this salt water intrusion are being determined by laboratory tests and field surveys. Results will be used in conjunction with harbor model studies and also in the design of navigation channels within coastal rivers. Major benefits are improved designs with resultant reductions in construction and maintenance costs. Supple- mentary benefits include the evaluation and proper consideration of the effects of proposed channel and harbor improvements on industrial, agricultural, and domestic water supplies.

7. UNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY Under its authorized project, the United States Lake Survey continued the program of preparing, revising, and distributing naviga- OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 71 tion charts of the Great Lakes and their outflow rivers, the New York canals system, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes, and the study of all matters affecting the hydraulics and hydrology of the Great Lakes system. The Great Lakes Pilot and seven supplements thereto were compiled and issued to complement the navigation information on the charts. Offshore sounding of the eastern half of Lake Superior, which was started during fiscal year 1957, was continued. To obtain accurate positioning of the Surveyship Williams in the extensive areas that were sounded, Electronic Position Indicator equipment was used successfully over fresh water for the first time. Inshore soundings were conducted along the shore line of Lake Huron from Port Huron northward to Pointe aux Barques, Mich.; preliminary field work was accomplished from North Albany Point northward toward the Straits of Mackinac and sounding operations were continued. Revisory surveys were accomplished in all United States harbors on Lake Huron, the St. Marys River, and Lake Superior, except Duluth, Minn., which was completed during fiscal year 1957. Routine maintenance of the vertical control network was accomplished. First order levels were begun on the St. Lawrence and Niagara Rivers. Sixteen special water level gages were installed in selected United States harbors in Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario for verifying vertical control datum and furnishing data for crustal movement study. During the year, computations on the horizontal control network were made to place 163 second and third order tri- angulation stations on North American Datum of 1927. In addition lake and river level, hydraulic, hydrologic, and artificial factor data were collected, reduced, tabulated, and disseminated. Engineering and scientific analyses were made of these data for the benefit of navigation, Corps of Engineers activities, and other public, commercial, and industrial interests. Consulting engineer services were furnished to Corps of Engineers organizations and to the various international commissions, boards, and committees concerned with the Great Lakes and their outflow rivers, including the St. Lawrence River. Data pertaining to Great Lakes hydraulics and hydrology which are published regularly by the U.S. Lake Survey include monthly reports of Great Lakes levels, a hydrograph of monthly mean levels of the individual Great Lakes, tabulations of precipitation on the lake basins; diversions of water into, between, and from the lakes; flows in the connecting rivers; and long-range forecasts of lake levels. 72 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

8. WASHINGTON, D.C., WATER SUPPLY With funds appropriated for the District of Columbia, the Corps of Engineers continued the operation, maintenance, repair, and protection of the water-supply facilities, known as the Washington Aque- duct, to provide an uninterrupted and adequate supply of purified water to the distribution system of the District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia areas as authorized by law. The maximum daily consumption provided by the existing facilities was about 253 million gallons and the average daily consumption was about 155 million gallons. In order to meet the future demands for water, construction work continued on the long-range program. Construction of the first half of the 40-million-gallon capacity third-high service reservoir at Fort Reno was completed and the structure is now in use. Construction work on the Dalecarlia finished-water pumping station with an installed capacity of 477 million gallons daily has continued to 99 + percent completion and beneficial occupancy was taken on March 25, 1958. Construction work on the Little Falls raw-water pumping station with an installed capacity of 450 million gallons daily, scheduled for completion in November 1958, has continued to 97 percent completion. The preparation of plans and specifications for a new chemical building and operating center at the McMillan filter plant was continued. The preliminary design report on the Dalecarlia filter and chemical buildings has been approved and the final design is scheduled for completion by December 1, 1958.

9. WORK FOR OTHER AGENCIES Dredging operations were carried out during fiscal year 1958 for the United States Air Force at Harmon Air Force Base, Newfound- land; for the United States Coast Guard at Shinnecock Inlet, N.Y., and Moriches Inlet, N.Y.; for the United States Civil Aeronautics Administration in the Potomac River at National Airport, Washing- ton, D.C.; for the Federal Civil Defense Administration at Long Beach Inlet, Brunswick County, N.C.; and for the Department of the Navy at Pensacola Bay, Fla. Construction operations were conducted during the year for the Commodity Credit Corporation and United States Maritime Admin- istration in both the Norfolk and Seattle Corps of Engineers Dis- tricts; for the United States Maritime Administration at James River Reserve Fleet, Va. and Olympia Reserve Fleet, Wash.; for the United States National Science Foundation in the Corps of Engineers, Hunt- ington District; for the United States Department of State at Passa- maquoddy, Maine; for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 73 at Crab Orchard Wildlife Refuge, Mo.; for the Bureau of Indian Affairs at various locations throughout the United States; and for the Department of the Navy at White Sands Point, N.Y.

10. FOREIGN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE The Corps of Engineers continued to participate in the foreign technical assistance program of the Department of State and the Inter- national Cooperation Administration. This participation has entailed the detail of technical specialists abroad, the in-service training of selected engineers from foreign governments, the accommodation of visiting foreign nationals at civil works projects and activities, the design and procurement of dredging plant for foreign governments, and the provision of engineering information and literature relating to the development of water resources. Consulting and advisory assistance was rendered to the Government of France on the construction of the Serre-Poncon Damn project and to the Government of Canada in a study of flood control plans for the Red River Basin in Manitoba Province. The Corps also detailed a civilian specialist to the United Nations Technical Assistance Admin- istration to assist in a study of water resource development of the Lower Mekong River Basin. Training in flood control and harbor and power engineering was provided for selected engineers from the Governments of Colombia, Chile, China (Taiwan), Costa Rica, India, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Pak- istan, Panama, Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey. During the year, the Corps received teams of selected engineers and administrators for study of water resources development. Three such groups were received from Spain and two teams from Japan. Work on the construction and delivery of the following dredging plant was completed: One 12-inch pipeline dredge for Viet Nam. One booster for 10-inch pipeline dredge for the Philippine Gov- ernment. One 20-inch pipeline dredge and attendant plant for the Philip- pine Government. In addition, the Corps of Engineers received foreign government representatives and engineers from various free nations and afforded them the opportunity to visit the Corps' civil works offices and projects to observe construction organizations and techniques. Upon request engineering information pertaining the the Corps' civil works program was furnished to foreign engineers and government representatives.

504844---59---6 74 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

11. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS The following publications pertaining to civil works activities were issued during the fiscal year 1958: A. Available at the Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C., at indicated price. 1. Port Series: No. 3-The Port of Boston, Mass------$2. 50 No. 15-The Port of Jacksonville, Fla------1. 50 No. 27-The Port of San Diego, Calif------1.00 No. 28---The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, Calif .. 2. 00 2. Transportation Series: No. 3-Transportation Lines on the Great Lakes System, 1958 . 60 No. 4--Transportation Lines on the Mississippi River System and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 1957------1.50 No. 5-Transportation Lines on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts, 1957------2.25 3. Engineer Manuals: EM 1110-1-1000--Photogrammetric Mapping .------55 EM 1110-1-2101-Working Stresses for Structural Design ... . 20 EM 1110-2-2906---Design of Pile Structures and Foundations_ . 50 EM 1110-2-3104-Structural Design of Pumping Stations - . 15 B. Available at place of publication at listed price or as indicated. 1. Great Lakes Pilot, 1958. U.S. Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich. (including supplements) -----__------_-$3. 25 2. List of Publications of the Waterways Experiment Station, January 1, 1958. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss ------Gratis 3. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, calendar year 1957: Part 1-W aterways and Harbors: Atlantic Coast. U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, Waltham, Mass., or U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich_------1. 30 Part 2-Waterways and Harbors: Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and Antilles. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley, Vicksburg, Miss., or U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich_ _ __------1.20 Part 3-Waterways and Harbors: Great Lakes. U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich -- . 80 Part 4-Waterways and Harbors: Pacific Coast, Alaska, and Pacific Islands. U.S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, San Francisco 19, Calif., or U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich._ 1. 00 Part 5-National Summaries: U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich .------. 25 Supplement to Part 5-Domestic Inland Traffic Areas of Origin and Destination of Principal Commodities. U.S. Army Engineers District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich .------.35 OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 75

Division addresses: U.S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley, P.O. Box 80, Vicks- burg, Miss. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, P.O. Box 1216, Omaha, Nebr. U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, 424 Trapelo Road, Waltham 54, Mass. U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Atlantic, 1216 Federal Office Building, 90 Church Street, New York 7, N.Y. U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Central, 536 South Clark St., Chicago 5, Ill. U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, 210 Custom House, Portland 9, Oreg. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, P.O. Box 1159, Cincinnati, Ohio. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, P.O. Box 2040, Honolulu 5, T.H. U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Atlantic, P.O. Box 1889, Atlanta, Ga. U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific, P.O. Box 3339 Rincon Annex, San Francisco 19, Calif. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Southwestern, Santa Fe Building, 1114 Com- merce Street, Dallas 2, Tex. CHAPTER VII ECONOMY MEASURES

ORGANIZATION, FACILITIES, AND PROCEDURES Efforts were continued to devise improvements in the organizations, procedures and working methods utilized for civil works activities. Examples of the efforts and the resulting benefits follow. Organization. Sustained or increased workoads, both civil and military, required retention of all existing division and district organizations for the civil works program. The Honolulu area office of the San Francisco District became the Honolulu District of the new Pacific Ocean Division. The resultant effect of this change on the overall civil workload of the Corps was not significant. Floating plant. Continuing reviews are in effect to find ways of improving the efficiency and utilization of existing items of plant, replace obsolete units, and make increased use of available commercial facilities. In connection therewith, the following changes relating to major items of plant have been effected. The hopper dredge Chester Harding, scheduled for lay-up status in the New York District, was reactivated for loan to Venezuela and upon completion of this assignment will be repowered to provide greater capacity, efficiency, and economy, and utilized on the West Coast as a replacement for the dredge Rossell. The Rossell was sunk after being rammed by the Norwegian freighter Thorshall and efforts are presently underway to recover losses incurred. The dredge Taylor, having reached the end of its economically repairable life, was disposed of and will be replaced by the new hopper dredge Markham, presently under construction and scheduled for delivery in November of 1959. This dredge, which incorporates the latest design features, is expected to provide maximum efficiency and economy in dredging operations. The dredge will be used to provide the additional capacity in the Great Lakes channels, which is expected to result from the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Repowering, repairs, alterations, and additions and betterments to the hopper dredge Pacific have been completed to the end that the operating efficiency of the plant is appreciably increased and its estimated useful life extended 10 years. Studies and investigations are presently in progress with a view to improving the design and increasing the operating efficiency of 76 ECONOMY MEASURES 77 dredge pumps, drag heads, and distribution systems. Also, testing and evaluation of commercially available radio wave systems which will permit accurate positioning of dredges and survey boats in fog or other inclement weather, is presently in progress. Inspection boats excessed during fiscal year 1957 were disposed of and the inspections heretofore performed by these vessels are now being accomplished by use of existing workboats or by renting commercially available equipment as needed. The following are examples of outstanding management improvements relating to plant operations which are presently in effect and have been evaluated and reported this fiscal year: Disposing of dredged material by sump rehandler dredges, Phila- delphia District, indicates substantial annual benefits through the use of this method in lieu of open dumping methods previously used. The use of the sump rehandler teclhnique has made it possible to pump ashore 100 percent of the material dredged whereas only 50 percent was rehandled by methods previously employed. Within six months after initiation of this method of dredging, the Delaware River channels attained a better state of maintenance than 'had previously existed. Improvements to plant maintenance procedures resulted in a combined annual savings of approximately $50,000 per year as a result of the Kansas City District using side docks and audigage equipment for determining plate thickness in lieu of dry docking and drilling and the development of a "hot flow process" by the Philadelphia District and the Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp. for accomplishing major repairs to "Neolite" propellers. Annual savings of approximately $95,000 in shop and yard operations were realized by the relocation and consolidation of maintenance and repair facilities in the Nashville District and a reduction in the cost of care of plant in the New Orleans District by reducing requirements of the "Fleet Tender" from a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week operation, with a crew of 4 men per shift, to a single operating schedule of 8 hours per day, Monday through Friday, daylight hours only, except during emergencies. A study of the concrete mixes used in the Vicksburg and Memphis Districts for casting articulated concrete mattresses led to the establishment of an optimum mix using less cement than heretofore and resulting in a saving of approximately $122,000 annually. Project operations. Methods and procedures followed in carrying out programs have been improved whenever possible to effect greater economy and efficiency in order that maximum amount of maintenance work can be accomplished within the limited funds available. The following are examples of improvements that resulted in significant 78 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 savings to project operations. The New Orleans District entered into a contract for the maintenance of yards and grounds and the furnishing of janitorial service for the district office reservation in lieu of accomplishing this work by Government plant and hired labor. This change resulted in savings of approximately $37,000 annually. The program for centralizing the controls and the provision of various automatic and other labor saving features at power projects is continuing. Typical of the results of this work is the Wolf Creek project where the modifications permitted a reduction in personnel which resulted in an annual saving of $38,400. Similar work is under way at other projects, including Bonneville, Chief Joseph, McNary, The Dalles, and Dale Hollow. Studies are also under way at other projects to determine the extent and feasibility of reducing personnel requirements. For the projects now in operation, and those under construction, these modifications in operational practices will result in an overall annual reduction in fund requirements estimated to be in excess of $1,500,000 when compared to operating these projects according to original practices. Supply. Efforts to reduce warehouse stock have been continued and other improvements, as indicated by the following examples, which are designed to increase the efficiency and economy of supply operations, have been adopted. A study, made by the Kansas City District, of the protection of warehouse stock and property that could be justified resulted in the elimination of 24-hour watch service, eliminat- ing three watchmen for an annual saving of approximately $16,000. The Jacksonville District initiated a procedure designed to reduce the number of plans furnished with construction invitations for bids which indicates a possible saving of $15,000 per year. This procedure provides subcontractors and other nonbidders only the drawings relating to their product or service. CHAPTER VIII WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES During the calendar year 1957 new records were established again on the waterways of the United States both for tons of freight trans- ported and ton-miles carried, and for the third successive year total tons of freight exceeded a billion tons. The 1957 tons and ton-miles exceeded those for 1956 by 3.5 percent and 5.4 percent, respectively. The total of 1,131.4 million short tons of commercial freight moved by water in 1957 was an increase of 38.5 million tons over the 1956 total. Foreign trade led the advance, accounting for 31.8 million tons of the overall increase. The domestic trades reached a new peak of 772.9 million tons, which was 6.7 million tons higher than the previous record year of 1956. Increases were recorded in the domestic Great Lakes traffic and in the internal traffic, while decreases occurred in the coastwise traffic and in the local traffic of the coastal ports. The record high of 231.8 billion ton-miles for 1957 was an increase of 11.8 billion ton-miles over the 220 billion in 1956. All major waterway systems of the country contributed to the increase; the Great Lakes system led with a gain of 6.5 billion ton-miles. All other waterways showed an increase of 5.2 billion ton-miles, most of which pertained to the Mississippi River System, where the increase amounted to 3.9 billion ton-miles. Total freight handled at ports and carried on the waterways improved by the Corps of Engineers under Congressional authorization are presented in the following tabulations. Detailed data on the commodities handled, the vessel trips at the ports, and the individual waterways are contained in the publications listed below, which may be purchased from the sales agent of the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, 630 Federal Building, Detroit 26, Mich.: Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1957: Part 1-Atlantic Coast. Part 2-Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System, and Antilles. Part 3-Great Lakes. Part 4-Pacific Coast, Alaska, and Pacific Islands. Part 5-National Summaries. The terms applied to the kinds of traffic are explained in each of these regional publications. Authorization for the collection of these data is contained in various river-and-harbor acts enacted by the Congress through the years, the principal authorization being section 11 of the River and Harbor Act of September 22, 1922. While the information as now collected and compiled is designed to meet the administrative requirements of the Corps of Engineers in connection with the prosecution of the navigation program as required by Congress, it also provides neces- 79 80 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958 sary and vital data for other governmental departments, commercial and shipping concerns, and others interested in transportation.

TOTAL WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 1948-1957

FOREIGN DOMESTIC ISGREAT LAKES PORTS. E COASTAL PORTS ® COASTWISE E LAKEWISE MINLANO MILLIONS OF SHORT TONS 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

YEAR

1957

I 32 ...... ,84827.2 1956_

1955 L77175

1954

254

1953

330

S1887:,. /4.188.7a..:14X31.20 r19522273 L-66 0

2 .3 762 2320692.1 1951

1950 F-6 . 5--- 6-

r5:.4,99 I84.12Z 617 8.5 R.; 2 532

22.65 5 - 5 195 k-94--,,6, -

1653o5-= h630 -II 1948

Chart VII Table 24. Total Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Years 1948-57 (In millions of tons of 2,000 pounds)

Foreign Domestic

Imports Exports Year Intra- Total Total Coast- lake- Internal Intra- Local terri- Coastal Great Coastal Great wise wiso port tory Total ports Lakes Total ports Lakes ports ports

1948 -.... 793.2 72.3 68.1 4.2 90.7 65.4 25.3 630.2 174.1 172.5 169.7 58.9 55.0 (*) 1949 --- 740.7 82.0 77.2 4.8 83.4 65.7 17.6 575.4 161.4 145.6 165.7 48.3 54.3 (*) 1950---- 820.6 102.0 96.3 5.7 67.2 43.6 23.6 651.4 182.5 169.9 190.8 51.7 55.2 1.2 1951 --- 924. 1 108.7 101.8 6.9 123.3 97.6 25.7 692. 1 186.8 178.5 213.4 51.0 61. 1 1.4 1952---- 887.7 116.0 108.7 7.3 111.4 85. 1 26.3 660.4 184.2 154. 1 216.6 49.2 54.8 1.5 1953 ---923.5 128.0 120.6 7.4 89.4 63.8 25.6 706.2 188.8 188.6 225.0 47.9 54.7 1.3 1954---- 867.6 129.4 123.5 5.9 84.4 65.2 19.2 653.8 187.2 145.4 217.1 48.0 54.7 1,4 1955 ---.--- 1,016.1 153.0 144.3 8.7 118.1 95.4 22.7 745.0 195.7 184.8 249.7 52.9 60.0 2.0 1956...... 1,092.9 174.2 163.3 10.9 152.5 126.5 26.0 766.2 205.9 174.0 269.7 53. 1 61.3 2.2 1957---- 1,131.4 186.4 176.2 10.1 172.2 146.9 25.3 772.9 196.4 182.2 281.1 50.2 60.6 2.4

*Included in other types of domestic traffic. Note. Totals represent the sums of unrounded figures, hence they may vary slightly from the sums of the rounded amounts. 82 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957

(In tons of 2,000 pounds) Note. For those harbors or waterways where commerce is shown for each individual harbor (for example New York Harbor), the total commerce for such harbor or waterway is adjusted to exclude duplications.

Harbor Tons

I Other than Great Lakes Bar Harbor, Maine .. 1, 414 Belfast Harbor, Maine_ 1, 606 Boothbay Harbor, Maine 1, 206 Camden Harbor, Maine_ 46 Cape Porpoise Harbor, Maine 656 Corea Harbor, Maine__ 501 Hendricks Harbor, Maine- 24 Isle au Haut Thoroughfare, Maine 1, 319 New Harbor, Maine__------758 Northeast Harbor, Maine 23 Portland Harbor, Maine 16, 437, 062 Rockland Harbor, Maine_ 105, 714 Rockport Harbor, Maine___ 713 Stonington Harbor, Maine 11, 497 Thomaston Harbor, Maine 1 Wood Island Harbor, Maine, and the Pool at Biddeford' York Harbor, Maine 1 BurlingtonfHarbor, Vt__ 416, 828 Portsmouth Harbor, N.H------1, 308,499 Beverly Harbor, Mass_------_------160, 914 Cohasset Harbor, Mass _--- Cuttyhunk Harbor, Mass------338 Duxbury Harbor, Mass.__ Edgartown Harbor, Mass.1------Fall River Harbor, Mass------2, 101, 120 Gloucester Harbor, Mass_ 197, 762 Harbor of Refuge, Nantucket Mass _- 39, 574 Hingham Harbor, Mass 1------Lynn Harbor, Mass------13, 200 Manchester Harbor, Mass_ - 253 Marblehead Harbor, Mass_ 924 New Bedford and Fairhaven Harbor, Mass__ 320, 028 Newburyport Harbor, Mass 1----- Plymouth Harbor, Mass_ 5, 062 Pollock Rip Shoals, Nantucket Sound, Mass. Port of Boston, Mass.: Charles River_ 653, 511 Chelsea River- 5, 352, 117 Dorchester Bay 38, 456 Fort Point Channel_ 410, 158 Island End River_------1, 304, 894 Little Mystic River_ 5, 493 Main Waterfront 6, 329, 243 Malden River_------___ 53, 924 Mystic River-____ 4, 626, 237 1No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 83

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons -1 Other than Great Lakes-Continued Port of Boston, Mass.- Neponset River------__ 305 Town River------689, 067 Weymouth Back River___ __ - 100, 345 Weymouth Fore River _ _ 1, 803, 441

Gross total____ 21, 367, 191

Net total- 20, 326, 258

Provincetown Harbor, Mass__ 802 Rockport Harbor, Mass-__ 11 Salem Harbor, Mass__- 1, 269, 869 Scituate Harbor, Mass 120 Vineyard Haven Harbor,Mass_- -- 53, 856 Welfleet Harbor, Mass- _-_ 705 Great Salt Pond, Block Island, R.I 587 Harbor of Refuge, Block Island, R.I 56 Harbor of Refuge, Point Judith and Point Judith Pond, R.I .. 61, 436 Newport Harbor, R.I __ 122, 793 Providence River and Harbor, R.IL-----_ 7, 903, 027 Wickford Harbor, R.I.i Branford Harbor, Conn 55 Bridgeport Harbor, Conn __ 2, 722, 946 Clinton Harbor, Corn 93 Duck Island Harbor, Conn._ Fivemile River Harbor, Conn_ 280 Greenwich Harbor, Conn___ 325, 426 Milford Harbor, Conn____ 6, 005 New Haven Harbor, Conn- 7, 672, 519 New London Harbor Conn 1, 406, 393 Norwalk Harbor, Conn___ 477, 329 Southport Harbor, Conn.' Stamford Harbor, Conn___------920, 498 Stonington Harbor, Conn _- 5, 718 Westport Harbor and Saugatuck River, Conn 12,479 Greenport Harbor, N.Y_ 28, 907 Hay (West) Harbor, N.Y. Hempstead Harbor, N.Y 5, 656, 858 Huntington Harbor, N.Y 366, 943 Lake Montauk Harbor, N.Y 2, 495 Mattituck Harbor, N.Y___------46, 675 New York Harbor, N.Y., and N.J.: Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels, N.Y 6, 477, 949 Bronx River, N.Y ___ 771, 249 Buttermilk Channel, N.Y_--- 2, 959,974 Channel between Staten Island and Hoffman and Swinburne Islands, N.Y.1 No commerce reported. 84 REPORT .OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957---Continued

Harbor Tons I Other than Great Lakes-Continued New York Harbor, N.Y., and N.J.-Continued Cheesequake Creek, N.J. 1 Coney Island Creek, N.Y 360, 381 East Chester Creek, N.Y 1, 889, 889 East River, N.Y------14, 942, 472 Echo Bay Harbor, N.Y_ 96,952 Elizabeth River, N.J_.. 11, 454 Flushing Bay, N.Y__ 2,137, 207 Gowanus Creek Channel, N.Y 4, 762, 226 Gravesend Bay, N.Y 470, 982 Great Kills Harbor, Staten Island, N.Y.' Hackensack River, N.J_ .. 4, 067, 267 Harlem River, N.Y_ ...... 1,929, 186 Hudson River, N.Y. (lower section) 1,415, 705 Hudson River Channel, N.Y. and N.J._ 23, 422, 720 Jamaica Bay, N.Y 4, 580, 161 Keyport Harbor, N.J. 1 Lemon Creek, Staten Island, N.Y 931 Little Neck Bay, N.Y.' Long Island Sound at City Island, N.Y- 1,094 Long Island Sound at Rye Beach, N.Y.' Mamaroneck Harbor, N.Y 155, 302 Manhasset Bay, N.Y 1,048, 737 Matawan Creek, N.J.'_ Milton Harbor, N.Y 28, 624 New Rochelle Harbor, N.Y 1,683 New York and New Jersey Channels, N.Y. and N.J .... 74, 493, 664 Newark Bay, N.J_ 6, 478, 093 Newtown Creek, N.Y------8, 118, 413 Passaic River, N. J------9, 470, 061 Port Chester Harbor, N. Y------657, 559 Rahway River, N. J 142, 218 Raritan River, N. J- 6, 954, 483 Sandy Hook Bay, N. J 44, 363 Sheepshead Bay, N. Y_ 6, 937 Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, N. J_ 109, 931 Upper Bay, N.Y., and N.J_ 7, 742, 259 Wallabout Channel, N.Y 190, 772 Washington Canal and South River, N.J_ 8, 112 Waycake Creek, N.J.' Westchester Creek, N.Y 803, 317 Woodbridge Creek, N.J_ 50, 817

Gross total_ 186, 803, 144

Net total_ ... _ 147, 536,848

I No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 85

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons

Other than Great Lakes-Continued Northport Harbor, N.Y ------19, 368 Peekskill Harbor, N.Y ------172, 435 Plattsburg Harbor, N.Y ------439,051 Port Henry Harbor, N.Y------14,428 Port Jefferson Harbor, N.Y------912, 841 Rondout Harbor, N.Y------854,613 Sag Harbor, N.Y ------26, 796 Saugerties Harbor, N.Y.1 Tarrytown Harbor, N.Y------590, 136 Aliquippa-Rochester, Pa ------8,977,040 Clairton-Elizabeth, Pa_ ------13,677,374 Pittsburgh, Pa_------9,936,730 Delaware River and tributaries, Trenton, N.J., to the sea: Artificial Island, N.J., and vicinity------53,506 Bordentown-Fieldsboro, N.J 22,------333 Bristol, Pa., and vicinity_ ------33,949 Burlington-Florence-Roebling, N.J------1,389, 430 Camden-Gloucester, N.J------3,361,267 Chester, Pa ------1,246,843 Lower Delaware Bay, Del------. ------1,216, 869 Lower Delaware Bay, N.J _------1,342,743 Marcus Hook, Pa., and vicinity ------18, 585, 828 New Castle, Del., and vicinity ------10, 510, 772 Paulsboro, N.J., and vicinity ------13, 888, 164 Penn Manor, Pa., and vicinity ---- 7, 066, 699 Pennsgrove-Carney Point, N.J------250, 429 Philadelphia Harbor, Pa_------52, 127,389 Riverton-Delanco-Beverly, N.J ------901, 095 Thompson Point, N.J., and vicinity --- -268, 175 Trenton Harbor, N.J------417, 902 Wilmington Harbor, Del------2, 528, 650

Gross total------115, 192, 043

Net total__------103, 576, 891

Annapolis Harbor, Md------20, 411 Baltimore Harbor and Channels, Md__ ------52, 014, 472 Black Walnut Harbor, Md------510 Breton Bay, Md ------8,063 Cambridge Harbor, Md------84,740 Claiborne Harbor, Md.------524 Crisfield Harbor, Md------63,497 Lowes Wharf, Talbot County, Md ------1,730 Nanticoke River at Bivalve, Md ___------1,821 Nanticoke River at Nanticoke, Md------1,297 Ocean City Harbor and Inlet and Sinepuxent Bay, Md ------_ 4, 570 3No commerce reported. 86 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 19588

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons .1 Other than Great Lakes-Continued

Queenstown Harbor, Md ...... _.. _..._. 508 Rock Hall Harbor, Md ._- 6, 304 Tilghman Island Harbor, Md____ 2, 499 Washington Harbor, D.C ...... ___ 2,230,314 Cape Charles City Harbor, Va_ 2, 685 Hampton Roads, Va.: Channel from Phoebus, Va., to Deep Water in Hampton Roads,Va-- 1, 760 Hampton Creek, Va_ 520, 409 Norfolk Harbor, Va 49, 148, 520 Port of Newport News, Va__ 31, 473, 619 Portsmouth Harbor, Va., Channel to Nansemond Ordinance Depot 1

Gross total__ 81, 144, 308

Nettotal 80, 463, 513

HornHarbor, Va ._ 17, 444 Monroe Bay and Creek, Va 5,010 Port of Richmond, Va_ 3,120, 062 Potomac River at Alexandria, Va 320, 027 Winter Harbor, Va__ 2, 381 Beaufort Harbor, N.C 70, 611 Belhaven Harbor, N.C.1 Edenton Harbor, N.C____ 20, 964 Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay, N.C 24, 090 Morehead City Harbor, N.C 453, 794 Port of Wilmington, N.C_ 3, 588, 648 Silver Lake Harbor, N.C------3,150 Charleston Harbor, S.C__------4, 115,552 Georgetown Harbor (Winyah Bay), S.C__ 1, 039, 951 Brunswick Harbor, Ga 407,676 Darien Harbor, Ga__ 1, 120 Savannah Harbor, Ga_ 4, 210,429 Apalachicola Bay, Fla 21, 454 Bayou Chico, Fla_------101,398 Canaveral Harbor, Fla___ 127, 101 Carrabelle Harbor, Fla___ 28, 843 Cedar Keys Harbor, Fla_ 1,942 Charlotte Harbor, Fla __ 757,285 Eau Gallie Harbor, Fla 1 ------Fernandina Harbor, Fla__ 165, 234 Fort Pierce Harbor, Fla___ 123, 209 Jacksonville Harbor, Fla_ 7, 095, 751 Key West Harbor, Fla__ __ 149, 607 Melbourne Harbor, Fla____ 90 I No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 87

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons -I Other than Great Lakes-Continued

Miami Harbor, Fla______1,861,493 Palm Beach Harbor, Fla_ 1,032, 642 Panama City Harbor, Fla_ 1,123,224 Pensacola Harbor, Fla_-- 776, 356 Port Everglades Harbor, Fla_ 5, 810,903 Port St. Joe Harbor, Fla_ 1,537,878 St. Augustine Harbor, Fla_ 6, 886 St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla_ 301,487 Tampa Harbor, Fla_ 12, 579, 555 Chickasaw Creek, Ala__ 335, 413 Guntersville, Ala_ 643, 000 Mobile Harbor, Ala--...... ----- 18, 893, 712 Three Mile Creek, Ala___- 4, 753, 273 Baton Rouge, La ------21,453, 781 Lake Charles, La. (Calcasieu River and Pass, La.)_ 17, 445, 147 New Orleans, La_------56, 140, 924 Terrebonne Bay, La. 1 ...... Biloxi Harbor, Miss_------192, 114 Greenville, Miss_------1,377, 898 Gulfport Harbor, Miss------340, 845 Natchez, Miss ------427,719 Pascagoula Harbor, Miss__-- 370, 370 Pass Christian Harbor, Miss------208 Vicksburg, Miss ------705, 545 Aransas Pass, Tex_------70, 899 Beaumont, Tex ------25,680,572 Brazos Island Harbor, Tex__------1,677, 618 Brownsville, Tex. (Included in Brazos Island Habor, Tex.) . 1,028,395 Corpus Christi Bay Area, Tex.: Corpus Christi, Tex--- -- _ 16, 281,833 Harbor Island, Tex .___------___------7,017, 839

Gross total------23, 299, 672

Net total------23, 176, 415

Freeport Harbor, Tex_____------5, 555, 768 Galveston, Tex. (Galveston Channel, Tex.)------5, 938, 618 Houston, Tex. (Houston Ship Channel, Tex.)------54, 945, 531 Orange, Tex------_------1,125, 995 Palacios, Tex_------77,300 Port Arthur, Tex ------23, 532, 813 Port Isabel, Tex. (Included in Brazos Island Harbor, Tex.)---- 654, 323 Port Lavaca,Tex_------750, 158 Port Mansfield, Tex_ ------48, 262 Rockport, Tex ------2, 377 Sabine Pass Harbor, Tex------681,121 1No commerce reported. 8 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 85. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957--Continued

Harbor Tons

I Other than Great Lakes-Continued

Texas City, Tex. (Texas City Channel, Tex.)______14, 399, 454 Victoria, Tex__ 106, 667 Helena, Ark_-- 1, 901, 497 Chattanooga, Tenn__ 1, 143, 374 Knoxville, Tenn. 716, 067 Memphis, Tenn__ 5, 452, 024 Nashville, Tenn . 2, 199, 948 Kansas City, Mo .. 643, 981 St.Louis, Mo__ 6,755,802 Cincinnati, Ohio .... 8,941,511 Louisville, Ky_ 4, 732,837 Huntington, W. Va_ 13, 945, 595 Baudette Harbor, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn_ 773, 605 St. Paul, Minn------2, 658, 963 Warroad Harbor, Minn ------1, 330 Mount Vernon, Ind------4, 396,404 Crescent City Harbor, Calif ------426, 036 Humboldt Harbor and Bay, Calif ------871, 076 Long Beach Harbor, Calif------7, 851, 540 Los Angeles Harbor, Calif ------18, 467, 224 Monterey Harbor, Calif------83, 088 Morro Bay Harbor, Calif _ ------21, 413 Moss Landing Harbor, Calif- 214, 481 Newport Bay Harbor, Calif 4, 994 San Diego Harbor, Calif ------1, 666,351 San Francisco Bay Area, Calif.: Alviso Slough------111, 916 Carquinez Strait------8, 322, 214 Napa River------75, 699 Newark Slough------20,597 Oakland Harbor- 4, 252, 026 Petaluma Creek 268, 261 Redwood City Harbor-_ 2, 851, 947 Richmond Harbor------15, 443, 852 San Francisco Harbor__----_ _ 4, 429, 042 San Pablo Bay and Mare Island Strait-_ 3, 796, 772 San Rafael Creek------83, 635 Suisun Bay Channel-_ 3, 787, 888 Suisun Channel------153, 829 San Francisco Bay Area, other ports__- 2, 085, 215

Gross total------45, 682, 893

N et total -- ...... _... 37, 288, 092

i No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES.: 89

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons

Other than Great Lakes-Continued

Santa Barbara Harbor, Calif------1, 805 Stockton, Calif ------2,894,732 Coos Bay, Oreg------3, 472,651 Ports on Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers: Astoria, Oreg ------564, 478 Longview, Wash ------2,970,936 Oregon Slough, Oreg------346, 660 Portland, Oreg------13, 221, 125 St. Helens, Oreg -- 369,800 Vancouver, Wash ------1,782,058 Other ports on the Columbia River ------918, 954 Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg------51, 191 Yaquina Bay and Harbor, Oreg------436, 957 Anacortes Harbor, Wash ------2,532,217 Bellingham Bay and Harbor, Wash ------1,564, 296 Blaine Harbor, Wash_------58, 993 Everett Harbor, Wash ------3,283, 449 Grays Harbor and Chehalis River, Wash ------1,605,039 Hammersley Inlet, Wash ------1, 115, 676 Neah Bay, Wash------150,637 Olympia Harbor, Wash ------1,885, 235 Port Angeles Harbor, Wash_------1,838,440 Port Gamble Harbor, Wash_------_------231, 413 Seattle Harbor, Wash ------14, 609, 094 Tacoma Harbor, Wash ------4,719,573 Willapa River and Harbor, and Naselle River, Wash_------468, 380 Arecibo Harbor, P.R.1------Fajardo Harbor, P.R ------175,840 Guayanes Harbor, P.R ------14, 197 Mayaguez Harbor, P.R_ _------348, 270 Ponce Harbor, P.R------_------_------_-- 948, 997 San Juan Harbor, P.R ------3,898,827 Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix V.I ------26, 675 St. Thomas Harbor, V.I ------451, 119 Iilo Harbor, T.H------855, 857 Honolulu Harbor, T.H ------4,014,207 Kahului Harbor, Maui, T.H ------625, 761 Kaunakakai Harbor, Molokai, T.H------250, 211 Kawaihae Harbor, T.H ------7,453 Nawiliwili Harbor, Kauai, T.H ------412, 866 Port Allen Harbor, T.H .------134, 409 Wake Island Harbor------115, 842 Cordova Harbor, Alaska ------20, 628 Craig Harbor, Alaska ------2,825 Elfin Cove, Alaska ------105 Iliuliuk harbor, Alaska - 125,748 Juneau Harbor, Alaska - 178,770 Ketehikan Harbor, Alaska ------788, 900 I No commorce, renorted. 504844---59 7 90 REPORT oF THE CHIEF OFP EN INEER% U.S. "ARMY, 1958

Table £5. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Harbor Tons -I Other than Great Lakes-Continued

Kodiak Harbor, Alaska __.-_ _ 24, 951 Metlakatla Harbor, Alaska --- - - 11,441 Myers Chuck Harbor, Alaska 1 Nome, Alaska...._- 75, 460 Petersburg Harbor, Alaska_. 41,710 Port Alexander, Alaska 1 Seldovia Harbor, Alaska __ 7, 499 Seward Harbor, Alaska----- 529, 834 Sitka Harbor, Alaska--_ - _ 38, 047 Skagway Harbor, Alaska -.-- _ 68, 726 Valdez Harbor, Alaska------62, 627 Whittier Harbor, Alaska,---_ _ 100, 588 Wrangell Harbor, Alaska------63, 059 Great Lakes Beaver Bay Harbor, Minn_ .. _. 37 Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn., and Wis 60, 700, 586 Grand Marais Harbor, Minn_- 69, 925 Knife River Harbor, Minn.__ 183 Lutsen Harbor, Minn 1 Two Harbors (Agate Bay), Minn 19, 173, 401 Zippel Bay, Minn 1 Algoma Harbor, Wis-__ - 427 Ashland Harbor, Wis-- -_ 4, 286,729 Bayfield Harbor, Wis___- 1,763 Cornucopia, Wis------1, 172 Detroit Harbor, Wis.------8, 128 Green Bay Harbor, Wis.._ _- 3, 605, 173 Jackson Harbor, Wis_... 497 Kenosba Harbor, Wis ____ 33, 010 Kewaunee Harbor, Wis__ -- 1, 111, 222 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis ...... 2,249,780 Milwaukee Harbor, Wis__ 8, 410, 509 Oconto Harbor, Wis_ 62 Pensaukee Harbor, Wis 290 Port Washington Harbor, Wis 767, 939 Port Wing Harbor, Wis_ 309 Racine Harbor, Wis__ 118, 843 Sheboygan Harbor, Wis_- 494, 252 Two Rivers Harbor, Wis__ 168, 028 Algonac, Mich ---- 106, 207 Alpena Harbor, Mich- 3, 531,914 Big Bay Harbor, Mich _ 2 Black River Harbor, Mich_ 25 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich------67, 782 Cheboygan Harbor, Mich_ 184, 102 Detour, Mich__ 462, 649 Druummond Island, Mich- 2, 085, 463 Frankfort Harbor, Mich_ 1,635, 561 1 No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCi OF THF UNITED STATE& 91

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbores Calendar Year 1957+-Continued

Harbor Tons

Great Lakes-Continued

Gladstone Harbor, Mich ------215, 356 Grand Haven Harbor and Grand River, Mich------3, 344, 621 Grand Marais, Mich------81 Grand Traverse Bay Harbor, Mich_------463 Harbor Beach, Mich., Harbor of Refuge ------50, 471 Holland Harbor, Mich ------236, 467 Isle Royale, Mich.------Lac La Belle Harbor, Mich ------. 20 Leland Harbor, Mich ------_--683 Lime Island, Mich ------225,313 Ludington Harbor, Mich --.-- - .-- 3, 541, 359 Mackinac Harbor, Mich ------9, 184 Manistee, Mich ....------..------521, 328 Manistique Harbor, Mich ------296,528 Marine City, Mich ------99, 957 Marquette Harbor, Mich ------.671,013 Marysville, Mich_------405, 142 Menominee Harbor, Mich_------771,841 Monroe Harbor, Mich----_------59, 091 Muskegon Harbor, Mich .------..- - 4, 383,370 Ontonogan Harbor, Mich ------15 Pentw'ater Harbor, Mich ---- ..------77 Port Huron, Mich ------1,034,695 Port of Detroit, Mich------27, 625, 803 Port of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich_------349, 094 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich ------4, 719, 923 St. Clair, Mich ------1,778,294 St. James Harbor (Beaver Island), Mich------_------943 St. Joseph Harbor, Mich__..-..------297, 725 Saugatuck Harbor and Kalamazoo River, Mich------135 South Haven Harbor, Mich ------76, 983 Traverse City Harbor, Mich------163, 346 Whitefish Point Harbor, Mich ------164 White Lake Harbor, Mich ------37, 008 Port of Chicago, Ill., and Ind.: Chicago Harbor_------403, 906 Chicago River, Main and North Branch------1, 650, 397 Chicago River, South Branch ------. 2, 207, 627 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal------11, 620, 695 Calumet-Sag Channel_ ------1, 885, 906 Calumet Harbor and River_------26, 638, 256 Lake Calumet ------514, 593 Indiana Harbor ------20, 827, 899 Gary Harbor ------10, 769, 013 Buffington Harbor------1,626, 140 Gross total------78, 144, 432 Net total ------75,649, 866 1No commerce reported. 92 REPORT OF THE 'CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, TU.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1957--.Continued

Harbor Tons

Great Lakes-Continued

Waukegan Harbor, Ill ------82,026 Michigan City Harbor, Ind------197,054 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio ------12, 459, 213 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio___ ------19, 458, 815 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio ------15, 791,077 Fairport Harbor, Ohio_------3,186, 524 Huron Harbor, Ohio_------_ 2,871, 600 Lorain Harbor, Ohio 8,------8459, 969 Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio ------7, 119 Put In Bay, Ohio_ ------5, 974 Sandusky Harbor, Ohio ------8,499,064 Toledo Harbor, Ohio ------34, 473, 509 Vermilion Harbor, Ohio ------1,321 Erie Harbor, Pa ------6, 171, 132 Barcelona, N.Y------145 Cape Vincent, N.Y------14 Dunkirk Harbor, N.Y ------75, 352 Great Sodus Bay Harbor, N.Y------2,258,402 Niagara Falls, N.Y------6,262 Ogdensburg Harbor, N.Y------539,645 Port of Buffalo, N.Y------23, 487, 326 Oswego Harbor, N.Y 2,------2576,131 Rochester (Charlotte) Harbor, N.Y------493, 644 Sackets Harbor, N.Y------51, 935 Tonawanda Harbor, N.Y. (Included in Port of Buffalo)------669, 754 Waddington Harbor, N.Y------93, 718 Wilson Harbor, N.Y------4------4

Table 26. Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on the Inland Waterways of the United States, by System, Calendar Year 1957

System Ton-miles

Atlantic coast waterways------32, 599, 799, 000 Gulf coast waterways_------__ - 15, 920, 499, 000 Pacific coast waterways_------5, 328, 878, 000 Mississippi River System, including Ohio River and tribu- taries_------60, 709, 711,000 Other waterways------2, 582,000 Great Lakes system 1------117, 230, 520, 000

Total------231,791,989, 000

1 Does not include traffic between foreign ports. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 93

TON-MILES OF FREIGHT CARRIED ON THE WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1948-1957

GREAT LAKES MISSISSIPPI RIVER OTHER SYSTEM SYSTEM WATERWAYS

BILLIONS OF TON-MILES 0 80 I 20?o 6o 0 200 240

YEAR

1957 '-__--_"6 I" " ';'I;;(17".." " ....".."."'" ..

... *....-.-.-. . - - - " "," "i.... ,,' . . .. ".. .. i"- - ---

. 953...... W...... I9...-...... - - - - 5--61.. --- --

49541952 ___:....:s:__::_:.:.:.:I*~ '** . --_ _ 3 = 4n..

[~~~~~...... =-...... --,--.,..4,,%- , • )\,,._-j

1951 *@,A* * q***g*a* )" f 3

*.*...... -- - T 1950195 53 .... 20.

1951 '., 105.--Y.:."o'C-hart V 37III

C,- h.- rt.,' V, III:- . -- 1949 I:-_.,'','',,:'_..' .-. .-.-.-.-..-.. *.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-, --- -

- .T2 8- rS 1 948 ;** "** ~ w'11 9***** *. !a"** * " ** 191 ...... ! 0 ...... Ch a r V II. 3 7"

50484-59-----8 94 REPORt OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, ItS. ARMY, 1958

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957 V.(In tons of 2, 000 pounds)

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Josias River, Maine_- 86 (1) Kennebec River, Maine_._-_-_-_- 144, 362 3, 775 Kennebunk River, Maine___-- - 148 (1) Lubec Channel, Maine . 100, 786 176 Penobscot River, Maine--_ _.. 1,126, 636 29, 011 Saco River, Maine------52 (1) St. Croix River, Maine_- _--- 22, 276 363 2 Union River, Maine ...... Otter Creek, Vt.2 Annisquam River, Mass._ Cape Cod Canal, Mass_ 12, 191, 517 213, 352 Chelsea River, Mass_ 5,352,117 8, 028 Fort Point Channel, Mass_ 410, 158 205 Ipswich River, Mass_-- 2, 522 8 Malden River, Mass 53, 924 54 Merrimack River, Mass. Mystic River, Mass_ 5, 979, 343 5,979 Neponset River, Mass_ 305 (1) Taunton River, Mass.2 Town River, Mass---- 689, 067 517 Weymouth Back River, Mass- 100, 345 50 Weymouth Fore River, Mass .. 2, 591, 769 14, 511 Woods Hole Channel, Mass_ 46, 742 42 Pawcatuck River, R.I. and Conn- 4, 924 32 Sakonnet River and Harbor, R.I. Seekonk River, R.I ------211, 841 424 Warren River, R.I_---- _- _- 700 () Connecticut River above Hartford, Conn.2_ Connecticut River below Hartford, Conn .... 2, 805, 839 129, 069 Housatonic River, Conn__ 788, 663 3, 943 Mianus River and Cos Cob Harbor, Conn 59, 771 60 Mystic River, Conn_ 24 (1) Thames River, Conn_ -- 926, 881 14, 894 Browns Creek, N.Y 820 1 Coney Island Channel, N.Y 4, 738, 790 6, 160 East Rockaway Inlet, N.Y 1, 066, 925 640 Fire Island Inlet, N.Y 191,567 287 Glen Cove Creek, N.Y_ _ 184, 380 184 Great South Bay, N.Y 212,475 3, 531 Hudson River, N.Y. and N.J.: Deep Water in Upper Bay, N.Y., to Water- ford, N.Y. (net)-- 42, 421, 533 1, 790, 674 Mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Harlem River) to Waterford, N.Y 20, 650, 210 1, 593, 981 Hudson River Channel, N.Y. and N.J---- 36, 639, 977 394, 340 Jones Inlet, N.Y___ _-_--_- -- ___ 10, 724 23 Long Island Intracoastal Waterway, N.Y -----. 1, 431 49 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATE9 95

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957---Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Lower Entrance Channels, New York Harbor, N .Y -- _ -- __------90, 424, 421 904, 244 Narrows of Lake Champlain, N.Y. and Vt .... 986, 205 13, 314 New York State Barge Canal- -- - 4, 468, 539 645, 975

Niagara River, N.Y --- _ 4, 729, 245 (3) Orowoc Creek, N.Y _ --- 3, 103 3 Patchogue River, N.Y_____ 191, 214 143 Peconic Bay and River, N.Y. 3, 515 7 Wappinger Creek, N.Y.2 Absecon Creek, N.J 104 (1) Absecon Inlet, N.J_ 101, 626 203 Alloway Creek, N.J. 2 _ Barnegat Inlet, N. J 377 (1) Big Timber Creek, N. J 144, 863 43 Cape May Canal, N.J 3, 128 13 Cohansey River, N. J 97, 079 1,845 .Cold Spring Inlet, N.J 92, 176 92 Cooper River, N. J_ 64, 811 65 Dennis Creek, N.J. _ Double Creek, N.J 8 (1) -Goshen Creek, N.J. 2 Manasquan River, N.J_ 13, 226 20 Mantua Creek, N.J_ 278, 958 279 Maurice River, N.J_...... 61, 804 433 New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway_---- 644, 412 3,866 Indian River Inlet and Bay, Del _ _ _ _ _ 225 (1) See footnotes at end of table. 96 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table £7. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Inland Waterway between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay, Del------_ 7,441 82 Inland Waterway from Delaware River to Chesa- peake Bay, Del. and Md------9, 808, 497 451, 191 Leipsic River, Del_ ------51 (1) Little River, Del_------194 1 Mispillion River, Del .. ____ 28, 318 340 Murderkill River, Del______1, 583 3 Nanticoke River (including Northwest Fork), Del. and Md------313, 515 12, 257 St. Jones River, Del______4, 888 5 Smyrna River, Del. 2 Back Creek (Anne Arundel County), Md .... 1, 340 (1) Broad Creek, Somerset County, Md_- 1, 449 5 Broadwater Creek, Md. 2

Cadle Creek, Md_ 6 (1) Channel to Island Creek, St. George Island, Md __ 149 (1) Chester River, Md ....-- _ _ _- _- 77, 289 1, 718 Chincoteague Bay, Md., and Va__ 29, 472 88 Choptank River, Md_ 127, 825 1, 761 Corsica River, Md_------7,153 36 Duck Point Cove, Md_ 1, 400 1 Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md 13 1 Fishing Bay Tributaries, Dorchester County, Md 6, 761 7 Fishing Creek, Calvert County, Md------27 (1) Governors Run, Md_-----_----- 166 (1) Hellens Creek, Md.2

Herring Bay and Rock Hold Creek, Md .... 40 (1) Honga River and Tar Bay, Md 4, 514 18 Knapps Narrows, Md-__------3, 739 6 Lake Ogleton, Md.2 La Trappe River, Md__ ___ 4, 104 14 Little Creek, Queen Annes County, Md ....- -- - 1, 996 1 Lower Thoroughfare at or near Wenona, Deal Is- land, M d______1, 650 Manokin River, Md- - -_ ------_ 600 Middle River and Dark Head Creek, Md ---- . 131 (1) Mill Creek, Md___ 9 (1) Neale Sound, Md__ -- 602 Northeast River, Md___ _- 168 Parish Creek, Md___ 513 (1) Patuxent River, Md- - - 121, 702 913 Pocomoke River, Md 56, 851 2 1,706 Rhodes Point to Tylerton, Somerset Co., Md. - St. Catherines Sound, Md 1, 476 2 St. Jerome Creek, Md__ 1,666 3 St. Patricks Creek, Md_ 2, 520 3 Slaughter Creek, Md__ ---- 387 () See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 97

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Smith Creek, Md_ ___ _ -_ . 6, 612 10 Susquehanna River above and below Havre de Grace, Md_------19, 183 96 Town Creek, Md____ 4, 739 2 Tred Avon River, Md __ 94, 796 948 Twitch Cove and Big Thoroughfare River Md___ 7, 648 38 Tyaskin Creek, Md_ 24 (1) Upper Thoroughfare, Deal Island, Md_ 3, 976 2 Warwick River, Md_ 26, 061- 39 Wicomico River, Md. (Eastern Shore) 351, 027 10, 420 Anacostia River, D.C_ 1, 275, 116 2, 550 Potomac River below Washington, D.C 3, 370, 245 250, 117 Potomac River Tributaries_- 23, 697 50 Potomac River, Virginia Channel_ 947, 092 4, 451 Potomac River, Washington Channel, D.C -- 8, 106 4 Appomattox River, Va.2

Aquia Creek, Va------5 (1) Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway between Nor- folk, Va., and the St. Johns River, Fla.: (net) - 2, 885, 614 690, 460 U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk: Via Dismal Swamp Canal Route-- - 70, 699 1, 815 Via Great Bridge Lock Route_ 1, 063, 148 35, 178 U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington -- 1, 841, 173 331, 622 U.S. Army Engineer District, Charleston --- 1, 582, 828 206, 456 U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah -- 990, 025 94, 233 U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville ___ 806, 965 13, 941 Blackwater River, Va--- _-.------35, 259 476 Bransons Cove, Va_---- 1, 751 2 Broad Creek, Va------_-- 1, 375 1 Carter Creek, Va- __------53, 622 69 Channel connecting York River, Va., with Back Creek to Slaight's Wharf_ 15, 218 15 Channel from Phoebus, Va., to Deep Water in Hampton Roads------1, 760 1 Channel to Newport News, Va-__------32, 758, 072 106, 464 Coan River, Va------11, 080 22 Cockrell Creek, Va_------111, 503 167 Cranes Creek, Va__------552 1 Davis Creek, Va------3, 541 2 Deep Creek, Accomack County, Va_ 5, 494 3 Deep Creek, Warwick County, Va_. _ _ 7, 392 15 Dymers Creek, Va...... -.. 41, 898 42 Hampton Creek, Va------520, 409 1, 457 Hoskins Creek, Va_------9, 447 9 Jackson Creek, Va_------635 1 James River, Va____.------5,476, 828 345, 040 Kings Creek, Northampton County, Va-_ - 28, 717 29 Little Machipongo River, Va_------30, 778 62

See footnotes at end of tables 98 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table £7. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957- Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Little River (Creek), Va_..__ 61,374 61 Little Wicomico River, Va. ._ 4, 075 8 Locklies Creek, Va_ _.. 20, 867 31 Lower Machodoc Creek, Va___ 3, 527 5 Mattaponi River, Va...... _... 39, 434 622 Milford Haven, Va - 3, 425 a Mill Creek, Va------149 (1) Mulberry Creek, Va-_____ 3, 384 2 Nandua Creek, Va_- 1, 781 7 Nansemond River, Va------390, 587 3, 242 Newport News Creek, Va__ 223, 683 89 Nomini Bay and Creek, Va------8, 964 27 Oceohannock Creek, Va__ 2, 527 10 Occoquan Creek, Va_ 100 (1) Onancock River, Va_. 29, 123 160 Oyster Channel, Va------30, 721 28 Pagan River, Va . 10, 901 44 Pamunkey River, Va__ 221,469 332 Parrotts Creek, Va_. 4, 991 4 Quinby Creek, Va------6, 125 5 Rappahannock River, Va_ 406, 402 30, 906 Starlings Creek, Va_ 33, 060 20 Tangier Channel, Va__ 3, 469 5 Totuskey Creek, Va .. 28, 554 157 Upper Machodoc Creek, Va------113 (1) Urbanna Creek, Va_ 15, 668 8 Waterway on the coast of Virginia------113, 285 2, 664 Whitings Creek, Va_ 181 (1) 2 Willoughby Channel, Va. -. York River, Va ...... 2, 292,559 52, 729 Bay River, N.C 1, 536 18 Black River, N.C.2 Cape Fear River, N.C., above Wilmington ... 376, 324 31, 421 Cashie River, N.C__ _ 19, 550 401 Channel connecting Thoroughfare Bay with Cedar Bay, N.C.______843 1 Channel from Back Sound to Lookout Bight, N.C- 2, 336 9 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Avon, N.C .. 13, 619 14 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Rodanthe, N.C _- 255 (1) Chowan River, N.C_------__ __-_ 70, 112 2, 656 Contentnea Creek, N.C.2 Drum Inlet, N.C------172 (1) Far Creek, N.C------12, 327 25 Knobbs Creek, N.C__ _ _ 13, 446 7 Lockwoods Folly River, N.C.2

Mackay Creek, N.C------557 (1) Meherrin River, N.C------7, 908 83 Neuse River, N.C------____ 103, 942 1, 039 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 99

Table £7. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Northeast (Cape Fear) River, N.C.2 Pamlico and Tar Rivers, N.C 69, 204 969 Perquimans River, N.C 9, 498 104 Roanoke River, N.C_ 438, 480 10, 413 Rollinson Channel, N.C 3, 157 9 Scuppernong River, N.C 4, 571 23 Shallotte River, N.C_ 450 (1) Smiths Creek (Pamlico County), N.C- 1, 252 1 Smiths Creek (Wilmington), N.C_ 2, 100 2 South River, N.C__ 1, 725 5 Stumpy Point Bay, N.C__ 722 1 Swift Creek, N.C. 2 ------Trent River, N.C---- __ 27, 946 42 Waccamaw River, N.C., and S.C_ 11, 500 477 Wallace Channel, Pamlico Sound, N.C .. ... 5, 093 36 Waterway connecting Pamlico Sound and Beau- fort Harbor, N.C------10, 114 182 Waterway connecting Swan Quarter Bay with Deep Bay, N.C------1, 377 4 Wilmington Harbor, N.C 4, 752, 777 105, 562 Abbaptola Creek, S.C. ------Ashley River, S.C------12, 019 72 Beresford Creek, S.C.2------Congaree River, S.C.2 ------Great Pee Dee River, S.C------19, 875 199 Mingo Creek, S.C. 2 ------Russell Creek, S.C.2 ------Santee River, S.C------12, 650 973 Shipyard River, S.C------693, 829 694 Altamaha River, Ga---_------22, 620 136 Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, Ga., and Fla_ 221, 275 13, 534 2 Fancy Bluff Creek, Ga. ------Ocmulgee River, Ga. 2 ------2------Oconee River, Ga. ------St. Marys River, Ga. and Fla_----- 85, 984 516 Satilla River, Ga_------36, 225 1, 159 Savannah River below Augusta, Ga -- 105, 010 20, 582 Anclote River, Fla_------916 8 Bayou Chico, Fla__------101, 398 112 Blackwater River, Fla_ -- 870 10 Channel from Naples, Fla., to Big Marco Pass, Fla ------33, 790 428 Choctawhatchee River, Fla., and Ala.2 ------2 452------Courtenay Channel, Fla. ------

Crystal River, Fla------452 4 East Pass Channel from the Gulf of Mexico into Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla_ -.------536 See footnotes at end of table. 100 REPOT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, Fla., and Ala., Escambia Bay, Fla_------_ 80, 997 1, 863 Gulf County Canal, Fla------19, 153 109 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway between Apalachee Bay, Fla., and the Mexican border--_---- 48, 104, 471 8,207,765 Homosassa River, Fla------_ 442 2 Horseshoe Cove, _ Fla_------27 (1) Hudson River, Fla.2_ -- Intracoastal Waterway, Caloosahatchee River to Anclote River, Fla___ 104, 280 2, 455 Intracoastal Waterway: Jacksonville to Miami, Fla__ 1, 485, 128 68, 397 Miami to Key West, Fla_------770, 667 11, 366 Kissimmee River, Fla._ 810 3 La Grange Bayou, Fla------122, 088 490 Lake Crescent and Dunns Creek, Fla_ 124 1 Little Manatee River, Fla.2 _ Manatee River, Fla__ 30, 721 78 Miami River, Fla_------764, 497 2, 497 New River, Fla_ ------894 7 Okeechobee Waterway, Fla - -- - 49, 377 3, 033 Oklawaha River, Fla__ 194 1 Ozona, Fla., channel and turning basin----- 600 (1) Palm Beach, Fla., side channel and basin 2 Pithlachascotee River, Fla_ ------250 1 Rice Creek, Fla___ __ 107, 137 354 St. Johns River, Fla., Jacksonville to Lake Harney- 763, 750 57, 698 St. Lucie Inlet, Fla_ 1,102 4 St. Marks River, Fla_ 451, 681 3,105 Steinhatchee River, Fla------753 4 Suwannee River, Fla_ ------1, 237 6 Upper Chipola River, Fla., from mouth to Mari- anna 2 Watson Bayou, Fla_------_---- _ 99, 407 120 Withlacoochee River, Fla------94, 564 953 Alabama-Coosa Rivers, Ala., and Ga------495, 468 36, 375 Bayou Coden, Ala--_ - ______3, 000 2 Bayou LaBatre, Ala______22, 558 57 Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala -- -_ _ _ _ _ 4, 873, 991 1,238,717 Chickasaw Creek, Ala_------335, 413 307 Three Mile Creek, Ala------_ 4, 753, 273 1, 394 Amite River and Bayou Manchac, La------950 30 Atchafalaya River, La__---_- - 4, 894, 370 554, 351 Atchafalaya River, La., Morgan City to Gulf of M exico_--_ - -_ __-_ - -_ _ 2, 503, 609 80, 390 Barataria Bay, La_------834, 393 23, 411° Bayou Bartholomew, La., and Ark.2 I------I------See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 101

Table f7. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Bayou Bonfouca, La------5,042 45 Bayou Dupre, La------1,083 6 Bayou Grossetete, La_------7,006 138 Bayou Lacombe, La..._...... 112, 906 555 Bayou Lafourche, La______---____ 1, 804, 354 25, 111 Bayou Little Caillou, La- ..-- ______46, 934 811 Bayou Plaquemine Brule, La_...... 225 1 Bayou Queue de Tortue, La.2.. .. _ Bayou Segnette, La._...... 1, 568 13 Bayou Teche, La ------554, 847 25, 330 Bayou Terrebonne, La_ . .- 1,345, 453 10, 691 Bayou Vermilion, La_-- __- _--- 351, 439 5, 726 Bayous D'Arbonne and Corney, La. 2 Bayous La Loutre, St. Malo, and Yscloskey, La - 27, 192 666 Big Pigeon and Little Pigeon Bayous, La . _ 117, 767 1, 443 Boeuf River, La 2.... Calcasieu River and Pass, La...... 17, 445, 147 360, 436 Chefuncte and Bogue Falia Rivers, La....-.. 46, 527 149 Cypress Bayou and Waterway between Jefferson, Tex., and Shreveport, La__-..-- - 5, 232 47 Franklin Canal, La_...______1, 210 6 Grand Bayou Pass, La.2 . .. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Plaquemine to Morgan City Route, La_ . 2, 902, 016 138, 646 Inland Waterway from Franklin to Mermentau River, La___ _ - ______- 524, 953 10, 445 Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, La_.__..... 5, 882, 682 17, 636 Johnsons Bayou, La.2 ...... _ _ Lake Charles Deep Water Channel, La ...... 19,007,177 473, 279 2 - ---- Little River, La. .. ____ Mermentau River, Bayou Nezpique and Bayou Des Cannes, La__...... 2,140,885 58,086 Pass Manchac, La__ .. 28, 870 202 Petit Anse, Tigre and Carlin Bayous, La...... 838, 069 5,827 Tensas River and Bayou Macon, La.2 - -- .--- Terrebonne Bay, La..... Tickfaw, Natalbany, Ponchatoula, and Blood Rivers, La_...... 2, 339 30 Vinton Waterway, La_ -.. _-._ 57, 889 579 Waterway from Empire, La., to Gulf of Mexico- 291, 985 2, 043 Waterway from Intracoastal Waterway to Bayou Dulac, La. (Bayous Le Carpe and Grand Caillou)------319, 368 4, 205 Waterway from White Lake to Pecan Island, La._ 93, 512 168 Bayou Bernard, Miss.._ ---- _ -- _ 22, 428 67 2...... Bayou Galere, Miss. ------Big Sunflower River, Miss___ --- 1, 587 3 Bluff Creek, Miss.__...... --.---... 2, 284 18 See footnotes at end of table. 102 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, I95

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1967-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

East Pearl River, Miss__-- --.---- _ 50, 583 718 2 Little Sunflower River, Miss...... Mississippi River: Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of the Passes (net) ..- - - - _ -- _- -- _- _ 113, 413, 707 33, 492, 142 Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of Missouri R iver_ ------_ _ _ _ -_ -- 22, 394, 726 3, 869, 648 Mouth of Missouri River to mouth of Ohio River------23, 674, 777 3, 650, 337 Mouth of Ohio River to but not including Baton Rouge, La------32, 731, 775 16, 712, 132 Baton Rouge, La., to but not including New Orleans, La_---_- - _----_ 49, 861, 879 3, 984, 624 New Orleans, La., to mouth of Passes...... 73, 692, 181 5, 275, 400 Mouth of Yazoo River, Miss____..____ 305, 210 294 Pascagoula River, Miss___ - --- __ -- 10, 210 265 Pearl River, Miss., and La__------88, 847 3, 390 Steele and Washington Bayous and Lake Wash- ington, Miss.2 2 Tallahatchie and Coldwater Rivers, Miss. Wolf and Jordan Rivers, Miss_.-- 27, 912 329 Yazoo River, Miss__.------_-- 7, 437 152 Anahuac Channel, Tex____- - --- 903, 892 4, 347 Bastrop Bayou, Tex__ _ 28, 518 291 Brazos Island Harbor, Tex. (waterway) 1, 677, 618 19, 408 Cedar Bayou, Tex_----- _- 512, 039 3, 234 Channel from Pass Cavallo to Port Lavaca, Tex__ 750, 158 13, 973 Channel to Aransas Pass, Tex---- 70, 899 293 Channel to Palacios, Tex_ _ 77, 300 1, 073 2 Channel to Port Bolivar, Tex. Channel to Rockport, Tex_ -- . 2, 377 5 Chocolate Bayou, Tex__ _ _ _- 126, 712 1, 939 Clear Creek, Tex _ _ ___ 83, 955 366 Dickinson Bayou, Tex___ __ 475, 378 4, 295 Double Bayou, Tex_._ 242, 848 567 Guadalupe River to Victoria, Tex_ 106, 667 1, 325 Port Aransas (Aransas Pass)-Corpus Christi Waterway, Tex__ ------23, 176, 415 392, 701 Port Mansfield, Tex. (tributary) 48, 262 68 Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex -- 62, 638, 250 1, 436, 473 San Bernard River, Tex___ -- 897, 813 21, 816 Tributary Arroyo Colorado, Tex_ 175, 245 4, 281 Trinity River, Channel to Liberty, Tex_ 934, 512 8, 504 Arkansas River, Ark., and Okla-----_ 643, 807 2, 406 Black River, Ark., and Mo.2 . . _ . . . Ouachita and Black Rivers, Ark., and La ---- . 215, 520 39, 291 Ouachita River above Camden, Ark. 2. Red River below Fulton, Ark...... 178, 950 1 4, 944 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 103

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

St. Francis and L'Anguille Rivers and Blackfish Bayou, Ark...... 4, 143 97 Saline River, Ark. 2 Upper White River, Ark___ 30, 900 124 White River, Ark., below Batesville, Ark .... 132, 087 2, 505 Cumberland River, mouth to Burnside, Ky. (net) - 2,667,218 361, 187 Mouth to Nashville, Tenn_ 2, 660, 081 331, 61 2 Nashville, Tenn., to Burnside, Ky 368, 895 29, 575 French Broad and Little Pigeon Rivers, Tenn --- 35, 987 244 Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., and Ky_ 12,742, 223 2, 112,796 Wolf River, Tenn___ 1, 254,074 2, 101 Missouri River: Fort Benton to the mouth (net) 4, 290, 989 123,780 Kansas City to the mouth------1, 863, 180 101, 781 Sioux City to Kansas City 2, 429, 168 21, 062 Fort Benton to Sioux City_ 123, 690 937 Muskingum River, Ohio__ ------32, 367 & Ohio River, Pittsburgh to mouth- 81, 567, 152 17, 209, 734 Big Sandy River, Tug and Levisa Forks, Ky., and W. Va_------124, 271 497 Green and Barren Rivers, Ky------2, 693, 350 232, 935 Kentucky River, Ky------_ 256, 640 17, 753.

Rough River, Ky.2 ------i------Tradewater River, Ky_------150,379 451 Kanawha River, W. Va------8, 882, 574 493, 320 Little Kanawha River, W. Va__---- 129, 557 333. Allegheny River, Pa., improved portion .... 5, 241,136 73,773 Allegheny River, Pa., open channel portion ... 110, 500 111 Monongahela River, Pa., and W. Va_ 38, 420, 767 1, 913, 065 Youghiogheny River, Pa------119, 963 24 Minnesota River, Minn------958, 830 10, 998 Big Suamico River, Wis_ ------453 (3) Black River, Wis- .------365, 138 324 Fox River, Wis------114,048 2, 281 Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal, Wis------906, 061 (3) St. Croix River, Wis. and Minn------16, 873 386 Channels in Lake St. Clair, Mich- 114, 697, 859 (5) 2 ------Clinton River, Mich. _ ------Detroit River, Mich___------_ 130, 559, 727 3, 661,325 Grays Reef Passage, Mich------5, 936, 800 (3) Keweenaw Waterway, Mich------495, 139 (3) Rouge River, Mich_------11, 960, 584 (3) Saginaw River, Mich ------4, 810, 845 (3) St. Clair River, Mich------115,711,779 6, 509, 014 St. Joseph River, Mich _------43, 000 301 St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich. (American Canal) -- 111, 016, 806 (3) St. Marys River, Mich_----__------115, 776,887 6, 562, 794 See footnotes at end of table. 104 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1958

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Calumet-Sag Channel, Ill._...... _ ... 6, 087, 702 126, 709 Chicago River (Main and North Branch, Ill.) ---- 2, 879, 577 (3) Chicago River, South Branch __ 4, 816, 744 12, 700 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal_- 19, 587, 925 364, 248 Illinois and Mississippi Canal, Ill.2 Illinois River, Ill_ __- _ 20, 229, 707 4, 042, 421 Bodega Bay, Calif___ -_ 1, 880 4 Middle River and connecting channels, Calif .. 6, 669 65 Mokelumne River, Calif___ 36, 548 292 Noyo River, Calif_- 4, 411 7 Old River, Calif_ 284, 320 8, 222 Sacramento River, Calif_ 2, 703, 529 153, 296 San Joaquin River, Calif- 3, 976, 340 136, 753 Canals and Locks at Willamette Falls, Oreg ... 1, 178, 090 353 Clatskanie River, Oreg 31, 009 109 Columbia River: Mouth to International Boundary (net) .... 20, 855, 073 1, 712, 665 At Baker Bay, Wash___ _ 12, 311 62 Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers 21, 532, 158 1, 543, 404 below Vancouver, Wash., and Portland, Oreg. At Bonneville, Oreg_.______._ 1, 481, 590 1, 482 At McNary Lock and Dam, Oreg., and 844, 211 675 Wash. Between Wenatchee and Kettle Falls, Wash __ 212, 127 8, 208 Vancouver, Wash., to The Dalles, Oreg .. 3, 194, 466 136, 407 Columbia River and tributaries above the 1, 154, 535 111, 569 Dalles Dam to McNary Lock and Dam, Oreg., and Wash. Columbia River and tributaries above Mc- 842, 011 27, 324 Nary Lock and Dam to Kennewick, Wash. Columbia Slough, Oreg 26, 897 148 Coos and Millicoma Rivers, Oreg 692, 796 3, 118 Coquille River, Oreg_ 307, 668 2, 923 Coquille River, Oreg, (entrance) 221, 322 209 Depoe Bay, Oreg_. 465 (1) Multnomah Channel, Oreg 791, 427 5, 408 Nehalem Bay, Oreg.2 Rogue River, Oreg 12, 987 338 Siuslaw River, Oreg.---- 310, 040 2, 170 Skipanon Channel, Oreg__ 137, 441 268 Smith River, Oreg--_ ------166, 791 1, 001 Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho----- 483, 647 805 The Dalles Dam, Oreg., and Wash_ .--- 1, 148, 043 149 Umpqua River, Oreg__ ._ .. ._ 614, 296 6, 757 Westport Slough, Oreg_____ 212, 663 149 Willamette River above Portland and Yamhill River, Oreg .. _. . _ _- . _ . 3,578, 110 69, 543 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMIMERCE OF THE UNITED STAThS 105

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1957-Continued

Waterway Tons Total ton-miles (000 omitted)

Yaquina River, Oreg------521, 317 4, 692 Youngs Bay and Youngs River, Oreg _- 718, 523 2, 515 Kootenai River, Idaho and Montana 2__- Chinook Channel, Wash-__------.. -1, 920 2 Cowlitz River, Wash_------114, 330 543 Deep River, Wash_------388, 562 1, 943 Elokomin Slough, Wash ------212, 717 213 Grays River, Wash_------1,357 7 Hoquiam River, Wash------474, 018 3, 792 Lake River, Wash_------17, 898 49 Lake Washington Ship Canal, Wash ------1, 958, 697 ($) Lewis River, Wash_-.... ------57, 552 366 Quillayute River, Wash------801 2 Skagit River, Wash ------95, 302 1, 048 Skamokawa Creek, Wash_ ------5, 313 2 Skamokawa Slough, Wash ------32, 478 8 Stillaguamish River, Wash ------2, 937 3 Swinomish Slough, Wash_ ------657, 158 6, 572 Waterway connecting Port Townsend and Oak Bay, Wash ------518, 499 467 Gastineau Channel, Alaska 2--_____--- _- Wrangell Narrows, Alaska _ ------194, 300 (s)

ILess than 500 ton-miles. SNo commerce reported. 3 Ton-miles"not reported: SIncluded in Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pa., to the Sea. AIncluded in St. Clair River.

U. S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICEs125