Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army on Civil

Home , Franklin Canal (Texas), Racine Lock and Dam, Reber Plan

ANNUAL REPORT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1964

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. ON CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 1964

IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. 1 Z-2

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1965

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 45 cents

CONTENTS

Volume 1

Page Letter of Transmittal ------v Highlights------_ _ vi Feature Articles-Reaction of an Engineering Agency of the Federal Government to the Civil Engineering Graduate..... Ix Water Management of the Columbia River------_ -- xv Sediment Investigations Program of the Corps of Engineers ------xIx Water Resource Development-San Francisco Bay ... xxv The Fisheries-Engineering Research Program of the North Pacific Division------_------xxx CHAPTER I. A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCE DEVELOP- MENT------1 1. Scope and status------1 2. Organization------2 II. BENEFITS------3 1. Navigation------3 2. Flood control------4 3. Hydroelectric power------4 4. Water supply------5 5. Public recreation use------5 6. Fish and wildlife------7 III. PLANNING------9 1. Policy and procedures_ 9 2. International boundary waters ------10 3. Project development ------12 4. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors------_ 13 5. Coastal Engineering Research Center------13 6. Advance engineering and design ------15 7. Collection and study of basic data ------_ - 16 8. Research and development------18 IV. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS - - -- - 21 1. Navigation ------21 2. Beach erosion control ------27 3. Flood control (general) ------28 4. Multiple-purpose projects including power------_ 33 5. Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries-. --- 41 6. Operations (general) ------48 V. FUNDING ------51 1. Funds available------51 2. Appropriations------54 3. Expenditures (costs)------54 VI. OTHER ACTIVITIES ------59 1. St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers------59 2. Flood fighting and other emergency operations------59 3. Protection of navigable waters------63 4. Hydraulic mining, California ------64 5. Nuclear explosive studies for civil construction------65 6. Lake Survey ------65 7. Washington, D.C., water supply_------66 8. Foreign technical assistance_---- 66 9. Publications--_------_ _ ---- 67 10. Directory of installations and activities_--- 68 II IV

Page CHAPTER VII. ECONOMY MEASURES _ _ _ _ 71 VIII. WATERBORNE COMMERCE_----______75 APPENDIX A. GENERAL--Reservoirs of the Corps of Engineers ..... 79 B. NAVIGATION__ _ _-_ -___ 81 1. Total U.S. waterborne commerce------81 2. Project harbors, commerce reported------82 3. Commerce at selected areas 88 4. Ton-mileage of freight carried on U.S. inland waterways, by system __ 90 5. Project waterways, commerce reported.___ . 90 C. FLOOD CONTROL------105 1. Reservoirs of the Corps of Engineers__ .-_- 105 2. Flood control reservoirs operable June 30, 1964 __ 106 3. Flood control reservoirs constructed by the Corps of Engineers but operated by others__- _ 114 4. Flood damages prevented by Corps of Engineers projects ---- - 116 5. Flood damages prevented during fiscal year 1964- --116 6. Local protection projects_ 118 D. HYDROPOWER __-- 119 E. WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION 121 1. Water supply storage as of June 30, 1964__ 121 2. Irrigation storage as of June 30, 1964-_- 123 Volume 2

Reports on individual project operations and related Civil Works activities published as a separate volume. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price $4.50. Statistics on Waterborne Commerce of the United States are printed separately. (See ch. VI, sec. 9.) SUBJECT: Annual Report on Civil Works Activities for Fiscal Year 1964 TO: THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY 1. Transmitted herewith is my annual report on the Civil Works activities of the Corps of Engineers for fiscal year 1964. 2. The water resource development program of the Corps of Engi- neers includes the investigation, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of works for navigation, beach erosion control, flood control, hydropower, water supply, water quality control recreation, fish and wildlife preservation, hurricane protection, and related water resource uses, as authorized by law. 3. Volume 1 of my annual report presents a summary of status and accomplishments, changes in policies, and planning to meet long-range future water requirements. It also provides, in appendices, a ready reference to summary data on water resource development by the Corps, regionally and nationwide. 4. Volume 2 contains detailed information in individual projects and programs. Detailed data on waterborne commerce are published separately. 5. The active Civil Works program presently consists of over 3,600 project authorizations with a total estimated cost of over $22 billion. Appropriations for new work have totaled about $13 billion, leaving about $9 billion still required. Appropriations during fiscal year 1964 were $1,097 million, of which $863 million (79 percent) was for construction. 6. This program continues to provide large and widespread benefits to the Nation. Items of major significance are: a. Navigation. Commerce on the Great Lakes daring calendar year 1963 amounted to 95 billion ton-miles, and on the inland and intracoastal waterways system, 139 billion ton-miles. These two segments of our national transportation system carried about 15 percent of the Nation's intercity ton-milage of freight. Total waterborne traffic of the United States amounted to 1,174 million tons, of which the distribution to coastal harbors and channels, Great Lakes harbors and channels, and inland and intracoastal waterways was 47, 16, and 37 percent, respectively. b. Flood control. Flood damage prevented by projects in operation is estimated to total $12.5 billion, including about $650 million during fiscal year 1964. c. Hydropower. Although hydroelectric power activities of the Corps began with operation of a 1,800-kilowatt plant on the St. Marys River, Mich., in 1909, most of the existing capacity has been provided during the post-World War II period. Installed capacity as of June 30, 1964, was 8.5 million kilowatts, or about 22 percent of the hydro capacity and 4 percent of the total electrical capacity of VI the Nation. Energy generated in fiscal year 1964 amounted to over 33 billion kilowatt-hours, or about 18 percent of the hydro energy and 3 percent of the electrical energy generated in the Nation. The total energy generated through June 30, 1964, amounted to about 318 billion kilowatt-hours. d. Water supply. The Corps provides about 2.3 million acre-feet of storage for water supply in 27 reservoirs, which supplements the water supply for more than 2 million people in 72 cities, towns, and rural areas. A dependable supply estimated at more than 1,300 million gallons per day is available from storage now in operation. About 5.5 million acre-feet of storage space is being utilized, either exclusively for irrigation, or jointly for that and other purposes. Large quantities of water made available by power releases and evacuation of flood control storage improve the quantity and quality of downstream flows. e. Public recreation use. Both reservoirs and navigation projects furnish excellent opportunities for public outdoor recreation use. Attendance was 147 million during calendar year 1963, an increase of 16 percent over the preceding year. 7. The Corps of Engineers continued, at an accelerated pace, its program for conserving, developing, and putting to use the Nation's water resources in support of economic growth.

W. K. WILSON, JR. Lieutenant General, USA Chief of Engineers Highlights-Corpsof Engineers Water Resources Development

Fiscal years, except as noted otherwise Cumu- Item ______lative through 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1964

I. APPROPRIATIONS1 ($ MIL- LIONS): A. New work: 2 1. Navigation_-_ 216 204 204 211 209 190 141 135 88 42 25 31 47 48 60 3, 807 2. Flood control 387 353 325 286 286 278 226 212 143 91 82 148 151 173 231 5, 035 2a. Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries 3____ 54 53 55 55 52 52 44 47 37 31 37 45 46 47 52 1, 347 3. Multiple-purpose incl. power___ 259 266 237 258 215 190 126 157 211 204 208 272 278 296 240 4, 185 4. Beach erosion control- 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 12

Subtotal, new work__ 863 825 767 756 711 659 493 505 445 337 315 451 477 517 531 13, 039 B. Other work 4______- - _____- 234 221 208 180 162 157 146 134 167 107 112 111 140 102 110 4,028

Total (A+B) 1,097 1,046 975 936 873 816 639 639 612 444 427 562 617 619 641 17, 067

II. NAVIGATION (calendar year): A. Commerce (billions of ton-miles): 1. Coastal harbors and channels: la. Foreign. _ _ _ _ (Not available, since much of this commerce moves via open-sealanes) lb. Domestic deep-draft ...... 316 318 312 313 314 305 300 307 309 (5) (5) (5) (5) (6) 2. Great Lakes harbors and channels - --- 95 90 87 99 80 80 117 111 119 91 127 105 120 1121 - 3. Inland and intracoastal waterways- 139 133 123 121 117 110 115 109 98 83 75 64 62 52

234 220 190 232 Subtotal (2 + 3)------223 210 197 220 217 174 202 169 182 164 4 I:--- :1_____-1--- I - I: : _____1---- 1 ______---- I------'-l See footnotes at end of table. Highlights-Corps of Engineers Water Resources Development-Continued

Fiscal years, except as noted otherwise Cumu- Item lative through 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1955 1953 1952 1951 1950 1964

II. NAVIGATION-Continued B. Traffic (millions of tons): 1. Coastal harbors and channels - 555 534 502 514 497 480 522 498 437 377 374 379 388 324 2. Great Lakes harbors and channels ------188 177 172 191 166 158 217 211 216 171 222 188 211 199 3. Inland and intracoastal waterways------431 418 388 395 389 367 392 384 363 320 328 321 325 298 _-..

Total _ .- -- - -1,174 1, 129 1, 062 1, 110 1, 052 1, 00511, 131 1, 093 1, 016 868 924 888 924 821 .... Y ..zi--8 11 ---

III. FLOOD DAMAGES PRE- VENTED ($ billions) (cumulative)-. - - - 12. 5 11. 8 11. 3 10. 6 9. 7 9.2 9.0 8.7 8. 2 7.8 7.31 6.61 6.01 5.31 4.91- IV. POWER: A. Installed (millions of kw) (cumulative) ---- 8. 5 8. 2 7.5 6.9 6. 6 6.1 5. 6 4.8 4.0 3.2 2.5 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.8 8.5 B. Generated (billions of kwh)-_ .--33. 3 30. 0 29.9 27.2 27.9 26.8 27.2 22. 6 18. 1 12.6 8.9 6. 9 7.1 5. 2 4. 7 318 V. RESERVOIR STORAGE (million acre-feet) : A. All purposes------184 176 169 164 162 155 153 150 144 120 115 87 74 60 57 B. Flood control (maximum) .... 75 72 C. Water supply------2.3 1. 6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0. 8 0. 2 0.2 0.1 0.1 3 D. Irrigation- --...... 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.O 4.0 4.0 4.O 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.4 2. 5 1.8 0.9 0.9 VI. ATTENDANCE (millions) (calendar year)------147 127 120 109 107 95 85 71 63 54 41 30 21 16

1Includes about $500 million expended on deferred-for-restudy, inactive, abandoned, a Included in 2. or superseded projects. 4 Operation and maintenance, surveys, administration, and miscellaneous, s Avance engineering and design, and construction, a Not available, REACTION OF AN ENGINEERING AGENCY OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO THE CIVIL ENGINEERING GRADUATE by MELFORD E. MONSEES* Chief, Engineering Service Branch, U.S. Army Engineer District, Kansas City, Mo.

This paper in general is a compilation of observation made, as a supervisory civil engineer, and comments from various District offices of the Corps of Engi- neers regarding the reaction to the capabilities of civil engineering graduates employed by the Corps in the last few years. Although the comments were obtained from various Corps installations throughout the United States, it was interesting to note the similarity of the opinions received from the different offices on the ability, attitude, academic training and general capabilities of the recent civil engineering graduates. These reactions coming from representatives of one of the largest employers of engineers in the world should provide some basis for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the current civil engineering curriculum; also, should give a general understanding of the young engineers as they enter in their professional engineering careers in a Governmental agency. First, it would seem appropriate to present some facts about the Corps of Engineers and the career development program provided for the engineering graduates employed by the Corps, before reporting on the reaction to the capabilities of recent civil engineering graduates. The services of the Corps of Engineers to the Nation began with the Revolu- tionary War. Its 188 years of history embrace major contributions to the establishment and development of the engineering profession in America; include many of the engineering tasks of the westward growth of the Nation; and reflect a vital role in the economic development of the country and in the winning of two World Wars. The Corps traditions are marked by such achievements as eng:neering direction of the construction of the Panama Canal, the development of the first atomic bomb (the Manhattan District), and such undertakings as construction of the Arctic Airbase at Thule, Greenland, and the chain of great dams rising on the Missouri River. It is recognized that the activities of the Corps of Engineers today embraces virtually the entire range of modern engineering, including research into basic science, engineering development, investigations and planning, design and construction, operation and maintenance, management, mapping, geodesy, and engineering intelligence. Its projects are in every State and many foreign countries and many of its engineers are among the most outstanding members of its profession. The civilian employees of the Corps of Engineers are under Civil Service and an exceptionally wide range of opportunity is provided to the graduate engineer embarking on his career. These opportunities for employment, training, and advancement embrace virtually every branch of engineering and many specialties. The greatest needs are for civil, construction, structural, and hydraulic engineers. A career development plan is provided which enables the young engineers to develop on the job, under competent professional guidance, and obtain guidance toward maximum attainment. This training embraces planning, design, con-

*Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Society of Engineering Education, June 1964. Mr. Monsees is one of three representatives selected from engineering organizations to participate in a panel discussion on the reaction to the capabilities of the recent civil engineering graduates. IX struction, and operation of numerous types of civil works projects such as dams, levees, harbors, powerplants, channel improvement work and related multipurpose water resources projects and military facilities throughout the United States and the world. Work assignments are scheduled to give the young engineer both theoretical and practical experience in the various office design and field construction. He is given a permanent assignment after participating in the on-the-job rotation training program for the required period of time. Attendance at special seminars, symposiums, university courses, and "in house" training sessions, together with participation in professional societies and civic activities is encouraged and adds to the career development of engineering employees of the Corps. Now, what is the reaction of the various Corps of Engineers offices to the capabilities of the recent civil engineering graduates? In general, the comments received indicate that the reaction is good. It is believed the comments received from one- of the southern offices of the Corps might be typical-"Recent graduates have been well grounded in engineering principles. Their attitudes are generally excellent. A few have been outstanding and none have proven to be completely inadequate. Deficiencies have not been of sufficient extent to cause major concern." This reaction is further confirmed by the following comments received from the Los Angeles office of the Corps: Ability: Ability of the recent graduates varies, of course, with individuals. However, the ability is such that no difficulty has been experienced in fully utilizing their talent. In other words, reaction as to the abilities has been found to be generally good. Attitude: A large percentage of the recent graduates have had an excellent attitude towards their employment. They have been eager to learn and have been willing workers. Comments obtained from the various offices as to the capabilities of the recent civil engineering graduates assigned to work in the major specialized fields, will be presented as follows: 1. Design (structural, mechanical and electrical). 2. Hydrology and hydraulics. 3. Soil mechanics and design of embankments (dams and levees). 4. Reports writing, correspondence, and specifications. 5. Construction activities (contract administration, interpretation of plans and specifications, progress reporting, field office engineering). 6. Electronic computer-programming of engineering problems, new techniques and CPM. Design: The comments received from the District offices of Vicksburg, Miss.; Louisville, Ky.; and Mobile, Ala., seem to express the reaction of most District offices that recent civil engineering graduates are usually quite capable in the field of design and quickly grasp the Corps methods and procedures. The Mobile office stated that a favorable impression has been made by the engineers in training with their ability and excellent accomplishments in technical subjects. Also, it was noted that the cooperative and enthusiastic attitudes and willingness to work has been exemplary. Unfortunately, it was reported that the enthusiasm sometimes wears out after the young engineer has been given his permanent assignment. This dulling of enthusiasm does not necessarily reflect upon the academic training received from the various engineering schools, but a natural adjustment to the many routine detailed design chores required to be accomplished by the engineering neophyte. The Walla Walla, Wash., District office reported that the young civil engineers have fitted effectively in all of the various phases of design work and the Louisville office stated that some are content to do routine XI work essential to journeyman engineering problems, but most are not willing to continue on such work for long. Also, there appears to be considerable reluctance by the young engineers to prepare or write engineering specifications. This reluctance could be due to deficiencies in writing ability, which will be discussed later in this paper. Hydrology and hydraulics: Comments were received that recent graduates have performed quite satisfactorily on hydrology and hydraulic assignments. How- ever, the majority of the recent graduates have had only basic technical training in hydraulics, but this seems to be sufficient as even those with considerable academic study in hydraulics must obtain on-the-job training in specific problems dealing with complex multipurpose water resources projects. One of the Corps' district offices reports that some of the young engineers are not particularly enthusiastic about assignments involving project planning which is closely related to hydrology and hydraulics, although some do seem to have good ability to work dealing with general investigations and project planning. Soils mechanics and design of embankments: More and more importance is being placed on this specialized field of civil engineering inasmuch as a great number of massive earth dams are planned, designed and constructed by the Corps; and much of the new techniques, theory, and principles have been developed by the experienced civil engineers of the Corps who have actually been engaged in research and design of these structures. Consequently, it is recognized that recent civil engineering graduates must be provided on-the-job training in soil mechanics as they have had only a minor amount of academic study in this specialized field beyond basic fundamentals; they are, however, technically prepared to receive the training needed to progress in the soils mechanics field. Reports writing, correspondence, and specifications: The importance of this function cannot be overstressed in the career of a civil engineer. Unfortunately, nearly all comments received from various offices indicate a lack in the young engineers, of sufficient training in the English language. This deficiency is noted in verbal and written reports, engineering presentations, and oral communi- cations. A district in the Northwest states "their ability in reports writing and correspondence is extremely variable and appears to be more dependent on personal adaptability than on which school they attended." Another district in the Deep South stated that "the outstanding deficiency in many of the newly employed engineers is inability to use the English language." In short, many of the young engineers can neither write an acceptable letter nor prepare technical specifications, and even notes on drawings are frequently garbled and include misspelled words. This deficiency is easily understood as most technical students will argue vehemently that they are interested in the theory and tools of their profession and not rhetoric. The error is in the mistaken idea that English is not a prime tool of their chosen profession; also, the young engineer does not realize that more times than not, well-written correspondence and precisely prepared specifications are more influential in securing advancement than vo- luminous and accurate technical work. This is especially true because correspondence, reports, and specifications are received by many supervisory engineers and officials who can appreciate good writing, well-prepared reports and effective presentations. It must be remembered that before a bridge is built or a dam constructed, much correspondence is written, numerous reports prepared, and specifications developed. Construction activities (contract administration, interpretation of plans and specifications, progress reporting, and field ofice engineering): Construction engineering has a tremendous attraction to the engineering student. It has been noted in interviews with senior students that over 90 percent indicate a desire XII to be assigned to construction field office. Although most of the young engineers like construction work, Walla Walla District reports that only about one in four chooses it for an initial assignment because of family considerations. Also, some have apparent apprehension that they may advance slower in a field con- atruction office and not be able to later transfer into the District office. Every effort has been made to alleviate this apprehension. Actually, the various Corps offices report that practically all of the young men do excellent in field construction assignments and have adapted well to field office duties. The Vicksburg District confirms that they have the technical training to fit into field office engineering assignments. Furthermore, their attitudes and abilities for this type of engineering are excellent; however, again it must be said that the young engineers are somewhat deficient in the ability to write effectively and in their understanding of construction contracts, and the administration of such contracts. It is realized that the construction work of the Corps of Engineers deals with almost every type of construction known to man; for example, space missiles launching complexes, great concrete and earth dams as built on the Columbia and Missouri Rivers, giant powerplants, bridges, highways, research facilities, harbors, hospitals, academic buildings, pipelines, channel improvement, and Army and Air Force Bases; accordingly, it would be extremely difficult for the civil engineering student to become exposed to the numerous plans and specifications developed by the Corps for such structures and facilities. Through the Junior Engineer Rotation Training Program, the young engineers are able to learn on the job and become very knowledgeable. This is confirmed by information received from the District offices which indicate that the results of this rotation training is good and the quality of the young engineers obtained from the program is definitely top grade. The comments of the Chief, Construction Division, Louisville office are pertinent on this subject. "During the past three years there have been employed in the Construction Division approximately 20 young graduate engineers. Generally these engineers have demonstrated they have had excellent academic training and have the inherent ability to perform most adequately; also, the desire to improve their qualifications. These young engineers seem to be more mature, and their attitude toward their work superior to that of young men 10 or 15 years ago. A number of recent graduates have advanced rapidly into more responsible positions." Electronic computer-programming of engineering problems, new techniques, and CPM: The electronic computer has had a marked impact on the civil engineering profession. In the December, 1963 Journal of the Structural Division Pro- ceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineering the statement is made "During the past fifteen years, the rapid development of electronic digital computers has carried a significant shift in the orientation of the structural engineer. Problems that were beyond the scope of a reasonable engineering analysis now can be solved with the aid of a computer in a relatively short time." The Corps of Engineers has taken advantage of the capabilities of the electronic computer and has installed systems in many of the District offices which have developed hundreds of computer programs dealing with structural design, hydrology, hydraulics, soils mechanics, economics, project development, CPM, PERT, and related civil engineering matters. For example, the Kansas City District has 123 engineering programs and utilizes an IBM 1620 computer about 200 hours per month of which 95 percent of the programs deal with civil engineering problems. Granted that the use of the computer in civil engineering has emerged only recently, it is significant to report that some of the most recent graduates have XIII been exposed to computer programming through courses they have taken prior to graduation. Many of these young engineers indicate considerable interest in computer programming and with their'knowledge of math, they are able to become excellent programmers of civil engineering problems after a few weeks of "in house" training. Conclusions: Upon employment, most graduates exhibit a rather casual attitude; however, by close observation, it is found almost invariably that they are alert, are exceptionally good listeners, and have an eagerness to learn all aspects of engineering and to assume added responsibilities as they progress. Granted, a few of the young men do not realize that a journeyman period is necessary to obtain experience and seasoning in all types of responsible engineering and management positions; the reaction to the capabilities of recent civil engineering graduates is good. The results obtained, after a year to 18 months of rotation training, indicates that the young engineers received, in most cases, academic training which provides them with the ability to learn on the job and progress into responsible assignments in engineering and construction. Many have demonstrated exceptional abilities and have proven very capable in the various phases of engineering assignments. Probably the most disturbing factor, noted by District offices of the Corps of Engineers is that only a few of the civil engineering graduates show much capability and desire for engineering report writing, preparation of technical specifications, preparation of correspondence, and oral presentations of engineering matters. However, from my observations as a member of ASEE, a Chairman of a local ECPD Committee, a member of the Educational Comnm,.tee of MSPE, and through contacts with engineering educators in several parts of our Nation, I am sure there is a general knowledge of this and other minor deficiencies in the civil engineering graduates. Furthermore, inasmuch as engineers and scientists in the present age have brought this Nation awe-inspiring technological advances, a superabundance of material comforts, and greatly increased leisure time, there is no question in my mind that engineering educators will continue to update and revise curriculums in the schools of engineering in order that the civil engineering students will be provided with the best possible education to cope with the most significant challenges and problems that will face them upon graduation.

WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER by D. M. ROCKWOOD

:Hydraulic Engineer (Research), Water Control Branch, U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific

One of the great natural resources of the Pacific Northwest and the United States is the mighty Columbia River. Although the Columbia ranks fourth among the rivers of North America in terms of annual discharge, it has no peer in this country in hydroelectric power production or potential. It is a navigable river providing an economical transportation route between the sea and the basin interior. Its waters irrigate vast areas of otherwise arid land. It is the primary salmon-producing stream of the United States. Recreational uses of the river and its reservoirs are rapidly becoming of major importance. Along with its many beneficial aspects this mighty river has a devastating flood potential which is being curbed to prevent damages and enhance land use along its lower reaches. The development of the water resources of the Columbia River has progressed rapidly during the past two decades. This development has been basically as planned by the Corps of Engineers in the original "308 Report" of the Columbia River submitted to Congress in 1932 1 and modified and expanded by subsequent review reports submitted to Congress in 1949,2 and 1961.3 The installed capacity of hydroelectric projects completed or under construction in the Columbia Basin and adjacent coastal streams amounts to 18,991 megawatts, of which 9,643 megawatts or just about half are in Federal projects. Of the Federal installation, 7,227 megawatts are in Corps projects and the remainder at Bureau of Reclama- tion projects. The electrical energy produced by the Columbia River power system during the 1963-64 operating year was approximately 60 billion kilowatt- hours. Completion of the locks and dams presently under construction will provide by 1968 slackwater navigation to Pasco, Wash., some 325 miles up the Columbia River from the Pacific Ocean. By 1972 slackwater navigation will be extended up the Snake River to Lewiston, Idaho, 465 river miles inland. The present annual transport of about 2 million tons is estimated to increase to an annual average of over 9 million tons for the period 1975 to 2025. Now more than 5 million acres of land are under irrigation in the U.S. portion of the Columbia Basin. It is estimated there will be 8.8 million acres under irrigation by the year 2010. Com- mercial fishing in the Columbia River and in the ocean attributable to Columbia River stocks has produced catches estimated to average about 30 million pounds annually. In addition, sports fishing is a major industry with an annual catch of more than one million pounds of salmon and steelhead. Flood control protection from levees and reservoir storage will result in a reduction of flood damages along the lower Columbia River of about $38 million annually based on the 1985 ,level of development. Of this reduction about $24 million will result from storage projects existing, under construction, and planned for development. The complete development of the Columbia River and its major tributaries is now in sight. With the completion of the John Day and Wells projects in 1969 development of the 1,290 feet of head of the mainstem from tidewater to the Canadian border will be virtually complete. Practically all undeveloped reaches 1 H. Doe. 103, 73d Cong., 1st sess. 2 H. Doc.531, 81st Cong., 2d sess. 3;H. Doc.403, 87th Congs, 2d sess.

xv XVI of the Snake River and Clark Fork-Pend Oreille are currently being developed or have firm plans for their development. With the completion of the Canadian Treaty projects within the coming decade, all major storage sites in the Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin will have been developed. Aggregate usable storage with this development is in excess of 36 million acre-feet. While up to now the emphasis of the Corp's work has been on the planning and construction of the Columbia River developments, the emphasis is being- shifted to the efficient coordinated operation of this immense system which has been constructed. Because of the many and diverse parties who own and operate projects in the Columbia Basin, coordinated operation of these projects is extremely complex. Involved in the operation of the river are the U.S. and Ca- nadian Governments, various private power companies, public utility districts,. and municipal power systems. Three U.S. agencies-the Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and Bonneville Power Administration-are all concerned with water management of the Columbia River. A large measure of coordinated reservoir regulation for power purposes has been achieved since 1942 through the Northwest Power Pool. This voluntary organization's membership includes all major utilities and governmental operating agencies of the United States and Canada which are involved in the Colum- bia Basin. Of recent years, most of the utilities and agencies included in the Northwest Power Pool have entered into a more formal Coordination Agreement. This agreement provides firm arrangements to achieve the optimum coordinated system operation for power purposes consistent with non-power requirements. The agreement also provides for the sharing of storage costs of the U.S. reservoirs by downstream parties. The recently ratified Canadian Treaty for the cooperative development of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin provides for operating arrangements and plans to be made by entities to be established by the two governments. Water regulation activities of the Federal and State governments are coordinated through the Water Management Subcommittee of the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee. This voluntary organization was formed in 1951 for the purpose of coordinating annual and monthly operating plans of the agencies. involved. The subcommittee also arranges the collection and dissemination of pertinent hydro-meteorological and other data necessary to the operation of the coordinated system. Today the North Pacific Division of the Corps finds itself responsible for the operation of the largest block of hydroelectric generating capacity of any agency or utility in the Columbia Basin. Moreover, its responsibilities for navigation and flood control place it in the unique position of being the agency most concerned with multiple-purpose operation of not only its own projects, but those of others as well. Thus the Corps' responsibilities include not only the water regulation of its own projects for all authorized purposes but of other Federal projects and non-Federal projects, to the extent provided in their licenses. It is anticipated the operation of the Canadian Treaty projects for both power and flood control. will also be a function of the Corps of Engineers in its role as a part of the U.S. entity. The problems of coordinated operation of the huge complex of hydro projects: now existing and under construction are becoming increasingly complex. For- tunately during the past two decades, almost simultaneously with the development of the Columbia Basin, the electronic computer has been developed. Without the. aid of this powerful tool, water management and power planning of the Columbia Basin system would not be possible as we know it today. XVII

The North Pacific Division has pioneered in the development and application of electronic computer techniques to hydro system planning and operation. Specific computer applications include a monthly power regulation program for system planning studies and for annual operation planning; a streamflow synthesis and reservoir regulation program used in planning hydraulic design of projects and in operation of the Columbia Basin projects during the annual spring flood; and a hourly power regulaton program used in pondage studies of run-of-river projects and in the power loading of these projects. All of these programs, in their particular fields of application, help to maximize the benefits to be realized from system operation, for each of the varied water uses. Each of the programs involves the basic concept of mathematical simulation of the basin and projects, whereby a given set of streamflow conditions and operating plans can be tested, and the total effects of regulation developed at all projects and key locations. Because the Columbia River is snow fed, and each year's spring runoff volume can be forecast several months in advance, it is ideally suited to multiple-purpose use of reservoir storage. Even so, there are minor conflicts of interest in use of storage space that must be resolved on the basis of established operating criteria. Each year may be subdivided into two distinct operating periods: a low-flow period in the fall and winter months and a flood control period in the spring and early summer months. During the low-flow period storage releases from Corps' projects are scheduled daily by the North Pacific Division as necessary to meet system power requirements and serve other uses as required. Such scheduled releases are in general conformity with annual plans made by the Division in conjunction with the Bonneville Power Administration, Northwest Power Pool, and Coordinating Committee under the Coordination Agreement. Actual operations are continually reviewed for compliance with scheduled operations. Power generation at all Corps of Engineers' main-stem run-of-river projects is normally under centralized load-frequency control from the Bonneville Power Administration's load dispatcher's office in Portland, Oreg. Allocation of energy loadings among the generating stations is performed by the Bonneville Power Administration, in collaboration with the North Pacific Division office of the Corps except when special river regulations are prescribed by the Corps. Extensive use is made of electronic data processing equipment in day-to-day water regulation and power loading activities and further use is planned in the immediate future in connection with the centralized load-frequency control of the Corps' main-stem run-of-river projects. During the flood control period in May and June of each year, the North Pacific Division maintains control of reservoir releases for the entire system, Federal and non-Federal alike, on a day-to-day basis. Flood control regulation in the Columbia primarily involves the problem of forecasting streamflow, both on a long- and short-range basis. Computer programs are a significant aid in developing forecasts, and, in fact, provide forecasts which could not otherwise be accomplished. During the flood regulation period, 30-day forecasts of streamflow and reservoir regulation are made each day, based on current hydrometeorological data. These form the basis for day-to-day operating decisions for meeting operating objectives. The objectives of the flood control regulation are to achieve the maximum reduction in peak discharge in the lower Columbia River; assure refilling of reservoirs; and provide for other water use requirements, including irrigation, navigation, power, recreation, and fish life. In summary, the Columbia River has the greatest hydropower potential and production of any U.S. river. Along with hydropower the Columbia River has many other beneficial uses among which are navigation and its salmon fishery.

761-808--65 --2 XVIII

Flood control of the Columbia produces benefits through enhanced land usage and prevention of damages. Complete development of the river is now in sight and in the future increasing emphasis will be given to the coordinated operation of the immense system of hydroprojects. Many diverse parties-Federal, non-Federal, and Canadian- are involved in the operation of the coordinated system. Coordinated operation is accomplished principally through the Northwest Power Pool, the Coordina- tion Agreement, and the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee. As the agency responsible for the operation of the largest single block of generating capability in the Columbia Basin, and as the agency primarily concerned with multiple-purpose operation of all projects, Federal and non-Federal, the Corps of Engineers is vitally involved in the coordinated operation of the Colum- bia River system. In keeping with its responsibilities for water management and power planning, the Corps has pioneered the development and application of computer programs in these fields. The North Pacific Division has been the leader in planning the development of and in developin ; the water resources of the Columbia River. Similarly, it is now guiding and participating in the coordinated operation of the huge hydrocomplex it has been so instrumental in developing. The Corps will continue its leading role in the development and operation of the water resources of the Columbia Basin. SEDIMENT INVESTIGATIONS PROGRAM OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS by BRICE L. HOBBS

Engineering Division, Directorate of Civil Works, Office of the Chief of Engineers This is a summary of sedimentation problems encountered by the Corps of Engineers in connection with planning, design, operation and maintenance of projects for improvement of streams, harbors, and beaches, and investigations involved in the development of practical solutions to these problems. The dis- cussions are confined to engineering considerations of the reciprocal effects between projects and the phases of sediment transportation in water.

PROBLEMS

SOIL EROSION. The Corps of Engineers has no specific responsibility for control of erosion for soil conservation purposes, therefore, the Corps direct interest in soil erosion is primarily concerned with the effects of material produced by this process upon downstream channel improvement and reservoir projects. The degree of importance of soil conservation measures for alleviating sediment problems at downstream projects varies widely, depending generally upon the magnitudes of the sediment loads prior to construction and the effectiveness of the conservation measures in reducing the amounts of sediment that would otherwise be delivered to the project during its useful life. In general, sediment yield reductions tend to benefit reservoir projects but may aggravate channel problems involving bank erosion and undesirable bed degradation. Channel Stabilization. Channel erosion and deposition can be beneficial and/or detrimental. The problems involved vary from those that are local in nature to to general problems in long reaches of alluvial streams and may result from natural causes or be induced by manmade developments. Control measures on the same project often require the use of methods to induce erosion at one location while preventing erosion and encouraging deposition in an adjacent area. In general, the channel sediment problems arise from a need to provide measures to prevent serious erosion of stream banks and damage to adjacent lands and developments; induce scour to attain naviagble depths or to take advantage of increased head for power production; and confine flows to selected paths and thereby maintain channels that are hydraulically satisfactory for optimum conveyance of floodflows and sediment loads. Other channel problems directly related to reservoir influences are discussed in the following paragraphs. RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION. Reservoir impoundments disrupt the natural order of the processes of sediment transportation in streams and the results range from those where entrapment is the primary useful purpose of the project to those where undesirable deposition may seriously affect the utility of the project within a relatively short period of time. Problems associated with the trapping of sediment are: Deliberate entrapment. Debris basins such as those constructed in California are a special type of reservoir where the design criterion for establishing storage space for sediment catchment is based upon requirements for retention of high, short period yields until the material can be removed by excavation. Storm intensities, geologic factors, and the probability of a storm occurring soon after a fire event are extremely important design considerations. Also, it was found that in the foothill reaches where slopes flatten abruptly, sediment delivery ratios are quite sensitive to small changes in location. XIX XX

Depletion of storage space. The significance of storage depletion problems depends generally upon average accumulation rates and progressive distribution of" deposits. In the planning stage, the engineers are dependent upon available sediment load records, sedimentation records for other reservoir projects, results of sediment yield studies based upon soil erosion and delivery ratio estimates and the probable future effects of upstream developments, to aid judgment in allocation of space for anticipated storage depletion. In some regions available information indicates sediment yields are not great enough to be of primary importance in connection with storage space allocations. On the other hand, relatively rapid rates of storage depletion are anticipated in many reservoirs on alluvial streams. In such cases it is necessary to provide storage allowances to assure that encroach- ment upon space allocated for useful purposes other than sediment retention will not take place during the period used for economic analysis of the reservoir, or seriously affect the overall performance of the project system of which the reservoir may be a unit. Distribution of deposits. The factors involved in reservoir sedimentation are numerous and the combinations so variable and complicated that prospects for development of reliable standardized methods for general application in predicting future distributions are not promising. It is common practice to accept rough approximations of progressive accumulations obtained by empirical methods, or assumptions of ultimate distribution of reservoir sediment accumulations as a basis for planning and design determinations relating to establishment of conserva- tively high real estate taking boundaries; effects on lands adjacent to tributary channels; any measures that should be taken to assure deposits will not interfere with regulation operations; and allocation of reservoir space for various purposes. Further important topics concerning sediment distribution problems are as follows: Aggradation of tributary channels. A reservoir on an alluvial stream is one of the more important manmade influences which may affect channel conditions. The aggradation of channels which sometimes occurs above reservoirs is an extension of the reservoir sedimentation processes which may adversely affect drainage conditions and flooding problems on adjacent lands. Future dimensions of aggraded channels cannot be accurately forecast by known methods. Rela- tively small fractions of the total accumulations are usually involved in the aggradation of channels in the reaches of reservoir backwater influences above established pool levels. The distribution as well as the quantities involved are sensitive to numerous factor combinations which include unpredictable sequences of flood events and pool elevations coincident with high sediment inflows. Aesthetic effects. Regardless of the need for sediment distribution estimates for other purposes, it is occasionally important to foresee future conditions which might be unsightly and therefore objectionable to people residing nearby. Storage depletion in single-purpose reservoirs. Normally a reasonable estimate of the total volume of sediment anticipated during the period used for economic considerations is all that is necessary for establishing storage requirements in single-purpose reservoirs, and advance information regarding the locations of the deposits is usually not needed. Exceptions may be found in cases where substantial inactive storage is required in reservoirs operated primarily for power production. Storage depletion in multiple-purpose reservoirs. In cases where sediment loads are appreciable, advance information of probable future distributions of sediment deposits is important in connection with planning and design considerations of storage depletion regardless of the project purposes. Misjudgments involved in the initial allocations of storage space cannot always be satisfactorily rectified by reallocation of space remaining at some future date. XXI

Depletion of space where water is stored for recreational purposes. Recently there has been a rapid increase in demands for storage of water for recreational :activities in artificial lakes. Where practicable, the need is usually satisfied by use of water stored primarily for other purposes; provisions for perpetual storage of a given volume of water regardless of pool elevation; specific allocation of storage below a given pool elevation; and arrangement for regulation so as to provide for a minimum pool having storage not exceeding the undepleted space initially reserved for sediment. There is general agreement regarding the importance of recreational needs, and the problems that may be expected to result from unfavorable sediment distributions should be recognized. For example, .a plan to continuously provide a small pool of fixed volume in the lowest elevation zone of remaining space may become completely unsatisfactory for the planned activity relatively early in the life of the project. Also, decisions are frequently made, after completion of the design stage, to regulate a reservoir so as to utilize space reserved for sediment deposits for recreational or other conservation purposes. In such cases there is no opportunity for changing the total storage, therefore the effects of the change in sediment distribution expected to result from the change in regulation procedures should be carefully examined. Reservoir influences below dams. On nontidal streams having naturally stable channels, sediment problems below dams have been found to be generally non- .existent or relatively insignificant. In alluvial streams one or more of several sediment transportation problems may arise within the downstream reservoir- influence reaches. The following questions are indicative of problems encountered in the planning, design, and operation of Corps projects: What is the nature and location of exposed or subsurface rock formations which might become flow-control sections at some stage in the degradation process? What will be the ultimate lowering of the tailwater resulting from channel -erosion below dams and at what rate is the process likely to progress if unassisted by excavation? Will bed degradation endanger existing downstream structures such as bridges? Will control measures such as paving or rock sills be necessary to arrest or prevent bed degradation? Would it be desirable or practicable to remove potential controls or dredge in order to induce and hasten beneficial degradation that would not otherwise occur? If uncontrolled, will bank erosion and channel widening be serious? For given conditions, what is the optimum cross section shape to be constructed to assure that a navigation channel will tend to be self-cleaning and what type of regulation schedule will minimize deposition in the upstream ends of navigation pools? In developing a construction schedule for an integrated system of river improvements, what should be the proper timing of channel improvement measures and construction of reservoirs in order to induce the sedimentation processes to work to the best advantage? Are conditions below a reservoir such that reservoir water losses and regulation of releases are likely to contribute to aggradation and reduction of channel capacity, and what are the possibilities for adopting regulation schedules and other measures that would tend to alleviate the problem? HARBOR SEDIMENTATION. Shoaling is involved to some degree in virtually all important sedimentation problems in harbors; this is true of all harbor types whether they are natural, manmade, or affected by tidal or nontidal influences. 'The problems are concerned with engineering and economic considerations in- XXII volved in development of optimum designs to minimize shoaling and reduce operation costs required to maintain conditions satisfactory for navigation. Dredging for removal of materials is the dominant maintenance problem common to most harbor developments. The causative factors involved are diverse and occur in complex combinations depending upon conditions peculiar to each situa- tion. Capabilities in harbor planning have improved with the gain in general knowledge of the factors involved in sediment transport, including salt water effects in estuaries, and those associated with littoral movement of beach materials. BEACH EROSION. The progressive development of coastal area is indicative of their economic importance. The engineering problems are generally concerned with planning and design of measures for stabilization and rehabilitation of beaches with a view to preventing damage to adjacent lands and developments. In planning for beach and navigation improvements it is important that consideration be given to the overall influence of the improvement within the physio- graphic limits of the shore unit, comprising an area where sedimentation processes are not significantly affected by littoral forces updrift and downdrift therefrom. Each problem has its own peculiarities but in general all are defined by the source and characteristics of the beach materials involved, rates of removal and replenishment, modes of transport, and courses of movement. Information on these items serves as a basis for selecting a practicable corrective plan. CURRENT ACTIVITIES AND IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES All sediment investigations by the Corps of Engineers are conducted for project purposes. The investigations, aimed at development of basic information relating to sediment transportation, range from routine measurements and sampling for sediment load determinations, to a relatively few studies that may be properly classified as pure research. Other activities are concerned with planning and design of structural measures and maintenance operations required to prevent or alleviate sediment problems. SEDIMENT LOAD RECORDS. The present program provides for systematic collection of suspended sediment samples and preparation of load records at about 230 stations in the United States, some of which are operated under cooperative agreement by the U.S. Geological Survey. The total number of stations has remained fairly constant for several years, with a near balance between the number of new stations and the number where operations were discontinued. The frequency of sampling, types of suspended samples secured, supplementary data collected, and procedures used for reduction of data to load records depend upon the characteristics of the material transported and the project purposes the records are intended to serve. RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION INVESTIGATIONS PROGRAMS. As of June 30, 1964, the active Civil Works program of the Corps included over 230 reservoirs completed or in partial operation; more than 60 reservoirs under construction but not operable; and about 130 reservoirs authorized but not started. The total active storage in all of these projects is about 274 million acre-feet. Also there are many single-purpose navigation pools and single-purpose debris control reservoirs which are not included in the above numbers. In continuing the development of a nationwide program for reservoir sedimentation studies, it has become an established practice to make provisions for sediment investigations in connection with each project. The objectives are to satisfy needs associated with sediment problems affecting operation of the project under consideration and planning and design for future reservoirs. CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT INVESTIGATIONS. The Corps of Engineers activities in connection with channel stabilization are extensive and provide for programs XXIII involving research, field surveys and related observations, construction actions, and maintenance operations. In the course of investigations, emphasis is placed upon the advancement of knowledge regarding bed material movement, and the development of measures to physically control channel erosion and induce deposition in selected locations. To aid in achieving these objectives the Chief of Engineers arranged for the establishment of an internal "Committee on Channel Stabilization" which has been active for about 2 years. The objectives of the committee with respect to channel stabilization are to determine and evaluate pertinent information and disseminate the results thereof; to determine basic principles and design criteria; and provide at the request of field offices, advice on design and operational problems. HARBOR IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE FOR NAVIGATION. The Corps responsibilities for harbor facilities range from those required to accommodate large ships in the coastal areas to small inland reservoir harbors provided for pleasure boating. To alleviate shoaling, extensive dredging is required in addition to other partial solutions which include construction of diked inclosures, training walls, and other stabilization and flow control features. Past records do not permit a breakdown which would show quantities of material involved in recent shoaling within harbors and harbor entrances. However, shoaled materials represent large portions of the totals involved in maintenance dredging. The records indicate that during a recent year about 300 million cubic yards- of material was moved in connection with the construction and maintenance of harbors and waterways by all types of dredging. This total does not include material involved in the beach erosion problems. Of this amount, approximately 200 million cubic yards were involved in maintenance dredging. The Corps research activities relating to harbor sedimentation are enumerated in paragraph on Research Investigations below. BEACH PROTECTION, REHABILITATION, AND MAINTENANCE. Research investigations relating to beach erosion processes also are discussed in the next paragraph. Other activities associated with shore erosion problems include planning, design, construction and maintenance operations necessary to correct or improve beach conditions. Corrective measures may include provisions for one or more of the following: Artificial nourishment of sediment-starved beaches; maintenance of beaches to proper dimensions to assure that sand dunes will withstand wave attacks and protect upland property against waves generated by hurricane winds; construction of stable walls and dikes for shore protection; jetty construction for improvement of inlet conditions; placing materials dredged from navigation entrance channels so that they can be conveniently used to replace littoral materials trapped in entrance channels and behind protective jetties; and construction of updrift jetties or groins as shore-connected structures to promote desirable deposition of littoral drift materials in selected areas. RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS. For purposes of this discussion all sediment investigations concerned with development of instruments, improvement of measuring techniques and analyses and interpretative studies conducted with view to improvement of capabilities in connection with project planning and design investigations are considered as research. Cooperative studies. The Corps contributes to and participates in the activities of the cooperative "Interagency Sedimentation Project" at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory in Minneapolis, Minn. In matters concerning instrumentation and sediment measuring techniques, the Corps relies largely upon standardized instruments and methods developed at the project. New proposals relating to measurement of sediment in streams are referred to project personnel for evaluation. XXIV

Independent Corps studies. The following items are representative examples of sediment research activities being conducted at Corps laboratories and other field installations: Laboratory flume tests to investigate the effects of water temperature on streambed forms, and transport of various types of bed materials found in natural rivers and used in movable-bed models. Movable-bed hydraulic model studies to investigate the scour, transport, and deposition of sands to assist in determining the optimum locations and features of navigation structures, and dimensions and alinements of channels required in development of the Arkansas River for navigation. Development of channel design procedures which take into account bed material composition and modifications of channel dimensions, slopes, water discharge, and sediment transport. Development of methods for determining sediment storage requirements in reservoirs. In this connection, arrangements have been made for installation of a few pipe casings in reservoir deposits for periodic measurement of sediment densi- ties at different elevations. The measurements will be made by use of a radio- isotope sediment-density probe and the results will be used to investigate density- depth gradations and consolidation trends. Hydraulic model investigations for reduction of maintenance costs of several major harbors. Pilot study to relate beach properties to relationships of sediment popula- tions in the vicinity of an estuary. Sponsorship of an investigation by the University of California on the mechanics of sand movement by wave action. Study of equilibrium profiles of beaches including scale effects. Laboratory study of relation of wave characteristics to littoral transport rates. Study for correlation of storm-wave actions with beach profile changes. Continuing program of reexamination of artifically nourished and constructed beaches to determine the effectiveness of placed fill material to better establish the criteria for determining desirable characteristics of the materials. Investigation of the effects of inlets on adjacent beaches. Tests of feasibility of using radioactive tracers in beach studies. Study of pumping operations as a method of bypassing sediment trapped by an artificial interruption of natural littoral transport processes. EXISTING PROGRAMS AND CONTINUING PROGRAM OBJECTIVES Virtually all sediment investigations being conducted or sponsored by the Corps of Engineers are oriented toward solution of project problems, and most of the money available for such studies has been provided from funds allotted to planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of specific projects. Con- tinuing investigations representing parts of the overall program are reexamined periodically to determine what modifications or shifts in emphasis may be desirable, and whether such changes can be accomplished within limitations imposed by available funds and personnel. During these examinations efforts have been made to coordinate the activities through agreement with representatives of other Federal agencies in order to avoid duplication and obtain information of mutual interest. Sediment investigations by the Corps will continue with the primary objective of serving project purposes. In the course of modifying various elements of the overall program and initiation of new project studies, it is planned to give more attention to improving the utility of the information for use in comprehensive planning of river basin developments. WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT-SAN FRANCISCO BAY

REUBEN J. JOHNSON Chief, Planning and Reports Branch, U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific

San Francisco Bay is a landlocked body of water enclosing one of the largest and most important natural harbors in the country. It is surrounded by 9 counties, 70 cities, and over 4 million people. The population of this area has doubled since 1940 and it is expected to double again by 1990. It is the second largest population center west of the Mississippi River. The San Francisco Bay drainage area, including San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, and Suisun Bay, covers approximately 4,000 square miles. At the eastern end of Suisun Bay is an area known as the Delta where the two main streams of California, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, join. This 480 square mile area contains about 500 miles of channel and 1,100 miles of levees surrounding islands that are highly valued for agricultural purposes. In general, the San Francisco Bay system is quite a shallow body of water, 70 percent of it is less than 18 feet at mean lower low water. San Francisco Bay is approximately midway between Los Angeles Harbor to the south and Humboldt Harbor to the north. The freshwater flow into the bay is supplied largely by the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers systems, an area of about 60,000 square miles. Seventy percent of the precipitation in California falls north of the bay area; whereas, 77 percent of the need for water is to the south. Consequently, it is necessary in order to develop a water supply for future needs in California to divert water from the north to the south. All plans advanced to date for diversion of water have considered the Delta as the point of diversion for the aqueduct to carry the water south. This places the Delta in an extremely important position from the standpoint of maintaining it against saline intrusion. The growth of California and the bay area has brought many problems. Not only is there a freshwater deficiency, but salt water intrusion is a problem both in the Delta and in the underground areas in the South Bay. During 1955, a flood problem was brought into sharp focus when unprecedented flows occurred on most streams flowing into the bay and over $14 million in damages was experienced. Transportation across the bay has progressed during the last quarter of a century from ferryboats to bridges, and more bridges. As ships take on deeper draft, the need for deeper navigation channels has become more pro- nounced. Small-craft harbors within the sheltered waters of the bay have been developed at a far less rapid pace than the rapidly growing boat-population demands. Many plans have been proposed to resolve the problems of bay development. Most of these plans involve barriers of one type or another and in various locations throughout the bay. One of the most comprehensive of the plans proposed and probably the best known to the greatest number of people is the Reber Plan proposed by John Reber in the 1920's. It was largely through his efforts that a public hearing was held in December of 1949 by a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Public Works Committee, which led to authorizing the Corps of Engineers to make the current comprehensive study. Mr. Reber's plan consists essentially of a large barrier 2,000 feet wide extending from San Francisco to Alameda, and a barrier in the North Bay 600 feet wide. These barriers would form two large freshwater lakes and reduce the salt water area of the bay to about 15 percent of its present size. The barriers would also provide avenues of auto and rail transportation. xxy XXVI

Other plans involve barriers in the North Bay to reduce salt water intrusion and provide for diversion of fresh water through the Delta, and barriers in the South Bay to reduce the tidal amplitude of the extreme tides and prevent flood damages. Eight barrier plans were studied and others considered until their unsuitability became apparent. The eight plans in order from north to south were Chipps Island, Dillon Point, Point San Pablo, the Reber Plan, the Savage Plan, the modified Nishkian barrier, the Sierra Point-Roberts Landing barrier, and the Dumbarton Tidal barrier. At two of the sites, the Nishkian and Dumbarton plans, it was found to be impossible to provide navigation facilities without nullifying the value of barriers. Benefits evolving from the remaining barriers, with the exception of the Sierra Point-Roberts Landing Barrier, come primarily from their water conservation features. In an overall economic comparison, the barriers rank (1) Chipps Island, (2) Dillon Point, (3) Point San Pablo, (4) Savage Plan, and (5) the Reber Plan. Regarding the last three, each shows such a severe discrepancy between benefits and detriments that they can be considered as infeasible within any framework of reference. The following standards were applied in evaluating barrier plans, with the Chipps Island Barrier as the specific example. First, what must be provided to construct a barrier at this location? Necessary features include a barrier embankment, floodway structure, navigation locks, salt-scavenging system, fish ladder, removable fuse plug, and the various miscellaneous appendages required for operation. On-site construction costs, including rights-of-way, are estimated at $130,600,000. These on-site construction costs plus off-site costs are based on a variation in the level of the barrier pool of 3 feet, from 2 feet above mean sea level to 1 foot below. Any larger variation immedi- ately increases off-site costs so greatly that benefits from increased storage will not compensate for them. Off-site costs consist of such items as levee alterations for increased tidal levels, extension of a San Joaquin irrigation waste canal, municipal and industrial waste diversion systems, industrial cooling water facilities, and channel dredging for decreased tidal levels. The total cost of these off-site costs for the Chipps Island Barrier is estimated at $55,800,000. To compensate for any detriment to wildlife, $5,500,000 was added for the purchase of land for wildlife management and $477,000 for additional annual dredging under off-site costs. Thus, the total capital cost for Chipps Island is about $192,400,000. The benefits from Chipps Island Barrier result primarily from conserving water which would otherwise have to be released to repel salinity. The amount necessary for this function and the degree of salinity intrusion which could be tolerated are, to some extent, matters of opinion. The Corps' estimates on freshwater releases required for salinity repulsion are based on the conditions which would exist in the years 1965 and 2020, should there be no further construction of barriers, canals, or improved channels in the Delta area. The figure for 1965 would be equal to a continuous release of 3,800 cubic feet per second; in the year 2020, 7,500 cubic feet per second. The latter figure is based on two reasonable engineering assumptions. The first is that in 2020, all upstream reservoirs of the California State Water Plan will have been built. This means that the rivers would be fully controlled-the only releases made would be specifically for the purpose of salinity repulsion. There would be no natural uncontrolled flows in the rivers to augment the releases from the upstream reservoirs. The second is that increased pumping at Tracy, for water transfer to Southern California via the San Joaquin aqueduct would cause an increase in the hydraulic XXVII gradient from the Sacramento River Channel towards the San Joaquin River Channel. This would encourage salinity intrusion in the western and southern parts of the Delta. In 1965, the estimated average amount salvaged annually by the Chipps Island Barrier would be 1,365,000 acre-feet and in the year 2015, 4,775,000 acre-feet. Assuming that the cost of water in the Delta over this period 1965-2020 would average a conservative figure of $7 per acre-foot, the benefit-to-cost ratio for this project would be 2.9 to 1. Four minor benefits would also result: (1) an average of $10,000 annually would be returned from flood control due to strengthening levees in offsite construction; (2) improved hunting and recreation would return $41,000 annually; (3) and (4) agriculture and land enhancement annually would return $266,000 and $89,000, respectively. No value for transportation was taken for the barrier as the Antioch Bridge, 10 miles upstream, and the Martinez-Benicia Bridge, 12 miles downstream, together can accommodate traffic to the year 2020. Costs were assessed to various adverse features of the Chipps Island Barrier as follows: (1) A detriment would occur to navigation, resulting in time lost to shipping during lockage, and costs of tugs and attendant facilities for ship movement. The total cost would be about $824,000 annually. (2) Mitigative measures-such as fish ladders and acclimation pools-would be provided to permit sport and commercial fishing at greater levels than exist today. However, the Fish and Wildlife Service states that this development would be less than could eventually develop without barriers. An annual value of $2,091,000 has been assigned to losses in this category. (3) The freshwater pool above the barrier would provide a more favorable environment for the proliferation of algae, insect, and freshwater pests. These would include the Asiatic clam, disease- carrying mosquitoes, and gnats. Also, solid-fill waste disposal areas need more rigid control near freshwater areas. Control measures would increase the barrier cost by another $824,000 annually. (4) Maintenance dredging costs would increase by a minimum of $13,000 to a maximum of $490,000 annually. (5) Operation, maintenance, and replacement costs would approximate $2,144,000 .annually. In order to preserve the quality of water in the Delta and in the barrier pool, diversion of all waste flows to a point below the barrier would be essential. Industrial waste, all treated sewage, and chemical-laden returned agricultural water would have to be diverted below any barrier. Even without barriers, it is estimated that when the population tributary to the San Francisco Bay area Teaches 8 million, all waste waters, including fully treated municipal sewage, will have to be collected in a consolidated liquid waste system and discharged into the Pacific Ocean. Barriers anticipate this requirement and would serve to advance the necessary planning. All barriers would affect the tidal prism and tidal heights. As for tidal ranges, the Chipps Island Barrier would increase the range at the barrier itself by 3.8 feet-from 1.5 feet higher at higher high water to 2.3 feet lower at lower low water. Off-site construction costs are directly related to these changes. Applying the same criteria used for Chipps Island to other North Bay barriers, including the Reber and Savage Plans, the figures are: Dillon Point, $282,367,000 capital cost, 2.2 to 1 benefit-cost ratio; Point San Pablo, $614,768,000 capital cost, 0.94 to 1 benefit-cost ratio; Savage Plan, $2,169,900,000 capital cost, 0.21 to 1 benefit-cost ratio; and Reber Plan, $4,584,400,000 capital cost, 0.20 to 1 benefit-cost ratio. XXVIII

In the South Bay, only the Sierra Point-Roberts Landing Tidal Barrier merits: future consideration. At the present, it is a marginal project. Because of low inflows and a high evaporation loss, no South Bay Barrier has any value for the conservation of water. The major benefits of any such barrier would accrue from flood control, land enhancement and reclamation, and transportation features. The tidal ranges in the South Bay are the most severe in the entire bay system. At Alviso, at the extreme southern end of the bay, the mean tidal range is 8.2 feet, with a maximum 14 feet against a mean range of 4 feet at the Golden Gate and a maximum of 10.7 feet. The Sierra Point-Roberts Landing Barrier would lower the highest high tide elevation at Alviso by 5 to 6 feet. This would be a substantial flood control benefit and would make further flood control measures economically feasible. By reducing the heights necessary for levees and fill, the barrier would enhance the value of land and make possible reclamation of idle marshlands. The combined benefits from these features, less the detriment to navigation and a minor loss to recreation, equal $2,550,000 annually. When it becomes necessary to construct a bay transportation crossing in this vicinity such as a six-lane divided highway, a benefit of $7 million for transportation would be realized. A combined purpose barrier would have a capital cost of $209,240,000 and a benefit-to-cost ratio of 1.1 to 1 when transportation is included. If and when a crossing in this vicinity is contemplated, the use of a multiple-purpose barrier for flood control and transportation should be investigated. The water conserved by either the Chipps Island or Dillon Point Barriers has great potential value in relation to the California State Water Plan and the needs of the entire State. Neither one, if constructed, should be considered as a local project with values to the Bay Region only. For this reason, a definite recommendation as to construction of either of these barriers is not made at this time. There are two major plans in the larger area of Statewide development for which either of these two barriers would be an alternative. These are the Delta Water Facilities Plan developed by the Department of Water Resources of the State of California and the Peripheral Canal conceived by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Each plan is, in essence, a method for the transfer of Northern California water to areas of deficiency in the Central Valley and Southern Cali- fornia. Each, also, would conserve, in part, water used for salinity control, a vital function of the barrier plans. The barriers, however, provide a much more positive, permanent, salinity control than either the Delta Water Facilities or the Peripheral Canal Plans, and also would allow water transfer through the Delta of unlimited quantities in contrast to a definite design capacity of a Periph- eral Canal. The Delta Interagency Committee, composed of representatives of the State of California, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Corps of Engineers, is conducting studies on the relative value of the three plans-the barrier plan, the Delta Water Facilities Plan, and the Peripheral Canal Plan. Since the primary purpose of any of these plans will be that of conveying water from the Northern California area across the Delta and controlling salinity intrusion into the Delta, a major portion of the cost will have to be paid by those, using the water regardless of the plan adopted. Because a large part of this water conveyed across the Delta will be used for municipal and industrial purposes in the southern part of the State, the Federal Government might assist in the financial aspect through low interest, long-term loans for the water supply features of the project under the 1958 Water Supply Act. The final report on the Comprehensive San Francisco Bay study is scheduled for completion in 1964 and subsequently, it will be forwarded to Congress through the necessary channels for authorization of recommended projects. Should a XXIX barrier plan with its positive control of salinity be acceptable to and receive support from local interests, a recommendation would be included for its construction. In addition, the findings and recommendations from other studies that have been pursued relative to San Francisco Bay development will be included in that report, such as improvements to navigation channels and harbors, flood control guidelines, and reclamation possibilities. Other tasks, remaining after completion of current studies, include the necessity to plan for a vast sewage and waste collection system to empty into the Pacific Ocean before the tributary population of the bay reaches 8 million. This figure may be reached within the next 30 to 35 years. A corollary to this problem on .a broader scale is the continuing trend toward degradation of the environment. Though limited controls of air and water pollution are enforced in some areas, it is almost a rule of thumb that the more the population increases, the more the environment is degraded. One of the greatest assets of the bay is the environment. With the preservation of its present advantages and the cultivation of the amenities of living, the bay area will remain a focal point of influence- financial, cultural, and recreational-in California and the nation. Pollution of air and water, uncontrolled fills in the bay, the diminution of open spaces, lack of coordinated planning, and standards of varying degrees can turn the area into a dismal, uncoordinated complex of unattractive suburbs to cities without character or natural attraction. Within 30 years the population density in the bay area will increase from 540 to 1,060 persons per square mile; in the following 30 years, the increase will be from 1,060 to 2,060. The problem posed by this growth can only be considered from the standpoint of the coordinated regional planning of the bay area.

THE FISHERIES-ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION

EDWARD M. MAINS Fisheries Research Biologist, Planning Branch, U.S. Army Engineer Division,. North Pacific The construction of dams on the major water courses of the Pacific Northwest presents complex problems in the maintenance of salmon and steelhead resources. Since these anadromous fish must have access to the sea and to their spawning grounds in the rivers and streams in order to complete their life-cycle and per- petuate their kind, the survival of this important national resource depends on the installation of efficient passage devices at water development projects. Substantial sums of money were expended on fish facilities at Bonneville Dam in the 1930's with little basic information on fish passage requirements to guide the designers. In 1951, with McNary Dam under construction and many other projects in the planning stage, it was necessary that the Corps of Engineers secure engineering and biological data that would enable it to construct and operate fish facilities economically and efficiently. To accomplish this task the Corps of Engineers Fisheries-Engineering Research Program was organized in 1951. A Corps biologist was assigned to direct the program and coordinate its activities through a technical advisory committee composed of representatives of involved State fish and game agencies and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. With the cooperation and assistance of the technical advisory committee, formulation, execution, and frequent review of a program limited to fish problems related to the design and operation of Corps dams has been prosecuted over a 13-year period at a cost of about $3,500,000. Initial investigations included a complete bibliographical review and compilation of data pertinent to anticipated research from which a detailed program was formulated. Major categories of work undertaken included studies of: a. Size and timing of fish runs at each site. b. Spawning areas to be flooded. c. Spawning area replacement methods. d. Fishway width, length, slope and hydraulic requirements. e. Attraction of fish into fishway entrances. f. Reaction of fish to various water velocities. g. Behavior of juvenile fish under natural and reservoir conditions. h. Methods of deflecting or attracting juvenile fish. i. Juvenile fish mortalities at dams. j. Delay of adult migrants at dams and its effect. Detailed results of research conducted through 1960 have been presented in two volumes entitled, "Progress Report on Fisheries Engineering Research Program, North Pacific Division, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army," issued in November 1956 and July 1960. Some of the more significant findings are note- worthy. Studies of adult anadromous fish migration furnished population estimates for various segments and tributaries of the Columbia River and demonstrated that the timing of the runs had not been altered by the construction of dams. Natural spawning ground research produced criteria necessary for construction and operation of an experimental spawning channel at McNary Dam. This work has shown that salmon will accept and utilize such a man-made facility under proper conditions. Application of results has been made in the construe- tion of artificial spawning channels to replace inundated natural areas at several XXXI XXXII non-Corps projects and will furnish a method of maintaining salmon runs at future Corps projects. Development of fishway design criteria at a specially constructed laboratory at Bonneville Dam has supplied precise data on the behavior and reaction of fish to various slopes, widths and lengths of fishways, light and velocity conditions and fatigue effect of such behavior. Application of this information to fishway design has resulted in more efficient passage at reduced cost. As an example, gradients of 1 on 10 were found to be as satisfactory as the standard 1 on 16 resulting in ultimate savings of about $4,500,000 in fishway construction at John Day and the Lower Snake River dams. Other examples of specific fishway research findings include: a. Ascent of a good fishway is only moderate exercise. b. No fatigue was indicated in either 1 on 8 or 1 on 16 gradients. c. Many test fish ascended over 1,000 one foot steps. d. Rate of passage increases with length of fishway due to learning. e. Rate of passage varies from 1.5 to 3.0 minutes per pool. f. Spatial requirements are less than 3 cubic feet per fish. g. Unstable flow will curtail or stop migration. h. Maximum swimming speed for Chinook was 22.1 feet per second, i. Maximum swimming speed for steelhead was 26.7 feet per second. j. Steelhead showed a preference for darkened fishways. k. Chinook were indifferent to light. Experiments on capacities have influenced design of narrower ladders and hydraulic studies of fishways have produced designs more efficient in passing fish. Floating submerged weirs developed by the program have saved over $200,000 at Ice Harbor and are effecting further economics in construction and operation at other projects. Studies of effects of diffusion water velocities in fishways and the results of work on the passage of fish through tunnels and pipes will also reduce costs. Research on juvenile fish has not produced results as applicable although enough has been learned about their habits and reactions to define the safe passage of seaward migrants through reservoirs and past dams as the major unresolved problem in making water development projects and anadromous fish runs compatible. Program studies have indicated that only about 10 percent of the juvenile fish passing through the Kaplan turbines at each Columbia River dam are killed under normal operating conditions. Established correlations between mortality rate and tail water variation has influenced Snake River dam design where the center- line of the turbine blades has been set deeper in the tailwater to minimize cavitation and reduce fish mortality. Work on fish passage through the Francis turbines used at high storage projects has indicated the possibility of passing juvenile fish safely through such machines; however, the experience record of fish becoming residual in such storage reservoirs may dictate the use of extensive artificial propagation facilities as the only solution. Much research has been conducted under Corps program to develop methods of attracting young fish out of reservoirs and deflecting juvenile fish away from danger areas such as the turbines. The reaction of these fish to screens, louvers, light, electricity, sound, odors, water velocities and turbulence has been tested. Most of these stimuli have been rejected as having application for guiding fish in reservoirs. The use of light offers some promise of application that may be realized in the future. In the meantime the Corps and the Northwest fisheries agencies are continuing to dedicate their efforts to finding solutions to the fisheries problems at dams so XXXII that man may realize full benefit from power, flood control, and navigation and continue to enjoy the valuable anadromous fish resources. The fact that the fisheries agencies have participated in the Corps program has been extremely important. It has insured the coordination of program research with that of the agencies themselves thus avoiding duplication of effort. It has concentrated the best thinking of all the agencies involved toward the solution of the problem. It has enabled the scheduling of projects so that the agency most capable of conducting the work could properly staff to conduct the research. It has insured the application of results with the concurrence of the fisheries agencies and has demonstrated the Corps' interest in discharging its responsibility to maintain the anadromous fish runs.

761-808--65---3

CHAPTER I

A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 1. SCOPE AND STATUS The water resource development program of the Corps of Engineers constitutes a major portion of the Federal plan for conserving, developing, and using the Nation's water resources for navigation, beach erosion control, flood control, hydropower water supply, water quality control, recreation, fish and wildlife preservation, hurricane protection, and related purposes, as authorized by law. The program, with a current expenditure level of over a billion dollars a year, covers all States, the District of Columbia, and possessions. Since 1824 the Corps of Engineers has built and mainta:lied most of the Nation's harbors and navigable waterways. Since 1936, when the Federal Government assumed responsibility for nationwide participation in flood control, the Corps has been assigned the major responsibility for carrying out that task. The active program, including the $1.9 billion Mississippi River and tributaries project authorized in 1928, consists of over 3,600 project authorizations and/or projects authorized by law, having an estimated Federal cost of over $22 billion. Projects costing over $6 billion have been completed, and over $6 billion has been invested in projects under construction. Uncompleted portions of work under construction, and authorized projects not started, aggregate about $10 billion. Navigation improvements at coastal and Great Lakes harbors and channels generally involve the dredging of channels and anchorages and the protection of entrances and anchorages by jetties and breakwaters. Rivers are improved for navigation by dredging, regulating works, and canalization by locks and dams. Flood control is accomplished by such means as increasing the carrying capacity of stream channels, diversion channels, reservoir storage of floodwaters, and levees and floodwalls. The program naturally affords possibilities for conservation and use of water resources. Reservoir projects often develop hydroelectric power; store water for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use; and improve the quantity and quality of low water flows. In many cases projects furnish large recreational values and preserve 2 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964; or enhance fish and wildlife resources. Congress has specified the areas to be investigated, prescribed the policies to be followed, and defined the limits of Federal participation. 2. ORGANIZATION The Civil Works mission is accomplished through a decentralized organization comprising 11 divisions which are subdivided into 38 districts covering the United States and its oversea possessions. To the extent practicable, division and district boundaries are based on logical groupings of river basins, subbasins, or coastal areas. About 100 Corps of Engineers officers and 29,000 civilian employees, exclusive of contractors' personnel, are assigned to Civil Works activities. CHAPTER II BENEFITS

The water resources projects now in operation have reduced transportation costs, shore damages, and flood damages, provided electric energy, improved water supplies and recreation, and preserved and enhanced fish and wildlife resources. 1. NAVIGATION The navigation element consists of three major parts: coastal harbors and channels; Great Lakes harbors and channels; and inland and intracoastal waterways. In calendar year 1963 the waterborne commerce of the United States amounted to 1,174 million tons consisting of 555 million tons on coastal harbors and channels, 188 million tons on the Great Lakes, and 431 million tons on inland and intracoastal waterways. The total ton-miles of freight carried on the Great Lakes and inland and intracoastal waterways amounted to 234 billion, of which 95 billion moved on the Great Lakes system, and 139 billion was carried on the inland and intracoastal system. Each of these three systems has more than justified construction and operating costs by savings in transportation costs. (An analysis of the navigation program is in ch. III, vol. 1, of the 1955 Annual Report.) Coastal harbors and channels. Natural harbors and channels are being progressively improved to provide the greater depths required for ocean carriers of today. Depths of 35 feet now generally prevail at major harbors on the Atlantic and gulf coasts, ranging up to 45 feet in New York Harbor. Depths of 30 to 40 feet are generally available along the Pacific coast. Harbors and channels of lesser depth also have been provided for commercial fishing, recreational boating, and harbors of refuge. Great Lakes harbors and channels. The vast water areas of the Great Lakes, joined by improved connecting channels, provide a low-cost transport artery that permits movement of materials and products in huge quantities to advantageously located industrial areas. Controlling depths in the connecting channels are now 27 feet or more in both upbound and downbound channels. There are some 60 harbors on the Great Lakes with authorized project depths of 18 to 27 feet. The Great Lakes are connected with the Gulf of Mexico 8 4 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 by means of 9- to 12-foot barge navigation on the Illinois Waterway and Mississippi River. Connections with the Atlantic Ocean are provided by the New York State barge canal system and Hudson River, and by the 27-foot St. Lawrence Seaway. Inland and intracoastal waterways. The Federal Government has improved in varying degree some 22,000 miles of inland and intracoastal waterways, of which about 19,000 miles are currently in commercial use. Commerce on these waterways increased about 4 percent during the past year to establish a new record of 139 billion ton-miles. 2. FLOOD CONTROL Major Federal participation in flood control began in 1928 when Congress adopted the present project for the Mississippi River and tributaries. Primary Federal responsibility for nationwide flood control was assigned to the Corps of Engineers by the 1936 Flood Control Act which also established the basic Federal policy for that activity. The authorized flood control program, including the Mississippi River and tributaries project, is estimated to cost $9 billion. Since 1936 the Corps of Engineers has completed over 500 specifically authorized projects having a cost of almost $2 billion. Projects having an estimated cost of about $5 billion are under construction and many of these have been advanced to the point where they are at least partially effective for flood control. The remainder of the active flood control program estimated to cost $2 billion has not been started. Many multiple-use reservoir projects with power provide important flood control benefits. As shown in appendix C, 825 Corps of Engineers projects of all categories are now fully or partially effective for flood control and, during the limited period they have been in operation, these projects have prevented flood damages of $12.5 billion. The Nation will remain vulnerable to major flood damage until adequate protection is achieved through orderly prosecution of the existing flood control program expanded as necessary to meet existing and future development of flood plains. The results from operating flood control projects prove that much of the flood damage now experienced can be economically prevented.

3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER Electric power development in the program has grown with the increasing needs of the Nation for electric energy and the expanding Federal interest in its development and use. The construction of reservoirs has afforded wide possibilities for the development of waterpower. Power production during the fiscal year amounted to BENEFITS 5 over 33 billion net kilowatt-hours of electric energy or about 18 percent of the hydroenergy and 3 percent of the electrical energy generated in the Nation. The total energy generated through June 30, 1964, amounted to about 318 billion kilowatt-hours.

4. WATER SUPPLY Domestic and industrial. About 2.3 million acre-feet of water supply storage space in 27 reservoirs supplements the water supplies for over 2 million people in 72 cities, towns, and rural areas. This storage provides the main water source for several communities. A dependable supply in excess of 1,300 million gallons per day is available from water supply storage space now in operation. There will be about 3.5 million acre-feet of water supply storage in 21 reservoirs now under construction. Low-flow improvement. Releases for navigation, power generation, water quality control, and similar purposes of stored floodwaters during normal low-water periods not only increase the quantities but also improve the quality of downstream flows, benefiting water supplies, recreation, fish and wildlife, and other downstream interests. Irrigation. About 5.5 million acre-feet of storage is being utilized either exclusively for irrigation or jointly for irrigation and other purposes. Reservoirs under construction will provide about 490,000 acre-feet of joint-use storage for irrigation and other purposes.

5. PUBLIC RECREATION USE The responsibilities of the Corps in the development of its part of the Federal Government's water resource program has resulted in a major contribution to the Nation's outdoor recreational opportunities by creating vast expanses of water and many miles of shoreline. Since water is a prime factor in many recreation activities, these resources provide for the American people an enormous potential for outdoor recreational pursuits. The construction of reservoirs, waterways, and harbors and the protection of coastal beach areas foster increasing recreational benefits. Public-use visitation at reservoirs and certain waterway projects reported for calendar year 1963 increased to 147 million, a significant contrast to the 16 million annual attendance in 1950. Our expanding population with more leisure time, more purchasing power, and more mobility quickly takes advantage of the new artificial lakes created through the construction of reservoirs. This is evidenced by the peak- day attendance of 3,345,600 persons using the facilities and 178,000 watercraft in operation on these waters. In almost all cases, peak attendance occurs during the summer months, although in parts of the country such as the Southeast, Gulf, and Southwest areas, and 6 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964, even to some extent in colder areas, recreation use is on a year-round basis. Recreational craft are also operating extensively on more than 20,000 miles of inland waterways that were once used primarily for commercial navigation. Over 250 small boat harbors have been developed with Federal assistance on the coasts, Great Lakes, and inland waterways. Recreation has become so extensive a use of water resource projects that it can now be considered a factor in the economic justification for construction of multiple-purpose dams and reservoirs. The general policy which has been followed with respect to the installation of recreation facilities is that the Federal Government will supply the minimum requirements for public health and safety, such as access roads, parking areas, water wells, sanitary facilities, boat launching ramps, camping areas, and picnicking facilities. As a cooperative venture many of the States, counties, cities, and communities aetively participate in the funding, construction, and maintenance of public-use facilities at Corps of Engineers projects. Certain facilities and the necessary services are also provided on a commercial basis by concessionaires who engage in the rental and care of boats, assist in boat launching, and provide food and overnight accommodations. At some projects such facilities and services are developed and operated by governmental agencies. In addition, quasi-public agencies are authorized to develop certain project areas, and many youth camps are sponsored by such agencies. Approxi- mately 260 of these camps are established on Corps reservoirs having lands available for such use. The following table indicates recreation facilities and use at Civil Works projects as reported for calendar year 1963: Major reservoir access areas- .------3, 050 Public launching lanes------3, 180 Picnic areas ------1, 810 Swimming beaches------540 Rental units and camping spaces------31, 600 Organized camps------260 Rental boats operating in project area------17, 000 Pounds of sport fish reported caught in project waters. 31, 400, 000 In order to provide for the record increase in family camping, nearly 9,000 additional camp spaces were made available in 1963. A great variety of camping equipment from station wagons to modern travel trailers permit families to enjoy the many activities available at Corps land and water areas. There are many outstanding public-use developments at the more than 300 water resource projects under the Corps program with the BENEFITS attendance running into the millions as indicated by the following ten highest attended projects: Lake Sidney Lanier (Buford), Chattahoochee River, Ga ------7, 738, 000 Lake Texoma (Denison Dam), Red River, Okla. and Tex ------7, 333, 000 Old Hickory lock and dam, Cumberland River, Tenn. and Ky------4, 755, 000 Whitney Reservoir, Brazos River, Tex------4, 048, 000 Lavon Reservoir, East Fork of Trinity River, Tex .--- 3, 498, 000 Lake 0' the Pines (Ferrells Bridge), Tex------3, 298, 000 Table Rock Reservoir, White River, Mo. and Ark- .... 3, 258, 000 Clark Hill Reservoir, Savannah River, S.C. and Ga ...- 3, 154, 000 Lake Cumberland (Wolf Creek Dam), Cumberland River, Ky------2, 972, 000 Allatoona Reservoir, Etowah River, Ga------2, 912, 000

6. FISH AND WILDLIFE Hunting opportunities at Corps projects vary greatly from project to project. Many areas are open to quail, pheasant, and rabbit hunting, while at others there is deer hunting. Probably the largest number of hunters come for duck and geese. Areas which are inten- sively used for general recreation are closed to hunting. Certain Federal and State refuges located at these projects are also closed to hunting. To many, a camera offers more satisfaction than a gun. The many miles of shore and trail offer plenty of opportunity to those interested in nature studies to obtain still and action shots of a wide variety of wildlife in its native habitat. Numerous fishing opportunities are available for both the skilled fisherman and for family fun. Fishing at most Corps reservoirs follows seasonal patterns. In the northern reservoirs, fishing through the ice is followed by spawning runs of walleye and sauger. At most projects good fishing begins in March and continues to June. During the summer months night fishing for bass and crappie is frequently good. In the fall, bass and walleye fishing becomes good again. Discharges from many of the dams often provide good trout fishing. At many reservoirs, concessionaires offer heated and air-conditioned floating fishing houses. Rough fish are removed by commercial fishing prac- tices at a large number of reservoirs. A catch of over 31 million pounds of sport fish was reported in 1963.

CHAPTER III PLANNING

1. POLICY AND PROCEDURES The Corps of Engineers continued participation with Federal and State agencies in the development of national water resource policies. Various policies and procedures in use were reviewed, improved, and modified. The more important of these activities are discussed in the following paragraphs. The Interagency CommittetW6 Water R:eso4ride' is coimposd of Plolicy officials at the secretarial level of the Departments of Agriculture; Army; Commerce; Health, Education, and Welfare; Interior; and Labor; and the Federal Power Commission. The Committee estab- lishes means and procedures to promote coordination of the water and related land resources activities of the member agencies, under- takes resolution of interagency differences, suggests to the President changes in policy that would promote coordination and reduce differences, and reviews problems referred to it by field committees. Field committees have been set up for the Missouri, Columbia, Pacific Southwest, Arkansas-White-Red, and Southeast Basins, and the New England area. Water quality control. Section 2 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1961 (Public Law 87-88 approved July 20, 1961) provides for the inclusion of storage in reservoirs for the regulation of streamflow for water quality control, except that any such storage and water release may not be provided as a substitute for adequate treatment or other methods of controlling waste at the source. Under this legislation, consideration is given to the inclusion of water quality control storage in reservoir projects being considered in survey investigations and being planned subsequent to authorization. Reservoirs in the latter group may include projects not yet started and those in the initial stages of construction if there is adequate justification for change in design to include storage for streamflow regulation for water quality control, and if the modification may be accomplished without undue delay or unreasonable increase in cost over that which would have been incurred had water quality control originally been authorized as a project purpose. The act also requires That the advice and views of'the Secretary, Department of, Health, Education, and Welfare, regarding the need for and value of 10 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 such storage be obtained and his views set forth in any report to Congress proposing authorization or construction of any reservoir including such storage. Policies, standards, and procedures. On May 15, 1962, the President approved the "Policies, Standards, and Procedures in the Formulation, Evaluation, and Review of Plans for Use in Development of Water and Related Land Resources" (printed as S. Doc. 97, 87th Cong., 2d sess.), as recommended by the Secretaries of the Army; Agriculture; the Interior; and Health, Education, and Welfare. On the same date, the Bureau of the Budget rescinded Budget Circular A-47. Con- currently with his approval of the standards, the President requested the four Secretaries to consider updating the policies and procedures on cost allocations, cost sharing, and other subjects of mutual concern. The draft of a paper on evaluation of recreation and fish and wildlife benefits was revised and accepted by the participating agencies to be adopted by the various Departments. The evaluation standards for primary outdoor recreation benefits have been issued to the field offices of the Corps as Supplement No. 1 to Senate Document 97, 87th Congress, 2d session. The field offices have been instructed to apply the principles involved in current planning. A working draft of a paper on outdoor recreation policy for Federal water resources development was drafted and circulated for consideration by the participating agencies. Additional guidance was provided during the year, and revision of engineer manuals and regulations on project planning continued. Aquatic plant control. Field operations have continued on the pilot project for progressive control and eradication of noxious aquatic plants in the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States. No new policies or procedures evolved in 1964. Approval was granted to the participating field offices to submit a summary report on the project for the purpose of obtaining authorization for continuation of the project.

2. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY WATERS International boundary water studies, United States and Canada: Pursuant to the treaty of 1909 between the United States and Great Britain, the International Joint Commission was organized in 1911. In general, the Commission exercises jurisdiction over matters involving the use, obstruction, or diversion of boundary waters. When such matters are assigned by the respective governments to the Commission for investigation and/or resolution, they are generally designated as "References." The Corps of Engineers has continued participation as a member of the following boards established by the Commission. International Golumbia River Engineering Board. This Board was established in April 1944 to investigate and report on the possibilities PLANNING 11

of cooperative water resource development by Canada and the United States. The Board's report was submitted to the Commission in March 1959 and subsequently served, in part, as a basis for negotia- tions culminating in a treaty between the United States and Canada, signed at Washington on January 17, 1961. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate on March 16, 1961. Similar action was taken by the Canadian Parliament on June 10, 1964. International Pembina River Engineering Board. This Board was appointed in June 1962 to investigate and report upon what measures could be taken to develop the water resources of the Pembina River in North Dakota and Manitoba. The members appointed to the Board formerly served in a similar capacity on the International Souris-Red Rivers Engineering Board. The investigation and report are scheduled for completion in December 1964. International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board. This Board was one of two boards appointed in 1956 to investigate the feasibility of developing tidal power at Passamaquoddy, Maine, and New Bruns- wick. The Board submitted its report to the Commission in October 1959, and the Commission transmitted its report to the two governments in April 1961. The Commission's report has been taken under advisement by the two governments. International St. Groix River Engineering Board. This Board was appointed in September 1955 to determine whether further development of the water resources of the St. Croix River would be practicable and in the public interest. Subsequent to submission of the Board's report in September 1957, the Commission transmitted its report to the two governments on October 7, 1959. During the interim, and at the request of the Commission, the Board has been conducting field surveys to determine the degree and extent of pollution in the river. InternationalSaint John River Engineering Board. This Board was appointed in October 1950 to determine whether the waters of the Saint John River system could be more beneficially conserved and regulated. The Board's report was submitted to the Commission in April 1953. It outlined several projects, the development of which would be practical and in the public interest. The Commission submitted its interim report to the two governments in April 1954. Since that date the services of the Board have been retained to advise the Commission, keeping the latter informed on any significant resource developments being undertaken or proposed by entities in either country. International Champlain Waterway Board. This Board was appointed in October 1962 to examine and report upon the feasibility and economic advantages of improving or developing a waterway i2 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 196 4 from the St. Lawrence River through Lake Champlain to the Hudson River at Albany, N.Y. The Board is scheduled to submit to the Commission its report covering the initial phases of the investigation in June 1965. (Note. Boards of Control established by the International Joint Commission, their composition and duties, are described in volume 2 under "Miscellaneous Civil Works, International Boundary Waters.") International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico. This Commission was established pursuant to the Water Treaty of 1944 with Mexico, which deals with the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and the Rio Grande. Falcon Dam on the Rio Grande, 130 miles upstream from Brownsville, Tex., was the lowermost and first to be built (completed in 1953) of the international storage dams provided for by the water treaty. The authorized Amistad Dam (formerly known as Diablo Dam), on the Rio Grande, is located 290 river-miles upstream from Falcon Dam. At the request of the Commission, certain design work on the Amistad project was completed during the year by the U.S. Army Engineer Division, Southwestern, Dallas, Tex. The Commission will seek proposals for construction and it is anticipated that construction contracts will be awarded by November 1965.

3. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

Civil Works projects are authorized by Congress in accordance with the recommendations of the Chief of Engineers as set forth in survey reports. These investigations are authorized by acts of Con- gress and by resolutions of the Committees on Public Works. Many of the investigations made by the Corps of Engineers recommend authorization of individual river and harbor and flood control projects, while others contain recommendations for the comprehensive development of river basins. During the year the Public Works Committees of Congress adopted 139 resolutions requesting review of previous reports on proposed river and harbor and flood control improvements. At the beginning of the fiscal year about 1,100 investigations were outstanding in the field offices of the Corps. The status of reports processed during the fiscal year is summarized in the following table: PLANNING 13

Reports transmitted to-- Number

Congress------79 Bureau of the Budget ------78 State and Federal agencies....------119 Office of the Chief of Engineers i-1------43

Total actions.------419

1 The reports submitted by field offices to the Office of the Chief of Engineers were simultaneously referred by the reporting officers to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors (and/or where applicable to the Beach Erosion Board, prior to enactment of Public Law 88-172 as discussed in sec. 5).

4. BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS AND HARBORS The Board held three meetings of 1 to 3 days duration. The Board considered 132 reports, acting favorably on 70, unfavorably on 54, deferred action on 3, and returned 5 to the reporting officers for further consideration. The Board recommended construction of projects estimated to cost $2,249 million, of which $520 million is the estimated cost to the United States and $1,729 million the cost to local interests.

5. COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Public Law 88-172 of November 7, 1963, provided for abolishment of the Beach Erosion Board, transfer of its responsibility for reviewing beach erosion control or shore protection survey reports to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, and establishment of the Coastal Engineering Research Center and an advisory board to carry on other functions of the former Beach Erosion Board. The new research center thus has basic research and development in coastal engineering as its primary function. The reports on beach erosion control or shore protection studies have thereby been placed in the same review channels as reports on other phases of the Corps of Engineers water resources program. To further explain the significance of the changes occasioned by the new law a brief chronology of legislative changes affecting the formation and 33-year history of the Beach Erosion Board is given in the following paragraphs. When first organized on September 18, 1930, under provisions of section 2, 1930 River and Harbor Act, the Beach Erosion Board filled the need for a central agency to assemble data and engineering experience for improving methods of protecting shores against erosion. At that time considerable sums of money had been spent by private property owners and agencies of local government toward alleviating this problem and their efforts had met with only limited success. That early law authorized the Chief of Engineers to conduct studies in 14 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964, cooperation with appropriate agencies of local government with a view to devising effective means of preventing erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters, and to form a board of seven members to furnish technical assistance in the conduct of such studies and also to review the reports on those investigations. The board was to be made up of four officers of the Corps of Engineers and three civilian engineers selected for their special fitness in this field. It was apparent in the early years of the Board's existence that considerable basic research would be necessary to permit proper analysis of shore problems and effective design of shore protection measures. In recognition of this fact Public Law 166, 79th Congress, specifically authorized such general investigations wholly at Federal expense in addition to the Federal participation in cooperative studies. This legislation in effect authorized a program in basic research on a continuing basis, although it was not until some years later that budgetary and staffing requirements permitted the effective establishment of such a program. Public Law 727, 79th Congess, authorized for the first time Federal participation in the costs of construction of shore protection. It expressed a policy for cost sharing with local interests in protecting shores of publicly owned property. This policy was subsequently liberalized by amendment in 1956 (Public Law 826, 84th Cong.) which extended the policy for Federal participation to privately owned shores under conditions of public use, when public benefit would result, or if the protection was incidental to protection of publicly owned shores. It also permitted Federal participation in the cost of periodic beach nourishment. By this time the increased knowledge of shore processes and improved design procedures for remedial measures, as well as increasing importance of heretofore undeveloped shore areas, required more detailed consideration of shore processes in all reports dealing with coastal improvements for any purpose. Shore protection plans became intimately involved with projects for navigation and protection against coastal flooding. The 1962 River and Harbor Act contained provisions for instituting the same policies for making shore protection studies as were applicable to studies for other water resources purposes made by the Corps of Engineers. These included the elimination of the requirement for local cooperation in funding shore protection studies, .and provided for similar procedures of coordination and review by States and other Federal agencies as for studies and reports for other purposes. The 1962 act also further provided for increased Federal cost sharing in construction and recognition of special Federal interest in stabilizing and protecting those shore zones meeting specified criteria as "park and conservation" areas. Authority for small PLANNING 15

shore protection project construction similar to that existing for navigation and flood control purposes was also provided by the act. The existence of two review boards within the Corps of Engineers and the requirement for some multipurpose reports to be reviewed by both of those boards created certain difficulties in coordination and some delays in report processing. Also basic knowledge required for study and solution of shore erosion problems had progressed to a point where reports involving this type of project could be processed in the same manner as engineering reports for other types of projects. These considerations led to the legislation for abolishing the Beach Erosion Board. However, its research and development program was being enlarged as part of an expanded national oceanographic program. Authority for establishing the U.S. Army Coastal En gineering Research Center to carry on the conduct of this program was included in the same act. An advisory board with membership similar to that of the former Beach Erosion Board was also provided for, to guide the research efforts of the new Center. This board has been designated as the U.S. Army Coastal Engineerie; Research Board. During its 33-year existence the Beach Erosion Board reviewed 149 cooperative study reports and 2 Federal surveys of beach erosion problems. Of this total of 151 reports, 114 were reviewed since enactment of enabling legislation for Federal participation in construction cost of 1946, and of these 114 reports, 72 were favorable to authorization of Federal projects. In the same 33-year period 135 technical memoranda and 4 technical reports were published to disseminate data and findings resulting from the general research program; 130 of this total number being issued subsequent to enactment of Public Law 166, 79th Congress, to the time of the Beach Erosion Board's abolishment. The research and development program for the Beach Erosion Board was enlarged for fiscal year 1964 in keeping with the expanded national oceanographic program, and this is the program passed on to the Coastal Engineering Research Center. Since its establishment five technical memoranda and four miscellaneous papers have been published, although the work reported on was started while the program was still under the Beach Erosion Board.

6. ADVANCE ENGINEERING AND DESIGN A backlog of projects ready for construction is in preparation to allow inclusion as the national budgetary policy permits, at the same time assuring the development of a sound and well-balanced program consistent with the Nation's needs: This preparation includes firm 761-808-6----4 16 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 cost estimates, construction schedules, and detail for coordination with local interests. With $21,221,742 made available, together with funds carried over, planning was prosecuted on 187 projects, consisting of 33 navigation, 143 flood control, and 11 multiple-purpose projects. Planning on 53 of these projects was advanced to where construction could be readily initiated. Funds of $19,705,433, representing approximately 80 percent of the total available, were obligated.

7. COLLECTION AND STUDY OF BASIC DATA The collection and study of basic data are indispensable to the planning, design, and operation of river basin projects in development of the Nation's water resources. This item includes cooperative activities performed by other Federal agencies at the request of the Corps of Engineers. Funds are provided by the Corps for the basic programs of observing, compiling, and publishing data on streamflow, rainfall, and fish and wildlife resources. A description of these activities is presented below: a. Cooperative programs with the U.S. Weather Bureau. (1) The Hydroclimatic Network of recording rainfall gages was operated by the U.S. Weather Bureau at the request of the Corps. Funds of $525,500 were transferred to the Weather Bureau by the Corps of Engineers for continuation of the network in fiscal year 1964. A total of 2,752 stations (2,304 recording) were in operation on June 30, 1964. Data are published by the Weather Bureau in "Hourly Precipita- tion Data" and "Climatological Data" issued monthly by States. (2) The Weather Bureau continued to review meteorological aspects of the Corps storm study program and prepare estimates of probable maximum precipitation for use in engineering design. Funds of $136,400 were made available to the Weather Bureau to finance this operation during the fiscal year. Accomplishments during the year include preparation of a first draft of "Probable Maximum Pre- cipitation in the Northwestern States West of the Continental Divide"; development of meteorological criteria for the Sus- quehanna River above Harrisburg; undertook preliminary work on report of probable maximum precipitation for the Southwestern states; completion and printing of Hydromete- orological Report No. 39, "Probable Maximum Precipitation in the Hawaiian Islands"; estimates of probable maximum precipitation for three project areas; and other investigations. PLANNING1 17

(3) The River and Rainfall Reporting Networks, currently totaling 38, were continued to provide timely reports of rainfall and river stages for flood forecasting in connection with the operation of Corps water resources projects. Funds of $151,800 were transferred to the Weather Bureau in fiscal year 1964 for this program. b. Cooperative stream gaging program with the U.S. Geological Survey. rThe U.S. Geological Survey continued the cooperative stream gaging program as required by the Corps. Funds of $1,974,900 were transferred to the Geological Survey for construction and operation of approximately 2,144 stations during the fiscal year. Data from these :stations are published by the Geological Survey in annual Surface Water Records issued for each State. c. Corps of Engineers streamflow and rainfall data. The Corps of Engineers independently operates certain rainfall and stream gaging stations for special purposes. Data from these stations are published by the Corps, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Weather Bureau, .or are maintained in field office files. (See ch. III, sec. 8, Research :and Development, Hydrologic studies.) d. Internationalwater studies. In order to carry out U.S. obligations under international agreements, several divisions and districts of the ,Corps of Engineers having jurisdiction over areas bordering Canada participated in a number of engineering and control boards functioning under the International Joint Commission. Funds of $85,000, .appropriated for this purpose in fiscal year 1964, were made available to respective Corps offices to continue this important function. e. Studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Funds were made available to the Fish and Wildlife Service for continuation of study of the effects of Corps of Engineers projects upon fish and wildlife resources and for enhancement of these resources, in accordance with the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, Public Law 85-624. A total of $210,000 was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife Service from appropriations for "General Investigations of the Corps of Engineers." Data from these studies and recommendations by the :Service are incorporated in survey reports of the Corps submitted to Congress. f. Flood plain studies. In accordance with section 206, Public Law 86-645, flood plain studies are made to provide data on the flood hazard for the use of States and local governments in planning and regulating the use of flood plain lands. Studies are accomplished upon the request of States or local governments when indorsed by State coordinating agencies. The first funds for this program became .available in fiscal year 1962. During the fiscal year 11 studies were ,completed and 28 new studies initiated. 18 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 19 6 4, 8. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT A 5-year (fiscal years 1964-1968) research program was developed to meet the Corps needs relating to its civil functions and responsibilities, and facilitate coordination of research requirements and activities with other elements of the Corps and other Governmental agencies. The civil research program includes water resources research and oceanographic research activities. Principal research areas were: Aquatic plant control Coastal engineering research Engineering studies Fisheries engineering investigations Flood plain information studies Great Lakes hydrologic research Hydrologic studies Hydrometeorological studies Nuclear explosives for civil construction Plan formulation and evaluation studies Total funding for all civil research was approximately $4,510,000 for the fiscal year. Activities in each of these areas are described herein. Aquatic plant control. As a part of the general aquatic plant control program in the southeastern United States and along the gulf coast, the Corps is engaged in studies leading to more effective means for combating the spread of water-hyacinth, alligatorweed, and other obnoxious growths in the watercourses. In cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State- agencies, and private industry, the Corps is conducting field experiments on the aquatic plant control problem, and financing research by two universities regarding chemical control methods. During 1964 work was continued in testing available chemicals with regard to their- effect on aquatic plants, with followup tests on those showing a possibility of being suitable for aquatic plant control. Chemical controls producing good results in laboratory and small-scale tests. were further tested under field conditions on a much broader scale. Even though some tests show good results in controlling alligatorweed,. no conclusion can be drawn as to a positive control. The Agricultural Research Service of the Department of Agriculture, through its work in South America on a biological control for alligatorweed, obtained clearance for introducing into the United States a beetle which is a specific parasite of this weed. The beetle was introduced in Georgia at the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge in March 1964. It is still too early to evaluate the results of this release. Coastal engineering research. See section 5 of this chapter. Engineering studies. Under the program, work on 86 research projects was conducted during the fiscal year. Results contributed PLANNING 19 to more reliable design criteria, improved planning and design methods, utilization of better construction materials, and more effective construction and maintenance procedures. Total program cost for the fiscal year was .$1,338,899, of which approximately 75 percent was expended by the Waterways Experiment Station, 6.4 percent by the Coastal Engineering Research Center, and the remainder by division and district offices. Two investigations were completed during the fiscal year: ES 154- Regional Low-Flow Analysis (Tulsa District); and ES 300-Operating Forces on Miter-Type Lock Gates (Waterways Experiment Station). In addition to these two completed projects, 14 substudies under continuing research projects were completed during the year and 1S technical research documents were published to provide significant results for interim use prior to final completion of the entire investigation project. Fisheries engineering investigations. A program of fisheries engineering research initiated in 1951 to determine the most efficient and ecbnomical design for structures and facilities for upstream and downstream passage of anadromous fish at dams in the Columbia River basin was continued. Current studies have been oriented primarily to problems in the passing of young fish moving downstream through turbines, and in collecting fish at the upstream face of dams and guiding their movement into safe passageways. Coastal flood plain information studies. The Corps of Engineers is participating with the Department of the Navy on a project "Study of Coastal Occupancy and Hazards." This project is to collect basic information on trends of occupancy and development in coastal areas subject to hurricane wave damnages. The study will also attempt to determine ways of classifying problem areas for planning their use and for possible regulation of use. Great Lakes hydrologic research. During the fiscal year an expanded program of scientific data collection and research activity was organized. The program is directed essentially toward practical application in planning the optimum comprehensive development of the Great Lakes water and related land resources and to assure that these resources are amply conserved ahd put to prudent use. The expanded program will include improved techniques for measurement and interpretation of data as they apply to large bodies of water, improved techniques for forecasting supplies of water to the Great Lakes and improved plans for regulating the levels and outflow of the lakes. Studies will be conducted under five major categories of research activities: water quantity, ice and snow, shore processes, water motion, and water characteristics. 20 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964,

Hydrologic studies. Under this program, field offices of the Corps of Engineers continued essential studies on storms, sedimentation, streamfiow and rainfall data and general hydrologic problems. The results of these studies are utilized in optimum design, construction, and operation of water control structures. Funds of $185,000 were appropriated for these hydrologic studies in fiscal year 1964. Hydrometeorological studies. These activities carried out by the Weather Bureau with funds made available by the Corps are described under "Collection and Study of Basic Data." Approximately one- half of these funds are applied to the development and refinement of general theoretical concepts relating to maximum precipitation criteria used for planning and design purposes, and is considered to be a research function. Nuclear explosives for civil construction. See chapter VI, section 5. Plan formulation .and evaluation.. studies. The Corps' has ,been supporting studies, under the Harvard Water Program, aimed at developing and applying new analytical methods and computer techniques to a variety of problems in water resources planning, and with a view to systematizing and improving the effectiveness and validity of the planning effort. This program seeks to develop: an organized, standardized methodology for various aspects of plan formulation and evaluation, at field and headquarters levels; fuller exploitation of available physical and economic data, with better statistical inference and analysis; an effective procedure, and increased capability with the aid of high-speed electronic computers, fortesting more combinations of projects and purposes, ,variations of design and scope, and other factors relevant to determining the opti- mal or "best" comprehensive plan for a complex, multipurpose, multiproject system. This research contract was initiated in October 1961 and is scheduled for completion in June 1965. CHAPTER IV CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS During the fiscal year the Civil Works program of the Corps of Engineers, comprising navigation, flood control, and multiple-purpose projects and various related activities, was diligently prosecuted. Progress in carrying out project construction and placing additional works in useful operation was notable. Construction was initiated on 59 new projects and on new items at 4 features of the Mississippi River and tributaries flood control project. Also construction operations were carried out on 168 additional projects and at additional features of the Mississippi River and tributaries project. Eighty- nine other projects, including six projects which were initiated, in addition to items at one feature of the Mississippi River and tributaries flood control project and at 13 multiple-purpose projects, were placed in beneficial operation. Major structural rehabilitation was carried out during the year on 44 navigation projects. Minor structural rehabilitation was conducted on 27 navigation projects and 4 flood control projects. A summary of project construction and operations by classes follows. 1. NAVIGATION The present program for rivers and harbors asspecifickly authorized by Congress includes projects located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These projects are of various types; deep-draft harbors accommodating oceangoing vessels, shallow- draft channels for general small-boat navigation, inland waterways for commercial barge navigation, and the Great Lakes harbors and connecting waterways. Construction. During the fiscal year active construction operations were carried out on 100 navigation projects, of which 25 were placed in useful operation as shown in table 1. In fiscal year 1964 work was initiated on 21 navigation projects which includes the 19 projects listed in table 2 and two projects shown in table 1 that were placed in useful operation. The 56 navigation projects having major construction activity underway at the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of the 19 new starts listed in table 2, are shown in table 3. Construction operations were also carried out pursuant to the small navigation projects, in accordance with section 107, Public Law 86-645. Eight projects not specifically authorized by Congress were 21 22 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 placed in useful operation during the year of which two were initiated. Of the five projects initiated, construction continued on three projects.

Table 1. Navigation Improvements Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Date placed in Project year useful operation Nature of improvement started

Alma Harbor, Wis__...... __ 1963 Nov. 1963 Dredging and breakwater. Apponaug Cove, R.I-__-.---.-.-- 1963 Aug. 1963 Dredging. Barataria Bay Waterway, La-...... 1960 Nov. 1963 Do. Buffalo Harbor, N.Y. (1960 mod.)-_ _ 1962 May 1964 Do. Calumet Harbor and River, Ill. and 1963 Aug. 1963 Do. Ind. (1935 mod.). Carvers Harbor, Maine_...... 1964 May 1964 Dredging--rock removal. Channel from Naples to Big Marco 1962 July 1963 Dredging. Pass: 12-foot Channel Gordon Pass to Naples, Fla. Columbia River-Vancouver to the 1963 Sept. 1963 Do. Dalles (Bingen Barge Channel). Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pa., 1957 Feb. 1964 Do. to Trenton, N.J. (40-foot). Detroit River, Trenton Channel, 1962 May 1964 Do. Mich. Duluth-Superior Outer Harbor, 1962 Nov. 1963 Do. Minn. and Wis. Everglades Harbor, Collier County, 1962 Dec. 1963 Do. Fla. Flushing Bay and Creek, N.Y...... 1963 Mar. 1964 Do. Ft. Leavenworth Bridge, Missouri 1963 June 1964 Bridge removal and Kansas .. Indiana Harbor, Ind. (1960 mod.)__ 1962 Aug. 1963 Dredging. Juneau Harbor, Alaska...... 1963 Mar. 1964 Small boat harbor. Kewaunee Harbor, Wis_-----__ . 1963 Sept. 1963 Dredging. Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to 1963 Aug. 1963 Dredging (40-foot Gulf of Mexico, La. (1962 mod.). depth). Mississippi River, Gulf Outlet, La__ 1958 July 1963 Dredging and dike construction. Rochester Harbor, N.Y. (1960 mod., 1962 Dec. 1963 Dredging. stage I).' Santa Cruz Harbor, Calif.-.------1962 Nov. 1963 Dredging and jetties. St. Anthony Falls, Minn ------1949 Sept. 1963 Lock and dam construction and dredging. St. Marks River, Fla_--...... _ 1963 June 1964 Dredging. Waterway connecting Swan quarter 1964 Jan. 1964 Do. Bay with Deep Bay, N.C. West Bain, Los Angeles and Long 1963 Apr. 1964 Do. Beach Harbors, Calif. i , I CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 23

Table 2. Navigation Improvements Initiated During Fiscal Year 1964

Scheduled Project Date started fiscal year Nature of improvement completion

Bayou La Carpe, La__ ...... May 1964 1965 Dredging. Brazos Island Harbor, Tex ------Apr. 1964 1965 Do. Calumet Harbor and River, Ill. June 1964 1965 Do. and Ind. (1962 mod.) phase I. Canaveral Harbor, Fla__...... Jan. 1964 1967 Construction of lock, dike, and channel. Cleveland Harbor, Ohio (1958 Aug. 1963 1969 Dredging and re- mod.). placement of bridges. Columbia and Lower Willamette May 1964 1968 Rock removal. Rivers, Wash. and Oreg. (40- foot mod.). Cross Florida Barge Canal, Fla_.. Feb. 1964 After Construction of locks, 1970 dam, and canal. Delaware River, Pa., N.J., and Apr. 1964 1969 Dredging. Del., Philadelphia to the sea (anchorages). Gloucester Harbor, Mass-...... June 1964 1965 Do. Lock and dam 3, Arkansas River, May 1964 1968 Lock and dam con- Ark. struction. Lock and dam 4, Arkansas River, May 1964 1969 Do. Ark. Miami Harbor, Fla.__...... __. Oct. 1963 1965 Dredging. Muskegon Harbor, Mich ...... Apr. 1964 1965 Do. Ouachita and Black Rivers, Ark. Feb. 1964 1969 Columbia lock and and La. dam. Port Townsend, Wash..-__.-..._ May 1964 1965 Dredging and breakwater. r. Racine locks and dam, Ohio River, May 1964 1970 Replacement for ex- Ohio and W. Va. isting locks and dams 21-23, in- clusive. Redwood City Harbor, Calif. June 1964 1965 Dredging. (Channel extension and 2d basin). Searsport Harbor, Maine ..... _ _ Apr. 1964 1965 Do. Yaquina Bay and Harbor, Oreg_.. June 1963 1968 Dredging and jetty extension. 24 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 3. Navigation Improvements Under Construction During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Nature of improvement started completion

Apalachicola River Channel, Fla__ __ 1963 1966 Dredging and jetties. Arkansas River and tributaries, Ark. 1950 1968 Bank stabilization. and Okla. Aquatic plant control______1959 1966 Control and eradication of obnoxious aquatic plant growths. Bakers Haulover Inlet, Fla_ 1963 1965 Reconstruction of jetties and revetments. Baltimore Harbor and Channels, Md__ 1961 1966 Dredging. Bayou Lafourche and Lafourche- 1963 1968 Do. Jump Waterway. Belleville locks and dam, Ohio River, 1962 1968 Replacement for Ohio and W. Va. existing locks and dams 18-20, inclu- sive. Calcasieu River and Pass, La. (1960 1962 1968 Dredging. mod.). Calumet-Sag modification, Illinois 1955 1968 Channel improve- Waterway, Ill. and Ind. ment and relocations. Calumet Harbor and River, Ill. and 1962 1966 Channel improve- Ind. (1960 mod.). ment. Cannelton locks and dam, Ohio River, 1962 1969 Replacement for Ind. and Ky. existing locks and dams 43-45, inclu- sive. Captain Anthony Meldahl locks and 1958 1965 Replacement for dam, Ohio River, Ky. and Ohio. existing locks and dams 31-34, inclu- sive. Dam No. 4 reconstruction, Mononga- 1963 1967 Reconstruction of hela River, Pa. dam and lock modification. Detroit River, Mich_ 1957 1965 Dredging. Duluth-Superior Inner Harbor, Minn. 1963 1967 Do. and Wis. Freshwater Bayou, La ______1963 1967 Dredging and construction of lock. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway-Guada- 1958 1966 Dredging and bridge lupe River, Channel to Victoria. construction. Great Lakes to Hudson River Water- 1954 1967 Dredging, lowering way, N.Y. sills on locks and guard gates and raising bridges. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 25

Table 3. Navigation Improvements Under Construction During Fiscal Year 1964-Continued

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Nature of improvement started completion

Hainmond Bay Harbor, Mich.-.. - 1962 1965 Dredging and breakwaters. Holt lock and dam, Black Warrior and 1962 1967 Replacement for Tombigbee Rivers, Ala. existing locks and dams 13-16, inclu- sive. Houston Ship Channel, Tex. (40-foot) - 1961 1966 Dredging. Hudson River, N.Y. (1954 mod.) - ---- 1960 1967 Dredging and rock removal. Intracoastal Waterway Caloosahat- 1960 1968 Dredging. chee River to Anclote River, Fla. Inland Waterway, Delaware River to 1962 1969 Dredging and bridge Chesapeake Bay, Del. and Md., construction. part II. Intracoastal Waterway Jacksonville 1951 1965 Dredging. to Miami, Fla. Little Lake Harbor, Mich______. 1962 Indefinite Dredging and breakwaters. Lock and dam 1, Arkansas River, Ark. 1963 1966 Lock and dam construction. Lock and dam 2, Arkansas River, Ark_ 1963 1967 Do. Lorain Harbor, Ohio (1960 mod.)._... 1962 1967 Dredging, bridge replacement, and breakwater construction. Manistee Harbor, Mich_ 1962 1965 Dredging. Markland locks and dam, Ohio River, 1956 1964 Replacement for Ind. and Ky. existing locks and dams 35-39, inclu- sive. Matagorda Ship Channel, Tex ...... 1962 1965 Dredging and jetties. Maxwell locks and dam, Mononga- 1961 1966 Replacement for ex- hela River, Pa. isting locks and dams 5 and 6. McAlpine locks and dam, Ohio River, 1957 1965 Reconstruction of Ind. and Ky. locks and dam 41. Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to 1960 1966 Dredging and Gulf of Mexico, La. (1945 mod.). construction. Mississippi River between the Ohio 1910 1968 Regulating works. and Missouri. Missouri River, Kansas City to Sioux 1928 1969 Bank stabilization. City, Iowa (Sioux City, Iowa, to Rulo, Nebr.) Missouri River-Kansas City to 1912 1967 Do. mouth. 26 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 19 6 4

Table 3. Navigation Improvements Under. Construction During Fiscal Year 1964-Continued

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Nature of improvement started completion - ~ Naureof iprovme.

Missouri River-Kansas City to 1928 1967 Bank stabilization. Sioux City, Iowa (Rulo, Nebr., to Kansas City). Mobile Harbor, Ala _ ...... _ _ 1963 1966 Dredging. New Second lock, Mich_____.___ 1961 1967 Replacement for Poe lock. Opekiska lock and dam, Monongahela 1961 1967 Replacement for River, W. Va. existing locks and dams 14 and 15. Pascagoula Harbor, Miss ------1963 1965 Dredging. Pike Island locks and dam, Ohio 1959 1965 Replacement of River, W. Va. existing locks and dams 10 and 11. Port Aransas Corpus Christi Water- 1963 1966 Dredging. way (40-foot). Portland Harbor, Maine.------1963 1967 Do. Port Everglades Harbor, Fla_...... 1961 1965 Do. Presque Isle Harbor, Mich...... _.. 1961 1965 Do. Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex. (36- 1957 1965 Do. foot). Saginaw River, Mich_...... _.. 1961 1965 Do. Sandusky Harbor, Ohio (1960 mod.)._ 1962 1965 Do. San Juan Harbor, P.R__...... 1963 1965 Do. Savannah River below Augusta, Ga.. 1959 1965 Dredging, construction of pile dikes and revetment. St. Clair River, Mich__--...... 1959 1968 Dredging. St. Marys River, Mich_-...... 1958 1966 Do. Toledo Harbor, Ohio...... 1962 1965 Do.

Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on navigation projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $109,034,827. In addition, costs of $5,646,808 were incurred on activities for the protection of navigation and surveys of northern and northwestern lakes. In allocating the funds being provided for project maintenance, every effort consistent with budgetary requirements is made to maintain navigation projects adequately to serve the reasonable requirements of commerce and navigation. Rehabilitation. During the fiscal year advance engineering and design activities were conducted on 23 major rehabilitation navigation CONSTRUC~TION AND OPERATIONS . '227 projects at a cost of $313,665. Major structural rehabilitation was carried out on 44 navigation projects at a cost of $13,420,560..: Minor structural rehabilitation was actively prosecuted on 27 navigation projects at a cost of $1,401,037. 2. BEACH EROSION CONTROL The policy of Federal assistance in the construction of works for the restoration and protection of shores against erosion by waves and -,currents applies to shores of the United States, its territories and possessions, that are owned by States, municipalities or other political :subdivisions, and also to shores other than public if there is a benefit :such as that arising from public use or from the protection of nearby :public property or if the benefits to those shores are incidental to the project. The costs of restoration and protection of Federal property are borne fully by the Federal Government. Federal participation in the costs of a project for restoration and protection of State, .county, and other publicly-owned shore parks and conservation areas may be, at the discretion of the Chief of Engineers, not more -than 70 percent of the total cost exclusive of land costs, when such :areas: (a) Include a zone which excludes permanent human habitation. (b) Include but are not limited to recreational beaches. (c) Satisfy adequate criteria for conservation and development -of the natural resources of the environment. (d) Extend landward a sufficient distance to include, where appropriate, protective dunes, bluffs or other natural features which :serve to protect the uplands from damage. (e) Provide essentially full park facilities for appropriate public -use. Federal participation in the costs of projects for other non-Federal publicly-owned shores is limited to a maximum of one-half of the total cost. No Federal contribution toward maintenance is authorized, but under certain conditions Federal contributions may be made toward periodic beach nourishment for a length of time specified by the Chief of Engineers in each case. In addition to Federal participation in completed units of authorized projects, construction work by the Corps was initiated on second increment of beach replenishment at Fire Island Inlet. Construction work by the Corps continued at Imperial Beach, Calif., and on the -coast of California, Carpenteria to Point Mugu and work was completed at Oceanside, Calif. 28 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, T.S. ARMY, 1964,

3. FLOOD CONTROL (GENERAL) Construction. During the fiscal year active construction operations were carried out on 141 specifically authorized flood control projects, of which 27 were placed in useful operation, as shown in table 4. Incldued i the 27 projects is Camanche Reservoir, Calif., which was. constructed by local interests to which a Federal contribution was provided for the flood control storage portion. During the year, excluding multiple-purpose projects, work was initiated on 25 specifically authorized flood control projects which includes the 23 projects shown in table 5 and 2 projects shown in table 4 that were placed in useful operation. The 91 flood control projects under active construction during the fiscal year, exclusive of multiple-purpose projects and those projects placed in useful operation or initiated during the year as shown in tables 4 and 5, are listed in table 6. Included in the 91 projects is Oroville Reservoir, Calif., which is being constructed by local interests to which a Federal contribution is provided for the flood control storage portion. Construction operations were also carried out pursuant to the small-project authority in section 205, 1948 Flood Control Act, as amended. Sixteen small projects were placed in useful operation pursuant to this program and 7 new projects were initiated during the year. Construction was continued on three projects. In addition, plans and specifications were under preparation for 14 projects. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS

Table 4. Flood Control Projects Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Date placed Project year in useful Nature of project started operation

Amite River and tributaries, Louisi- 1957 Nov. 1963 Local protection. ana. Barren River, Ky_ .... 1960 Mar. 1964 Reservoir. Bethlehem, Pa- -_------1960 May 1964 Local protection. Blackfoot River, Columbia River 1964 May 1964 Do. Basin, Idaho. Camanche, Calif.1 1962 Nov. 1963 Reservoir. Canyon, Tex .------1958 June 1964 Do. Cape Girardeau, Mo- 1956 June 1964 Local protection. Cortland, N.Y ------1962 Oct. 1963 Do. East Branch, Conn------_- 1962 June 1964 Reservoir. Frankfort, Kans___------1962 Oct. 1963 Local protection. Hanapepe River, Hawaii 1960 Aug. 1963 Do. Herkimer, N.Y ------1962 Feb. 1964 Do. Jackson Hole, Snake River, Wyo .... 1958 May 1964 Do. John Redmond, Kans--- 1960. Oct. 1963 Reservoir. John W. Flannagan, Va._ 1960 Dec. 1963 Do. Marshall, Minn 1962 Dec. 1963 Local protection. Mississippi River at Canton, Mo .... 1962 Mar. 1964 Do. New Hogan, Calif__ 1960 Nov. 1963 Reservoir. Pierce, Nebr. _ 1964 May 1964 Local protection. Pomona, Kans 1960 Oct. 1963 Reservoir. Proctor, Tex 1960 Sept. 1963 Do. Russian River Basin Calif-...... 1956 June 1964 Channel improvements. Sacramento River, Chico Landing to 1963 Mar. 1964 Local protection. Red Bluff, Calif.2 Socorro diversion channel, New 1963 Apr. 1964 Do, Mexico. St. Paul, Minn...... ---1961 Sept. 1963 Do. Truckee River, Calif., and Nev3. - 1960 Aug. 1963. Do: West Point, Nebr------1963 June 1964 Do.

1Being constructed by local interests-federal contribution for providing flood control storage. s Work in Tehama County only; work authorized in Butte and Glenn Counties reclassified to "Inactive" status in October 1963 due to opposition by local interests to the establishment of flood plain zoning. 3 All construction work has been completed except the channel improvement between Lake Tahoe and Truckee, which is being indefinitely deferred at request of State of California. 30 REPORT OF THE CHKIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964,

Table 5. Flood Control Projects Initiated During Fiscal Year 1964

Scheduled Project Date started fiscal year Nature of project completion

Big Fossil Creek, Tex___...... Apr. 1964 1965 Local protection. Bowman-Haley, N. Dak ...... June 1964 1967 Reservoir. Chicopee Falls, Mass...... -..- Oct. 1963 1965 Local protection. Clark Fork at Missoula, Columbia Sept. 1963 1965 Do. River Basin, Mont. Conant Brook, Mass_.------June 1964 1966 Reservoir. Dayton, Touchet River, Wash... Apr. 1964 1965 Local protection. Eau Galle River, Wis__ ...... Jan. 1964 1968 Reservoir and channel improvement. Elkland, Pa_------..---.--..... June 1964 1966 Local protection. Grayson, Ky__...... _ _ _ June 1964 1967 Reservoir. Green Bay Levee and Drainage June 1964 1966 Local protection. District No. 2, Iowa. Green River, Ky. _ __ .... Apr. 1964 1969 Reservoir. Kawainui Swamp, Hawaii- ..... June 1964 1966 Local protection. Levee unit 5, Wabash River, Ind. July 1963 1967 Do. Lost River, Minn._...... Sept. 1963 1965 Channel improvement. Lower Woonsocket, R.I...... Dec. 1963 1967 Local protection. Marion, Kans_--_-..._....._..__ June 1964 1968 Reservoir. Perry, Kans._,_.....__ . Mar. 1964 1969 Do. Rathbun, Iowa__.:_...... _ June 1964 1969 Do. South River Drainage District, July 1963 1965 Local protection. Missouri. Three Rivers, Mass. Jan. 1964 1966 Do. Wailoa Stream and tributaries, Nov. 1963 1965 Do. Hawaii. Walnut Creek, Calif- .------.June 1964 1970 Do. West Thompson, Conn...... Aug. 1963 1966 Reservoir.

Table 6. Flood Control Projects Under Construction During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Nature of project started -completion

Alam o, Ariz_.------.-- .------1963 1966 Reservoir. Allegheny River, Pa. and N.Y...... 1960 1967 Do. Alvin R. Bush, Pa...... _...... 1959 1965 Do. Battle Creek, Mich___------1957 Indefinite Local protection. Bear Creek, San Joaquin County, 1963 1966 Do. Calif. Black Butte, Calif-----...... 1960 1965 Reservoir. Blue River, Oreg__...... 1963 1968 Do. Buffalo Bayou and tributaries, Texas. 1956 1969 Local protection. Butler, Pa--.....------..------1963 1966 Do. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 31

Table 6. Flood Control Projects Under Construction During Fiscal Yearl964---Con.

Fiscal Scheduled Projeot year fiscal year Nature of project started completion

Carlyle, Ill_...... 1958 1967 Reservoir. Central and Southern Florida-...... 1950 After 1970 Local protection. Colfax, W ash_...... 1962 1966 Do. Cooper, Tex------1958 Indefinite Reservoir and channel improvement. Corbin, Ky------___...... 1963 1965 Local protection. Council Grove, Kans_ _._._...... __ 1961 1965 Reservoir. Curwensville, Pa_...... 1962 1967 Do. East St. Louis, Ill__...... 1937 1966 Local protection. Elk City, Kans...... 1962 1966 Reservoir. Endicott, Johnson City, and Vestal, 1957 1965 Local protection. N.Y. Evansville, Ind_...... 1939 Indefinite Do. Fall Creek, Oreg ------_ - 1962 1966 Reservoir. Fishtrap, Ky -- .------1962 1968 Do. Floyd River, Sioux City, Iowa...... 1961 1965 Local protection. Fox Point, R.I __ 1961 1966 Do. Gering Valley, Nebr_ . .. 1963 1967 Do. Gillham, Ark______...__ 1963 1969 Reservoir. Hancock Brook, Conn ------1963 1965 Do. Hunt Drainage District and Lima 1961 1968 Local protection. Lake Drainage District, Illinois. Huntington, Ind...... _ __ . 1963 1968 Reservoir. Iowa River-Flint Creek Levee Dis- 1963 1967 Local protection. trict No. 16, Iowa. Kansas Citys, Mo. and Kans .... 1940 Indefinite Do. Little Sioux River, Iowa.__ ._.- 1956 1965 Do. Littleville, Mass _ ___ . 1962 1965 Reservoir. Los Angeles County Drainage Area, 1935 1967 Local protection. California. Lower Columbia River Basin, bank 1961 1972 Do. protection works, Oregon and Washington. Lower San Joaquin River, Calif ------1957 1967 Levees and channels. Manhattan, Kans...... 1961 1965 Local protection. Mason J. Niblack levee, Indiana..... 1962 1965 Do. Middle Creek, Calif_..... __ ..... 1959 1967 Do. Milford, Kans_..------1962 1967 Reservoir. Millwood, Ark_- - ...... 1961 1965 Do. Mississinewa, Ind.....--...... 1962 1967 Do. Missouri River agricultural levees, 1948 Indefinite Local protection. Iowa, Kans., Nebr. and Mo. Missouri River agricultural levees, 1948 I Indefinite Do. Sioux City to the mouth. Monroe, Ind___ .. .. ._ -. _ - 1961 1965 Reservoir. 161-8086--65- 5 32 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 6. Flood Control Projects Under Construction During Fiscal Year 1964-Con,

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year iNature of project started completion

Muscatine Island Levee District and 1960 1967 Local protection. Muscatine-Louisa County Drain- age District No. 13, Iowa. Navarro Mills, Tex...------. _ _ _-1959 1965 Reservoir. New Bedford, Mass _------1963 1966 Local protection. Northfield Brook, Conn_...... _ 1963 1965 Reservoir. North Fork of Pound, Va_.__-_ 1963 1966 Do. Oroville, Calif.' ._... ___ 1957 1968 Do. Paint Rock River, Ala__ .. ... _ 1963 1966 Local protection., Perry County, Mo_ ...-...----- 1937 1965 Do. Pine Creek, Okla.__. _ _ . 1963 1969 Reservoir. Pine Flat, Calif _ ...... 1947 After 1965 Do. Pomme de Terre, Mo_. .___ .. 1957 1966. Do. Red River below Dennison Dam, 1948 1967 Local protection. levees and bank stabilization. Red Rock, Iowa ...... __. ___ 1960 1969 Reservoir. Sacramento River flood control, 1918 1965 Local protection. California. Sacramento River, major and minor 1949 1971 Do. tributaries, California. Sacramento River bank protection, 1963 1973 Do. California. Salamonie, Ind_.-_.. __.. 1962 1966 Reservoir. Salt Creek and tributaries, Nebraska_ 1961 1967 Local protection. Sammanish River, Wash.--_ 1963 1965 Do. San Antonio Channel improvement, 1957 1968 Do. Texas. Shenango River, Pa. and Ohio _ _ . 1961 1966 Reservoir. Shelbyville, Ill,.. _ ... _ . . . 1963 1969 Local protection., Sheridan, Wyo__------1961 1967 Do. Sid Simpson (Beardstown), Ill ...... 1955 1965 Do. Sioux Falls, S. Dak__ 1956 1965 D o. Sny Basin, Ill___ 1960 1966 Do. Somerville, Tex _ 1962 1966 Reservoir. South Amsterdam, N.Y 1963 1965 Local protection. St. Louis, Mo ... 1959 1968 Do. Stillhouse Hollow, Tex__ 1962 1968 Reservoir. Subdistrict No. 1 of Drainage Union 1963 1966 Local protection,. No. 1 and Bay Island Drainage and Levee District No. 1, Illinois. Success, Calif_ _ - . . _ _ 1957 After 1965 Reservoir. Summersville, W. Va - 1960 1966 Do. Terminus, Calif_ 1958 After 1965 Do. Texas City, Tex-______1962 1967 Local protection, Topeka, Kans - --- - 1938 1967 Do. Tucson diversion channel, Arizona ..- 1963 1966 Do. Turtle Creek, Pa__ 1963 1968 Do. See footnote at end of table. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 33

Table 6. Flood Control Projects Under Construction During Fiscal Year 1964-Con.

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Nature of project started completion

Tuttle Creek, Kans_ ------1952 1966 Reservoir. Vincennes, Ind------1952 Indefinite Local protection. Waco, Tex-__--_ _ _------1958 1965 Reservoir. Water quality study, Red River 1963 1965 Experimental Basin, Tex. construction. West Branch, Mahoning River, Ohio- 1963 1966 Reservoir. Willamette River Basin, Oreg------1938 1970 Local protection. Wilson, Kans------1961 1966 Reservoir. Wood River, Ill.------1947 1965 Local protection.

1 Being constructed by local interests-Federal contribution for providing flood control storage.

Rehabilitation. During the fiscal year, minor rehabilitation was conducted on four projects at a cost of $211,082. Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on 153 flood control projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $10,890,824. In addition, inspection of completed local flood protection works constructed by the Corps but operated and maintained by local interests and scheduling of flood control operations for reservoirs of other Federal agencies cost $705,119.

4. MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS INCLUDING POWER The importance of multiple-purpose projects in relation to the overall activities of the Corps of Engineers continued to increase during the fiscal year as a result of the large construction program relating to these projects currently underway and the placing in operation of primary-purpose features at several projects. These projects have been designed to serve primarily in the interest of navigation or flood control and the production of hydroelectric power, although frequently other benefits, such as irrigation, pollution abatement, water supply, and recreation, are also realized. The inclusion of power features in conjunction with other project features has often resulted in an enhancement of their economic value. Pertinent information on the power aspects of multiple-purpose projects is contained in a subsection below. Construction. During the year construction operations were carried out on 28 multiple-purpose projects, of which 13 projects had some or all primary features in useful operation at the end of the year. These projects are listed in tables 7 and 8. 34 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 7. Multiple-Purpose Projects Completed for Full Beneficial Use During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Project primary purpose started completion

Bull Shoals Reservoir (units 7 and 8), 1961 1964 Power. White River, Ark. Fort Peck (2d powerplant) Missouri 1957 1964 Do. River, Mont. Garrison Reservoir, Missouri River, 1946 1966 Flood control, navi- N. Dak. gation, power and irrigation. Greers Ferry Reservoir, White River, 1957 1964 Flood control and Ark. power. Walter F. George lock and dam, Chat- 1956 1964 Navigation and tahoochee River, Ga. and Ala. power.

Table 8. Multiple-Purpose Projects Under Construction With Some or All Primary Project Features Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Scheduled Features placed in Project primary Project year fiscal year operation during purposes started completion fiscal year

Barkley Dam, Cumber- 1957 1967 ------Navigation,* land River, Ky. and flood control, Tenn. and power. Beaver Reservoir, White 1960 1966 Flood control_ Flood control, River, Ark. power, and water supply. Big Bend Reservoir, 1959 1967 _- -do .------Power. Missouri River, S. Dak. Dardanelle lock and dam, 1957 1968 Lock N------avigation and Arkansas River, Ark. power. Eufaula Reservoir, Cana- 1957 1965 Power------Flood control dian River, Okla. and power. Ice Harbor lock and dam, 1956 1965 ------Navigation* and Snake River, Wash. power.* Oahe Reservoir, Missouri 1949 1967 -- Flood control,* River, N. Dak and S. navigation, * Dak. power,* and irrigation. The Dalles Dam, Colum- 1952 1965 N------Navigation,* bia River, Oreg. and power,* and Wash. irrigation.

*Projects operated for these primary purposes at the beginning of and throughout fiscal year 1964. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 35

Of the multiple-purpose projects under active construction at the end of the fiscal year, 15 had no primary features in operation. They are shown in table 9.

Table 9. Multiple-Purpose Projects Under Construction and Not Operating During Fiscal Year 1964

Fiscal Scheduled Project year fiscal year Project primary purposes started completion

Broken Bow Reservoir, Mountain Fork 1962 1969 Flood control and River, Okla. power. Carters Dam, Coosawattee River, Ga_. 1962 1969 Do. Cordell Hull Dam, Cumberland River, 1963 1970 Navigation, power, Tenn. recreation, and area redevelop- ment. Cougar Reservoir, Oreg------1956 1965 Flood control, power, navigation, and irrigation. DeGray Reservoir, Caddo River, Ark___ 1963 1970 Flood control, power, water supply, and pollution abatement. Dworshak Reservoir, North Fork Clear- 196'3 1972 Navigation and water River, Idaho. power. Green Peter Reservoir, Oreg._...... 1961 1968 Flood control, power, navigation, and irrigation. J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Stones River, 1963 1969 Flood control, power, Tenn. and recreation. John Day lock and dam, Columbia 1958 1970 Navigation and River, Oreg. and Wash. power. Keystone Reservoir, Arkansas River, 1957 1968 Flood control and Okla. power. Little Goose lock and dam, Snake 1963 1971 Navigation and River, Wash. power. Lower Monumental lock and dam, 1961 1968 Do. Snake River, Wash. Millers Ferry lock and dam, Alabama 1963 1969 Do. River, Ala. Sam Rayburn Reservoir, Angelina 1957 1966 Flood control and River, Tex. power. Stockton Reservoir, Sac River, Mo_..... 1963 1969 Do.

Operation and maintenance. Operation and maintenance activities were conducted on 43 multiple-purpose projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $25,308,099. 36 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Hydroelectric power. The increasing hydroelectric power generating capacity in multiple-purpose projects emphasizes the importance of power as part of the expanding water resources development program of the Corps Civil Works activities. Installed nameplate capacity in operation as of June 30, 1964, increased 3.3 percent over that in operation June 30, 1963. Electric energy production was 11 percent above the preceding fiscal year. Electric power produced at Corps of Engineers hydroelectric projects in excess of projects needs, must, under existing law and with the exception of one project, be delivered to the Department of the Interior for disposition at rates approved by the Federal Power Commission. Installed capacity. During the fiscal year eight generating units were placed in operation: four units in two operating projects and four units at two new projects for a total of 276,000 kilowatts (nameplate rating) of capacity as shown in table 10. This additional capacity represents 9.2 percent of the hydroelectric capacity and 2.8 percent of the total generating capacity added to the Nation's electric utility systems during the fiscal year.

Table 10. Generating Capacity Placed in Operation During Fiscal Year 1964

Projects Size of units Number of Added capacity (kilowatts) units (kilowatts)

Bull Shoals------45, 000 2 90, 000 1------Cougar 12, 500 2 25, 000 Greers Ferry 1 ------48, 000 2 96, 000 Walter F. George------32, 500 2 65, 000

Total------8 276, 000

1 Initial operation of project.

On June 30, 1964, the Corps had 8,514,400 kilowatts of nameplate generating capacity in operation at 39 projects as listed in table 11. This represents 4 percent of the total generating capacity and 21 percent of the hydroelectric generating capacity in operation throughout the Nation at the end of the fiscal year. Hydroelectric power production. During the fiscal year 33.3 billion kilowatt-hours of electric energy was produced at Corps multiple- purpose projects. This was an increase of 3.3 billion kilowatt-hours, or 11 percent over the power production of the preceding fiscal year. Power produced at Corps projects during the fiscal year was 3.5 percent of the total power produced in the Nation and 19.6 percent of the hydroelectric power produced. Chart I illustrates the trend CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 37

-of power produced at Corps multiple-purpose projects for the last 10 fiscal years.

Table 11. Hydroelectric Projects in Operation June 80, 1964

Initial Nameplate capacity--kilowatts opera- Projects tion in fiscal Existing Under con- Ultimate con. year installation struction struction

Albeni Falls, Idaho------1955 42, 600---- - 42, 600 Allatoona, Ga---____ _---_ -- 1950 74, 000 _------110, 000 Blakely Mountain, Ark_------1956 75, 000------75, 000 Bonneville, Oreg. and Wash--_ . _ 1938 518, 400------518, 400 Buford, Ga_------1957 86, 000 86, 000 Bull Shoals, Ark. and Mo_------1953 340, 000 ------340, 000 Center Hill, Tenn_--_ -__-_____-1951 135, 000------135, 000 Cheatham, Tenn------.... - -_- 1958 36, 000----.---- 36, 000 Chief Joseph, Wash_ - _-----_ 1956 1, 024, 000-.-.-.--- 1, 728, 000 Clark Hill, Ga. and S.C ------1953 280, 000 -.------280, 000 Cougar, Oreg--______.- -- __ 1964 25, 000 ------60, 000 Dale Hollow, Tenn--.-- __------1949 54, 000-----.---- 54, 000 Denison, Okla. and Tex_------__ 1945 70, 000-.------175, 000 Detroit, Oreg------1954 118, 000 ----. -_ 118, 000 Fort Gibson, Okla- ______---.- 1953 45, 000 --.------67, 500 Fort Peck, Mont_ - _------1944 165, 000 _---- - _ 165, 000 Fort Randall, S. Dak-__------1954 320, 000 ---- 320, 000 Garrison, N. Dak---_------1956 400, 000- .------400, 000 Gavins Point, Nebr. and S. Dak . _ 1957 100, 000------100, 000 Greers Ferry, Ark__-....------1964 96, 000 ------96, 000 Hartwell, Ga. and S.C------1962 264, 000 ------330, 000 Hills Creek, Oreg_--- ______- -- 1962 30, 000 ------30, 000 Ice Harbor, Wash_ ------1962 270, 000 ______540, 000 Jim Woodruff, Fla. and Ga-- 1957 30, 000 ------30, 000 John H. Kerr, N.C. and Va ------. 1953 204, 000 ------204, 000 Lookout Point, Oreg_ ------1955 135, 000------135, 000 McNary, Oreg and Wash_------1954 980, 000 8------1, 400,000 Narrows, Ark------1050 17, 000 8, 500 25, 500 Norfork, Ark. and Mo-....------1944 70, 000 ------140, 000 Oahe, N. Dak. and S. Dak------._ 1962 595, 000 ------595, 000 Old Hickory, Tenn------1957 100,000 ------100, 000 Philpott, Va------1954 14, 000 _-_____. 14, 000 St. Marys, Mich__------1952 18, 400 ------18, 400 Table Rock, Ark. and Mo_------1959 200, 000 ----.---- 200, 000 Tenkiller Ferry, Okla_-----_-_____ 1954 34, 000 ------. - 34, 000 The Dalles, Oreg. and Wash ...... 1957 1, 119, 000 ------1, 743, 000 Walter F. George, Ala. and Ga------.... 1963 130, 000 ------130, 000 Whitney, Tex-----__-_ --- 1954 30, 000 30, 000 Wolf Creek, Ky_ - _1952_---_------270, 000 -----.-- 270, 000

Total, projects in operation___------8, 514, 400 8, 500 10, 875, 400 38 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 Additional capacity ander construction. As of June 30, 1964, the Corps of Engineers had under construction 8,500 kilowatts of generating capacity at one operating project and 4,237,200 kilowatts of capacity at 20 new projects for a total of 4,245,700 kilowatts. The additional capacity is listed by projects in tables 11 and 12.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION NET ANNUAL KILOWATT-HOURS

35 33.3 BILLION KWH

- 30

-- 25

-15

15 vn

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

Fiscal year's CHART 1 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 39

Projects in operation and under construction have an ultimate capacity of 17,572,600 kilowatts. Under construction schedules at the beginning of fiscal year 1965, 9,015,900 kilowatts of capacity should be in operation by June 30, 1965. Chart II shows the continuing increase in installed capacity at Corps of Engineers multiple- purpose projects for fiscal year 1959 through 1964, and scheduled additions for fiscal years 1965 and 1966.

Table 12. Hydroelectric Projects Under Construction June 30, 1964 (No generating units in operation)

Scheduled Nameplate capacity-kilowatts for opera- Projects tion in fiscal year Existing Under Ultimate installation construction installation

Barkley, Ky. and Tenn------1965 -- -- 130, 000 130, 000 Beaver, Ark---_ ------___ - 1965------112, 000 112, 000 Big Bend, S. Dak-....-- - 1965-- 468, 000 468, 000 Broken Bow, Okla------1969 ------.- 100, 000 100, 000 Carters, Ga------1969 - - 104, 000 104, 000 Cordell Hull, Tenn_------1970 100, 000 100, 000 Dardanelle, Ark------1965 ------124, 000 124, 000 DeGray, Ark_ ------1969 ------68, 000 68, 000 Dworshak, Idaho ------1972 ------300, 000 600, 000 Eufaula, Okla_ ------190,1965 ---- - 000 90, 000 Green Peter, Oreg- _ .- - 1967 _------100, 000 100, 000 J. Percy Priest, Tenn_--_ -1969 - 28, 000 28, 000 John Day, Oreg. and Wash..... 1968 1, 350, 000 2, 700, 000 Keystone, Okla------1968 70, 000 70, 000 Little Goose, Wash------1969 405, 000 810, 000 Lower Monumental, Wash ..------1968 ------405, 000 810, 000 Millers Ferry, Ala ------1968 ---- 76, 000 76, 000 Robert S. Kerr, Okla-__------1970 110, 000 110, 000 Sam Rayburn, Tex_------1965 .--- .52, 000 52, 000 Stockton, Mo------.----.--- 1970 ------45, 200 45, 200

Total, projects under construc- tion_------.----_ _---_------4, 237, 200 6, 697, 200 Total, projects in operation (table 11)------_8, 514, 400 8, 500 10, 875, 400

Total------8, 514, 400 4, 245, 700 17, 572, 600

Total, projects in operation and under construction------12, 760, 100 40 REPORT OF THE CHIIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

-HYDROELECTRIC:GENERATING CAPACITY IN OPERATION AND SCHEDULED

.1 G. 9,490,400 "KW 45 PROJECTS 212 UNITS 9,015,900 KW 44 PROJECTS 202 UNITS-# 9 8,514,400 KW I,. 39 PROJECTS '189 UNITS 8,238,400 KW { 37 PROJECTS 181 UNITS

7,531,400 KW 36 PROJECTS 171 UNITS 0

6,874,400 KW 7 312 PROJECTS 160 UNITS 6,576,400 KW 32 PROJECTS 154 UNITSE 6,104,400 KW N 6 32 PROJECTS 148 UNITS

I 5,616,400 KW 31 PROJECTS 140 UNITS5

Unoz

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Fiscal years CHART II CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 41

5. FLOOD CONTROL, MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES : Alluvial Valley The project for Mississippi River and tributaries authorized by the 1928 Flood Control Act and.subsequent amendments, provides for flood protection of its alluvial valley below Cape Girardeau, Mo., from Mississippi River and local floods by means of levees and floodwalls, channel realinenent and stabilization, reservoirs, floodways and outlets, and drainage works. Amendments through 1953 are described on pages 10 and 11 of part I, volume 1 of the Annual Report for 1953. Amendments to the project in the Flood Control Acts of September 3, 1954, July 3, 1958, July 14, 1960, and October 23, 1962, are described in the reports of 1955, 1959, 1961, and 1963, respectively. The 1962 River and Harbor Act modified the Devils Swamp (Baton Rouge Harbor), La., to provide suitable dikes or other retaining structures at an estimated Federal cost of $299,500. The total authorization for the project at the end of the fiscal year is $1,449,441,600, of which $1,319,630,700 has been appropriated and $1,316,588,000 expended. Construction. During the year construction was completed on six features of the project as shown in table 13.

Table 13. Project Features Fully Completed During Fiscal Year 1964

Project feature Date - Nature of project feature completed

Atchafalaya Basin, La._ Feb. 1964 Gordy Pumping Station. May 1964 Centerville Pumping Station. Old River, La--...... _ Oct. 1963 Channel closure. Tensas Basin, La_...... Feb. 1964 Bayou Macon, channel improvement, reach 5. Aug. 1963 Clayton Floodgate, Red River backwater area. Tensas Basin, Ark_ Oct. 1963 Fleschman's Bayou, channel improvement. May 1964 Canal 18, channel improvement, mile 0.0 to 10.3. Dec. 1963 Desha County bridge over Canal 18. June 1964 State Highway 4 over Canal 18. Jan. 1964 Chicot County bridge over Big Bayou. Big Sunflower River.... July 1963 Channel improvement, mile 99 to 169.5. June 1964 Channel improvement, 2 cutoffs mile 79.5 and mile 81.5. 42 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 13. Project Features Fully Completed During Fiscal Year 1964--Continued

Project feature Date Nature ofproject feature completed

Yazoo Basin Head- Aug. 1963 State Highway 7 bridges (2), Greenwood water, Miss. protection works. Nov. 1963 Leflore County bridge, Greenwood protection works. Nov. 1963 Greenwood cutoff and weir. Sept. 1963 Fort Loring cutoff. July 1963 East bank new levee, Belzoni to Snake Creek. Feb. 1964 East bank new levee, Snake Creek to Marksville. Aug. 1963 West bank Pompey Ditch, levee setback (item 336-R). May 1964 East and West bank Pompey Ditch, levee setbacks (item 328-L and R). Aug. 1963 Quitman County bridge, Pompey Ditch. Dec. 1963 Tallahatchie County road relocation, Phillip cutoff. Dec. 1963 State Highway 8 bridge, Phillip cutoff. May 1964 Holmes and Humphreys Counties bridge and road alterations, Tchula Lake. May 1964 Quiver River channel improvement, 9 cutoffs mile 0.0 to 16.0. July 1963 Bogue Phalia channel improvement mile 23.84 to 30.0. Aug. 1963 Jones Bayou channel improvement mile 0.0 to 7.7. Nov. 1963 Jones Bayou relocation of four Sunflower County bridges. Nov. 1963 Clear Creek channel improvement mile 0.0 to 14.0. Jan. 1964 Channel improvement: Porter's Bayou, mile 0.0 to 12.5. Black Bayou, mile 0.0 to 4.7. Mound Bayou, mile 0.0 to 4.3. St. Francis Basin, Ark. July 1963 State Line Ditches, outlet channel. and Mo.

During the year one feature of the project was placed in useful operation as shown in table 14. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 43

Table 14. Project Feature Placed in Useful Operation During the Fiscal Year

Date Date placed Project feature started in useful Nature of project feature operation

Atchafalaya Basin, La ------Pumping stations--interior drainage: June 1963 Feb. 1964 Gordy. Sept. 1963 June 1964 Centerville.

During the year progress was made in the continuing construction of the principal features of the project on the main stem and on the tributaries in the alluvial valley. Main stem work on levees, revetments, dikes, and dredging was accomplished as follows: Main line levees enlarged to grade and section, 19.3 miles; secondary levees constructed, 67.6 miles; bank protection placed, 16.4 miles; dikes constructed, 7.7 miles; and construction dredging, 58,632,000 cubic yards. Work continued on 10 additional project features as shown in table 15.

Table 15. Project Features on Which Construction Continued During Fiscal Year 1964

Project feature Nature of project feature I

Mississippi River_ Levees, revetments, dikes, wavewash protection and dredging. Atchafalaya Basin, La_ Levees, revetments, channel improvement by dredging, interior drainage and highway relocation. Lake Pontchartrain, La_ Wavewash protection. Old River Control, La-___---- Levees and bank protection. Lower Arkansas River, Ark .-.- Levee berms (south bank), and bank stabilization (lower 40 miles). Tensas Basin, La. and Ark- .... Channel improvements. Yazoo Basin, Miss__------Levees and channel improvement. Memphis Harbor, Tenn------Ensley levees. Lower White River, Ark------Levee restoration, White River backwater levee system. St. Francis Basin, Ark. and Mo_ Floodways, levees, interior drainage channels, highway and railroad crossings.

I 44 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

During the year work was initiated on three project features as shown in table 16.

Table 16. Project Features on Which Work Was Initiated During Fiscal Year 1964

Project feature Date Nature of project feature initiated

Atchafalaya Basin, La__ Sept. 1963 Interior drainage, Centerville Pumping Station. Tensas Basin, La ..... July 1963 Clayton floodgate, Red River backwater area. Tensas Basin, Ark. _ Jan. 1964 Bayou Macon, channel improvement, reach 6. Sept. 1963 Canal 18, channel improvement, mile 0.0 to 10.3. Feb. 1964 Caney Bayou, channel improvement, mile 0.0 to 7.4. Sept. 1963 Chicot County bridge over Bayou Macon reach 6. Sept. 1963 Desha County bridge over Canal 18. Aug. 1963 State Highway 4 bridge over Canal 18. Sept. 1963 Chicot County bridge over Big Bayou. Dec. 1963 State Highway 52 bridge over Boeuf River. Dec. 1963 State Highway 52 bridge over Caney Bayou. Yazoo Basin Head- Aug. 1963 Big Sand Creek diversion floodgate, water, Miss. Greenwood protection works. Sept. 1963 Phillip Cutoff. Sept. 1963 Tchula Lake channel improvement, mile 0.0 to 26.4. July 1963 Holmes and Humphreys Counties Bridge and road alterations, Tchula Lake.

During the year preconstruction planning continued on Mississippi River levee enlargement, bank protection, and alluvial levees and channel improvements under construction. Incident to the construction of the project, the features maintained and operated during the year are shown in table 17. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 45

Table 17. Project Features on Which Maintenance and Operation Activities Were Conducted During Fiscal Year 1964

Project feature Nature of project feature

- I

Mississippi River_____ Levees, revetments, dikes, wavewash protection and dredging. Atchafalaya Basin, La ._..... Maintenance of levees and channels. Operation and maintenance: Locks: Bayou Sorrel. Bayou Boeuf. Berwick. Floodgates: Charenton. Calumet. Bayou Courtableau. Drainage structures: Wax Lake Outlet. Numerous small structures. Bonnet Carre Spillway, La Levees, floodway and control structure. Morganza Floodway, La---- Floodway and control structure. Old River Control, La_ Maintenance of levees and channels. Operation and maintenance: Navigation lock. Control structures: Low sill. Overbank. Lower Red River, La_ Bank protection works. Tensas Basin, La__ Bayou Cocodrie drainage structure. Yazoo Basin, Miss.: Yazoo Headwater Levees and channels. Greenwood _ Local protection levees, storm water pumping station and drainage structures. Yazoo City__ Do. Sardis Reservoir Reservoir. Arkabutla Reservoir ...... Do. Enid Reservoir ------Do. Grenada Reservoir-- Do. St. Francis Basin, Mo.: Wappapello Reservoir Do. 46 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Floods. The following information concerns the floods which occurred during the year over various areas covered by the project. Rains occurring over the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River basins in March 1964 produced crest stages at Cairo, Ill., and Memphis, Tenn., of 48.2 and 33.1 feet, respectively. These stages were about 4 feet above flood stage at Cairo and slightly below flood stage at Memphis. Crest stages on the Mississippi River at other stations ranged from 11 feet below flood stage at Arkansas City, Ark., to 2 feet below at New Orleans. Red River crested at Alexandria, La., at 45.3 feet,. slightly above flood stage. Crest stages on the Ouachita River in April were about 8 and 12 feet above flood stage at Arkadelphia and Camden, Ark., respectively. Operation of Blakely Mountain Reservoir reduced the crest stage at Arkadelphia by an estimated 0.6 foot. Operation of Blakely Mountain and Narrows Reservoirs reduced the crest stage at Camden about 1.5 feet. Principal rises on Yazoo-Tallahatchie-Coldwater Rivers occurred in March-April 1964 and produced crest stages of 2.3 feet above flood stage at Swan Lake, 3.4 feet below flood stage at Greenwood and near flood stage at Yazoo City. Operation of flood control works effected reductions averaging 4 feet on Coldwater and Tallahatchie Rivers and 5 feet on Yazoo River at Greenwood. Big Black River crested about 5 feet above flood stage in April. The lower White River crested at Clarendon, Ark., about 5.5 feet above flood stage in March, being materially reduced by the operation of upstream reservoirs. The St. Francis River crested at St. Francis, Ark., in March about 3 feet above bankfull stage. Operation of flood control works effected stage reductions above St. Francis, Ark., ranging from 1 to 4 feet. Crest stages occurred on the West Tennessee tributaries as follows: Obion River at Bogota, Tenn., 23.1 feet on March 13; North Fork of Forked Deer River at Dyersburg, Tenn., 26.3 feet on March 11- 12; and Hatchie River at Rialto, Tenn.,14.9 feet on April 27. These stages were 10, 12, and 3 feet, respectively, above flood stage. Loosa- hatchie River crested at Brunswick, Tenn., at 23.3 feet, about 2 feet above flood stage. Condition of overall project. At the end of the fiscal year, construction on the project as a whole between Cape Girardeau, Mo., and the Gulf of Mexico was about 69 percent complete. Work on the main stem is sufficiently well advanced to afford a high degree of protection from Mississippi River flood overflow to most of the alluvial valley, except in unprotected backwater areas. A total of 1,724 miles of main line levees containing 1,128 million cubic yards has been constructed, of which 1,573.3 miles, containing 1,052 million CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS 47 cubic yards, are along the Mississippi River, and the remainder along major tributaries (lower Arkansas and Red Rivers). A total of 19.3 miles of main line levees has been enlarged to project grade and section during the fiscal year. The bank stabilization program has progressed steadily during recent years through construction of bank revetments, dikes, and corrective dredging to prevent the river from regaining its former length due to its natural tendency to meander. A long-range plan is being developed to bring about and maintain the desired alinement of the river between Baton Rouge, La., and Cairo, Ill. At the end of the fiscal year there were 507.2 miles of operative revetment and 229,906 linear feet of effective dikes on the Mississippi River below Cairo, Ill.; channel stabilization work on the Arkansas River adjacent to the project levee consists of 45.5 miles of revetment and 147,700 linear feet of dikes. Stabilization work on lower Red River and Atchafalaya River consists of 6.4 miles of revetment and 15,800 linear feet of dikes. The Arkabutla, Sardis, Enid, and Grenada Reservoirs in the Yazoo Basin, Miss., and the Wappapello Reservoir in the St. Francis Basin, Mo., have been completed. Other authorized improvements in the alluvial valley including levees, channel improvement, and supplementary drainage works are under construction. The Bonnet Carre, Morganza, and West Atchafalaya Floodways are in a useful operational status, and with the Atchafalaya River will permit the diversion of 1,750,000 cubic feet per second of the project flood discharge to the Gulf of Mexico, leaving 1,250,000 cubic feet per second to pass down the main stem at New Orleans, La. Old River navigation lock, low sill, and overbank structures, with appurtenant entrance and exit channels, have been completed and are in operation. Work to be accomplished consists of construction of highway bridge over the lock and some additional revetment. The Old River control project will prevent the steadily enlarging channels of the Old and Atchfalaya Rivers from capturing the flow of the Mississippi River. The total benefits that have accrued since adoption of the project are estimated at more than $7 billion, which amounts to approximately $6 in benefits for every dollar of project funds thus far expended. The authorized Mississippi River and tributaries project as amended, provides for a 12- by 300-foot navigation channel in the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge, La., and Cairo, Ill., and a 12- by 125-foot channel in Old and Atchafalaya Rivers between the Mississippi River and Morgan City, La. The Mississippi River channel between Baton Rouge and Cairo was maintained to provide a dependable 9-foot depth for navigation except at the following locations: Island 15, Tenn. (851 AHP) September 12-13, 1963; Buck Island Tow Head, Miss. (700 AHP) September 26, 1963; Keyes Point 761-808-65---6 48 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Tow Head, Tenn. (791 AHP) December 22-27, 1963; Puntney, Ky. (954 AHP) December 31, 1963, when controlling depth was 8.5 feet; at Masonia, Miss. (606 AHP) October 4, 1963; Kate Aubrey Bar, Tenn. (793 AHP) December 20-28, 1963, Nolan, Tenn. (886 AHP) December 30, 1963; and Island 8 Chute, Ky. (918 AHP) December 31, 1963, to January 4, 1964, when controlling depth was 8 feet; at Buck Island Tow Head (700 AHP) December 23-26, 1963, when controlling depth was 7.5 feet; at Laconia Upper, Ark. (601 AHP) September 26-28, 1963; and at Ensley, Tenn. (722 AHP) October 30, 1963, when the controlling depth was 7 feet. Commensurably greater depths were available during the highwater season. The Atchafalaya River channel through Grand and Six Mile Lakes between the Mississippi River and Morgan City, La., was maintained to provide adequate depth throughout the year. Comprehensive review of Mississippi River and tributaries project. The comprehensive project review, authorized by Senate Public Works Committee Resolution adopted June 12, 1954, covering the need for navigation improvements on the main stem, the adequacy and cost of flood control features of the project and the coordination of these features with the plans of other Federal and State agencies for the development, conservation, and utilization of water resources in the alluvial valley, has been completed and submitted to Congress. It will be published as House Document 308, 88th Congress, 2d session. 6. OPERATIONS (GENERAL) Work done by contract. The Corps of Engineers consistently adheres to the policy of having construction work done by contractors where- ever practicable. The hired labor work on construction projects has been limited to such types of operations as dredging in exposed harbor entrances by government-owned hopper dredges, the construction of erosion-control and levee-revetment works, and grouting operations. The nature of such work does not readily lend itself to advertising and performance by contract. Accident prevention. Injury rates, both frequency and severity, for contractor employees remained at a consistently low level. The frequency rate for government employees is 30 percent higher than that for fiscal year 1963 and exceeds the rate for the 4 previous years. The amount of damage to property and equipment slightly exceeded that for fiscal year 1963. Fireprevention. There were seven incidents which resulted in losses of $28,010 to Government property and equipment, a slight increase over fiscal year 1963. DISABLING INJURY FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES

FREQUENCY RATE: DISABLING INJURIES PER MILLION MANHOURS OF EXPOSURE SEVERITY RATE: DAYS LOST PER THOUSAND MANHOURS OF EXPOSURE 10

8 O

W 0 I- W z

r, tL I- zZ E- 0 QJ OW b W rr ur uJ W~ UL.

h-1

0 FISCAL YEAR 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 HIRED LABOR FREQUENCY RATE OF THE CORPS SFREQUENCY RATE OF CORPS CONTRACTORS _ HIRED LABOR SEVERITY RATE OF THE CORPS SSEVERITY RATE OF CORPS CONTRACTORS

CHART III

CHAPTER V FUNDING 1. FUNDS AVAILABLE Fiscal year 1964 funds appropriated for Civil Works activities of the Corps of Engineers amounted to $1,096,725,968. Individual appropriations are detailed in table 18. Status of funds advanced by local interests for navigation and flood control improvements is shown in table 19. Table 18. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1964 The funds with which the works for maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors and flood control were prosecuted during the fiscal year were derived from unexpended balances of prior appropriations, following appropriation acts, and transfer from other departments:

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

JOINT RESOLUTION: July 1, 1963 Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries .------.---- $15, 000, 000 General investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil, ------4, 000, 000 Construction, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil_ ------125, 000, 000 Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil_-_ ------25, 000, 000 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964_ 2, 500, 000

Total_ .. 171, 500, 000 Sept. 5, 1963 JOINT RESOLUTION: Sept. 5, 1963 Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries------15, 000, 000 General investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil----- 4, 000, 000 Construction, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil------_ _ _ _ _. . 125, 000, 000 Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil------25, 000, 000 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964------2, 500, 000

Total------_ ------I------. 171, 500, 000 52 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 18. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1964--Continued

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

JOINT RESOLUTION: Nov. 7, 1963 Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries ------$15, 000, 000 General investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil------500, 000 Construction, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil ------100, 000, 000 Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil_---.--___ __-- 18, 000, 0.00 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, ------..--- 1964. 1, 500, 000

Total ------...... 135, 000, 000

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATION ACT, 1964: Dec. 31, 1963 Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries . . ...------32, 862, 000 General investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil.-- -.----...... -.--- -- 10, 615, 000 Construction, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil_------_ ------_ 477, 146, 500 Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil ...... ___ 86, 000, 000 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964--_------8, 500, 000 U.S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964_------10, 000

Total _------615, 133, 500

DEFICIENCY APPROPRIATION ACT, June 9, 1964 1964: Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil.._.. __...... 1,700, 000

Treasury No. SPECIAL FUNDS: Warran D 840-96-5 Hydraulic mining in California, debris fund_. 18, 000 Payments to States, Flood Control Act, June 28, 1938, as amended__...._ ...... ----1084-96-8__------1,720, 741 Maintenance and operation of dams and other improvements to navigable waters (credits to accounts from licenses under Federal Water Power Act of 1935) - -- 1081-96-7 153, 727 Total _- - - - -_- - _- 1,892,468 FUNDING

Table 18. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1964--Continued

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

TRUST FUNDS (CONTRIBUTIONS AND. ADVANCES): Rivers and Harbors contributed funds_, Various $32, 456, 968 Rivers and Harbors advanced funds .------Various 4, 184, 883

Total_------36, 641, 851

FUNDS TRANSFERRED FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS: Consolidated working funds, Army, Engi- neers, Civil_ 119, 000 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engi- neers, Civil, 1963------*-6, 075 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engi- neers, Civil, 1964------28, 000 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engi- neers, Civil, 1956-64------*- 454 Construction, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Interior (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) ------79, 782 Construction, International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. and Mexico, State (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------224, 000 Federal-Aid Highways, Trust Fund, Treasury (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------300, 000 Foreign quarantine activities, Public Health Service (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)_------*--50, 698 Public Works Acceleration, Executive (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil) 1963 ------.. *- 340, 888

Total...... ------352, 667

Grand total, all funds ----.....------1, 133, 720, 486

*Returned to originating agency. 54 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 19. Advanced Funds, Fiscal Year 1964

The following amounts were advanced by local interests for river and harbor improvements under provisions of section II, River and Harbor Act of 1925, and for flood control works under provisions of the act of October 15, 1940, and are returnable to the same interests when necessary government funds are available.

Balance Amount Amount Balance due from received returned due from District United during during United States, fiscal year fiscal year States, June 30, 1963 June 30,1964

Selkirk Shores State Buffalo $4, 591_------$4, 591 Park, N.Y. Anaheim Bay Harbor, Los -_------$1,-- 447, 000 1,447, 000 Calif. Angeles. Benedict Canyon, _ .do 760, 000 $760, 000------Calif. Burbank-Eastern, __do_- I-__-L- _ _ 795, 000 795, 000 ______Calif. Cabrillo Beach, Calif__. _-_do .... 143, 400 - 143, 400 Donheny Beach, ___do___ 1, 700 80, 700 82, 400 Calif. Emerald Wash and -_doL_--I--__.... 455, 000 455, 0001 ------Live Oak Wash, Calif. Imperial Beach, Calif_ _-_do_ 19, 480 9, 919------29, 399 Oceanside, Calif...._. -do-- - 1, 002, 930_ ... 1, 002, 930.__.__ Thompson Creek and -- do---_-I---- 500, 0001 500, 000o ----- San Jose Wash, Calif. Ventura-Pierpont, do -I 172, 333 137, 264 309, 597 Calif. ------I I - Total rivers 1, 334, 4341 4, 184, 883 512, 93012, 016, 387 and harbors.

2. APPROPRIATIONS Chart IV indicates the fluctuation in annual appropriations since 1954 for Civil Works functions.

3. EXPENDITURES (COSTS) During the fiscal year expenditures (costs) were $1,090,265,325 on the Civil Works program. Of this amount, $888,988,719 was for construction and $201,276,606 for all other activities except those funded by contingencies, advances, and collections from local sources and transfers from other agencies. Chart V shows comparative expenditure (cost) data since 1956. Expenditures under each appropriation are listed in table 20. ACTUAL APPROPRIATIONS-CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS DOLLARS BILLIONS 1.2

1.0

OTHER .2 5 5 56

01954 1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 CHART IV 56 REPORT OF THE CHIEF:OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

EXPENDITURES (COST)-CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS DOLLARS MILLIONS

1.2

1.0

TOTAL

CONST RUCTIO

ALL OTHERS .2. . .. _" __J

0 I I I I I I 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 CHART V Fabl.Aed ENDiturs, Fisc Year 96 57 Table.20. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1964

The total actually expended under the direction of the Chief of Engineers in connection with maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors, flood control, and other miscellaneous works during the fiscal year as follows:

Appropriation title Amount

::RIVERS AND HARBORS AND FLOOD CONTROL: 'Flood control, Mississippi River and tributaries_ $77, 070, 208 General investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil...... 18, 308, 974 Construction, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil._._._ 807, 519, 152 Operation and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers, Civil------.------... -----...... 152, 975, 328 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1962------..- 5 General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1963-..----... 88, 480 ,General expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964-- 14, 869, 861 Maintenance and operation of dams and other improvements to navigable waters------153, 727

Total rivers and harbors and flood control_ 1, 070, 985, 735

TMISCELLANEOUS APPROPRIATIONS: U.S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1964._ 3, 743 International Navigation Congresses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1961 and 1962--__---- 11, 602 Hydraulic mining in California, Civil______18, 366 Payments to States, Flood Control Act of 1938, as amended- 1;718, 769

Total miscellaneous appropriations... _... 1, 752, 480

CONTRIBUTED AND ADVANCED FUNDS: Rivers and harbors, contributed funds-----.-_-__ 31, 066, 793 Rivers and harbors, advanced funds-.. ----... - 4, 855, 825

Total contributed and advanced funds - 35, 922, 618

Total appropriated and contributed funds------1, 108, 660, 833 58 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Table 80. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1964--Continued

Appropriation title Amount I

TRANSFERS FROM OTHER DEPARTMENTS: Capital outlay, U.S. Soldiers' Home (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------$354, 318 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engineers, Civil...... 119, 233 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engineers, Civil, 1963.... 17, 583 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engineers, Civil, 1964.... 8, 716 Consolidated working funds, Army, Engineers, Civil, 1956-64_ 205 Construction, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)_------_------291, 126 Construction, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Interior (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------79, 782 Construction, International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. and Mexico, State (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------197, 970 Federal-Aid Highways, Trust Fund, Treasury (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)___---- -__------_ 271, 907 Foreign Quarantine Activities, Public Health Service (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)- -- - __ 12, 379 Public Works Acceleration, Executive (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1963--..__-_------_ 4, 869, 375 U.S. dollar advances from Foreign Governments, U.S. Edu- cational Exchange Program, State (transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil)------592

Total transfers from other departments------6, 223, 186

Grand total, all funds...... ------. 1, 114, 884, 019 CHAPTE VI

OTHER ACTIVITIES

1. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER JOINT BOARD OF ENGINEERS This Board, having United States and Canadian Sections, was created pursuant to the order of approval issued by the International Joint Commission on October 29, 1952. The U.S. Section was established and its duties defined by an Executive order issued November 4, 1953. Members of the U.S. Section were the Secretary of the Army and the Chairman of the Federal Power Commission. Maj. Gen. C. G. Holle (Ret.) (retained on a consultant basis) served as alternate to act for the Secretary of the Army during the year, and Mr. H. M. Hay served as alternate for the Chairman of the Federal Power Commission. The duties of the Board were to review and approve, in behalf of both Federal Governments, the plans, specifications, and work schedules for the power project in the International Rapids section of the St. Lawrence River, and to inspect construction operations to insure conformance with Board approvals. The power project was constructed jointly by the Power Authority of the State of New York and The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. A small engineering staff to support the U.S. Section was established in Massena, N.Y., on July 1, 1954, with Washington liaison. In consideration of the advanced stage of construction of the power project, the Massena office was closed August 8, 1958, with staff support thereafter being provided in the Office of, the Chief of En- gineers and the Washington office of the Federal Power Commission. Under date of October 4, 1963, each section submitted to its government a final report stating that the purposes for which the Board was created had been accomplished and the Board considered itself dis- solved with submission of the report. Costs of the U.S. Section throughout its existence totaled about :$450,000. All costs of the U.S. Section were subject to reimburse- ment by the Power Authority of the State of New York, as provided in the appropriation acts

2. FLOOD FIGHTING AND OTHER EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Emergency flood control and shore protection activities were carried on during the year pursuant to statutory authority set forth in Public 59 60 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Law 99, 84th Congress, as amended by section 206, Flood Control Act of 1962. Public Law 99 activities include: advance preparation for flood emergencies; flood fighting and rescue work; and the repair and restoration of flood control works damaged by flood, and of Federally authorized shore protection works damaged by storm. Fiscal year expenditures from the emergency fund totaled $1,293,589. Disaster assistance, primarily in the form of engineering and construction services, were made available at the scene of major disasters as authorized and directed by the Office of Emergency Planning (OEP), acting on behalf of the President, in accordance with procedures established pursuant to Public Law 875, 81st Congress (Federal Disaster Act of 1950). Also, emergency operations were undertaken as requested by other Federal agencies on a reimbursable basis. The most note- worthy emergency operations during the fiscal year are described in following paragraphs. Florida disaster area, 1962. The program of emergency shore protection and repair or restoration of public facilities, undertaken by the Corps at OEP request in Duval and St. Johns Counties, following the disastrous storm of November 1962, was completed in October 1963 at a total cost of $1,435,200. Texas floods from Hurricane Cindy, September 1963. Hurricane Cindy reached the Texas coast in the vicinity of Port Arthur on the night of September 17-18, bringing heavy rains to the entire area. Total rainfall approached 30 inches at some points with Deweyville, Tex., reporting 22.72 inches during one 24-hour period. The Sabine River flooded at Deweyville and Orange; inadequate flatland drainage resulted in very damaging "ponding" at Deweyville, Bon Weir, Orange, Port Arthur, and Beaumont. Corps assistance to local authorities during a successful 2-day flood fight on a levee at Port Acres (near Port Arthur) included furnishing 30,000 sandbags and heavy construction equipment. The President made a "major disaster" declaration under Public Law 875 with regard to the affected areas. Assistance in drought areas, October-November 1963. At OEP request the Corps furnished technical advice and assistance to State and local authorities within the drought areas of Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Vermont. Corps activities included the determination of minimal water requirements; investigation of the feasibility of installing pipeline and pumps for emergency water supply; and provision of technical guidance regarding location and installation of emergency equipment. A Presidential declaration of a "major disaster" under Public Law 875 was made in November covering drought-affected areas in Vermont. OTHER ACTIVITIES 61

Baldwin Hills Dam disaster, Los Angeles, Calif., December 1963. Impounded water loosed by failure of the city-owned Baldwin Hills Dam on December 14, 1963, caused damages of several million dollars in the Baldwin Hills area of Los Angeles. The President determined this to be a "major disaster." At OEP request, the Corps undertook the task of debris clearance and emergency repair and restoration of public facilities. The requested disaster assistance was completed in March 1964 at a cost of $1,251,111. Emergency repair of the Ballona Creek Channel, required because of damaging outflows below the Baldwin Hills Dam, was accomplished under Public Law 99 authority. Ohio River Basin floods, March 1964. Extremely heavy rainfall during the period March 4-10, 1964, caused widespread flooding in the Ohio River Basin and considerable property damage, particularly along the Ohio River. Flood damages on the Ohio River were estimated at $73 million of the total $106 million estimated damages in the entire Ohio River Basin. Flood control works constructed by the Corps prevented damages of at least $289 million. Of the 39 operating Corps reservoirs in the Ohio River Basin, 33 were so located that they were effective during the flood, with 40 percent of their total flood control storage used. Corps personnel were dispatched to key points throughout the basin and provided local people with technical advice and assistance. Such assistance was particularly effective at Louisville, Ky. The President acted under Public Law 875 and declared "major disasters" in the affected areas of Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia. Engineering support was given the OEP in processing applications for Federal assistance received from the local interests. Susquehanna River Basin floods, March 1964. Rainfall on the night of March 4, accompanied by melting snow, caused floods on the North Branch and its tributaries; heavy rainfall during March 8-9 additionally caused severe flooding on the West Branch, lower North Branch and the main stem. Damages sustained in the Susquehanna River Basin were estimated at $19 million, and flood control works were estimated to have prevented about $70 million damages. Tech- nical advice and assistance were given the local interests during the high-water period. Recovery of plane wreckage, Lake Pontchartrain. Pursuant to a request on March 19, 1964, from the Executive Director of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) to the Secretary of the Army, the New Orleans District assisted in the CAB effort to recover the wreckage of an Eastern Airlines DC-8 plane which went down in Lake Pont- chartrain on February 25, 1964. Dredging operations were initiated March 20 and continued until April 10; an estimated 76,000 pounds 62 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964. of plane parts were recovered. The cost of the operation, undertaken on a reimbursable basis, was $60,000. Alaska earthquake disaster, March 1964. A severe earthquake, ranging from 8.4 to 8.6 on the Richter scale, struck Alaska on March 27, 1964, with catastrophic results. Property damage estimates, exclusive of personal property and income losses, were reported as $311 million. Areas of greatest damage were Anchorage, Seward, Valdez, Cordova, Seldovia, Homer, and other nearby coastal towns. The island of Kodiak suffered severe damage, with all canneries wiped out. Corps personnel were dispatched to all damaged areas and promptly provided emergency assistance. The President acted under Public Law 875 and declared a "major disaster" in all affected areas in Alaska. OEP requested the Corps to perform damage surveys and provide the principal Federal disaster assistance under Public Law 875, consisting of debris clearance; emergency repair, restoration, and replacement of public facilities; and protective and other work essential for the preservation of life and property. The current estimate of Public Law 875 work contemplated or authorized by the OEP is about $55 million. Total work accomplished as of June 30, 1964, was estimated at $5.3 million. Additionally, the Corps was assigned the task of rebuilding destroyed terminal facilities at Seward for The Alaska Railroad at an estimated cost of $9.5 million. Under navigational authorities available to the Corps, rehabilitation and reconstruction of navigation facilities was undertaken at Kodiak, Seldovia, Homer, Seward, Valdez, and Cordova at an estimated total cost of $2.4 million as of June 30, 1964. Sea-wave disaster at Cresent City, Calif., March 1964. Seismic sea waves (tsunami) as a result of the Alaskan, earthquake, beginning on or about March 27, 1964, caused extensive damages along the coastal area of Del Norte County and completely demolished a large part of Cresent City. As a result of a Presidential declaration designating Del Norte County a "major disaster" area, the OEP requested the Corps to undertake debris clearance, restoration of utilities and rehabilitation of the public dock at an estimated cost of $800,000. Under this program $537,000 of work was accomplished in fiscal year 1964. Montana flood disaster, June 1964. Heavy rainfall accompanied by melting snow caused record and disastrous flooding on the Sun, Teton, and Marias River Basins, Mont., and in the Upper Flathead River Basin, Mont. As a result of the major damage, a Public Law 875 Presidential declaration was made covering affected areas in Montana. The Corps established a field office at Great Falls, Mont., and furnished technical advice and assistance as needed; damage surveys were also made by the Corps. At the request of the OEP, OTHER ACTIVITIE8 63 the Corps initiated a program for repair and restoration of public facilities, and protective work, for which the current cost estimate is $800,000. 3. PROTECTION OF NAVIGABLE WATERS In administering the Federal laws enacted for the protection and preservation of the navigable waters of the United States, 6,594 permits for structures or operations in navigable waters were issued and plans for 165 bridges, dams, dikes, or causeways were approved during the year. In addition, 30 extensions of time for commencement or completion of construction of bridges were granted. Fifty-five sets of regulations for the use, administration, and navigation of navigable waters were established, including drawbridge regulations, establishment of anchorage grounds, special anchorage areas, danger zones, and restricted areas. The Corps of Engineers engaged in the following additional activities relative to the administration of the laws for the protection of navigable waters: Investigations of the discharge or deposit of refuse matter of any kind in navigable waters; prevention of pollution of coastal navigable waters by oil; administrative determination of the heads of navigation and the extent to which the laws shall apply to specific streams; supervision of the harbors of New York, Hampton Roads, and Baltimore to prevent obstructive and injurious deposits in the waters thereof, including the waters of Long Island Sound; establishment of reasonable rates of toll for transit across bridges over navigable waters; granting of permits for the occupation and use of Federal works under control of the Corps of Engineers; report of international boards on operations affecting international boundary waters; legislation in connection with the foregoing, and prevention and removal of any deposits in channels which obstruct navigation or increase Federal maintenance costs. The program has resulted not only in a saving in dredging costs and more efficient use of dredging equipment, but also in a stimulation of planning by the industries to improve their operations for recovering salvageable material. The Corps of Engineers is making a thorough review of its policy on bridge clearances with a view to resolving problems involved in meeting the requirements of both water and land transportation interests. The present system of standard bridge clearances is being reviewed and extended to cover, insofar as practicable and necessary, all navigable waterways. During the fiscal year the economic study to determine whether the present standards for the Ohio River should be modified was continued. On November 20, 1963, the Chief of Engineers approved a vertical clearance standard of 42 feet above the 2-percent line and a horizontal guide clearance of 200 feet for the White River from its junction with the Arkansas River and tributaries 761-80-65---7 64 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 navigation project to Newport, Ark. On February 14, 1964, the Chief of Engineers adopted a vertical clearance standard of 55 feet above mean high water and a horizontal guide clearance of 90 feet for the Okeechobee Waterway. On June 26 the Chief of Engineers approved a vertical clearance standard of 55 feet above the project design flood plane for the Sacramento River from the "W-X" Street bridge site upstream to Colusa, Calif. Under the Bridge Alteration Act (Truman-Hobbs) of June 21, 1940, as amended by the act of July 16, 1952, the cost of altering a bridge used for railroad traffic, combined railroad and highway traffic or a publicly owned highway bridge, found by the Secretary of the Army to be obstructive to navigation, is apportioned between the bridge owner and the United States. Hearings in connection with obstructive qualities are held to determine if the bridge is an unreasonable obstruction to navigation. During the fiscal year no hearings were held on obstructive bridges. Funds have been made available for continuation of alteration on four bridges. Action was continued on six additional obstructive bridge cases in various stages of development.

4. HYDRAULIC MINING, CALIFORNIA The California Debris Commission created by act of Congress in 1893, regulates hydraulic mining in the drainage area of the Sac- ramento and San Joaquin Rivers to prevent the resulting debris from being carried into navigable waters. The Commission currently has nine licensed mining operators, of which three utilize storage behind the Federal debris dams. During the year the Harry L. Englebright Dam axd the North Fork Dam, together with their appurtenant service facilities, were operated and maintained for the storage of hydraulic mining debris. Maintenance work accomplished on the Yuba River during the fiscal year, by contract, consisted of bank protection, both banks, Yuba River, vicinity of Simpson Lane in Yuba County. The cost of this activity was paid in part by funds provided from receipts of required contributed funds. During the February 1963 high water the center section, approximately 125 feet in extent, failed on Daguerre Point Dam, Yuba River. Rehabilitation to replace the wood and concrete structure with a concrete gravity dam was initiated by contract in July 1963. Con- struction activities were suspended during periods of November 2-7 and 15-20, 1963, due to high water caused by heavy rains. Minimum construction measures to provide for protection during the 1963-64 flood season were completed December 18, 1963; work is scheduled to be resumed during July and completed in September 1964. Cost of OTHER ACTIVITIES 65 this work during the fiscal year was $1,036,532, of which $518,366 were Federal costs and $518,366 required contributed funds.

5. NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE STUDIES FOR CIVIL CONSTRUCTION In 1962 the Corps of Engineers joined with the Atomic Energy Commission Plowshare program to develop the use of nuclear explosives for large-scale excavation. In the joint program the Corps is responsible for conducting small-scale cratering experiments and development of the requisite data oh engineering and construction problems. The research and investigation of the Corps generally divide into three areas: Investigations of engineering properties of nuclear craters; small-scale cratering experiments; and engineering studies of project feasibility. The program cost in fiscal year 1964 was $1,200,000. A small-scale cratering experiment, Pre-Schooner, was conducted at the Nevada test site to extend current knowledge on crater dimensions. Preshot and postshot explorations were conducted at the Danny Boy and Sedan nuclear crater sites. The U.S. Army Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., provides technical management of the program. The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., supports the Nuclear Cratering Group in investigations and studies. Selected division and districts participate in the program as required.

6. LAKE SURVEY The U.S. Lake Survey, under its authorized project, continued the program of conducting .appropriate field surveys for, and the pre- paring, revising, and distributing of navigation charts of the Great Lakes and their outflow rivers, the New York State Barge Canals, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes, including bound volumes of large-scale charts primarily for recreational use. The Great Lakes Pilot and seven monthly supplements thereto, publications which complement information shown on the charts, were compiled and issued. Information was gathered and studies and investigations continued on matters pertaining to the applied hydraulics and hydrology of the Great Lakes. Hydrographic surveys, including establishment and verification of control networks, were accomplished at several locations in the Great Lakes and its tributaries. Revisory surveys were conducted in harbors and other critical areas on Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior, and St. Clair; on the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes; and in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. 66 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERIS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

The program for research and investigation of all aspects of "freshwater" oceanography, coastal engineering, and related scientific fields pertinent to development of improved utilization of water resources of the Great Lakes system, initiated in the prior fiscal year, was continued. This program principally involves the following fields of research: water motion, shore processes, water characteristics, water quantity, and ice and snow. During the year work continued on the projects previously initiated and a number of new projects were begun. The projects included expansion of the harbor current studies at selected harbors in Lake Erie; wave hindcasting studies in the Great Lakes; specialized wave studies in Lakes Superior and Erie; and sediment transport investigations at two harbors in Lake Superior. A T-boat was acquired and plans for its modification for use as a research vessel were begun. For a detailed report on operations under this activity see volume 2, U.S. Lake Survey.

7. WASHINGTON, D.C., WATER SUPPLY With funds appropriated for the District of Columbia, the Corps of Engineers continued the operation, maintenance, repair, and protection of the water supply facilities, known as the Washington Aqueduct, to provide an uninterrupted and adequate supply of purified water to the distribution systems of the District of Columbia and adjacent Mary- land and Virginia areas as authorized by law. The maximum daily consumption provided by the existing facilities was 259 million gallons and the average daily consumption was 170 million gallons. In order to meet the future demands for water, construction work continued on the long-range program. Construction of the new Dalecarlia filter and chemical buildings by contract was completed. For detailed report on maintenance, operation, and capital outlay of the Washington, D.C., water supply facilities see volume 2, Baltimore District.

8. FOREIGN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE The Corps of Engineers continued to participate in the foreign technical assistance program of the Department of State, the Agency for International Development, and the United Nations. This participation entailed the inservice training of selected engineers from foreign governments, the short-time detailing of technical specialists to provide technical assistance for Civil Works projects in foreign countries in support of AID programs, the accommodation of visiting foreign nationals at Civil Works projects and activities, and the provision of engineering information and literature relating to the development of water resources. ( rHER ACTIVITIES 67 During the fiscal year training in navigation development, flood control, hydroelectric power development, and other water resource development activities was provided foreign nationals from the following countries: Afghanistan Philippines Brazil Paraguay Congo Republic of China India Spain Indonesia Turkey Jordan United Arab Republic Nigeria Vietnam In addition, the Corps of Engineers received foreign government representatives and engineers and afforded them the opportunity to visit the Corps Civil Works offices and projects to observe construction, organization, and techniques. Upon request engineering information pertaining to the Corps Civil Works program was furnished to foreign engineers and government representatives. 9. PUBLICATIONS The following publications pertaining to Civil Works activities have been issued. A. Available at the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, at indicated price: 1. Port Series: No. 30-The Ports of San Francisco and Redwood City, Calif --- $1. 25 No. 31-The Ports of Oakland, Alameda, and Richmond, and Ports on San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Mare Island Strait, Calif ------. 50 No. 32-The Ports of Stockton and Sacramento, Calif------. 45 No. 34-The Port of Portland, Oreg ------.60 2. Transportation Series: No. 3-Transportation Lines on the Great Lakes System, 1964..- .60 No. 4-Transportation Lines on the Mississippi River System and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 1963 ------2. 25 No. 5--Transportation Lines on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts, 1963 ------3. 00 B. Available at U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit, Mich., 48226, at listed price: 1. Great Lakes Pilot, 1964 (including supplements)---_------2. 50 2. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, calendar year 1963: Part 1-Waterways and Harbors: Atlantic Coast- 1. 30 Part 2-Waterways and Harbors: Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and Antilles ------1.50 Part 3-Waterways and Harbors: Great Lakes1------. 25 Part 4-Waterways and Harbors: Pacific Coast, Alaska and Hawaii------. 1.20 Part 5--National Summaries------.30 (68 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

C.'Engineer Manuals available at U.S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station at indicated price: EM 1110-2-1602, Hydraulic Design of Reservoir Outlet Structures.. $0. 45 EM 1110-2-2000, Standard Practice for Concrete------.50 EM 1110-1-2101, Working Stresses for Structural Design.------_ - . 25 EM 1110-2-3503, Foundation Grouting: Field Technique and Inspection------.30

10. DIRECTORY OF INSTALLATIONS AND ACTIVITIES A. Divisions and Districts: U.S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley, Post Office Box 80, Vicksburg, Miss., 39181 U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis, 668 Federal Office Building, Memphis, Tenn., 38103 U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Post Office Box 60267, New Orleans, La., 70160 U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis, 906 Oliver Street, St. Louis, Mo., 63101 U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Post Office Box 60, Vicksburg, Miss., 39181 U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, Post Office Box 103, Down- town Station, Omaha, Nebr., 68101 U.S. Army Engineer District, Kansas City, 1800 Federal Office Building, Kansas City, Mo., 64106 U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, 6012 U.S. Post Office and Court House, Omaha, Nebr., 68101 U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, 424 Trapelo Road, Waltham, Mass., 02154 U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Atlantic, 90 Church Street, New York, N.Y., 10007 U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore, Post Office Box 1715, Balti- more, Md., 21203 U.S. Army Engineer District, New York, 111 East 16th Street, New York, N.Y., 10003 U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk, Foot of Front Street, Norfolk, Va., 23510 U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Custom House, 2d and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa., 19106 U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Central, 536 .South Clark Street, Chicago, Ill.,60605 U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo, Foot of Bridge Street, Buffalo, N.Y., 14207 U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago, 219 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill.,60604 U.S. Army Engineer District, Detroit, Post Office Box 1027, Detroit, Mich., 48231 U.S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island, Clock Tower Building, Rock Island, Ill., 61202 U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, 1217 U.S. Post Officeand Cus- tomhouse, St. Paul, Minn., 55101 U.S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, 630 Federal Building, Detroit, Mich., 48226 OTHER ACTIVITIES 69

U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, 210 Custom House, Portland, Oreg., 97209 U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland, Oreg., 97205 U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska, Post Office Box 7002, Anchorage, Alaska, 99051 U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, 1519 Alaskan Way, South, Seattle, Wash., 98134 U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Building 602, City-County Airport, Walla Walla, Wash., 99362 U.S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, Post Office Box 1159, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45201 U.S. Army Engineer District, Huntington, Post Office Box 2127, Huntington, W. Va., 25721 U.S. Army Engineer District, Louisville, Post Office Box 59, Louisville, Ky., 40201 U.S. Army Engineer District, Nashville, Post Office Box 1070, Nashville, Tenn., 37202 U.S. Army Engineer District, Pittsburgh, Federal 2032 Building, 1000 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., 15222 U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, Building 96, Fort Armstrong, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Building 96, Fort Armstrong, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Atlantic, 510 Title Building, 30 Pryor Street S. W., Atlanta, Ga., 30303 U.S. Army Engineer District, Charleston, Post Office Box 905, Charles- ton, S.C., 29402 U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, Post Office Box 4970, Jacksonville, Fla., 32201 U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Post Office Box 1169, Mobile, Ala., 36601 U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah, Post Office Box 889, Savannah, Ga., 31402 U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington, Post Office Box 1890, Wilmington, N.C., 28402 U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Paqific, 630 Sansome Street, Room 1216, San Francisco, Calif., 94111 U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Post Office Box 17277, Foy Station, Los Angeles, Calif., 90017 U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento, 650 Capitol Mall, Sacra- mento, Calif., 95814 U.S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, 100 McAllister Street, San Francisco, Calif., 94102 U.S. Army Engineer Div ision, Southwestern, 1114 Commerce Street, Dallas, Tex., 75202 U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, Post Office Box 1538, Albuquerque, N. Mex., 87103 U.S. Army Engineer District, Fort Worth, Post Office Box 1600, Fort Worth, Tex., 76101 U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston, Post Office Box 1229, Galves- ton, Tex., 77551 70 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Post Office Box 867, Little Rock, Ark., 72203 U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa, Post Office Box 61, Tulsa, Okla., 74102 B. Boards, Commissions, and Stations: Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, Tempo C Building, 2d and Q Streets SW., Washington, D.C., 20315 California Debris Commission, 650 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, Calif., 95814 Mississippi River Commission, Post Office Box 80, Vicksburg, Miss., 39181 U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Board, 5201 Little Falls Road, NW., Washington, D.C., 20016 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Post Office Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss., 39181 C. International Boards and Commissions: International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico; Secretary, U.S. Section, Joe D. Walstrom, Mart Building, El Paso, Tex. International Champlain Waterway Board, United States and Canada; Secretary, U.S. Section, John W. Roche, Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C., 20315 International Columbia River Engineering Board, United States and Canada International Joint Commission, United States and Canada; Secretary, U.S. Section, William A. Bullard, Room 208, 1711 New York Avenue, NW., Washington, D.C. International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board, United States and Canada International Pembina River Engineering Board, United States and Canada; Secretary,U.S. Section, Leon Maca, Department of the Interior, Washing- ton, D.C., 20240 International Saint John River Engineering Board, United States and Canada; Secretary, U.S. Section, Wallace T. Miller, Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 20240 International St. Croix River Engineering Board, United States and Canada CHAPTER VII ECONOMY MEASURES During the fiscal year the program to reduce costs, improve operation, and increase productivity has continued to provide economies in Corps activities. This program resulted in savings and benefits in fiscal year 1964 of an estimated $15,645,000 to civil appropriations. Typical examples of the savings accomplished under the cost reduction programs are cited below. Engineering and construction. A change in specifications designed to produce reductions in future maintenance costs has been made to specify superior quality concrete for outlet, spillway, and stilling basin surfaces which will be subject to high velocity flow to reduce abrasion and cavitation erosion. Reduction in annual maintenance costs is estimated in excess of $200,000. Economies have resulted from the use of fly ash, a form of pozzolan, as a replacement for part of the cement used in the casting of mattresses for placement along banks of the Mississippi River. Annual savings of $21,000 are expected to result at one plant with an estimated total annual cost reduction exceeding $400,000 as a result of such substitution. Economies also resulted by using a water reducing admikture in the casting of concrete mattresses for placement along the banks of the Mississippi River. Annual savings of $54,000 was realized during the year as a result of this innovation. A design change of Pennsville dike, Delaware River, consisted of utilizing willow brush between existing piles capped with stones. The savings resulting from this design change was approximately $1 million. Improvement in design of the structure for housing and controlling regulating gates at an earthfill dam at the Fall Creek project resulted in savings of $800,000. At the Little Goose project a design change reduced construction costs by $2,358,000 by replacing mass concrete gravity sections of the intermediate lock walls between the upper and lower gates with massivehead buttress sections. Instead of the conventional gravity fish ladder at Ice Harbor Dam a new idea was introduced of transporting the trapped fish by cableway. After completion of Ice Harbor Dam the cableway was dis- mantled, hauled to and reerected at Lower Monumental Dam. 71 72 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

Based on costs of conventional facilities, monetary savings at Lower Monumental exceeded $1,100,000. Operation and maintenance. Upon retirement of the towboat first assistant diesel engineer, a Louisville District personnel utilization study determined that a marine equipment repairer leader in the Louisville Repair Station Field Maintenance Unit could perform the duties of the towboat first assistant diesel engineer while the towboat was underway and the vacated position was abolished. Annual sayv ings of $10,000 are estimated to have resulted from this action. The Sacramento District placed five 50-foot piles topped with reflectory warning signs, which comply with the California Waterway Marker System, on the perimeter of a large wreck. The safety hazard was eliminated at a cost of only $1,595 in lieu of removing the wreck from a Federal waterway at a cost of $31,350 resulting in a saving of $29,755. Floating plant and plant operation. Shoaling of coastal inlets, caused by storms and shifting currents, created hazards for small commercial and private fishing craft. A relatively new sidecasting technique was introduced in the conversion of a Navy Yard Seaplane derrick to a shallow-draft dredge. With a draft of only 4Y feet fully loaded, the dredge Merritt, clears the channels and casts the material alongside the channel through an 80-foot long, 12-inch diameter discharge pipe. In addition to inlet dredging, it can also function in deep-draft harbor channels when required. By converting the Navy vessel, costs were $200,000 below what a new vessel would normally cost. The extensive development of oil, gas, and sulphur resources in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana has greatly increased the need for shallow-draft channels to accommodate small boat and barge traffic servicing these developments. To provide a reasonable cost shallow draft dredging capability for this purpose, conversion of a surplus Navy Yard freighter to a sidecasting dredge has been initiated. Conversion work is expected to. be completed in fiscal year 1966. By converting a surplus navy vessel for this purpose costs were $1 million below what a new vessel would normally cost. Supply. A program for locating and utilizing items of engineer and construction equipment available as surplus from other Federal agencies has over the past greatly reduced capital outlay for Civil Works. This program has been continued and in fiscal year 1964 resulted in an estimated saving of $2,700,000 in the acquisition of plant that would have required an outlay of $4 million for new procurement. Employee suggestions. Employee suggestions, through the Incen- tive Awards Program, continue to provide a substantial share of the improvement projects completed throughout the Corps of Engineers. ECONOMY MEASURES

In fiscal year 1964, over 2,800 suggestions were adopted. Those applicable to Civil Works produced savings in excess of $2.7 million. The scope and size of the suggestions ranged from a reduction in paper stocks by standardizing sizes with savings of $5,600 to technical improvements where a single suggestion resulted in savings of $2.3 million in construction of a navigation lock at a major damsite. Automatic data processing. There has been a continued increase in the use of computers and other automated systems to relieve technical personnel of the large volume and wide range of mathematical computations and analyses required in designing and directing the construction and other activities of the Corps. Some of the applications reported during the past 6 months are in the following paragraphs. Computer programs are being used extensively in the Seattle Dis- trict on engineering problems requiring mathematical solutions, including slope stability analyses on major highway and railroad relocations; analyses of concrete temperatures and methods for controlling temperatures stresses in large concrete dams; traverse and horizontal alinement problems; profile grade and template generation; earthwork design, survey quantity, and other computations. Annual benefits based on manpower savings are estimated to equal $45,000 on these applications. In the Portland District, programming of payroll cost distribution of an EAM system has eliminated the manual calculations and re- caps formerly required resulting in savings of 4% man-years of effort. This program computes effective time including leave burden and government contributions. The output consists of an edit run for audit purposes and a summary with supporting detail runs for vouch- ering. The summary, as support to vouchers, is utilized by the Cost and Finance Sections for posting to ledgers. Estimated savings are $22,000 annually.

CHAPTER VIII WATERBORNE COMMERCE Calendar year 1963 was a record year for U.S. waterborne commerce with a total of 1,174million tons and 234 billion ton-miles transported on U.S. waterways. The increases during the year amounted to 44 million tons and 11 billion ton-miles over 1962 and 42 million tons and 2 billion ton-miles over the previous peak year of 1957. Tonnage of the foreign trade accounted for 27 million tons of the total increase, while the domestic trades advanced 17 million tons. Both the foreign and domestic totals were at record levels. The major factor contributing to the domestic trade total of 788 million tons was a 5-percent increase in the internal traffic from :316 million tons in 1962 to 332 million tons in 1963. This was the fifth successive year of record totals for internal traffic. Lakewise traffic recovered from 2 years of decline with a 6-million-ton increase for a total of 142 million tons, and intraterritory traffic rose to 1.6 million tons for a gain of 29 percent. Coastwise and intraport and local traffics, on the other hand, lost 1 and 3 million tons, respectively, with 214 million tons reported for the coastwise and 99 million tons for intraport and local traffics. Foreign trade tonnage amounted to 386 million tons with exports showing the best improvement, a 16-percent increase to 158 million tons in 1963 compared with 136 million tons in 1962. Imports rose 5 million tons, advancing again to a new peak of 227 million tons. Direct overseas exports from U.S. Great Lakes ports fell almost 1 million tons during 1963, but this was offset by an increased volume of indirect shipments of grain from U.S. ports to Canadian (North) Atlantic ports for transshipment overseas and by an increased volume of imports direct from overseas and by overseas shipment via Canadian ports to U.S. Great Lakes ports. Hence, U.S. commerce through the St. Lawrence Seaway was at a slightly higher level in 1963 than in 1962. The 5-percent increase in ton-miles was relatively higher than the increase in tonnage of 4 percent primarily because of the longer hauls on the Great Lakes. Ton-miles on the Great Lakes system were 5 billion higher in 1963 than in 1962 with a total of 95 billion; this 1963 total is still considerably below the record of 127 billion ton-miles reported for the system in 1957. Both the Mississippi River system and the coastal waterways produced 3 billion more ton-miles in 1963 75 76 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964 than in 1962 with the Mississippi River system rising from 79 to 82 billion and the coastal systems from 54 to 57 billion. Improvement occurred in all sections of the country; a substantial gain on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway led to the Gulf Coast system making a better showing than either of the Atlantic or Pacific Coasts waterways. Total freight handled at ports and carried on the waterways improved by the Corps of Engineers under Congressional authorization are presented in the following tabulations. Detailed data on the commodities handled and the vessel trips at individual ports and waterways are in the publications listed in paragraph B2, section 9, chapter VI. WATERBORNE COMRCE 77

TOTAL WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 1953-1963 SFOREIGN ...... " DOMESTIC ""GREAT LAKES PORTS ECOASTAL PORTS GCOASTWISELAKEWISE INLAND MILLIONS OF SHORT TONS o 200 400 600 eoo0 1000 1200 YEAR

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25.1

1953

33.0 CHART VI 7 REPORT OF THE' CEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

TON-MILES OF FREIGHT CARRIED ON THE WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1953-1963

GREAT LAKES MISSISSIPPI. RIVER OTHER SYSTEM SYSTEM WATERWAYS

BILLIONS OF TON-MILES 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 a l I L I I I I i YEAR

1963 ... , ...... * ......

.,, ,,.,.,;.. 196 9 .. . ..

1960 9 9

195761 .,-, . ,,-, . ,.. -.,.,

1956.

. 1955 .. :......

1954 *...... 0 i i9 54 '''''''''''. 51( 7 ,,,'',,''--'-,''--'P' 4 '2PZJ Z .'-. mmm • • • i llmlmll-m- lllllllllllml

1953 :. I:::".:: 2.::::..:.:..423

CHART VII Reservoirs of the Corps of Engineers as of June 80, 1964 1 [Storage in thousands of acre-feet. Total storage is shown] Total of -4 Completed or in Under construction Authorized, not Total active Deferred Inactive active partial operation not operable started deferred, Region inactive 00 Number Storage Number Storage Number Storage Number Storage Number Number Number C;r

2 570 2 570 2 00 Alaska_ ------Arkansas-White-Red__------32 41, 261 13 10, 801 23 6, 980 68 59, 042 4 4 76 Central and South Pacific------11 489 1 277. 12 766 5 17 Central Valley ------2 14 2 3, 655 2 3, 955 8 6, 349 24 13, 959 1 25 Colorado------5 2, 561 1 805 2 284 8 3, 650 8 Columbia------17 6, 347 8 7, 739 8 7, 231 3 33 321, 317 1 34 Great Basin ..------..------3 57 3 57 4 7 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence- 6 452 6 452 6 Gulf and South Atlantic 47 410, 437 2 867 5 2, 303 14 13, 607 16 30 Hawaii------

Lower Mississippi ------5 4, 717 5 4, 717 5 1 124 17 2, 507 31 6, 152 3 34 I Middle Atlantic------13 3, 521 c--- Missouri ------20 78, 822 6 6,310 15 7, 238 41 92, 370 3 6 50 New England ------25 1,011 5 68 4 100 34 1, 179 4 10 48 North Pacific------2 212 4 914 6 1, 126 6 Ohio ------47 17, 424 15 7, 156 24 3, 527 86 28, 107 12 9 107 Rio Grande and Gulf 17 8, 972 5 6, 051 10 1, 991 32 17, 014 1 5 38 Souris and Red------5 1, 269 5 1, 269 2 7 Upper Mississippi 11 2, 829 6 4, 501 3 1, 651 20 8, 981 5 25

_i - _ 1-~- t- ,1 ------)------) ------I------Total------237 183, 979 64 48, 377 129 41,979 430 274,335 54 41 525 I 1 Navigation pools (locks and dams) that produce hydroelectric power are included. 4 The Central and Southern Florida project, consisting of some 21 lakes and conser- 5 Excludes 3 debris-control structures with 89,000 acre-feet of storage. vation impoundments with 10,690,000 acre-feet of storage, is not included in the region a Four reregulating structures, with 98,000 acre-feet of storage, are included as separate total. reservoirs.

B-1. Total U.S. Waterborne Commerce for Calendar Years 1958-6 (In millions of tons of 2,000 pounds)

Foreign Domestic

Imports Exports Year Total Total Coast- Lake- Internal Intra- Local Intra- Coastal Great Coastal Great wise wise port territory Total ports Lakes Total ports Lakes ports ports

ro 1953_. - - 923.5 128.0 120.6 7.4 89.4 63.8 25.6 706.2 188.8 188.6 225.0 47.9 54.7 1.3

1954 ------867.6 129.4 123.5 5.9 84.4 65.2 19.2 653.8 187.2 145.4 217.1 48.0 54.7 1.4 M 1955_------1, 016.1 153.0 144.3 8.7 118.1 95.4 22.7 745.0 195.7 184.8 249.7 52.9 60.0 2.0 1956______1,092.9 174.2 163.3 10.9 152.5 126.5 26.0 766.2 205.9 174.0 269.7 53.1 61.3 2.2 1957______1,131.4 186.4 176.2 10.1 172.2 146.9 25.3 772.9 196. 4 182.2 281.1 50.2 60.6 2.4 1958------1, 004. 5 189. 5 181. 5 8. 0 119. 4 101. 6 17. 8 695. 7 194. 1 132. 3 261. 1 48. 9 56. 5 2. 8 1 1959------_ 1,052.4 213.5 198.6 14.9 112.2 91.6 20.6 726.7 205.5 131.2 282.3 49.7 57.1 1.0 1960------1,099.9 211.3 198.5 12.9 128.0 104.8 23.2 760.6 209.2 155.1 291.1 49.5 54.7 1.0 M 1961_ -______1, 062.2 200.2 188.2 12.0 129.2 106.0 23.2 732.8 206.9 136.8 294.1 43.2 50.7 1. 1 1962__ - -______1,129.4 222.7 207.0 15.7 135.9 110.5 25.4 770.8 215.5 135.7 316.1 47.9 54.4 1.3 1963__ ------1,173.8 227.4 209.4 18.0 158.3 129.8 28.5 788.1 213.9 141.7 331.9 45.6 53.4 1.6

1Traffic within the states of Alaska and Hawaii transferred to other domestic traffic categories. Note. Totals represent the sums of unrounded figures, hence they may vary slightly from the sums of the rounded amounts. 82 REPORT OF THE lIE :OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-i. Project Harbors,. Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963 (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

ALABAMA CALIFORNIA-Con.

Dauphin Island Bay 1, 172 Morro Bay Harbor_ - 3, 862: Fly Creek (Fairhope) .... 523 Moss Landing Harbor -.. 179, 298 Guntersville ------1, 252, 519 Newport Bay Harbor . 2, 854- Mobile Harbor ...... 19, 052, 285 Oakland Harbor ------4, 245, 266 Redondo Beach (King ALASKA Harbor)_------_ 48- Redwood City Harbor- -- 3, 690, 042

Anchorage- _ __ _ 381, 764 Richmond Harbor ...... 16, 173, 923 Cordova Harbor ...... 46, 298 Sacramento ------1, 800; 376 Craig Harbor_ 1, 798 San Diego Harbor ----- 1, 838,. 177 Dillingham Harbor- _ . 6, 085 Sah Francisco Harbor .. 4, 299,105 Elfin Cove 1, 074 Santa Barbara Harbor --- 1, 644- Homer._ 9, 235 Stockton------3, 068, 942 Iliuliuk Harbor (Dutch Harbor) 126, 658 CONNECTICUT Juneau Harbor- --- 109, 650 Ketchikan Harbor 1, 121, 415 Bridgeport Harbor ...... 2, 445, 928 Kodiak Harbor . 73, 775 Clinton Harbor_------277 Metlakatla Harbor ...... 7, 574 Fivemile River Harbor.... 683 Nome Harbor 46, 330 Greenwich Harbor 80, 362 Pelican Harbor- 4, 231 Guilford Harbor_ 3, 321 Petersburg Harbor ...... 69, 004 Milford Harbor_ _ 95 Seldovia Harbor ...... 15, 479 New Haven Harbor ..... 8, 595, 308 Seward Harbor_ 622, 017 New London Harbor .... 1, 035, 080 Sitka Harbor_ 855, 004 Norwalk Harbor__ 1, 081, 012 Skagway Harbor_ 190, 551 Stamford Harbor .__.. 798, 664 Valdez Harbor__ 42, 022 Stonington Harbor_____ 1, 843 Whittier Harbor ...... 120, 856 Westport Harbor and Wrangell Harbor ...... 285, 644 Saugatuck River ------13, 148

ARKANSAS DELAWARE

Helena_------1, 740, 938 Wilmington Harbor . 2, 264, 994

CALIFORNIA DISTRICT OF COLUM- BIA Bodega Bay_____ 1, 489 Crescent City Harbor_ .. 389, 347 Washington Harbor--- 12, 946, 177 Halfmoon Bay______-_ 288 Humboldt Harbor and FLORIDA Bay _ _ -- . 656, 047 Long Beach Harbor_...... 10, 454, 382 Apalachicola Bay_------18, 006 Los Angeles Harbor_...... 20, 345, 540 Canaveral Harbor_ ------422, 712 Monterey Harbor------79, 018 Carrabelle Harbor- .-.. 39, 607 APPENDIX B--NAVIGATION 83

B-iB. Project Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 19638-Continued (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

FLORIDA-Con. INDIANA

Cedar Keys Harbor 665 Calumet Harbor and Charlotte Harbor 1, 985, 484 River_------_ ---- 20, 365, 268 Eau Gallie Harbor 130 Indiana Harbor ------19, 103, 764 Fernandina Harbor ...... 168, 000 Michigan City Harbor ---- 143, 417 Fort Myers Beach____.. 17, 637 Mount Vernon ------4, 399, 125 Fort Pierce Harbor .. __.. 115, 181 .Jacksonville Harbor -----8, 220, 899 KENTUCKY Key West Harbor ____. 287, 400 Melbourne Harbor 9, 009 Louisville ------1 7, 993, 878 Miami Harbor_ 1, 327, 267 Palm Beach Harbor .... 875, 906 LOUISIANA Panacea Harbor 2, 784 Panama City Harbor .... 1, 096, 400 Baton Rouge_ 30, 272, 282 Pensacola Harbor ...... 797, 136 Lake Charles (Calcasieu Port Everglades Harbor __ 5, 535, 906 River and Pass) ------17, 131, 206 Port St. Joe Harbor _____ 1, 580, 893 New Orleans-_ - 79, 130, 710 St. Augustine Harbor __ 7, 569 :St. Petersburg Harbor -.. 355, 713 MAINE 'Tampa Harbor_ 15, 305, 570 Bar Harbor _ _ 111 GEORGIA Belfast Harbor_------1, 638 Boothbay Harbor -.-- 2, 765 Brunswick Harbor 964, 233 Camden Harbor .... 83 Darien Harbor_ 841 Cape Porpoise Harbor ... 23, 982 :Savannah Harbor 4, 110, 786 Corea Harbor_----- 375 Eastport Harbor ------13, 736 HAWAII Hendricks Harbor------544 Isle au Haut Thorough- IHilo Harbor, Hawaii 728, 198 fare ------3, 682 Honolulu Harbor, Oahu--- 4, 379, 625 New Harbor------1, 170 Kahului Harbor, Mauil . 624, 466 Northeast Harbor ...... 8 =Kaunakakai Harbor, Portland Harbor ...--- 18, 734, 653 Molokai 316, 081 Rockland Harbor ...... 97, 859 Kawaihae Harbor, Hawaii_ 167, 952 Rockport Harbor 34 Nawiliwili Harbor, Kauai_ 444, 230 Searsport Harbor .---- 1, 209, 832 Port Allen Harbor, Kauai_ 135, 955 South Bristol Harbor .... 379 Southwest Harbor ...... 2, 349 ILLINOIS Stonington Harbor ...... 24, 975 Thomaston Harbor .... 1 ,Calumet Harbor and Wood Island Harbor and River______--20, 365, 268 the pool at Biddeford___ 211 -Chicago Harbor-..------615, 283 York Harbor-_-__- _-_ 501 Port of Chicago--_ _ _ 37, 309, 866 TWaukegan Harbor _ _-- 464, 889 84 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-2. Project Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963--Continued

(In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS---Con.

Annapolis Harbor ... _ 9, 241 Provincetown Harbor .... 12, 635 Baltimore Harbor and Rockport Harbor-...... 319 channels------43, 197, 300 Salem Harbor_------1, 819, 924 Black Walnut Harbor, - - 340 Scituate Harbor --...... - 1, 184 Breton Bay 18, 483 Vineyard Haven Harbor. - 52, 761 Cambridge Harbor ..... 76, 701 Wellfleet Harbor- .---- 629 Claiborne Harbor ...... 946 Crisfield Harbor 46, 961 MICHIGAN Lowes Wharf, Talbot County-__ 1, 596 Algonac_ _ _ - - --- _ 11, 471 Nanticoke River at Alpena Harbor ------.. . 2, 745, 354 Bivalve 1, 446 Au Sable Harbor and Nanticoke River at River (Oscoda) ..-... 159 Nanticoke__------2, 773 Big Bay Harbor____.. 3 Ocean City Harbor and Black River Harbor ..... 28 Inlet and Sinepuxent Cedar River Harbor..... 566 Bay _------_- 4, 208 Charlevoix Harbor ...... 92, 644 Queenstown Harbor .-- 12 Cheboygan Harbor --. 84, 221 Rock Hall Harbor ...... 4, 712 Detour and vicinity ..... 240, 250 Tilghman Island Harbor_ 4, 666 Drummond Island . .. 1, 733, 610 Eagle Harbor__. 4 MASSACHUSETTS Frankfort Harbor .. ... 1,219, 436 Gladstone Harbor...... 271, 128 Beverly Harbor....__... 161, 905 Grand Haven Harbor and Boston, Main Waterfront- 5, 649, 817 Grand River------2, 746, 367 Chatham (Stage) Harbor _ 1, 306 Grand Traverse Bay Cohasset Harbor ...... 256 Harbor------780 Cuttyhunk Harbor ...... 977 Harbor Beach, Harbor of Duxbury Harbor...__ _ 1, 094 Refuge------_-- 45, 392 Edgartown Harbor ...... 2, 165 Harrisville Harbor_ ... 80, 268 Fall River Harbor_ ...... 2, 737, 650 Holland Harbor ...... 297, 868 Gloucester Harbor ...... 201, 924 Lac La Belle Harbor- -.- 214 Harbor of Refuge, Leland Harbor ...... 546 Nantucket------35, 988 Lime Island__ 163, 933 Hyannis Harbor ---. 292 Ludington Harbor ...... 3, 843, 407 Lynn Harbor_ 10, 698 Mackinac Harbor_ .-- 7, 065 Manchester Harbor .-- 396 Manistee Harbor ...... 602, 896 Marblehead Harbor --- 602 Manistique Harbor------119, 396 New Bedford and Fair- Marine City------85, 046 haven Harbor___._ 272, 344 Marquette Harbor . 1, 246, 126 Newburyport Harbor . - 83 Marysville______------238, 487 Plymouth Harbor (includ- MVenominee Harbor and ing North Plymouth)- - 13, 075 River ------556, 757 Port of Boston....__. 19, 792, 076 Monroe Harbor..------31,809 APPENDIX B-NAVIGATION 85

B-i. Projects Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1968--Continued (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

MICHIGAN-Continued MISSOURI

Muskegon Harbor...... 3, 083, 937 Kansas City__----. -. 1, 664, 815 Ontonogan Harbor ...... 13, 126 St. Louis------9, 517, 328 Pentwater Harbor _ _..... 38 Port Huron_____-. 896, 119 NEW HAMPSHIRE Port of Detroit------29, 718, 101 Port Sanilac Harbor .... 69 Portsmouth Harbor ... 1, 572, 315 Presque Isle Harbor .... 5, 656, 693 Rye Harbor____,___ 92 Rogers City Harbor .... 101 St. Clair_------.-- 3, 827, 097 NEW YORK St. James Harbor (Beaver Island)------1, 704 Barcelona. _...... 16 St. Joseph Harbor ...... 373, 057 Dunkirk Harbor ------20, 203 Saugatuck Harbor and Echo Bay Harbor______. 114, 932 Kalamazoo River -. 458 Great Sodus Bay Harbor_. 2,267, 893 Sault Ste. Marie_ _.... 278, 512 Greenport Harbor .... 23,251 Sebewaing___.____. 37 Hay (West) Harbor . 2,529 South Haven Harbor ---- 93, 626 Hempstead Harbor ...... 4, 926, 725 Traverse City Harbor ---- 174, 718 Huntington Harbor -. .- 466, 475 White Lake Harbor ..... 24, 506 Lake Montauk Harbor . 2, 114 Whitefish Point Harbor_ _ 132 Mamaroneck Harbor ... 86, 518 Mattituck Harbor .---. 94, 376 MINNESOTA Milton Harbor--.....-. 18, 414 Niagara Falls.__. .. 28, 441 Beaver Bay Harbor ..... 21 Northport Harbor ...... 20, 525 Duluth-Superior Harbor_ 41, 521, 421 Ogdensburg Harbor .... 345, 560 Grand Marais Harbor ..-- 36, 727 Oswego Harbor._...... 569, 694 Knife River Harbor-...... 97 Peekskill Harbor...... 135, 667 Minneapolis--_._ 825, 429 Port Chester Harbor 358, 372 St. Paul _ _ .-4, 210, 106 Port Henry Harbor . 9, 656 Two Harbors (Agate Bay) - 6 Port Jefferson Harbor .. 1, 488, 406 Warroad Harbor ..... 1, 513 Port of Albany-_-- 7,584, 328 Port of Buffalo-..... 15, 731, 837 MISSISSIPPI Port of New York ...... 154,772,656 Rochester (Charlotte) Biloxi Harbor .--... __- _ 167, 037 Harbor_------752, 707 Greenville------1, 250, 608 Rondout Harbor--_--- 742, 206 Gulfport Harbor_...... 373, 300 Sackets Harbor ...... 70, 013 Natchez .... -- -. .. 582, 942 Sag Harbor______._. 28, 206 Pascagoula Harbor...... 4, 273, 117 Tarrytown Harbor...... 389, 050 Pass Christian Harbor.... 3, 695 Tonawanda Harbor .. _.. 444, 757 Vicksburg , _------,_11, 258, 508 Waddington Harbor...... 66, 839 86 REPORT OF THE CIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

HB-. Project Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963--Continued

(In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

NORTH CAROLINA PENNSYLVANIA--Con.

Beaufort Harbor -_ . 78, 297 Phil dlpia Harbor...... 46, 672, 920 Belhaven Harbor--- ..- 23, 009 Pittsburgh-_.------. 6,782, 228 Edenton Harbor...... 23, 825 Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay_ 51, 235 RHODE ISLAND Morehead City Harbor __ 561, 571 Port of Wilmington (see Great Salt Pond, Block also Wilmington Har- Island _------2, 307 bor, N.C., for waterway Harbor of Refuge, Block data) ------5, 387, 335 Island _------14, 545 Silver Lake Harbor ---.--. 13, 311 Harbor of Refuge, Point Judith and Point Judith OHIO Pond _ __----- 26, 427 Newport Harbor------96, 169 Ashtabula Harbor .. ... 10, 855, 349 Providence River and Cincinnati.-__------7, 118, 599 Harbor_--_------9, 001, 251 Cleveland Harbor .. ... 16, 986, 246 Wickford Harbor . 11, 221 Conneaut Harbor .----- 3, 269, 344 Fairport Harbor...... 2, 912, 866 SOUTH CAROLINA Huron Harbor------1, 632, 719 Lorain Harbor__ 5, 048, 890 Charleston Harbor ...... 5, 295, 002 Port Clinton Harbor ..... 28, 562 Georgetown Harbor Put-In-Bay Harbor ------6, 311 (Winyah Bay) - 1, 124, 331 Sandusky Harbor ...... 4, 019, 352 Port Royal Harbor- 14, 136 Toledo Harbor-.------40, 390, 917 Vermilion Harbor .----- 651 TENNESSEE

OREGON Chattanooga ----- 1, 410, 562 Knoxville .----- 838, 400 Coos Bay, Inside Channel Memphis------7, 024, 509 bar to Millington .... 3, 233, 465 Ntshille------3, 009, 825 Depoe Bay--______---- 123 Oregon Slough (North TEXAS Portland Harbor) .... 549, 587 Port of Astoria - 989, 471 Aransas Pass...... -_ 35, 322 Port of Portland.------... 15, 449, 714 Beaumont___.___ _ .. 30, 920, 340 Port of St. Helens...... 346, 034 Brazos Island Harbor-.... 4, 465, 245 Tillamook Bay and Bar_.. '49, 795 Corpus Christi__------19, 251, 752 Yaquina Bay and Harbor_ 295, 884 Freeport Harbor---..----- 4, 290, 927 Galveston (Galveston PENNSYLVANIA Channel) _------3, 670, 904 Harbor Island -_------8, 822, 197 Aliquippa-Rochester__- , 5, 954, 227 Houston (Houston Ship Clairton-Elizabeth . . _ 9, 820, 547 Channel)------55, 895, 119 Erie Harbor -__ ----- 2, 545, 590 Orange _------1, 105, 383 APPENDIX B- NAVIGATION 87

B-2. Project Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963--Continued (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

TEXAS--Continued WASHINGTON--Con.

Palacios ------158, 282 Vancouver_------1, 941, 608 Port Arthur-.------28, 721, 006 Willapa River and Har- Port Lavaca__---_----_ 3, 115, 359 bor, and Naselle River. 439, 064 Port Mansfield------22, 723 Rockport------213 WEST VIRGINIA Sabine Pass Harbor... ___ 302, 533 Huntington_------14, 486, 076 Texas City (Texas City Channel)__.------19, 007, 421 WISCONSIN Victoria_------. 682, 139 Algoma Harbor_------397 VERMONT Ashland Harbor------1, 087, 694 Bayfield Harbor .------2, 862 Burlington Harbor ------448, 912 Big Suamico River 367 VIRGINIA Cornucopia Harbor 180 Detroit Harbor_------5, 165 Cape Charles City Harbor. 86, 303 Duluth-Superior Harbor___ 41, 521, 421 Horn Harbor__------3, 855 Green Bay Harbor .--- 2, 365, 955 Monroe Bay and Creek___ 2, 685 Kenosha Harbor_------56, 321 Norfolk Harbor-.------. 44, 196, 677 Kewaunee Harbor ----- 1, 078, 949 Port of Newport News --- 13, 737, 790 Manitowoc Harbor----- 1, 879, 603 Port of Richmond .------3, 425, 761 Menominee Harbor and Potomac River at Alex- River _------556, 757 andria___------__ 453, 531 Milwaukee Harbor...... 6, 626, 442 Winter Harbor-.------393 Oconto Harbor__.. 99 Pensaukee Harbor ...... 165 WASHINGTON Port Washington Harbor_ 712, 059 Port Wing Harbor ...... 247 _..... Anacortes Harbor 6, 563, 399 Racine Harbor_------119, 882 Bellingham Bay and Har- Sheboygan Harbor _..... 508, 159 bor_------1, 695, 053 Two Rivers Harbor 53, 239 Bmline Harbor-__- - 20,,763 Everett Harbor_------2, 113, 900 PUERTO RICO Grays Harbor and Che- halis River _------2, 218, 812 Fajardo Harbor_ ...... 34, 173 Hammersley Inlet (Shel- Guayanes Harbor-...... 28 ton Harbor)------794, 881 Mayaguez Harbor --..-- 247, 346 Longview._------3, 626, 926 Ponce Harbor--_... - 890, 527 Neah Bay_------165, 342 San Juan Harbor...... 5, 628, 431 Olympia Harbor--.....------850, 194 Port Angeles Harbor.... 2, 058, 521 VIRGIN ISLANDS Port Gamble Harbor .... 219, 658 Port Townsend Harbor. -- 751, 743 Christiansted Harbor, St. Seattle Harbor------13, 505, 596 Croix...------33, 375 Tacoma Harbor_------5, 944, 232 St. Thomas Harbor- .... 286, 056 88 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-2. Project Harbors, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1968--Continued (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

MIDWAY ISLAND WAKE ISLAND

Welles Harbor------20, 726 Wake Island Harbor------...... 144, 286

B-S. Commerce at Selected Areas, Calendar Year 1963 (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Area Tons

__ I

Delaware River and tributaries, Trenton, N.J., to the sea: Burlington-Florence-Roebling, N.J_ _ . . 800, 744 Camden-Gloucester, N.J_------4, 899, 151 Chester, Pa....__ ...... 939, 016 Marcus Hook, Pa., and vicinity..__ .. _.._.. _ 17, 791, 908 New Castle, Del., and vicinity ______12, 313, 522 Paulsboro, N.J., and vicinity. .. - - 17, 570, 743 Penn Manor, Pa., and vicinity_..._____ 9, 159, 904 Philadelphia Harbor, Pa_ . _.. _ 46, 672, 920 Riverton-Delanco-Beverly, N.J ------644, 513 Trenton Harbor, N.J_------. 1, 469, 259 Wilmington Harbor, Del-__-.------2, 264, 994 O ther --_ ------...- --.. -.------1, 516, 309

Gross total _ --_ _ __ ...... 116, 042, 983

Net total ...... _ ...... _ 103, 312, 207

Hampton Roads, Va.: Channel from Phoebus, Va., to deepwater in Hampton Roads_ 2, 975 Hampton Creek, Va_------...... 307, 095 Norfolk H arbor, Va_...... 44, 196, 677 Port of Newport News, Va...... __.._.., _...... __ _ 13, 737, 790

Gross total-....------...... 58, 244, 537

Net total-.---_ ------. _ 57, 819, 722 APPENDIX B-NAVIGATION 89

B-S. Commerce at Selected Areas, Calendar Year 1963--Continued (In tons of 2,000 pounds) I Area Tons

Corpus Christi Bay, Tex.: Corpus Christi, Tex_ _...... _ ...._....._ ..... 19, 251, 752 Harbor Island, Tex-...... 8, 822, 197

Gross total...... _ __.. _ _. 28, 073, 949

Net total ------28, 045, 194

San Francisco Bay, Calif.: Carquinez Strait, Calif_.----___ ------9, 757, 715 Oakland Harbor, Calif _ _.. .______4, 245, 266 Redwood City Harbor, Calif_..______3, 690, 042 Richmond Harbor, Calif__.... ___ .. .. _...._. 16, 173, 923 Sacramento River, Calif__...- -. ___.. ___.-..-____ _ 1, 978, 458 San Francisco Harbor, Calif______4, 299, 105 San Joaquin River and tributaries, California.Br_ --...... 4, 736, 498 San Pablo Bay and Mare Island Strait, Calif. ... 2, 435, 596 Suisun Bay Channel, Calif-___------__ - -____ -_ 4, 257, 258 Other... ------. 3, 193, 695

Gross total------54, 767, 556

Net total__...... ------_ .. 43, 622, 136

Chicago, Ill., and Ind.: Buffington Harbor, Ind .... 1, 295, 146 Calumet Harbor and River, Ill. and Ind_. ------20, 365, 268 Chicago Harbor, Ill____._. _._...... -_-- ... _.__ _ _ _ 615, 283 Gary Harbor, Ind------10, 398, 197 Indiana Harbor, Ind ...... --.--- . 19, 103, 764 Lake Calumet, Ill-_ _ . . _ _ _ ...... 1, 197, 426 Other------16, 556, 523

Gross total._ ...... 69, 531, 607

Net total------.----- ..--- .. - - 66, 454, 011 -- 90 REPORT OF THE CHEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-4. Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on U.S. Inland Waterways, by System, Calendar Year 1963

System Ton-miles

Atlantic coast waterways ------_ 30, 148, 455, 000 Gulf coast waterways_- _--______--___--19, 852, 617, 000 Pacific coast waterways--__ ---__-- _____- 6, 533, 086, 000' Mississippi River system, including Ohio River and tributaries- 82, 315, 147, 000' Other waterways- ---- __ ----- ______31, 651, 000 ------Great Lakes system 1 ______95, 291, 415, 000

Total------234, 172, 371,000

1 Does not include traffic between foreign ports.

B-6. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963 (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST

Aberdeen Creek, Va-__------_____2, 157 2: Absecon Inlet, N.J ------110, 417 221 Altamaha River, Ga------17, 144 103x Anacostia River, D.C ------1, 790, 822 3, 582 Annisquam River, Mass ------212------(1) Ashley River, S.C------20, 085 121 Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway between Norfolk, Va., and the St. Johns River, Fla. (net) - 2, 956, 134 679, 540 U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk: Via Dismal Swamp Canal route ------49, 488 1, 258 Via Great Bridge lock route------1, 009, 781 33, 971 U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington- -.-- 1, 923, 281 349, 037 U.S. Army Engineer District, Charleston------1, 484, 033 192, 924 U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah ------1, 030, 400 97, 981 U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville -- -- 686, 252 12, 935. Back Creek (Anne Arundel County), Md_------587 (1) Bakers Haulover Inlet, Fla____------100 (1) Barnegat Inlet, N.J------6, 601 7 Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels, N.Y------11, 059, 385 39, 814 Bay River, N.C ------832 10, Beach Creek, Va ------80 (1) Big Timber Creek, N.J------246, 487 74 Blackwater River, Va_ ---- _____------_---- 101, 023 1, 364 Bransons Cove, Va_____ -______9, 590 1 Breton Bay, Md------18, 483 116. Broad Creek, Va -..------301 (1) See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX ,B-NAVIGATION 91

B-6. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963--Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Broad Creek River, Del------8, 020 80 Broad Creek, Somerset County, Md_ _ _ ._------306 1 Broadkill River, Del_------11 (1) Bronx River, N.Y ------628, 549 943 Buttermilk Channel, N.Y ------1, 980, 412 4, 555 Cape: Cod Canal, Mass------10, 753, 318 188, 183 Cape Fear River above Wilmington, N.C------447, 281 33, 680 Cape May Canal, N.J_------11, 200 45 Carter Creek, Va_-- 15, 609 22 Cashie River, N.C------13, 800 283 ,Channel connecting Thoroughfare Bay with Cedar Bay, N. C ------948 4 -Channel connecting York River, Va., with Back Creek to Slaight's Wharf_ ------_ 1, 894 2 "Channelfrom Back Sound to Lookout Bight, N.C -. 1, 548 6 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Avon, N.C ...... -2,_ 836 3 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Rodanthe, N.C ..... 89 (1) Channel from Phoebus, Va., to deep water in Hampton Roads------2, 975 2 -Channel to Island Creek, St. George Island, Md ..... 639 (1) Channel to Newport News, Va_ 19, 035, 971 61, 867 Chelsea River, Mass------7, 047, 511 10, 571 Chester River, Md - 52, 820 1, 206 Chincoteague Bay, Md. and Va_ ------2, 691 8 Choptank River, Md------182, 797 2, 356 Chowan River, N.C -140, 982 5, 342 Coan River, Va ------7, 951 16 Cockrell Creek, Va------176, 535 265 'Cohansey River, N.J_------88, 678 1, 685 Cold Spring Inlet, N.J _------41, 682 42 Coney Island Channel, N.Y------6, 158, 076 8, 005 Coney Island Creek, N.Y------490, 565 540 Connecticut River below Hartford, Conn------3, 000, 203 138, 009 Cooper River, N.J ------101, 524 102 Corsica River, Md------1 (1) Cranes Creek, Va--______------789 1 Davis Creek, Va------5, 726 3 Deep Creek, Accomack County, Va ------2, 347 1

.Deep Creek, Newport News, Va------12, 295 25 See footnotes at end of table. 92 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton. Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Delaware River: Trenton, N.J., to the sea (net)------104, 007, 353 8, 716, 848 At Camden, N.J_------2, 421, 892 (3) Between Philadelphia, Pa., and Trenton, N.J_ - 16, 449, 237 230, 289 Harbor of Refuge, Delaware Bay, Del__. 67, 476 101 Philadelphia, Pa., to the sea ---- 102, 247, 692 8, 486, 558 Dorchester Bay, Mass------_ 64, 332 64 Drum Inlet, N.C _ Drum Inlet, N.C------25 (1) Duck Point Cove, Md__------4, 585 5 Dymers Creek, Va------8, 412 8 East Chester Creek, N.Y------2, 012, 654 7, 044 East River, N.Y ------52, 894, 723 402, 172 East Rockaway Inlet, N.Y------1, 367, 405 1, 367 Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md_------11 (1) Far Creek, N.C------37, 050 74 Fire Island Inlet, N.Y_------_------281, 164 337 Fishing Bay tributaries, Dorchester County, Md___ . 4, 237 4 Fishing Creek, Calvert County, Md------16 (1) Flushing Bay and Creek, N.Y . __._ 2, 758, 455 8, 827 Fort Point Channel, Mass_------6, 435 3 Glen Cove Creek, N.Y ------189, 803 190 Governors Run, Md_ _------3 (1) Gowanus Creek Channel, N.Y ------4, 630, 815 2, 882 Great Pee Dee River, S.C_------18, 180 182 Great South Bay, N.Y------288, 742 4, 335 Hackensack River, N.J__ ------3, 689, 559 33, 206 Hampton Creek, Va------307, 095 860 Harlem River, N.Y------1, 426, 712 4, 335 Hellens Creek, Md__ ___------2 (1) Herring Bay and Rockhold Creek, Md- 223 (1) Herring Creek, Md 11 (1) Honga River and Tar Bay, Md__ 5, 223 21 Hoskins Creek, Va ------4, 535 5 Housatonic River, Conn_------884, 380 4, 422 Hudson River, N.Y., and N J.: Deep water in Upper Bay, N.Y., to Waterford, N.Y., (net)------37, 483, 975 2, 031, 321 Mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Harlem River) to Waterford, N.Y_------21, 873, 166 1, 639, 161 Hudson River Channel, N.Y. and N.J_ 34, 164, 700 391, 043 Hull Creek, Va------172 1 (1) Indian River Inlet and Bay, Del__------13 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B---NAVIGATION 93

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Inland Waterway between Rehoboth Bay and Dela- ware Bay, Del_------23, 282 256 Inland Waterway from Delaware River to Chesapeake Bay, Del. and Md.-Chesapeake and Delaware Canal__------10, 520, 369 483, 937 Intracoastal Waterway: Jacksonville to Miami, Fla.------692, 107 55, 227 Miami to Key West, Fla-....--.------119, 309 2, 403 Ipswich River, Mass__--.------320 1 Jackson Creek, Va------191 (1) Jamaica Bay, N.Y ------6, 297, 332 75, 568 James River, Va_------6, 461, 365 407, 066 Jones Inlet, N.Y------2, 564 5 Josias River, Maine_------.-- - 103 (1) Kennebec River, Maine------122, 936 2, 606 Kennebunk River, Maine_ .------181 (1) Kings Creek, Northampton County, Va.------.1, 911 2 Knapps Narrows, Md-__ ------6, 273 9 Knobbs Creek, N.C------11, 208 6 La Trappe River, Md-____------_------2, 002 7 Lake Crescent and Dunns Creek, Fla------213 1 Little Creek, Queen Annes County, Md--. .------2, 064 1 Little Machipongo River, Va--_ _------17, 653 35 Little River (Creek), Va------67, 699 68 Little Wicomico River, Va__ ------6, 531 13 Locklies Creek, Va------206 (1) Lockwoods Folly River, N.C------849 2 Long Island Intracoastal Waterway, N.Y------2, 594 88 Lower entrance channels, New York Harbor, N.Y.... 93, 599, 252 935, 993 Lower Machodoc Creek, Va------12, 519 19 Lower Thoroughfare at or near Wenona, Deal Island, Md------1, 450 1 Lubec Channel, Maine ....------83, 278 153 Lynnhaven Roads, Inlet, and connecting waters, Virginia ------558 2 Machias River, Maine ------454 1 Mackay Creek, N.C-_------130 (1) Malden River, Mass_ ------25, 557 26 Manasquan River, N.J------48, 218 72 Manhasset Bay, N.Y------632, 524 1, 898 Manokin River, Md------531 2 Mantua Creek, N.J------263, 176 263 See footnotes at end of table. 94 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar.,Year 1963--Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST--Continued

Mattaponi River, Va------35, 922 934 Maurice River, N.J_------__------_. 37, 407 262 Meherrin River, N.C_ ... __ .... _._. _ _ _ 4, 853 51 Menemsha Creek, Marthas Vineyard, Mass ...... 151 (1) Miami River, Fla .______265, 257 1, 208 Mianus River and Cos Cob Harbor, Conn 29, 971 30 Middle River and Dark Head Creek, Md__. 174 1 Milford Haven, Va____ -- 608 1 Mill Creek, Md__----- 185 (1) Mill Creek, Va ---- 58 (1) Mill River, Conn_ 111, 817 67 Mispillion River, Del__ 16, 202 194 Moriches Inlet, N.Y _ 174 (1) Mulberry Creek, Va 1, 508 1 Murderkill River, Del_ 109 (1) Mystic River, Conn___ 17 (1) Mystic River, Mass_-______5, 158, 225 4, 843 Nandua Creek, Va___ 123 (1) Nansemond River, Va______527, 648 4, 379 Nanticoke River (including Northwest Fork), Del. and Md ------315, 962 12, 484 Narraguagus River, Maine _ -_____ 2, 946 4 Narrows of Lake Champlain, N.Y. and Vt-----_ 1, 124, 625 15, 182 Neale Sound, Md'______289 (1) Neuse River, N.C_____- --____---__ _ 300, 313 3, 003 New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway ----- 171, 814 1, 031 New York and New Jersey Channels, N.Y. and N.J -- 106, 302, 269 2, 012, 200 New York State Barge Canal System, N.Y-- - 3, 225, 526 386, 128 Newark Bay, N.J-_------23, 587, 196 93, 732 Newport News Creek, Va-___ -- 188, 365 75 Newtown Creek, N.Y___------8, 700, 825 24, 929 Nomini Bay and Creek, Va -____-___ .. 7, 216 22 Northeast (Cape Fear) River, N.C-__--_------196, 500 4, 913 Northeast River, Md__--______268 1 Occohannock Creek, Va___ -__---... _ _ . 495 2 Occoquan Creek, Va _ - --.. 44, 010 132 Ocracoke Inlet, N.C _ _ 1, 294 2 Oklawaha River, Fla______468 6 Onancock River, Va_____ 46, 912 258 Orowoc Creek, N.Y____ 2, 587 2 Oyster Channel, Va_ 18, 698 17 Pagan River, Va_------62, 502 250 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B-NAVIGATION 95

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Pamlico and Tar Rivers, N.C ------47, 730 668 Pamunkey River, Va------3, 530 5 Parish Creek, Md ------1, 993 2 Parrotts Creek, Va------3, 724 3 Passaic River, N.J------10, 455, 894 78, 419 Patchogue River, N.Y------278, 825 209 Patchogue River, Westbrook, Conn ------24 (1) Patuxent River, Md___------104, 220 710 Pawcatuck River, R.I. and Conn------__ - 2, 210 1 Peconic Bay and River, N.Y------1,------, 334 3 Penobscot River, Maine _ 1, 408, 596 36, 271 Perquimans River, N.C------9, 925 109 Piscataqua River, Maine and N.H------1, 132, 619 2, 832 Pleasant River, Maine_ _ _ _------_ 1, 200 6 Pocomoke River, Md_------52, 729 1,582 Potomac River below Washington, D.C_------_ -5, 126, 428 266, 824 Potomac River, Virginia Channel, D.C ------1,156, 901 5, 437 Potomac River, Washington Channel, D.C_ ___74 (1) Quinby Creek, Va _ _ 7, 041 5 Raccoon Creek, N.J_------2, 730 25 Rahway River, N.J_ _ 180, 081 414 Rancocas River, N.J _------14, 985 19 Rappahaonnck River, Va__ ------_ 440, 322 35, 396 Raritan River, N. J_____------9, 321, 573 37, 077 Raritan River to Arthur Kill Cutoff Channel, N.J -- 5, 569, 149 5, 569 Reynolds Channel, N.Y------1,367, 405 5, 470 Rhodes Point to Tylerton, Somerset County, Md .... 539 1 Rice Creek, Fla______------_ 101, 176 405 Roanoke River, N.C ------383, 542 7, 851 Rollinson Channel, N.C - C49, 642 149 Rondout Creek, N.Y ------742, 206 742 Saco River, Maine__------52 (1) St. Catherines Sound, Md------1, 595 2 St. Croix River, Maine_------__------24, 246 90 St. Jeromes Creek, Md------_ _ - 1, 338 3 St. Johns River, Fla., Jacksonville to Lake Harney _- 568, 655 38, 011 St. Lucie Inlet, Fla_ _------752 3 St. Marys River, Ga. and Fla------_ -- 147, 198 883 St. Patricks Creek, Md_ _------1, 198 1 St. Peters Creek, Md------12 (1) Sakonnet River and Harbor, R.I ------200 (1) Salem River, N. J------3, 369 13 See footnotes at end of table.

761-808--65 9 96 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963- Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Sandy Hook Bay, N.J ------87, 193 39 Santee River, S.C------8, 820 679 Satilla River, Ga ------2, 597 83 Savannah River below Augusta, Ga------81, 290 15, 933 Scarboro River, Maine------'480 (1) Schuylkill River, Pa ------14, 199, 838 56, 799 Scuppernong River, N.C-__------89, 892 449 Seekonk River, R.I------127,020 254 Shallotte River, N.C------1, 173 4 Sheepshead Bay, N.Y ------132, 442 40 Shinnecock Inlet, N.Y ------1, 018 2 Shipyard River, S.C------761, 263 761 Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, N.J------42, 691 11 Slaughter Creek, Md------709 1 Smith Creek, Md------2, 121 3 Smiths Creek (Pamlico County), N.C------1, 184 1 Smiths Creek (Wilmington), N.C_------7, 205 7 South River, N.C___------1,077 3 Starlings Creek, Va_------13, 190 8 Stumpy Point Bay, N.C------1, 101 2 Susquehanna River above and below Havre de Grace, Md------23,293 116 Tangier Channel, Va------2, 307 3 Thames River, Conn------638, 920 10, 490 Totuskey Creek, Va------46, 067 253 Town Creek, Md- _------1, 404 1 Town River, Mass------961, 699 721 Tred Avon River, Md ------84, 400 844 Trent River, N.C_------1, 166 2 Tuckerton Creek, N.J------579 2 Twitch Cove and Big Thoroughfare River, Md...... 4, 790 24 Tyaskin Creek, Md_------2 (1) Upper Bay, New York Harbor, N.Y. and N.J ------110, 533, 123 608, 331 Upper Machodoc Creek, Va_------136 (1) Upper Thoroughfare, Deal Island, Md------6, 339 4 Urbanna Creek, Va_------10,316 5 Waccamaw River, N.C. and S.C------11,574 480 Wallabout Channel, N.Y------296, 048 59 Wallace Channel, Pamlico Sound, N.C ------898 6 Warren River, R.I.------993 1 Warwick River, Md______--- 4, 390 7 Washington Canal and South River, N.J------159, 370 319 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B--NAVIGATION 97

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

ATLANTIC COAST-Continued

Waterway connecting Pamlico Sound and Beaufort Harbor, N.C------33, 125 596 Waterway connecting Swan Quarter Bay with Deep Bay, N.C------257 1 Waterway on the coast of Virginia-_ ------68, 798 . 521 Westchester Creek, N.Y------671, 406 1, 343 Weymouth Back River, Mass ------23, 117 12 Weymouth Fore River, Mass-___------_ 2, 497, 073 13, 946 Whitings Creek, Va--8------8 (1) Wicomico River, Md. (Eastern Shore) ------571, 168 16, 921 Wilmington Harbor, N.C. (see also Port of Wilming- tion, N.C., for port data)--- -___- __--- __ --- 6, 276, 443 149, 604 Woodbridge Creek, N.J------24, 273 3 Woods Hole Channel, Mass_-----_---__-- --- ___-- 38, 745 35 York River, Va------4, 883, 716 112, 325

GULF COAST

Alabama-Coosa Rivers, Ala. and Ga------1,069, 667 44, 995 Anahuac Channel, Tex------______645, 998 3, 230 Anclote River, Fla------1,729 16 Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint Rivers, Ga. and Fla------__-_ 381, 220 33, 598 Atchafalaya River La., Morgan City to Gulf of Mexico- 4, 371, 574 138, 183 Barataria Bay Waterway, La_------___--__-- 2, 396, 690 38, 500 Bayous: Bastrop, Tex_ .------150 2 Bernard, Miss__ ------9, 815 50 Big Pigeon and Little Pigeon, La ------243, 714 3, 408 Bonfouca, La__ 24, 696 222 Casotte, Miss------1,041, 699 5, 340 Cedar, Tex_ - 304,377 1, 552 Chico, Fla_ -- 100, 515 166 Chocolate, Tex_ ------1, 541, 714 17, 938 Coden, Ala------_ ---_._.__------4, 374 4 Dickinson, Tex_------842, 822 9, 432 Double, Tex_ ------.------_ 49, 898 249 Dupre, La------188, 260 570 Grosse Tete, La_-_------__ -- 23, 516 259 Johnsons, La_------193, 334 967 LaBatre, Ala_ ------61, 132 152 LaGrange, Fla_------100, 218 413 See footnotes at end of table. 98 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963- Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

GULF COAST-Continued

Bayous-Continued LaLoutre, St. Malo, and Yscloskey, La------10, 546 40 Lacombe, La__ -_ ------68, 363 342 Lafourche, La------2, 985, 284 50, 171 Little Caillou, La. ------30, 346 361 Petit Anse, Tigre, and Carlin, La ------_ 1, 100, 503 8, 770 Plaquemine Brule, La------33, 409 482 Segnette Waterway, La--_____4___--__,-- 42, 494 90 Teche, La ______------674, 623 28, 587 Terrebonne, La------_____- 1, 090, 441 9, 231 Vermilion , La____------934, 944 18, 866 Watson, Fla------______114, 368 127 Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala_ 6, 559, 854 1, 727, 007 Blackwater River, Fla------51, 266 595 Brazos Island Harbor, Tex. (waterway)------4, 465, 245 72, 476 Calcasieu River and Pass, La------_ 17, 131, 206 343, 200 Channel from Naples to Gordon Pass and Big Marco Pass, Fla ------2,706 18 Channel from Pass Cavallo to Port Lavaca, Tex- -- _ 3,115, 359 55, 207 Channel to Aransas Pass, Tex ------35, 322 109 Channel to Palacios, Tex ______158, 282 2,216 Channel to Rockport, Tex------213 1 Chefuncte and Bogue Falia Rivers, La------146, 335 664 Chickasaw Creek, Ala______793, 678 1, 251 Clear Creek, Tex______-______-- - 313, 430 4, 074 Crystal River, Fla ______- -______-______-_-- 626 6 Cypress Bayou and Waterway between Jefferson, Tex., and Shreveport, La ______-_____-- ______----_ 59 1 East Pass Channel from the Gulf of Mexico into Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla_____------__ -- -_ 385 (1) East Pearl River, Miss ____-- ____------__ 74, 186 1, 128 Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, Fla. and Ala., Escam- bia Bay, Fla______------620, 159 13, 072 Franklin Canal, La---- _ ------150 1 Guadalupe River to Victoria, Tex_ _ _ _ _ 682, 139 13, 294 Gulf County Canal, Fla---- -______-_____ 345, 052 1, 900 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway: Between Apalachee Bay, Fla., and the Mexican Border___---______67,320,002 10,292,906 Morgan City-Port Allen Route-_,------9, 005, 638 533, 524 Homosassa River, Fla______- 110 1 Hudson River, Fla_ ------57 (1) See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B--NAVIGATION 99

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

GULF COAST-Continued

Inland Waterway from Vermilion Bay to Mermentau River, La-______--LL ______LLLLLLLLLL _ L 743, 836 9,609 Innerharbor Navigation Canal, La_------_ _ 6,240, 135 22, 681 Intracoastal Waterway, Caloosahatchee River to Anclote River, Fla------220, 147 5, 883' Kissimmee River, Fla_ __------_ 6, 030 16 Lake Charles Deep Water Channej, La.4 ------25, 204, 893 629, 545 Manatee River, Fla______.______31, 186 300 Mermentau River, Bayou Nezpique, and Bayou Des Cannes, La ______-_____---______2,860, 811 82, 248 Okeechobee Waterway, Fla______404, 555 12, 996 Pass Manchac, La_ - _69, 223 485 Pearl River, Miss. and La______-__-______- 360, 033 11, 338 Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Waterway, Tex------28, 045, 194 458, 606 Port Mansfield, Tex. (tributary)------22, 723 91 Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex------77, 061, 737 1,603, 230 St. Marks River, Fla----__ __-- -______-_____- 528, 871 5, 648 San Bernard River, Tex_-- ______--_ 776, 627 19, 108 Steinhatchee River, Fla ______-359 2 Suwannee River, Fla_ -_____-______-______766 5 Three Mile Creek, Ala ------_ 3, 291,795 1, 749 Tickfaw, Natalbany, Ponchatoula, and Blood Rivers, La------1,756 19 Tributary Arroyo Colorado, Tex ------198, 717 4, 856 Trinity River, Channel to Liberty, Tex------584, 174 5, 372 Vinton Waterway, La ___-_____--______----___- 46, 718 467 Waterway connecting the Tombigbee and Tennessee Rivers, Ala. and Miss ------117, 336 5, 518 Waterway from Empire, La., to Gulf of Mexico _..._ 722, 448 5, 961 Waterway from Intracoastal Waterway to Bayou Dulac, La. (Bayous Le Carpe and Grand Caillou).__ 296, 850 3, 881 Waterway from White Lake to Pecan Island, La..... 3, 376 7 Watson Bayou, Fla_------_ _ _ --- _ 114, 368 127 Withlacoochee River, Fla_ ------_ 63, 334 570 Wolf and Jordan Rivers, Miss--- __----_------38, 023 456

PACIFIC COAST

Chetco River, Oreg ------_ ____ 39, 283 11 Chinook Channel, Wash-__-______---- ______- 245 (1) Clatskanie River, Oreg --______--- ___ 74, 147 260 See footnotes at end of table. 100 REPORT OF THE CHIIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

PACIFIC COAST-Continued

Columbia River: Mouth to International Boundary (net)------25, 467, 301 2, 112, 508 At Baker Bay, Wash_------______4, 890 23 Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers below Vancouver, Wash., and Portland, Oreg ------25, 926, 798 1, 785, 826 At Bonneville, Oreg. 5 --- _____-----_ _2, 215, 955 2, 216 At McNary lock and dam, Oreg., and Wash---- -1, 265, 298 1, 012 Between Wenatchee and Kettle Falls, Wash_.... 325, 028 7, 804 Vancouver, Wash., to The Dalles, Oreg ------4, 946, 546 195, 054 The Dalles Dam, Oreg. and Wash ------1, 656, 358 1, 325 Columbia River and tributaries above the Dalles Dam, Wash. and Oreg., to McNary lock and dam, Oreg. and Wash _ 2, 080, 126 160, 312 Columbia River and tributaries above McNary lock and dam, to Kennewick, Wash------1, 264, 975 51, 124 Columbia Slough, Oreg ___---- ___------5, 250 29 Coos and Millicoma Rivers, Oreg ------851, 865 3, 833 Coquille River, Oreg., Bandon to Myrtle Point----- 421, 255 4, 002 Coquille River, Oreg. (entrance) __------258, 456 284 Cowlitz River, Wash__------125, 889 516 Deep River, Wash- - -- -_ 405, 332 2, 027 Elokomin Slough, Wash ------280, 175 280 Grays River, Wash__------773 4 Hoquiam River, Wash------_ 864, 601 6, 917 Lake River, Wash__------8, 396 39 Lake Washington ship canal, Washington_---_ ---- 2, 312, 215 (2) Lewis River, Wash__------169, 582 1, 068 Middle River and connecting channels, Calif ------12, 732 78 Mokelumne River, Calif__------30, 984 247 Multnomah Channel, Oreg------952, 869 5, 717 Naknek River, Alaska---_------15, 183 152 Napa River, Calif ------91,430 1, 417 Neah Bay, Wash ------165, 342 Noyo River, Calif _ - -- -_ 2, 794 3 Old River, Calif _ 213, 439 6, 190 Petaluma River, Calif_ 282, 259 5, 504 Quillayute River, Wash------1, 215 1 Rogue River, Oreg------44, 310 1, 152 Sacramento River, Calif__ -______--- - 1, 978, 458 105, 122 San Joaquin River, Calif -______-_ 4, 667, 227 139, 590 San Pablo Bay and Mare Island Strait, Calif ------19, 638, 768 (2) San Rafael Creek, Calif _------_ 862 3 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B-NAVIGATION 101

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

PACIFIC COAST-Continued

Siuslaw River, Oreg_------259, 006 1, 813 Skagit River, Wash_------7, 958 88 Skamokawa Creek, Wash_------11, 949 4 Skamokawa (Steamboat Slough), Wash ------54, 434 14 Skipanon Channel, Oreg_ ------265, 788 505 Smith River, Oreg ______185, 195 2, 037 Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho------501, 980 3, 299 Ice Harbor lock and dam, Snake River, Wash.__. 76, 089 38 Stillaguamish River, Wash ------25, 384 152 Suisun Bay Channel, Calif______10, 180, 468 89, 855 Suisun Channel, Calif______- ____-- -343,751 4, 469 Swinomish Slough, Wash--______-- _ 334, 491 3, 345 Umpqua River, Oreg ------721,594 7, 938 Waterway connecting Port Townsend Bay and Oak Bay, Wash ------681,388 613 Westport Slough, Oreg ------223,535 156 Willamette River above Portland and Yamhill River, Oreg_ ------4, 604, 270 54, 815 Willamette River at Willamette Falls, Oreg.7 .... 1, 184, 250 355 Wrangell Narrows, Alaska ------_ .211, 430 5, 074 Yaquina River, Oreg_------588, 221 5, 294 Youngs Bay and Youngs River, Oreg ------943, 245 3, 301

GREAT LAKES

Calumet-Sag Channel, Ill______--- - _ ------4, 956, 070' 113, 703 Channels in Lake St. Clair, Mich___------92, 112, 462 (8) Chicago River (Main and North Branch), Ill-- 2, 199, 894 6, 578 Chicago River (South Branch), Ill______---- 3, 236, 822 11, 653 Chicago Sanitary and ship canal, Illinois_.... 18, 247, 705 304, 429 Detroit River, Mich_ ------107, 193, 679 2, 910, 622 Grays Reef Passage, Mich__ ------6, 311, 972 (2) Keweenaw Waterway, Mich______------616, 882 (2) Lake Calumet, Ill---.... _ .------. 1, 197, 426 (2) Niagara River, N.Y ------1,944, 638 (2) Rouge River, Mich- -- __------__ 11,501,515 (2) Saginaw River, Mich_ .____-__----_____------5, 317, 827 (2) St. Clair River, Mich_ -______-______----- 92, 920, 717 5, 200, 405 St. Joseph River, Mich______------_ 21, 250 149 St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich. (U.S. Canal)------84, 190, 176 (2) St. Marys River, Mich______------88, 413, 190 4, 664, 333 Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan ship canal, Wis- consin__------542, 413 (2) See footnotes at end of table. 102 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. U.S. ARMY, 1964

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM

Allegheny River, Pa., improved portion _ 4, 746, 509 63, 304 Allegheny River, Pa., open channel portion------103, 300 103 Arkansas River, Ark. and Okla_------707, 217 1, 742 Atchafalaya River, La_ -______4, 971,415 498, 077 Big Sandy River, Tug and Levisa Forks, Ky. and W. Va_ ------825, 095 3, 138 Black River, Wis_ _------348, 257 276 Cumberland River, mouth to Burnside, Ky. (net) _ __ 3, 375, 458 493, 363 Mouth to Nashville, Tenn_ ____------_ 3, 290, 458 491, 319 Nashville, Tenn., to Burnside, Ky_ 154, 265 2, 044 French Broad and Little Pigeon Rivers, Tenn------81, 825 775 Green and Barren Rivers, Ky ------7,764, 284 666, 664 Illinois River, Ill_ _ _ _- ______23,613,308 4, 617, 495 Kanawha River, W. Va ______-_____11, 784, 721 657, 137 Kentucky River, Ky------_ 417, 459 27, 777 Little Kanawha River, W. Va______289, 844 720 Minnesota River, Minn_ ------_ 2, 233, 731 29, 077 Mississippi River: Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of Passes (net) - - -157, 807, 291 50, 334, 491 Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of Missouri River__ 30, 943, 237 5, 992, 577 Mouth of Missouri River to mouth of Ohio River- 35, 726, 911 5, 287, 050 Mouth of Ohio River to but not including Baton Rouge, La------49, 370, 417 26, 610, 703 Baton Rouge, La., to but not including New Or- leans, La_------69, 913, 376 5, 429, 164 New Orleans, La., to mouth of Passes------99, 554, 315 7, 014, 997 Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet, La------1, 194, 822 64, 674 Missouri River: Fort Benton, Mont., to the mouth (net) ------7, 978, 002 1, 002, 743 Kansas City to the mouth 5------,129, 090 809, 663 Omaha to Kansas City_____-- ____---______2, 390, 263 177, 362 Sioux City to Omaha__------___ 1, 391,788 13, 375 Fort Benton to Sioux City ------174, 000 2, 343 Monongahela River, Pa. and W. Va------31, 378, 007 1, 482, 426 Mouth of Yazoo River, Miss ------_ 989, 099 2, 164 Muskingum River, Ohio_ _ _------22, 787 5 Ohio River, Pittsburgh to mouth------_ 88, 828, 291 20, 140, 293 Ouachita and Black Rivers, Ark. and La ------351, 730 45, 414 Red River below Fulton, Ark ------260, 983 7, 149 St. Croix River, Wis. and Minn ------30, 567 703 St. Francis and L'Anguille Rivers and Blackfish Bayou, Ark--_ ------350 38 See footnotes at end of table. APPENDIX B--NAVIGATION 103

B-5. Project Waterways, Commerce Reported for Calendar Year 1963-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM-Continued

Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., and Ky ------14, 432, 708 2, 218, 133 Upper White River, Ark------61, 600 438 White River, Ark., below Batesville, Ark------401, 909 11, 122 Wolf River, Tenn __------_ 786, 699 1,663 Yazoo River, Miss------137, 139 2, 521 Youghiogheny River, Pa------55, 067 11

OTHER WATERWAYS

Grand River, Mich ------1, 481, 230 22, 218 St. Joseph River, Mich------21, 250 149

1 Less than 500 ton-miles. 2 Ton-miles not reported. 3 Included in Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pa., to the sea. 4Included in Gulf Intracoastal Waterway between Apalachee Bay, Fla., and the Mexican Border. 5 Included in Columbia River, Vancouver, Wash., to The Dalles, Oreg. E Included in Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho. 7 Included in Willamette River above Portland and Yamhill River, Oreg. 8 Included in St. Clair River, Mich.

C-1. Reservoirs of the Corps of Engineers Providing Flood Control as of June 30SO,1964 (Storage in thousands of acre-feet. Only flood control storage is shown.)

Total of Completed or in Under construction Authorized, not Total active projects Deferred Inactive active, partial operation not operable started projects projects deferred, Region inactive

Number Storage 1 Number Storage Number Storage Number Storage Number Number Number

Alaska ------Arkansas-White-Red ------32 19, 646 11 5, 387 21 4, 706 64 29, 739 4 4 72 Central and South Pacific 11 409 ...___.______1 170 12 579 5 17 25 Central Valley------14 2, 854 2 1, 177 8 2, 089 24 6, 120 1 ...... M Colorado------5 2, 350 1 370 2 134 8 2, 854 ------8 Columbia_------12 2, 071 6 3, 000 5 5, 343 223 210,414 1 24 Great Basin ------3 47 3 47 4 7______Great Lakes and St. Lawrence__ 5 415 ------5 415 -_------5 0 Gulf and South Atlantic-_____.. 3 5 1, 923 1 143 4 1, 214 10 3, 280 16 26 0 Hawaii ------Lower Mississippi ------5 4,412 ______--_-_.__. 5 4,412 . --... 5 Middle Atlantic ------13 1, 816 1 119 17 1, 442 31 3, 377 3 ...... 34 0 Missouri____------20 19, 777 6 2, 680 15 5, 322 41 27, 779 3 6 50 New England____------25 1,006 5 59 4 69 34 1, 134 4 10 48 North Pacific_----- 2 212 ...... __ 4 460 6 672 ...... - 6 Ohio---_ ------41 9,204 14 4,086 24 2,638 79 15,928 11 9 99 Rio Grande and gulf _ 16 5, 960 5 2, 511 9 1,250 30 9, 721 1 4 35 Souris and Red____------5 527 ------5 527 ..... 2 7 Upper Mississippi___ __---11 2, 692 6 3, 676 3 1, 083 20 7, 451 5 25

Total_------222 75,274 58 23, 208 120 25, 967 400 124, 449 53 40 493 1 This tabulation shows maximum flood control storage. At some projects, notably 2Three reregulating structures, with 36,000 acre-feet of storage, are included as sep- the Missouri River main-stem reservoirs and several reservoirs in the Columbia and arate reservoirs. Central Valley regions, a portion of the storage shown is used for other purposes on a $ The Central and Southern Florida project, consisting of some 21 lakes and conserva- seasonal basis. tion impoundments with 10,690,000 acre-feet of storage, is not included in the region total. 106 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

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bp~ 00 Burns------do_,,_------,-_ Burns Creek, ____ ----.do.....-- ...... 1950 7,000 NPP F ....do ...... 55 4,070 Mariposa ...... --- do ....------...... Mariposa Creek...... d o ...... 1948 15,000 NPP F --.-do...... 88 1,330 . .do...... Owens _ -...... do...... Owens Creek...... ---do.....------1949 3,600 NPP F 75 790 Earth New Hogan--...... do_...... Calaveras.-...... Valley Springs... 1963 325, 000 715 FIRX and 200 1,960 rock. Pine Flat...... ----.do...... Kings River-...... Piedra....------1954 1,000, 000 NPP FIRX Concrete...... 429 1,820 Prado._ __ ... Santa Ana-..... Santa Ana River .... Corona-....--...- 1941 217,000 NPP FRX E arth ----- . 106 2, 280 San Antoino -.... ---.do...... San Antonio Creek... Pomona-....---.- 1956 9, 285 NPP FRX .....do...... 160 3,850 Santa Fe...... San G abriel -. .. San Gabriel River .. Duarte...-.--- 1949 33,400 NPP F .....do...... 92 23,800 Sepulveda...... -.... Los Angeles -- Los Angeles River .... Los Angeles --- 1941 17,300 NPP FX .....do ...... 57 15,443 Success_----.. San Joaquin.. Tule River-...... - Porterville ..-. 1961 80,000 400 FIRX .....do...... -- 142 3,490 Terminus...... ----do...... Kaweah...... Visalia....------1962 150,000 345 FIRX ....do ...... 250 2,375 Whittier Narrows... San Gabriel -- _ San Gabriel River..... El Monte ..--.---- 1957 36,160 NPP FX ....do...... 56 16, 960 Colorado: Cherry Creek .... Missouri-..... Cherry Creek ---- Denver...... ---- 1950 96, 000 880 FRX .....do...... 140 14,300 John Martin-...... Arkansas-...... Arkansas River ...-- Lamar..------1942 642, 400 11,950 FIRX Concrete and 130 13, 960 earth. Connecticut: Mansfield Hollow.. Thames,__...... Natchaug River Willimantic ....- 1952 52, 000 415 FRW Earth...... 70 12, 422 Thomaston-...... Rousatonic...... Naugatuck River -.. Thomaston-..... 1960 42,000 NPP FRW .....do...... - 142 2,000 Idaho: Lucky Peak-...... _ Columbia-...... Boise River...... Boise...... 1956 2,850 238 307, 000 FIR 1,700 O Illinois: Farm Creek Reser- ....do...... voirs: ...... do ...... Fondulac-...... Upper Fondulac Creek -. Peoria-...... 1954 3, 780 NPP F 67 1,000 Mississippi. Farmdale-...... -.. do...... Farm Creek-...... do.....---- 1954 15,500 NPP F do.....---- 80 1,275 O -... Indiana: Cagles Mill-...... Ohio .__ _ Mill Creek .. _ Terre Haute -.... 1952 228,120 1,400 FRX ---- .do...... - 150 950 Mansfield------...... do------...... Raccoon Creek...... Rockville -...- - 1960 132,800 1,100 FRX - ..do...... 117 1,790 Monroe...... do...... ------Salt Creek...... - Harrodsburg...... 1964 441,000 3,,280 FARS do.....---- 93 1,400 -... Iowa: .....do ...... Coralville------...... Upper Iowa River....------...... Iowa City-...... 1958 492,000 1,820 FAR 100 1,400 Mississippi. See footnotes at end of table. Table C-s. Flood Control Reservoirs Operable June 30, 1964-Continued C,

Perma- Characteristics of dam Calendar nent 00 Name of dam and Community in year Total pool 1 Project reservoir River basin Stream vicinity placed in storage (acreage) functions useful (acre-feet) or no Type Height Length operation pool (feet) (feet) C (NP.P) O Kansas: y Council Grove .... Arkansas...... Grand (Neosho)...... Council Grove -....- 1963 114,300 2,860 FRWSXQ Earth 96 6, 500 Fall River...... ------...... do ...... Fall River -...... Fall River ...... 1949 263,000 2,600 FARWX - . do- .... 94 6, 015 M6 John Redmond-.... .--do ...... Grand (Neosho)_ ... Burlington .-... 1963 644,600 7,780 FRWSXQ ..-----.do ...... 86. 5 21,400 Kanopolls-...... Missouri ...... Smoky Hill River ...- Salina...... 1948 450, 000 3,600 FRWX .---- do ..... 131 8, 740 111 7,800 Pomona --...... ---- do ...... 110 Mile Creek...... Pomona -.. _. 1963 246, 500 4,000 FARSWX ..-----do...... M6 Toronto...... Arkansas...... Verdigris River-...... Toronto -__. 1960 195, 300 2,800 FARWX .....----do...... 90 4,712 Tuttle Creek ..... Missouri...... Big Blue River-...... Manhattan ....- 1962 2,346, 000 10,800 FNARWX ....----do...... 159 8, 550 0 Kentucky: Barren River ...... Ohio.------Barren River...... Glasgow- ..... 1964 815,200 3,440 FAR .....do...... -146 3,970 Buckhorn--...... do ...... Middle Fork of Buckhorn- ___.. 1960 168,000 550 FR .....----do...... 162 1,020 Kentucky River. ...do...... Dewey - - Johns Creek-...... Paintsville-.... 1949 93,000 1,100 FARW ..-----do...... 118 913 Nolin. - --..-do...... Nolin River ...... Kyrock-...... 1963 609,400 2,070 FAR ...-----do ...... 174 990 Rough River _------do ...... Rough River___..__ Leitchfield ---- 1958 334,400 1,700 FRX .....----do...... 124 1,530 Louisiana: 357, 000 FR 76 11,800 Bayou Bodcau- ... Red...... Bayou Bodcau ...... Shreveport... .. 1949 NPP ....-----do ...... 96 Wallace Lake .... . do-...... Cypress Bayou------...... --..- do...... 1946 96,100 2,300 FR .....---do...... 46 4,940 Massachusetts: Barre Falls-...... Connecticut..... Ware River...... Barre ------1958 24,000 NPP FRW--...... ----do...... 62 885 Birch Hill-----.....--..- ...do...... Millers River...... South Royalton_. 1941 49,900 NPP FRW--...... do...... 56 1, 400 .....do ...... Buffumville..------. Thames...... Little River_.. .-.... Charlton...... - 1958 12, 700 200 FRW_--- .__dos...... 66 3, 255 East Brimfield _ do...... Quinebaug River...... Fiskdale ...... 1960 30,000 360 FRW--...... 55 520 -----... S----do...... Hodges Village ------do...... French River...... Oxford ...... 1959 12,800 NPP FRW...... 55 2,140 ...----do...... Knightville ------.. Connecticut .... Westfield River - .. Huntington- _. 1941 49, 000 NPP FRW .... 160 1, 200 --...-- do...... Tully------...... ------. -do...... Tully River- ...... Fryville _-_.. 1949 22, 000 300 FRW ..... 62 1, 570 ....----do...... West Hill- .. _- ... Blackstone...... West River-.....-.... Uxbridge ..-. 1960 12,350 NPP FRW...... do ...... 51 2,400 Westvlle...... ------... Thames...... Quinebaug River ..... Sturbridge- .. 1961 11,100 23 FRW..... 78 560 Minnesota: Lac Qui Parle: Chippewa River_ Upper Mississippi Chippewa River-...... Montevideo .__ 1950 2 (3) FRWX .-... do...... 23.3 17,975 -... Lac Qui Parle .. __..-do...... M innesota R iver- ...... do ...... 1950 2 (121, 500) 6,500 FRWX ...- do_ ...... 21 3,800 -... Marsh Lake__ .-. -__:do------do...... ------... -..do..... 1950 2 35, 000 4, 500 FRWX ...- do ...... 19. 5 11, 800 -. Orwell: Red River of the Otter Tail River...... Fergus Falls.... 1953 14,100 210 FARS ...... -do...... 47 1, 355 North. Red Lake..-..- --do...... Red Lake River-...... Red Lake ...... 19512 2, 680, 000 277, 560 FARSX -...-- do ...... 15. 5 36, 500 -.. Mississippi: Arkabutla...... Lower Mississippi_ Coldwater River..__. Arkabutla -. 1943 525, 300 5,100 F R ------. do...... 87 10, 000 -. Enid .. ."...... do...... Yacona River ______Enid ------1951 660,000 6,100 FR ...... do ...... 100 8,400 Grenada-----...... - do...... Yalobusha River...... Grenada -- 1954 1, 337, 400 9, 800 FR...... do .. 96 13,900 Sardis_ ...... do...... Little -...Tallahatchie Sardis ...... 1940 1, 570,000 9,800 FR ...... do .. .. 118 15, 300 River. Missouri: z Clearwater__-.. White...... Black River...... Piedmont -...... 1948 413,000 1,630 FRWX-.... do...... 154 4, 225 Pomme de Terre..... Missouri-...... Pomme de Terre Hermitage .-..... 1962 650,000 7,820 FRWX-..... do...... 155 4, 630 River. b Wappapello-...... Lower Mississippi. St. Francis River ..... Wappapello-..... 1941 625, 000 5,200 FR...... ---- do...... 109 2, 700 (') Nebraska: d Harlan County ...... Missouri-...... Republican River... Republican City. 1952 850,000 13,600 FIRWX... 107 11,827 H Nevada: ...do....._... 0 FX 71 800 Mathews Canyon.... Colorado-.....-.. Mathews Canyon -... Caliente ...... 1957 6,260 NPP ___.do ..... 0 Pine Canyon ...._____ ..-do ...... Pine Canyon ------do ...... 1957 7,840 NPP FX 92 884 New Hampshire: ...do...... Webeter _-___ . 1941 46,000 NPP FRW 75 1,150 Blackwater ...... - Merrimack-..... Blackwater River-...... do ...... 0 Edward MacDowell...... do...... ------Nubanusit Brook ... West Peters- 1950 12,800 NPP FRW 67 1,030 borough. ..do...... Franklin-.... 1943 154,000 NPP FRW 140 1,740 Franklin Falls-...... do...... ------Pemigewasset River_ - ..do .. .. . 0 West Hopkinton _ 1962 71,500 200 FRW 76 790 Hopkinton-Everett .-_ ...do.....,...... Contoocook River .... . do . _ _ 120 115 2, 000 ...do .. ... PiscataquogRiver .. East Weare..._ _ 1962 87, 500 FRW . ..do ..... Keene...... 1958 18, 300 85 FRW 133 1, 288 Otter Brook------...... Connecticut...... Otter Brook-...... do...... Surry Mountain---...-...... do-...... Ashuelot River...... do...... 1941 32, 500 -..265 FRW ...do...... 86 1,670 New Mexico .....do ...... Abiquiu _._ -...... Rio Grande ..... Rio Chama River.... Abiquiu...... 1963 1, 225, 400 NPP F 325 1, 540 r, Conchas ------Arkansas ...... Canadian River-...... Tucumcari...... 1939 566, 200 9,594 FIRX Concrete and 200 19, 400 earth. Jemez Canyon ...... Rio Grande ..... Jamez River...... Bernalillo ...... 1953 120, 000 NPP FRX Earth ...... 136 780 Two Rivers_ _ ....------.--.. do .------Rio Hondo...... Roswell-...... 1962 168, 000 NPP F .....do ...... 98 4, 885 118 2,940 See footnotes at end of table. Table C-2. Flood Control Reservoirs Operable June 30, 1964-Continued

I, Perma- Characteristics of dam Calendar nent Name of dam and Community in year Total pool 1 Project reservoir River basin Stream vicinity placed in storage (acreage) functions useful (acre-feet) or no Type Height Length 0 operation pool (feet) (feet) (NPP) 0 New York: Almond------Susquehanna .- Canacadea Creek..... Hornell .----.... 1949 14,800 NPP F Earth...... 90 1, 260 Arkport ...- Sdo-...... Canisteo Creek...... do ...... 1939 7, 900 NPP F ..-----do...... 113 1, 200 East Sidney .-. ... do--...... Ouleout Creek ...... Sidney__ .. _... 1950 33,500 NPP F Concrete and 146 2, 000 earth. H Mount Morris-...... Genesee...... ------Genesee River ...... Mount Morris.... 1952 337, 000 170 FR Concrete------215 1,028 Whitney Point ..... Susquehanna .... Otselic River ...... Binghamton..... 1942 86, 440 1,200 FNRW Earth...... 95 4, 900 North Carolina: .....do ...... _ W. Kerr Scott-...... Yadkin .....------. Yadkin River..____. Wilkesboro- .... 1963 153,000 1,470 FARSX 148 1,740 North Dakota: .....----do...... Baldhill...... Red River of the Sheyenne River...... Valley City -... 1950 70, 700 325 FARS 61 1,650 North...... do ...... 01 Homme------_ . ... do ...... South Branch of Park Park River-...... 1950 3,650 51 FARS 67 865 River. Ohio: Berlin...... Ohio------...... Mahoning River- ..... Deerfield_ ...... 1943 91,200 240 FARSW Earth and 96 5,750 concrete. Delaware...... - .- do...... Olentangy River ..... Delaware .-..... 1951 132,000 950 FARWX Earth ...... 92 18, 600 Dillon ...... do...... Licking River ...... Zanesville- ...... 1961 273,800 1,325 FRWX .....---do ..... 118 1,400 Mosquito Creek...... do...... Mosquito Creek .. _ Cortland- .... 1944 104,100 700 FARSW ....---do ...... 47 5,650 Tom Jenkins-...... -do ...... East Branch, Sunday Gloucester- .-- 1951 26, 900 394 FRSWX ...----do...... 84 944 Creek. West Fork Mill .....do...... Mill Creek...... Mount Healthy.-_ 1952 11,380 200 FRX ...----do ...... 100 1,100 Creek. Muskingum River 4 Reservoirs. Atwood...... do ...... Indian Fork- ...... New Cumberland_ 1937 49, 700 1,540 FRX ..do .....-- 65 3, 700 .----do ...... Beach City-...... do...... -- Sugar Creek- ... Beach City ..-.. 1937 71,700 420 FRX 64 5, 600 .----do ..... Bolivar...... - . do ...... Sandy Creek -.... Bolivar- ...... 1938 149, 600 NPP FR 87 6,300 -- .do ...... -----do .... Charles Mill- ..... Black Fork ..-.... Mifflin...... 1936 88, 000 1,350 FRX 48 1,390 Clendening...... do...... Brushy Fork-...... Tippencanoe ..-. 1937 54, 000 1,800 FRX ...-do--...... 64 950 Dover...... -...do.....------Tuscarawas River-.... Dover...... - 1938 203, 000 350 FRX Concrete-..... 83 824 .....do ...... Leesville --...... ------McGuire Creek .... Leesville-...... 1937 37, 400 1,000 FRX Earth...... 74 1,695 ..... do ...... Mohawk...... Walhonding River- . Nellie...... 1937 285, 000 NPP FR ....do...... 111 2,330 -1 .-. do...... Mohicanville...... Lake Fork...... ------.. Mohicanville...... 1936 102,000 NPP FR do...... 46 1,220 -... 0 ...-do...... Piedmont...... ------.-...do ...... Stillwater Creek .... Piedmont...... 1937 65,000 2,270 FRX -...do...... 56 1,750 Pleasant Hill ...... do ...... Clear Fork-...... Perrysville-.___... 1938 87,700 850 FRX -...do...... 113 775 Senecaville-...... -...do ...... Seneca Fork- ...... Senecaville-..... 1937 88,500 3,550 FRSX -.- do -..... 45 2,350 IL Tappan...... Little Stillwater Tappan-...... 1936 61,600 2,350 FRX ....do ...... 52 1,550 0. -...do...... Creek. Wills Creek-...... Wills Creek-...... Conesville-...... 1937 196, 000 900 FRX .--- do ...... 87 1,950 Oklahoma: Canton_------Arkansas...... - North Canadian Canton .- ___ 1948 386,000 7,500 FRSX ...do ...... 73 15,100 River. Fort Supply-...... -..do...... Wolf Creek- .. Woodward-..... 1941 101, 800 1,584 FRWX -... do ...... 85 11,865 Great Salt Plains...... -do...... Salt Fork, Arkansas Cherokee -..... 1941 292,000 9,300 FRWX -...do ...... 72 6,010 River. Heyburn . ....------... do .....--- Polecat Creek ...... Sapulpa...... 1950 57,300 980 FRWX ....do...... 89 2,920 0 Hulah...... ------...... do...... - Caney Fork-...... Bartlesville .... 1950 292,500 3, 600 FRSWX ...do...... 94 6,315 0¢ Oologah_ ------do...... Verdigris River ... Claremore- .... 1961 1,519,000 29,500 FRSX do...... 129 4, 000 -... Wister_....-- Poteau River .... Wister_ ...... 1949 430, 000 4,000 FRWX do...... 99 5, 700 -... Oregon: 0- Cottage Grove ..... Columbia ...... Coast Fork, Willa- Cottage Grove ... 1942 1,158 do...... 71 -.... 32,940 FINR 2,110 0 mette River. Dorena_-...... Row River-...... do...... 1949 77, 500 1,835 FINR .....do .... 100 3,297 0r Fern Ridge...... Long Tom River.... Eugene ...-...... 1941 101,200 9,360 FINR ..... do...... 31.5 6,624 Pennsylvania: do ...... -.. Alvin R. Bush .... Susquehanna _- Kettle Creek__...----- Renovo...... 1962 75,000 160 FNRW 165 1,350 Francis E. Walter Delaware -.. Lehigh River .-- -- Wilkes-BIarre..... 1961 110,000 90 FNRW .- do . -. 234 3, 000 (Bear Creek). Conemaugh ...... Ohio ...... ------Conemaugh River -- Saltsburg ...... 1952 274, 000 300 FRWX Earth and 137 1,265 C) concrete. Crooked Creek ...... do ...... --Crooked Creek...... Ford City...... 1940 93, 900 400 FNRX Earth...... 143 1,480 East Branch, Clarion . ..do ...... East Branch, Clarion Wilcox ...... 1952 84,300 100 FARX .- do...... 184 1,725 River. River. Gen. Edgar Jadwin Delaware ..- ... Dyberry Creek . Honesdale . 1959 24, 500 NPP F -...do - .-- 112 1,280 Indian Rock..-.... Susquehanna .. Codorus Creek-...... York...... 1942 28,000 NPP F ..do ...... 83 1,000 Loyalhanna----... -... Ohio...... Loyalhanna Creek .... Saltsburg ....--- 1942 95,300 200 FRWX Earth and 114 960 concrete. See footnotes at end of table. Table C-2. Flood Control Reservoirs Operable June 30, 1964-Continued ND

z, Perma- Characteristics of dam m~ Calendar nent1 Name of dam and Community in year Total pool Project reservoir River basin Stream vicinity placed in storage (acreage) Ifunctions useful (acre-feet) or no Type Height' Length O operation pool (feet) (feet) (NPP) O ?TJ Pennsylvania-Continued Mahoning Creek...... do...... Mahoning Creek ..... New Bethlem .... 1941 74,200 200 FRWX Concrete ..... 162 926 Prompton...... Delaware...... Lackawaxen River.... Honesdale ...----- 1960 48, 300 280 FNRW Earth...... 140 1,230 .....do ...... Stillwater Susquehanna-...... - do------Forest City...... 1960 12, 000 83 FS 77 1, 700 -...... do...... _ Tionesta ...... Ohio...... Tionesta Creek .... Tionesta-...... 1941 133,400 500 FRWX 154 1, 050 0 .....do ...... wT Youghiogheny River_ Monongahela..... Youghiogheny River_. Confluence-...... 1943 254, 000 500 FARWX 184 1,610 South Dakota: .....do ...... Cold Brook ...... Missouri------...... Cold Brook------...... I Hot Springs...... 1953 7,200 36 FRWX 130 925 Lake Traverse: .....do ...... Reservation Red River of the Bois de Sioux River... Wheaton...... 1941 164,500 11,600 FRX 145 9, 100 Control Dam. North...... do ...... White Rock...... -....do ...... ----do------...... do...... 1941 85, 000. 4,600 FRX 16 14, 400 Texas: .....do ...... Addicks...... San Jacinto--...... South Mayde Creek_ Addicks...... 1948 204,500 NPP FX 49 61,166 .,...do ...... Barker...... do .....------...... Buffalo Bayou------...... --.....do...... 1945 207,000 NPP FX 37 72,844 ...... do ...... Belton_ .. Brazos--...... Leon River------...... Belton...... 1954 1,097,600 7,400 FIRSX 192 5, 524 .....do ...... Benbrook ...... Trinity...... Clear Fork, Trinity 1952 258,600 3, 770 FNRX 130 9,130 River...... do___...... Guadalupe--...... Guadalupe------...... New Braunfels ... 1964 740,900 8,240 FRSX 224 4,410 Canyon_...... do ...... Ferrells Bridge...... Red...... Cypress Creek-...... Jefferson- ...... 1959 842,100 1,100 FRS 97 10,600 .....do ...... -.- Grapevine...... Trinity--...... Denton Creek-...... Grapevine-...... 1952 435, 500 7, 380 FNRSX 137 12, 850 .....do ...... _ Hords Creek-_ .--... Colorado-...... Hords Creek-...... Coleman-...... 1948 25,310 510 FARSX 91 6,300 .....do ...... Lavon...... , ...... Trinity-- ...... East Fork, Trinity Fort Worth-...... 1953 423,400 11, 080 FRSX 69 9,499 River...... do ...... Lewisville------...... ---...... do ...... Elm Fork, Trinity Lewisville...... 1954 989, 700 23, 280 FRSX 125 32, 888 River...... do ...... Mills------...... ----.....do------...... Richland Creek-...... Corsicana...... 1963 212,200 5, 070 FRSX 82 7, 570 Navarro .....do ...... Proctor ------Brazos------...... Leon River- ...... Comanche _...... 1963 374,200 4, 610 FRSX 86 13, 460 North Concho River..__ San Angelo-...... 1952 396,400 5,440 FRSX ..... do ...... 128 40, 885 San Angelo------...... Colorado ...... do ...... Texarkana------...... Red------Sulphur River-...... Texarkana ...... - 1959 2,654,300 20, 300 FRS 106 18, 500 Vermont: .....do ...... Ball Mountain----. Connecticut...... West River-...... Jamaica- ...... 1961 54,600 NPP I FRW 265 915 .....do ...... North Hartland...... do ...... Ottauguechee River_._ North Hartland_.. 1960 71, 420 80 FRW 185 1,520 .....do ...... North Springfield .. Black River ...... Springfield-...... 1960 51,067 100 FRW 120 2,940 .....do ...... do ...... do ...... North Branch, Black Weathersfield-..... 1959 600 65 R do .... 60 870 -... River. do ...... -... Townshend ...... - .....do ...... West River ...... Townshend ..... 1961 33, 700 100 FRW 133 1,700 .....do ...... Union Village...... Ompompanoosuc Union Village-..... 1950 38, 000 NPP FRW 170 1, 100 River. Virginia: .....do ...... John W. Flannagan. Ohio------Pound River-...... Haysi...... 1963 145, 700 310 FAQR 250 960 Washington: Howard A. Hanson_ Green------...... Green River------...... Kanasket------...... 1961 106,000 1,700 FAS Rock ...... 196 675 Mill Creek------...... ---.. Columbia..-...... Mill Creek------...... Walla Walla...... 1942 6,700 195 FR Earth...... 120 3, 050 Mud Mountain-...... Puyallup...... White River...... ------.. Buckley...... 1953 106,000 1, 200 FR Rock...... 322 700 z West Virginia: Bluestone------...... Ohio -.-...... - New River------...... Hinton .------...... 1952 631, 000 1,970 FRWX Concrete...... 180 2, 048 o Sutton ---...... ----- do------...... Elk River------...... Sutton------...... 1960 265,300 270 FARWX .....do ...... 220 1,178 Tygart River . -...... -do----...... Tygart River ...... Grafton ...... ------. 1938 287, 700 620 FNARX do...... 230 1, 921 ----- Total number of dams-168, including five Mississippi River and tributaries dams and one debris control dam. 0 __ 0 1 Acres of water surface at top of permanent pool. 8 Included with figure for Lac Qui Parle Dam. 2 Year Corps of Engineers assumed operation of the reservoir. 4 Corps assumed operation of the 14 Muskingum River Reservoirs in 1939. 0

0z 0 F-1 F-1

Table C-3. Flood Control Reservoirs Constructed by Corps of Engineers but Operated by Others June 30, 1964 1 Nomenclature for Project Functions

F-Flood control I-Irrigation S-Water supply D-Debris control R-Public recreation W-Fish and wildlife (Federal or State) C Perma- Characteristics of dam Calendar nent 0T Name of dam and Community in year Total pool 2 Project reservoir River basin Stream vicinity placed in storage (acreage) functions useful (acre-feet) or no Type Height Length operation pool (feet) (feet) (NPP)

0 Arizona: 34 50, 200 j Trilby Wash Basin Colorado------...... -- Trilby Wash- ..... I Phoenix_...... - 1956 19, 300 NPP I F Earth...... (McMicken). 0 California: ....----do...... 40 20, 038 Big Dry Creek...... San Joaquin. .... Big Dry Creek .....-. Fresno ...... 1948 16,250 NPP F FW Earth and 171 2, 450 0 Camanche 3_. __...... do ...... Mokelumne River .--- Clements ..-... 1964 431, 500 7, 700 rockfill. .-----do-...... 315 2, 600 o Cherry Valley 3 ...... Tuolumne - ...... Cherry Creek- ...... Sonora---.....----- 1957 268,000 475 F Earth ..... 82 1, 795 Eaton Wash ...... Los Angeles- ..... Eaton Creek...... Pasadena ...... - 1937 956 NPP F 155 620 - North Fork ...... Sacramento.-___- American ...... Auburn-...... 1939 14, 700 280 DR Concrete ...- Colorado: Earth ...... 73 695 Pinon Canyon ...... Colorado-.....-... Pinon Canyon Arroyo Trinidad-...... 1954 406 NPP F Connecticut: ---.-do...... 92 700 East Branch...... Housatonic .- East Branch, Nauga- Torrington ...... - 1964 4, 350 NPP FRW tuck River...... do ...... 73 1,200 0 Hall Meadow .... .-.do ._...... Hall Meadow Brook _ ....do ...... 1961 8, 620 NPP FRW .. ...do_...... 178 940 , Mad River...... Connecticut _.. Mad River- ...... Winsted _...... 1962 9, 700 10 FRW Maryland: ...do ...... 184 1, 050 Savage River 4...... Potomac.....-----...---. Savage__.------_ Western Port..... 1952 20, 000 NPP FS Missouri: .....do ...... 1, 450 Bear Creek ...... Upper Mississippi Bear Creek------...... Hannibal...... 1962 8, 700 NPP I F 65 Nebraska: Salt Creek and tributaries: Antelope Creek, Platte ...... ------Antelope Creek- .... Lincoln...... 1962 6, 400 125 FR ....---do ...... 60 7, 700 (site 17). Salt Creek, (site ..... do .------...... Salt Creek...... ------. Hickman ..... 1962 3, 200 325 FR .. do ....---- 59 2, 750 4). Salt Creek, (site -....do------...... ----.... do------...... do- ...... 1962 2, 600 315 FR S----do...... 54 2, 975 8). New York: Onondaga------...... - Oswego------...... Onondaga Creek .... Syracuse-...... 1949 18, 200 NPP F .----.. do ..--- 67 1, 782 Oklahoma: 5- Lugert-Altus ...... Red ------North Fork, Red Altus------...... 1942 164, 310 6,800 FIS .....----do ...... 110 1,112 River. South Dakota: Cedar Canyon...... Cheyenne-...... Red Dale Gulch and Rapid City ...... - 1959 154 NPP F .....----do ...... 42 1, 300 Cedar Canyon. Utah: Big Wash....------...... Beaver------...... Big Wash...... Milford .-...... 1961 1,200 NPP ...----do...... 34 2,400 Vermont: East Barre..------...... Winooski ...... - Jail Branch...... East Barre .... 1960 12, 050 NPP ..----- do...... 65 1,460 Waterbury....------.do ...------...... Waterbury ...... Waterbury ...... - 1958 64, 700 900 ..----- do------. 158 1,800 1 Wrightsville------.. do-.------North Branch, Wrightsville ....--- 1958 20, 300 NPP .-----do...... 115 1,525 Winooski. Total number of dams-22, including 1 debris control dam. C O_

I i i 1Acres of water surface at top of permanent pool. 4 Original project started in 1939 as a WPA project and suspended in 1942. Flood 2 Planned and constructed with Federal funds, maintained and operated by local Control Act of 1946 provided for completion by Corps of Engineers. 0 interests. 5 Construction by Bureau of Reclamation. Participation by Department of the 8Planned and constructed by local interests. Federal Government contributed Army to finance flood control portion. amount for flood control storage, maintained and operated by East Bay Municipal Utility District of Oakland. 116 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

0-4. Flood Damages Prevented by Corps of Engineers Projects (In thousands of dollars)

Region During fiscal Cumulative thru year 1964 fiscal year 1964

Alaska ------117 2,575 Arkansas-White-Red ------4, 408 289, 618 Central and South Pacific------116 264, 706 Central Valley_------100 831,875 Colorado ------20 250 Columbia ------25,936 282, 624 Great Basin ------750 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence------2, 447 26, 550 Gulf and South Atlantic------8, 240 110, 442 Hawaii ------477 Lower Mississippi ------253, 613 7, 513, 858 Middle Atlantic ------63, 515 246, 410 Missouri------65,110 1, 142,800 New England ------669 157, 598 North Pacific------188 5,848 Ohio ------219, 715 1, 155, 528 Rio Grande and Gulf ------3, 679 226, 094 Souris and Red ------363 7,892 Upper Mississippi ------654 223, 299

Total ------648,890 12,489,194

C-6. Flood Damages Prevented During Fiscal Year 1964

(In thousands of dollars) Memphis District______$26, 858 New Orleans District_...- 226, 059 St. Louis District__------Vicksburg District_------1, 215

Lower Mississippi Valley Division _-___. ___ -- $254, 132 Kansas City District ------30, 586 Omaha District ------34, 524

Missouri River Division_ 65, 110 New England Division_ 9 Baltimore District_------63, 353 New York District_------1, 045 Norfolk District__------Philadelphia District ------147

North Atlantic Division_------64, 545 APPENDIX C-FLOOD CONTROL 117

C-6. Flood Damages Prevented During Fiscal Year 1964-Continued

(In thousands of dollars)

Buffalo District_ - _------$1,404 Chicago District_ - ..------220 Detroit District_ ------438 Rock Island District- - - -_- - -- -180 St. Paul District ------837

North Central Division-__ ------$3, 079 Alaska District ------117 Portland District------. --- 25,864 Seattle District_------29 Walla Walla District ------231

North Pacific Division_------26, 241 Huntington District_------43, 118 Louisville District ------52, 366 Nashville District ------906 Pittsburgh District_------123, 325

Ohio River Division------219, 715 Honolulu District Pacific Ocean Division Charleston District_------32 Jacksonville District_------4, 000 Mobile District_------3, 379 Savannah District_------772 Wilmington District_------72

South Atlantic Division_------8,255 Los Angeles District------20 Sacramento District_ ------100 San Francisco District ------116

South Pacific Division_------236 Albuquerque District_------25 Fort Worth District_------3,649 Galveston District----- Little Rock District_------1,496 Tulsa District ------2,398

Southwestern Division ------7, 568

Total ------648,890 118 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

C-6. Local Protection Projects Completed or in partial operation as of June 30, 1964

Authorization Region Total number Specific General 1

Alaska------5 -5 Arkansas-White-Red ------59 3 62 Central and South Pacific------14 8 22 Central Valley_------7 2 9 Colorado_ ------1 1 2 Columbia_------60 6 66 Great Basin_------2 1 3 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence-_------12 5 17 Gulf and South Atlantic_------15 13 2 28 Hawaii ------1 1 2 Lower Mississippi_------11 5 3 16 Middle Atlantic ------27 23 50 Missouri_------58 12 70 New England_------22 16 38 North Pacific ------7 11 18 Ohio------64 13 77 Rio Grande and gulf_ ------11 6 17 Souris and Red------8 1 9 Upper Mississippi_ ------82 10 92

Total_------466 137 603

1 Includes small projects not specifically authorized by Congress, constructed under the small-project authority provided by section 205, 1948 Flood Control Act, as amended; excludes work under general au. thorities for snagging and clearing, emergency bank protection, and emergency repair projects. 2 Central and Southern Florida is considered as one project. 3 Mississippi River and tributaries is considered as one project. APPENDIX D HYDROPOWER

Capacity in Generation Number operation as of during fiscal Region of projects June 30, 1964 year 1964 (thousand (million KW) KWH)

Alaska.. ... Arkansas-White-Red------9 947 673 Centratland South Pacific..... Central Valley_.... Colorado..... Columbia ------10 4,262 22, 133 Great Basin.... Great Lakes and St. Lawrence ------1 18 173 Gulf and South Atlantic ------6 864 2,687 Hawaii.... Lower Mississippi---- - Middle Atlantic_------2 218 255 Missouri_-_ ------5 1,580 5,746 New England..... North Pacific.... Ohio ------5 595 1,587 Rio Grande and gulf_------1 30 24 Souris and Red.... Upper Mississippi...... --

Total_------39 8, 514 33, 278

119

APPENDIX E -WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION

E--1. Water Supply Storage as of June 30, 1964

Project Storage Local agency (acre-feet)

In operation

Allatoona, Ga_ 13, 140 Cobb County-Marietta Water Au- thority. Baldhill, N. Dak_ 1 69, 500 Eastern North Dakota, Water Development Association. Belton, Tex- 12, 000 Fort Hood, Tex. Do- 113, 700 Brazos River Authority, Tex. Do 247, 000 Brazos River Authority Tex. Berlin, Ohio 19, 400 Mahoning Valley Sanitary District. Canton, Okla_----- 90, 000 Oklahoma City, Okla. Canyon, Tex_ 366, 400 Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority, Tex. Clark Hill, Ga. and S.C ... 163 McCormick, S.C. Do 92 Lincolnton, Ga. Dam B, Tex 94, 200 Lower Neches Valley Authority. East Brimfield, Mass ... 1, 140 American Optical Co., Mass. Fort Supply, Okla_ 400 Oklahoma State Board of Public Affairs. Ferrels Bridge, Tex ..... 251, 100 Northeast Texas Municipal Water District. Grapevine, Tex ...... 85, 000 Dallas, Tex. Do----- 50, 000 Park Cities, Tex. Do___ 1, 250 Grapevine, Tex. Heyburn, Okla 1, 000 Kiefer, Okla. Homme, N. Dak_ 1 3, 650 Grafton and Park River, N. Dak. Hords Creek, Tex_ 5, 780 Coleman, Tex. Hulah, Okla_ 15, 400 Bartlesville, Okla. Do_- 2, 000 Oil Recovery Corp., Okla. Lake Texoma, Okla. and Tex- 21, 300 Denison, Tex. Do_-- 16, 400 Texas Power & Light Co. Do_ 1, 150 Sinclair Oil & Gas Co. Lavon, Tex_ 100, 000 North Texas Municipal Water District. Lewisville, Tex_ 415, 000 Dallas, Tex. Do_- 21, 000 Denton, Tex. Mosquito Creek, Ohio ... 11, 000 Warren, Ohio. Navarro Mills, Tex 53, 200 Trinity River Authority, Tex. See footnotes at end of table.

121 122 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, 1964

E-1. Water Supply Storage as of June 30SO,1964-Continued

Project Storage Local agency (acre-feet)

In operation-Continued

Oologah, Okla_ 38, 000 Tulsa, Okla. Do .. . .. 500 Collinsville, Okla. Do_ 5, 000 Public Service Co. of Oklahoma. Do_. - 2, 500 Claremore Inc., Claremore, Okla. San Angelo, Tex .... 80, 400 Upper Colorado River Authority. Texarkana, Ark. and Tex --- 1 13, 400 Cities of Texarkana, Ark. and Tex. Tom Jenkins, Ohio .... 5, 800 State of Ohio. W. Kerr Scott, N.C .... 33, 000 Winston-Salem and Wilkes County, N.C. Wister, Okla_ 1, 600 Heavener Utilities Authority.

Subtotal (rounded) - 2, 262, 000

Under construction

Bardwell, Tex- . -- 42, 800 Trinity River Authority. Beaver, Ark___-_ _ - -- 108, 000 Beaver Water District. Broken Bow, Okla ------2 153, 000 Mountain Lakes Water District. Carlyle, Ill 33, 000 State of Illinois. Council Grove, Kans------24, 400 Council Grove and Emporia, Kans. DeGray, Ark-2 238, 700 Ouachita River Water District. Elk City, Kans_ -- - - -28, 400 State of Kansas. Gillham, Ark- 28, 700 Tri-Lakes Water District. John Redmond, Kans------34, 900 State of Kansas. Littleville, Mass. 9, 400 Springfield, Mass. Milford, Kans_ 300, 000 State of Kansas. Millwood, Ark------150, 000 Southwest Arkansas Water District. Monroe, Ind_ 159, 900 State of Indiana. Perry, Kans-_ ---- -150, 000 State of Kansas. Pine Creek, Okla 70, 700 Mountain Lakes Water District. Sam Rayburn, Tex .------2 383, 500 Lower Neches Valley Authority. Shelbyville, Ill 25, 000 State of Illinois. Stillhouse Hollow, Tex------204, 900 Brazos River Authority. Somerville, Tex .. 143, 900 Do. Waco, Tex_------91, 074 Do. Do___------13, 026 Waco, Tex. West Branch, Ohio .------52, 900 Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, Ohio. Subtotal (rounded) - 3, 446, 000

Total (rounded) .....- 5, 708, 000

I 1Seasonal for flood control and water supply. 2 Water supply and power storage combined. APPENDIX E-WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION 123

E-2. Irrigation Storage as of June 30, 1964 (In thousands of acre-feet)

Exclusive Joint-use Project irrigation storage storage

In operation Black Butte, Calif ------150 Conchas, N. Mex ------275 Cottage Grove, Oreg ------30 Cougar, Oreg ------155 Detroit, Oreg ------300 Dorena, Oreg ------70 Fern Ridge, Oreg ------94 Folsom, Calif_------910 Harlan County, Nebr------150 Isabella, Calif ------535 John Martin, Colo------367- Lookout Point, Oreg ------337 Lucky Peak,Idaho ------280 New Hogan, Calif ------145 165 Pine Flat, Calif ------1,000 Lake Mendocino, Calif ------70 Hills Creek, Oreg ------200 Success, Calif ------75 Terminus, Calif ------142

Total ------937 4,513

Under construction Blue River, Oreg ------75 Green Peter, Oreg ------300 Fall Creek, Oreg. ------115

Total------490