Bull's Head and Mermaid
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Józef Dąbrowski (Łódź, July 2008)
Józef Dąbrowski (Łódź, July 2008) Paper Manufacture in Central and Eastern Europe Before the Introduction of Paper-making Machines A múltat tiszteld a jelenben és tartsd a jövőnek. (Respect the past in the present, and keep it to the future) Vörösmarty Mihály (1800-1855) Introduction……1 The genuinely European art of making paper by hand developed in Fabriano and its further modifications… ...2 Some features of writing and printing papers made by hand in Europe……19 Some aspects of paper-history in the discussed region of Europe……26 Making paper by hand in the northern part of Central and Eastern Europe……28 Making paper by hand in the southern part of Central and Eastern Europe……71 Concluding remarks on hand papermaking in Central and Eastern Europe before introducing paper-making machines……107 Acknowledgements……109 Introduction During the 1991 Conference organized at Prato, Italy, many interesting facts on the manufacture and trade of both paper and books in Europe, from the 13th to the 18th centuries, were discussed. Nonetheless, there was a lack of information about making paper by hand in Central and Eastern Europe, as it was highlighted during discussions.1 This paper is aimed at connecting east central and east southern parts of Europe (i.e. without Russia and Nordic countries) to the international stream of development in European hand papermaking before introducing paper-making machines into countries of the discussed region of Europe. This account directed to Anglophones is supplemented with the remarks 1 Simonetta Cavaciocchi (ed.): Produzione e Commercio della Carta e del Libro Secc. XIII-XVIII. -
British Art Studies September 2020 Elizabethan and Jacobean
British Art Studies September 2020 Elizabethan and Jacobean Miniature Paintings in Context Edited by Catharine MacLeod and Alexander Marr British Art Studies Issue 17, published 30 September 2020 Elizabethan and Jacobean Miniature Paintings in Context Edited by Catharine MacLeod and Alexander Marr Cover image: Left portrait: Isaac Oliver, Ludovick Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, later Duke of Richmond, ca. 1605, watercolour on vellum, laid onto table-book leaf, 5.7 x 4.4 cm. Collection of National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 3063); Right portrait: Isaac Oliver, Ludovick Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, later Duke of Richmond, ca. 1603, watercolour on vellum, laid on card, 4.9 x 4 cm. Collection of Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (FM 3869). Digital image courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London (All rights reserved); Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (All rights reserved). PDF generated on 21 July 2021 Note: British Art Studies is a digital publication and intended to be experienced online and referenced digitally. PDFs are provided for ease of reading offline. Please do not reference the PDF in academic citations: we recommend the use of DOIs (digital object identifiers) provided within the online article. Theseunique alphanumeric strings identify content and provide a persistent link to a location on the internet. A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents with confidence. Published by: Paul Mellon Centre 16 Bedford Square London, WC1B 3JA https://www.paul-mellon-centre.ac.uk In partnership with: Yale Center for British Art 1080 Chapel Street New Haven, Connecticut https://britishart.yale.edu ISSN: 2058-5462 DOI: 10.17658/issn.2058-5462 URL: https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk Editorial team: https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk/about/editorial-team Advisory board: https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk/about/advisory-board Produced in the United Kingdom. -
What Happens to Cellulosic Fibers During Papermaking and Recycling? a Review
PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE ncsu.edu/bioresources WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLULOSIC FIBERS DURING PAPERMAKING AND RECYCLING? A REVIEW Martin A. Hubbe,* Richard A. Venditti, and Orlando J. Rojas Both reversible and irreversible changes take place as cellulosic fibers are manufactured into paper products one or more times. This review considers both physical and chemical changes. It is proposed that by understanding these changes one can make better use of cellulosic fibers at various stages of their life cycles, achieving a broad range of paper performance characteristics. Some of the changes that occur as a result of recycling are inherent to the fibers themselves. Other changes may result from the presence of various contaminants associated with the fibers as a result of manufacturing processes and uses. The former category includes an expected loss of swelling ability and decreased wet-flexibility, especially after kraft fibers are dried. The latter category includes effects of inks, de-inking agents, stickies, and additives used during previous cycles of papermaking. Keywords: Paper recycling, Drying, Deinking, Hornification, Inter-fiber bonding, Refining, Fines, Fiber length, Conformability Contact information: Department of Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Box 8005, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellulosic fibers can change significantly when formed into a wet web of paper and subsequently subjected to such processes as pressing, drying, printing, storage, repulping, and deinking. Some of the changes can be subtle. Often it is possible to substitute recovered fibers in place of virgin fibers used for the production of paper or paperboard. On the other hand, characteristic differences between recycled fibers and virgin fibers (fresh from pulping wood, not recycled) can be expected; many of these can be attributed to drying. -
Caecilia V82n02 1955 01.Pdf
Intr. ~ - r iI-+-+-a--II - 5. ~-·-_-I-.-.I-.~-:;==....-._-_~~_.-·_"_-_~__· '-~__ G Ircumdede-runt me· - gemi-tus mortis, do-l6- res Intr. +-.----------- 1----· 1···~~.1 t · . }I-..I. • 1If-~---="'--=---I---~ a · ~ ~ ----!-! U Xsurge,'" qua-re obdormis Domine? exsur- Intp. I .f.------- ~ -':'"""':~=--k:~ ~~=--.-·+I-.-- ~ 6. I I.. H'.. II ... ....... € -sto mlhl - in De- um pro- te-ct6- rem, et in VOLUME 82 - Number 2 JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1955 dlCRexneUJ OJ:CO.UloacchuRCh fr:"schoo~mUS1C What the Critics Say: "Can you imagine a hymnal in which every single entry is completely acceptable on all grounds, musical and liturgical? I am not in the pay of the publisher when I urge every organist in the country to rush out and buy the new Pius X THE Hymnal ..." Paul Hume in The Sign. • "One can earnestly recommend this outstanding hymnal for the serious consideration of all choir PIUS Inasters looking for music of exceptional quality and worth." A. C. B. in The Diapason. • "This collection is in every way superior to all our TENTH hymnals now in use". J. W. E. in The Catholic Standard, Washington, D. C. • HThe hymnal is rich in gems and choirmasters HYMNAL will find much to interest singers and to enrich their repertoire." J. V. H. in T he Catholic Choirmaster. Edited, Arranged and Compiled • by the "The organist and choir director will find in its 500 pages a rich treasure of music that blends, in PIUS TENTH SCHOOL the words of Cardinal Spelhnan, 'mind, heart and voice in adoration, praise and thanksgiving of to Almighty God and His wondrous works.'" Bartholomew Sales, OSB, in Worship. -
Christine Jakobi- Mirwald
CHRISTINE JAKOBI-MIRWALD Initials and other Elements of Minor Decoration C H R I S T I N E J AKOBI -M IRWALD A paper on the subject of minor manuscript decoration can well turn out somewhat less than exciting. However, it depends on the point of view, and if the manuscripts of the Liber Extra are a somewhat alien field of investigation to this author, 1 this may well present a chance for a fresh approach. For once, the subject of terminologies in different languages has recently proved to be rather fascinating. 2 In the third edition of my Terminology * I would like to thank Martin Bertram for trusting me with this paper and for acce pting it at the conference, even when I was unable to participate in person, and Susanne Wittekind, who was so kind as to read the text in my place. 1 My primary fields of research have concentrated on rather earlier manuscripts: Die illuminierten Han dschr iften der Hessischen Landesbibliothek Fulda. 1. Handschriften des 6. – 13. Jahrhunderts. Textband bea rbeitet von Ch. J AKOBI - M IRWALD auf Grund der Vorarbeiten von Herbert Köllner, Denkmäler der Buchkunst 10, Stuttgart 1993; C. J AKOBI - M IRWALD , Die Initiale zu r Causa 28 in den Münchener Gratianhandschriften 17161 und 23551, in: E. E ISENLOHR , P. W O R M (Hg.), Arbeiten aus dem Marbu rger hilfswissenschaftlichen Institut, Elementa diplomatica 8, Marburg 2000, p. 217 -228; E AD. Die Schäftlarner Gratian - Handschrift Clm 17161 in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Münchner Jahrbuch der bildende n Kunst, 3. F. 58 (2007), p. -
Art & History of Vienna
Art & History of Vienna Satoko Friedl Outline History Architecture Museums Music Eat & Drink Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 2 History Architecture Museums Music Eat & Drink Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 3 "It all started with a big bang…" Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 4 Prehistoric Vienna . Sporadic archeological finds from Paleolithic age . Evidence of continuous settlements from Neolithic age (~5000 BC) Venus of Willendorf (~25000 BC, Naturhistorisches Museum) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 5 Vindobona: The Roman Fortress . Founded ~20 AD (after today‘s Austria was conquered) . "Standard" layout Roman military camp (castrum) surrounded by civilian city . Several excavation sites and archeological finds Reconstruction of Vindobona Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 6 Roman Excavations in Vienna (1) Roman floor heating (Excavations in Römermuseum, Hoher Markt) Roman stones from the thermae (Sterngasse/Herzlstiege) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 7 Roman Excavations in Vienna (2) Roman and medieval houses (Michaelerplatz) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 8 Location of the Roman Fortress (1) . Upper edge was washed away by a flood in 3rd century Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 9 Location of the Roman Fortress (2) Street called "Tiefer Danube Graben" canal (deep moat) Rotenturm- strasse Place called "Graben" (moat) St. Stephen‘s Cathedral Tiefer Graben(modern city center) Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 10 Old Friends… Is it worth the long travel? Obelix, shall we go to Vindobona? Satoko Friedl: Art & History of Vienna 26 September 2011 11 The Dark Ages . -
TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector
TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector 2018 TABLE OF contEnts ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 OVERVIEW OF THE PULP AND PAPER SECTOR 15 2.1. Status of the Indian Paper Industry 15 2.2. Overview of the Pulp and Papermaking Process 20 2.3. Patenting in the Paper and Pulp Industry: A Historical Perspective 22 2.4. Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Industry 25 3 METHODOLOGY 27 3.1. Search Strategy 27 4 ANALYSIS OF PATENT DOCUMENTS USING GPI 31 4.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21) 31 4.2. Analysis of Patenting Activity in Different Technology Areas using GPI 38 5 ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN PATENT SCENARIO WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT 81 5.1. Analysis of Patents Filed in India 81 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 91 REFERENCES 93 ANNEXURE 94 Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturing 94 Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and paper sector 119 Annexure 3. Emerging Technology Areas 127 List OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Indian Paper Mills .................................16 Priority Graph: Paper-Making Machines Figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments and Methods ........................................42 in Total Paper Production .......................19 Figure 4.11: (e) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories ..43 Paper from Different Raw Materials ........19 Figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Made from Various Raw Materials ..........19 Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres ..43 Figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Figure 4.11: (g) Applicant vs. -
Carl Barckhoff and the Barckhoff Church Organ Company
Volume 39, Number 4, 1995 Founded in 1956 CARL BARCKHOFF AND THE BARCKHOFF CHURCH ORGAN COMPANY Carl Barckhoff - about 1880 by Vernon Brown Reprinted from The Tracker, 22:4 (Summer, 1978) Carl Barckhoff, one of the foremost Midwest late 19th 1880, "the church filled with a fashionable and cultured and early 20th century organ builders, was born in audience," 2 Carl himself played. Cora Hawley, the Wiedenbruck, Westphalia, Germany, in 1849. His father, daughter of an influencial man in Salem, was the soprano organ builder Felix Barckhoff, brought the family to the soloist, and this marked the beginning of a romance United States in 1865, and in that same year the first between Barckhoff and Miss Hawley. Barckhoff organ was built in this country. The firm In 1881 Carl married Miss Hawley, and in 1882, having established at 1240 Hope Street, Philadelphia, was for a time obtained financial backing locally, he relocated the during the 1870's known as Felix Barckhoff & Sons, the sons Barckhoff Church Organ Company in Salem. The new being Carl and Lorenz. factory at 31 Vine Street "had an organ hall 35 feet high, Felix Barckhoff died in 1878, 1 and at about this same time which made it possible to construct the largest organs built Carl relocated the firm in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, at that time. According to records, most of the men in an area which is today North Side Pittsburgh. An organ employed by Mr. Barckhoff had learned their trade in for the Presbyterian Church of Salem, Ohio was built in this Germany. -
Lower Austria: Wine Country
Lower Austria: Wine Country Magnificent wines, enchanting landscapes, and a distinctive wine culture: Lower Austria is one of the most unique and delightful wine regions in the world. The wine is best served along the Lower Austria Wine Road, or at the vineyards. It is said that the Romans brought viticulture to central Europe. However, when the Romans came to Lower Austria in 15 BC, the locals toasted their arrival with wine. According to estimates based on the discovery of grape seeds, wine has been made in Lower Austria for 4000 years – sufficient time to develop a unique wine culture which is known worldwide. For example, the wine cellar-lined streets (Kellergassen) which are almost exclusively found in Lower Austria, where grapes are pressed and wine is stored. Or the taverns, where wine is personally served by the winemakers. Spanning an area of around 27,000 ha, Lower Austria is the largest wine region in Austria, and with its legendary Güner Veltliner and Riesling brews, which are some of the best white wines in the world, ensures the excellent reputation of Austrian wine. Thanks to a number of top wine producers, who expertly draw on a firmly routed wine-growing tradition but also combine this with new ideas and innovative methods, Lower Austria has become of Europe’s most interesting wine regions. Wine can be enjoyed on several occasions. For example in wine cellars, which were dug in the loess many centuries ago, or in modern tasting rooms, or as a sumptuous accompaniment to a gourmet menu, or as part of one of the many festivals celebrated during the wine harvest period in Lower Austria. -
Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D
Against the Grain Volume 29 | Issue 6 Article 22 December 2017 Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D. Riley Gabriel Books, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Riley, John D. (2017) "Wryly Noted-Books About Books," Against the Grain: Vol. 29: Iss. 6, Article 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.7886 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Wryly Noted — Books About Books Column Editor: John D. Riley (Against the Grain Contributor and Owner, Gabriel Books) <[email protected]> https://www.facebook.com/Gabriel-Books-121098841238921/ Paper: Paging Through History by Mark Kurlansky. (ISBN: 978-0-393-23961-4, thanks to the development of an ingenious W. W. Norton, New York 2016.) device: a water-powered drop hammer.” An- other Fabriano invention was the wire mold for laying paper. “Fine wire mesh laid paper came his book is not only a history of paper, ample room to wander into Aztec paper making to define European paper. Another pivotal but equally, of written language, draw- or artisan one vat fine paper making in Japan. innovation in Fabriano was the watermark. Ting, and printing. It is about the cultural Another trademark of Kurlansky’s is a Now the paper maker could ‘sign’ his work.” and historical impact of paper and how it has pointed sense of humor. When some groups The smell from paper mills has always been central to our history for thousands of advocated switching to more electronic formats been pungent, due to the use of old, dirty rags years. -
Born As Twins - Papermaking and Recycling
1 Born as twins - papermaking and recycling Boris Fuchs, Frankenthal, Germany Abstract: It will be shown that in the year 105 AD., when the purchasing administrator at the Chinese Emperor’s Court, G-ii Ltm, invented, or better said, recorded the papermaking process, it was common practice to recycle used textile clothes, fishing nets and the hemp material of ropes to get a better and cheaper (less labour intensive) raw material for papermaking than the bark of mulberry trees, bamboo and china grass. When the art of papemaking, on its long march through the Arabian World, came to Europe, used textile rags were the only raw material, thus recycling was again closely related to papermaking, and to secure the paper-maker’s business base, it was strictly forbidden to export textile rags to other countries. Despite heavy punishments, smuggling flourished at that time. The &inking process was invented in 1774 by Julius Claproth and bleaching by Claude Louis Berthollet in 1785, but with the introduction of ground wood in 1845 by Friedrich Keller, recycling lost its preferential status in the paper manufacmring industry by the second half of the 20ti century, when economic considerations, especially in Central Europe, caused its comeback, long before ecological demands forced its reintroduction and environmental legislation was set in place. Thus recycling with papermaking is not an invention of the present time, but a twin arrangement right from the beginning. For the future, a certain balance between primary and secondary fibre input should be kept to avoid any collapse in the paper strength by too often repeated recycling., also to assist the forest industry in keeping our forests clean and healthy. -
Erfindung Der Erzeugung Von Holzschliff Durch Friedrich Gottlob Keller
**SGRD* PAPIERGESCHICHTE Abb. 1: Friedrich Gottlob Keller Erfindung der Erzeugung von Holzschliff durch Friedrich Gottlob Keller Im Lebensbild Friedrich Gottlob Kellers spiegeln sich auf chemischem Wege Papierfaserstoff aus Holz zu gewinnen. die Facetten der industriellen Revolution in Deutsch- Im Ergebnis seiner Versuche kam er zu dem Schluss „ …dass unter land in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als Querein- Einwirkung höherer Hitzegrade, als sie der bloße Siedepunkt gestattet, steiger greift er den rasch wachsenden Bedarf der es vielleicht möglich sein könnte, dies (nämlich den chemische Auf- bereitung von Holz zu Faserstoff) zu erreichen. Allein der gleichen Papierindustrie an einem alternativen Rohstoff zu Dampfapparate standen mir nicht zur Verfügung, und deshalb musste Hadern auf und hält in seinem Ideenbuch unter ich davon absehen.“ 1 Damit war Keller aus heutiger Sicht bereits 1840 anderen den Gedanken fest, „Papier zu fertigen von gedanklich einen Schritt in Richtung der später entwickelten Holzfasern, welche durch Friktion erzeugt werden“. chemischen Aufschlussverfahren gegangen. Seine Erfindung der Holzschlifferzeugung findet welt- Beide Gedankenrichtungen machen deutlich, dass Keller – gewisser- weit Verbreitung - der persönliche wirtschaftliche maßen als „Quereinsteiger“– für die Faserstoff- und Papiererzeugung Ertrag bleibt ihm jedoch in tragischer Weise verwehrt. sowie das Druckgewerbe ein lebhaftes Interesse hatte. In eigener Er- innerung bezieht er sich in diesem Zusammenhang auf ein Polytech- nisches Journal aus dem Jahr 1839 oder 1840. In der Tat finden sich zu Unruhiger Geist jener Zeit zum Beispiel im „Polytechnischen Journal“ verschiedene Am 27. Juni 1816 wird Keller (Abb. 1) in Hainichen /Sachsen geboren. Publikationen und Patentschriften, die auf die Erzeugung von Faser- Bereits während seiner Schulzeit zeigen sich seine technischen stoffen für die Papierherstellung ausgerichtet sind, u.a.