TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector

2018

Table of contents

Acknowledgements 10 Executive Summary 11 1 Introduction 13 2 Overview of the Pulp and Paper Sector 15 2.1. Status of the Indian Paper Industry 15 2.2. Overview of the Pulp and Papermaking Process 20 2.3. Patenting in the Paper and Pulp Industry: A Historical Perspective 22 2.4. Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Industry 25 3 Methodology 27 3.1. Search Strategy 27 4 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI 31 4.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21) 31 4.2. Analysis of Patenting Activity in Different Technology Areas using GPI 38 5 Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report 81 5.1. Analysis of Patents Filed in India 81 6 Concluding Remarks 91 References 93 ANNEXURE 94 Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturing 94 Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and paper sector 119 Annexure 3. Emerging Technology Areas 127 List of FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Indian Paper Mills...... 16 Priority Graph: Paper-Making Machines Figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments and Methods...... 42 in Total Paper Production...... 19 Figure 4.11: (e) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories...43 Paper from Different Raw Materials...... 19 Figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Made from Various Raw Materials...... 19 Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres...43 Figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Figure 4.11: (g) Applicant vs. Date of Pulp and Paper Mill...... 20 Priority Graph: Non-Fibrous Additives Figure 4.1: Top IPC Main Groups within Added to the Pulp...... 44 the Families Related to Papermaking Figure 4.11: (h) Applicant vs. Date of and Production of Cellulose...... 31 Priority Graph: Coated Paper, Coating Figure 4.2: Top IPC Subgroups within Material...... 44 the Families Related to Papermaking Figure 4.11: (i) Applicant vs. Date of and Production of Cellulose...... 32 Priority Graph: Special Paper...... 45 Figure 4.3: Top Publishing Offices for the Figure 4.11: (j) Applicant vs. Date of Patent Families Related to Papermaking Priority Graph: Fibreboard; Manufacture and Production of Cellulose...... 32 of Articles from Cellulosic Fibrous Figure 4.4: IPC vs. Date of Priority Cross- Suspensions or from Papier-M.ch...... 45 Reference Graph...... 34 Figure 4.12: Comparison of Number Figure 4.5: Top Applicants in the Pulp of Patent Documents in Different and Paper Sector...... 35 Technology Areas Related to Pulping in Top Ten Jurisdictions 46 Figure 4.6: Top Inventors in the Pulp ...... and Paper Sector...... 35 Figure 4.13: Applicants and Date of Priority for Patents in the Area of ‘Pulping Figure 4.7: Applicant vs. IPC Cross- of Cellulose-Containing Materials’ 47 Reference Graph...... 36 ...... Cross-Reference Graph Figure 4.8: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Figure 4.14: Between Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph...... 37 for the Technologies Related to Digesters...48 Figure 4.9: Number of Patent Documents Cross-Reference Graph with Date of Priority 2006-2016...... 37 Figure 4.15: Between Applicants and Date of Priority Figure 4.10: Comparison of Number for the Technologies Related to Bleaching 49 of Patent Documents in Different ... Technology Areas Related to Paper Figure 4.16: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Manufacturing in Top Ten Jurisdictions...... 39 Priority for the Technologies Related to Figure 4.11: (a) Applicant vs. Date of Regeneration of Pulp Liquors 49 Priority Graph: Raw Materials and Their ...... Top Publishing Offices in Mechanical Treatment...... 41 Figure 4.17: the Area of Wastewater Treatment...... 50 Figure 4.11: (b) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Technologies Related to Figure 4.18: Top Applicants for Wastewater Treatment 51 Pulping...... 41 ...... Applicant vs. Date of Priority Figure 4.11: (c) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 4.19: Graph for Wastewater Treatment 51 Priority Graph: Stock Preparation...... 42 ......

6 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.20: Top Publishing Offices in Figure 4.37: Top Applicants and Date the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper...... 52 of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Figure 4.21: Top Applicants in the Field Area of Enzyme Technology...... 67 of Recycling of Waste Paper...... 53 Figure 4.38: Top IPC Groups in the Area Figure 4.22: Top Applicants and Date of of Enzyme Technology...... 68 Priority Graph for Recycling of Waste Paper...53 Figure 4.39: Top Publishing Offices in Figure 4.23: Top Publishing Offices in the the Field of Lignin Recovery...... 71 Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants...... 54 Figure 4.40: Top Applicants in the Field Figure 4.24: Top Applicants in the Field of Lignin Recovery...... 71 of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants...... 55 Figure 4.41: Top Applicants and Date Figure 4.25: Top Applicants and of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Corresponding Date of Priority in the Area of Lignin Recovery...... 72 Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants...... 55 Figure 4.42: Top Publishing Offices in Figure 4.26: Top IPC Subgroups for the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery...... 73 Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp...... 56 Figure 4.43: Top Applicants in the Field Figure 4.27: Top Publishing Offices for of Hemicellulose Recovery...... 73 Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp...... 57 Figure 4.44: Top Applicants and Date Figure 4.28: Top Applicants for of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp...... 57 Area of Hemicellulose Recovery...... 74 Figure 4.29: Top Applicants and Figure 4.45: Top Publishing Offices in Corresponding Date of Priority in the the Field of Bioethanol...... 74 Field of Chlorine-Free Pulp Bleaching...... 58 Figure 4.46: Top Applicants in the Field Figure 4.30: Top Publishing Offices in the of Bioethanol...... 75 Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Figure 4.47: Top Applicants and Date Paper Sector...... 60 of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Figure 4.31: Top Applicants in the Field Area of Bioethanol...... 76 of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Figure 4.48: Top Publishing Offices in Paper Sector...... 60 the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping....76 Figure 4.32: Top Applicants and Figure 4.49: Top Applicants in the Field Corresponding Date of Priority in the of Organic Solvents in Pulping...... 77 Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp Figure 4.50: Top Applicants and and Paper Sector...... 61 Corresponding Date of Priority in the Figure 4.33: Date of Priority of Patent Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping...... 78 Documents in the Area of Nanotechnology Figure 5.1: Top 10 Applicants for Indian in the Pulp and Paper Sector...... 61 Applications...... 82 Figure 4.34: Top IPC Main Groups in the Figure 5.2: Top 10 IPC Codes Among the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Indian Applications...... 82 Paper Sector...... 62 Figure 5.3: Top 10 Inventors for Indian Figure 4.35: Top Publishing Offices in Applications...... 83 the Area of Enzyme Technology...... 66 Figure 5.4: Filing Trend of Patents in Figure 4.36: Top Applicants in the Area India in the Pulp and Paper Sector from of Enzyme Technology...... 66 1996 to 2017...... 83

Patent Analysis | 7 List of Tables

Table 2.1: Statistical and Financial Table 4.10: Top Applicants in Different Parameters of the Indian Paper Industry...... 16 Application Areas of Enzymes in the Table 2.2: Structure of the Indian Paper Pulp and Paper Industry...... 69 Industry...... 17 Table 4.11: Top Publishing Offices in Table 2.3: Production of Various Grades Different Application Areas of Enzymes from Different Raw Materials ...... 18 in the Pulp and Paper Industry...... 69 Table 3.1: Description of Subclasses Table 4.12: Number of Patent Belonging to IPC/CPC Class D21 Documents Retrieved Using GPI (Papermaking; Production of Cellulose)....28 in Different Application Areas of Table 3.2: Identified Technology Areas in Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Sector...70 the Pulp and Paper Sector...... 29 Table 5.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Table 4.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Main Codes Among the Patent Applications Groups and Subgroups...... 33 Filed in India...... 83 Table 4.2: Number of Documents Table 5.2: Number of Patent Retrieved in GPI Related to Manufacturing Applications Filed in India in Different of Paper...... 38 Technology Areas Related to the Manufacturing of Paper 84 Table 4.3: Top 10 Applicants in Different ...... Technology Areas...... 40 Table 5.3: Top Applicants Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to Table 4.4: Top 10 Applicants in Different Paper Manufacturing 85 Technology Areas Related to Pulping...... 46 ...... Number of Patent Documents Table 4.5: Number of Patent Documents Table 5.4: Retrieved Using GPI in Different Filed in India for Different Technologies Related to Pulping 86 Sustainable/Green Technology Areas...... 50 ...... Number of Patent Documents Table 4.6: Number of Patent Documents Table 5.5: Retrieved Using GPI in Different Filed in India for Different Sustainable/ Application Areas of Nanotechnology in Green Technologies...... 86 the Pulp and Paper Sector...... 63 Table 5.6: Top 10 Applicants in India in Different Sustainable/Green Technologies 87 Table 4.7: Top Applicants in Different ... Application Areas of Nanotechnology in Table 5.7: Number of Patent the Pulp and Paper Sector...... 63 Documents Filed in India in the Area of Nanotechnology 87 Table 4.8: Top Publishing Offices ...... in Different Application Areas of Table 5.8: Number of Patent Documents Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Filed in India in Enzyme Technology...... 89 Industry...... 64 Table 5.9: Number of Patent Documents Table 4.9: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Technologies Related to Retrieved Using GPI in Different Biorefinery...... 89 Application Areas of Enzyme Technology in the Pulp and Paper Sector...... 69

8 | Patent Analysis Patent Analysis | 9 Acknowledgements

The Technical Report – Patent Analysis was drafted in the context of project - Development and adoption of appropriate technologies for enhancing productivity in the paper and pulp sector - funded by the Government of India, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP).

The report was produced by UNIDO’s department of Trade, Investment and Innovation (TII), under the directorship of Dr. Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, the project being managed by Dr. Anders Isaksson.

The technical content is the work of the following UNIDO technical expert Dr. Arundhati Bhattacharyya from the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC). The results presented in this report, have been reviewed and edited by Dr. Ritin Koria and Ms. Shraddha Srikant.

Proof reading was undertaken by Ms. Lauren Cooke, and final layout and Design was undertaken by Mr. Mauricio Mondragon and Ms. Maria Grineva.

Furthermore, we would like to extend thanks to the staff of the Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI) and the , Patent Facilitating Centre (PFC) at TIFAC, in particular Bipin Prakash Thapliyal, and Mr. Yashawant Panwar respectively, for availing the necessary logistical support for the hosting of technical workshops and seminars, for support in data collection and active participation in the project. Additionally, a special thanks to Mr. Yashawant Panwar (TIFAC) for his technical inputs and support in the IPR workshop.

10 | Patent Analysis Executive Summary

UNIDO has implemented a project titled ‘Development and adoption of appropriate tech- nologies for enhancing productivity in the paper and pulp sector’, in collaboration with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.

The project aimed to support the Indian pulp and paper industry by strengthening the capac- ity and capability of the nodal technical institution for the sector, the Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI). It also aimed to select industry associations to provide better management and technical support for the industry to improve productivity and competitive- ness while ensuring sustainability of the sector.

As part of the project, a diagnostic assessment of the Indian pulp and paper industry and technology benchmarking vis-à-vis global best practices were undertaken to gain an under- standing of the challenges and opportunities for the industry. The project aims to address some of these challenges through a range of technical capacity building and knowledge shar- ing activities including demonstration of appropriate technologies, workshops and twinning with international organizations.

To fulfill this objective, one of the activities of the project was to conduct a technical work- shop on ‘Patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for the paper sector’, conducted on 8-9 June 2017. In continuation to the discussions held during this workshop, this technical report provides a detailed analysis of paper-related patents across various jurisdictions and trends that have driven inventions in the paper and pulp sector in various countries. This report describes the search methodology and tools used to perform a global collection of patent documents related to the broad technology areas applicable to the pulp and paper industry. It provides a general overview and analysis of all patent documents identified from the search. Information related to the key applicants and inventors, their history of patent- ing activity and their technology strength were identified and are included in the report. The report also tries to identify the emerging technology areas in the pulp and paper sector and summarize the patenting activities in those areas. Green technologies that can reduce the adverse impact on the environment were also identified and the patenting activity in those areas has been analyzed.

Patent Analysis | 11

Introduction 1

UNIDO has implemented a project titled The purpose of this report is to provide an ‘Development and adoption of appropriate overview of the global patenting scenario and technologies for enhancing productivity in corresponding scenario in India in the area of the paper and pulp sector’, in collabora- technologies important to the pulp and paper tion with the Department of Industrial Pol- industry. The patent analysis performed was icy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Com- quantitative in nature and the patent search merce and Industry, Government of India. conducted was mostly based on IPC/CPC The project aimed to support the Indian codes. The report provides an analysis of pat- cement sector by strengthening the capac- ent documents using GPI for papermaking ity and capability of the nodal technical and patenting activity in specific technology institution for the sector – the Central Pulp areas, segregated by technologies, jurisdic- and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI) - and tion, applicant and date of priority. The report selecting industry associations to provide also provides an analysis of the Indian patent management and technical support to the scenario, covering technologies in the pulp pulp and paper industry. and paper sector, sustainable/green technol- ogies, and emerging technology areas (nano- The project looked to facilitate structured technology, enzyme technology, biorefinery expert dialogue, transfer of state-of-the-art and organic solvents in pulping). technologies to the Indian pulp and paper sector, and a wide range of technical capac- The report aims to provide the CPPRI, as the ity-building and knowledge sharing activi- nodal technical research institute for the ties to bolster the capacity and capability paper and pulp sector in India, with a broad of the CPPRI to enable it to better support background of how to utilize patents and clusters and individual SMEs in enhancing speed up the R&D process to facilitate further their productivity performance and enter- inventions. Intensive and extensive efforts ing export markets. are required in India to generate new knowl- edge through inventions in order to remain One of the activities under the aforemen- competitive, not only in India but also glob- tioned project was a workshop on ‘Patents ally. Educational institutions, research insti- and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for tutions and industries must be encouraged the paper sector’, conducted on the 8-9 to carry out more research and development, June 2017. making this a pertinent topic for the CPPRI.

Patent Analysis | 13

Overview of the Pulp and Paper Sector 2

The pulp and paper industry is one of the old- dollars of annual revenue in 2015. In 2016, est industries in the history of mankind. It uses International Paper generated more than 21 wood and other lignocellulosic materials as billion U.S. dollars of revenue, while Kim- raw materials and produces numerous prod- berly-Clark made around 18.2 billion. Other ucts that have become an essential part of life leading paper industry companies include including: pulp, paper, paperboard, packag- the Indonesia-based Asia Pulp and Paper, ing materials, and personal hygiene products. Svenska Cellulosa of Sweden, Stora Enso and UPM-Kymmene from Finland, as well as Oji Presently, the global pulp and paper indus- Paper and Nippon Paper Group from Japan [1]. try is thriving and the growth rate has been estimated at 2.8% each year from 2014-2019. With some 407.5 million metric tonnes of The major driving force for demand of paper paper consumed globally in 2014, the world’s in the global markets is the increasing paper consumption is roughly equal to the demand for specialty papers in packaging amount of paper produced annually. China and printing applications. In recent times, is the world’s largest paper and paperboard the shift of businesses to online retailing consumer in the world, using more than 103 has also contributed to increased demand million metric tonnes annually, followed by for packaging and labelling from various the U.S. with a consumption rate of more than e-commerce platforms. 71 million metric tonnes. North America, how- ever, has the world’s highest paper consump- The global production of paper and card- tion, per capita, consuming 221 kilograms per board stood at approximately 407 million capita; the world average paper consumption metric tonnes in 2014. More than half of that is just 57 kilograms, per capita, per year [2]. production was attributable to packaging paper, while almost one third was attributa- ble to graphic paper. The world’s three larg- 2.1. Status of the Indian est paper-producing countries are China, the United States, and Japan. These three Paper Industry countries account for half of the world’s total paper production, while the leading coun- The pulp and paper industry plays a signifi- tries that import and export paper are Ger- cant role in the Indian economy with a turno- many and the United States. ver of Rs. 50,000 crores and a resultant con- tribution of Rs. 4500 crores to the national The leading companies of the forest, paper, exchequer. At the start of this study, the CPPRI and packaging (FPP) industry, as of 2015, had a data set of over 750 paper mills, with were International Paper and Kimberly-Clark, an installed capacity of 15 million tonnes. The both based in the United States. The U.S. most recent census by the CPPRI includes paper industry earned around 96.1 billion U.S. a list of 854 mills, compiled from various

Patent Analysis | 15 Overview of the pulp and paper sector

sources. Out of these, about 50 mills do not only around 80%. Low operational capac- strictly fall under the category of pulp and ities of Indian pulp and paper mills are paper mills; some of these mills are cardboard largely attributed to the acute shortage of mills while others are engaged in converting fibrous raw materials available to the indus- operations. These mills were consequently try. A part of the domestic consumption is excluded from the scope of the study and met through import of paper [3]. the Census Survey was focused on 804 mills. The industry provides direct employment The total installed capacity of the mills that opportunities to about 0.5 million people needed validation and detailing was a lit- and indirect employment of over 1.5 million tle over 21.42 million tonnes. Out of this, people. The Indian paper industry ranks a capacity of 2.99 million tonnes lies idle sixth among the energy intensive indus- with the closure of 217 mills operating. tries with an energy requirement of about 10 Therefore, the 587 pulp and paperboard Mtpa of coal and 10.6 GWh of electricity. On mills that are in operation produce 14.78 average, one tonne of virgin paper requires million tonnes of paper against an installed 2-3 tonnes of coal. A summary of data along capacity of a little over 18.4 million tonnes. with the financial and social parameters of The present value of consumption of paper, the Indian pulp and paper sector are pre- paperboard and newsprint stands at about sented in Table 2.1. 16.52 MMT/annum resulting in per capita consumption of 13.2 Kg. The paper mills are distributed throughout India with some pulp and paper mill clusters The Indian paper industry contributes located in and around Vapi, Muzaffarnagar, to 3.7% of the global paper production. Kashipur, Coimbatore and Ahmedabad. Fig- Despite tremendous demand for domestic ure 2.1 shows the regional distribution of the consumption, capacity utilization rates are pulp and paper mills in India.

Table 2.1: Statistical and Financial Parame- Figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Indian ters of the Indian Paper Industry Paper Mills

Number of mills 804 Gujarat Punjab UP Andhra Pradesh Total Installed Capacity, MMT 21.42 Tamilnadu Uttrakhand Maharastra west bengal Operating Installed Capacity, MMT 18.4 Production of Paper, Paperboard 14.78 and Newsprint, Mtpa Capacity Utilization, % ~80

Per Capita Consumption (kg) 13.2

Contribution to Exchequer, Rs. Crores 4500

Employment Direct, million people 0.5

Indirect Employment, million people 1.5 karnataka Chattisgarh Madhaya Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Indian Share in World’s Production, % 3.7 kerala Odisha Source: Working Group report of 12th FYP & IPMA.co.in Haryana Rajasthan

16 | Patent Analysis 2.1.1. Structure of the Indian the availability of raw materials and environ- Paper Industry mental factors, to a certain extent. The Indian paper industry has a highly The distribution of the Indian paper industry fragmented structure consisting of small, based on the type of raw material used for medium and large sized paper mills. These making paper viz. wood, agro residues and have capacities ranging from 10 to 1500 recycled/waste paper is given in Table 2.2. tpd and employ wood, agro residues and recycled waste paper as major raw materi- The raw material consumption pattern has als. This fractured structure is attributed to changed over the last few decades. In the the setting up of large numbers of smaller early seventies the share of wood-based units for manufacturing paper after the raw material was 84%, whereas the agro- ‘paper famine’ in 1970; after which several based and waste paper-based only contrib- small, medium and large mills came in to uted 7% and 9% respectively. Presently, co-existence. The economic reform of 1991 large, integrated, wood-based paper mills further acted as a booster for the growth of have installed capacities in the range of 250 the industry when the paper industry was -1500 tpd with a production share of around de-licensed. 24.4%. The medium sized, agro-based paper mills have capacities from 30-550 tpd The Indian paper industry is categorized into with a production share of 11.0%; whereas different sectors based on raw material use the waste paper-based paper mills operate or by the variety of paper produced. in the range of 10-1400 tpd contributing to 64.6 % of the country’s total production. 2.1.2. Paper Industry Segments Until a few years ago, the wood-based, agro- based on raw material based and recycled fibre-based paper mills contributed 31%, 22% and 47% respectively The industry is typically divided into three to the total production. This spurt in mills major sectors based on the raw materials shifting to the use of waste paper over other used. These are forest-based, agro-based raw materials is mainly for environmental and waste paper-based. The consumption compliance. Figure 2.2 illustrates the chang- of different raw materials by the industry ing raw material consumption pattern of the depends upon the variety of paper produced, Indian paper industry.

Table 2.2: Structure of the Indian Paper Industry

Production, Production Share No. of Mills Mtpa* (%)

Wood-Based (Large Integrated) 31 3.6 24

Agro-Based (Medium Scale) 144 1.61 11

Recycle Fibre-Based (Medium 629 9.57 65 and Small Scale)

Total 804 14.78 100

(*) Figures based on production of operating mills.

Patent Analysis | 17 Overview of the pulp and paper sector

2.1.3. Paper Industry segments wove, maplitho; branded copier is mainly pro- based on products duced from wood-based raw materials with a little share from agro and recycled waste The Indian paper industry mainly produces paper, whereas the industrial paper, classified writing and printing grade, newsprint grade into kraft paper, white board, machine glazed and industrial grade paper. In terms of (MG) poster, duplex board and grey board, is volume, the highest contribution to the mainly produced by the small and medium domestic paper production comes from sized recycled waste paper and agro-based the industrial sector, followed by writing mills. Newsprint grade paper is produced by and printing paper and newsprint sectors. mills mainly utilizing recycled waste paper as Out of the total production of 14.78 million the raw material. Table 2.3 presents the grade tonnes of paper/paperboard and news- wise production of paper from different raw print, writing and printing paper constitutes materials in the Indian paper industry. 35 %, packaging paper 55% and newsprint around 10%. However, certain specialty Figure 2.3 shows the raw materials used for papers such as security paper and check production of different grades of paper. paper are imported into the country. A representation of variety wise production The writing and printing grade of paper is com- from wood, agro and recovered paper-based prised mainly of uncoated varieties viz. cream mills is presented below in Figure 2.4.

Table 2.3: Production of Various Grades from Different Raw Materials

Production Total production % Variety Raw Material (Mtpa) (Mtpa) contribution Wood-based 2.67 Writing Printing Agro-based 0.54 5.17 35* Grade Recycled fibre-based 1.96 Wood-based 0.85 Packaging Agro-based 1.07 8.13 55* Grade Recycled fibre-based 6.20 Wood-based 0.08 Newsprint Grade Agro-based Nil ~1.48 10* Recycled fibre-based 1.41 Total Production 14.78 100

18 | Patent Analysis Figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments in Total Paper Production

2011 % 2015 65.00 60

50 47.00 40

30 31.00

24.00 20 22.00

10 11.00 Production of Paper & Paperboard 0 wood-based Agro-based waste Paper

Figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Paper from Different Raw Materials

wood-based 95 90 Agro-based 80 RCf-based 76.3 70

60

50 51.6 40 38.0 30

20

10 13.2 10.4 10.5 5 0 0 Writing Printing Packaging Grade Newsprint

Figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Made from Various Raw Materials

2014-15 Wood-Based Wood Writing Printing Grade 3.59 million 2.67 8.7 million 5.17 million tonnes tonnes 0.85 tonnes (24%) 35%* 0.08

Baggase 5.8 million Agro-Based 0.54 tonnes Packaging Grade 1.61 million 1.07 0.00 8.13 million tonnes tonnes Wheat Straw (11%) 55%* 2.64 million tonnes

1.96 Recycled Waste Paper Fibre-Based Newsprint Grade 6.20 12.5 million 9.57 million 1.41 ~1.48 million tonnes tonnes tonnes 10%* (65%) igures rounding off at second place of significance of place second off at rounding * F igures

Patent Analysis | 19 Overview of the pulp and paper sector

2.2. Overview of the Pulp and are: raw material preparation and handling; pulp manufacturing; pulp washing and Papermaking Process screening; chemical recovery, bleaching; stock preparation, and papermaking. Pulp Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw mills and paper mills may exist separately materials containing cellulose. The most or as integrated operations. An integrated commonly used materials are wood, recycled mill is one that conducts pulp manufacturing paper, and agricultural residues. In develop- on-site. Non-integrated mills have no capac- ing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibres ity for pulping but must bring pulp to the originate from non-wood raw materials such mill from an outside source. The following as bagasse, straw, bamboo, reeds etc. The block diagram depicts the major processes main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing involved in pulp and papermaking.

Figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Pulp and Paper Mill

Filters, Retention aids, sizing chemicals, etc.

NaOH, Na2S Cl2,ClO2, steam & water H2O2, NaOh

Raw Material Raw Material Pulping & Pulp Stock Bleaching Preparation Washing Preparation

Waste Biomass Pump Effluent 30m3 (Dust pith bark) (Color, COD, BOD, AOX)

Weak Black Liquor (Total Solids - 12 to 18%)

Marcaptans Evaporator Paper Back Machine Water Heavy Black Liquor (Total Solids - 60 to 70%) Finished Paper NOX & SOX Recovery Steam for use Air Emissions Furnace in the Mill

Lime Lime Smelt

Lime sludge, Lime Green Green Causticisation NCG's Reburning Lime, Kiln Sludge Liquor Liquor Tank

White Liquor

Source: psa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pulp___Paper_-Final.pdf

20 | Patent Analysis 2.2.1. Pulp Making Process The alternative method is the sulphite pulp- ing process. This method is based on an Manufacturing of pulp starts with the raw acid-cooking liquor process, and is best material preparation, which includes debark- suited for specialty pulp. The sulphite mills ing of wood, chipping, and other processes produce pulps that are easilly bleached, such as depithing (in case of non-wood generally with hydrogen peroxide. These raw material). The manufacture of pulp for pulps are mainly used in the production of paper and cardboard can be performed by ‘chlorine-free’ products in the hygiene paper mechanical (including thermomechanical), sector and also in printing and writing paper. chemimechanical, and chemical methods. 2.2.2. Stock Preparation and Mechanical pulping achieves separation of Papermaking Process the fibres from each other by applied mechan- ical energy, which causes gradual breaking of Before pulp can be made into paper, it must the bonds between the fibres and the release undergo several steps called stock prepa- of fibre bundles, single fibres, and fibre frag- ration. Stock preparation is conducted to ments. The mixture of fibres and fibre frag- convert raw stock into finished stock (fur- ments gives mechanical pulp its favourable nish) for the paper machine. The pulp is pre- printing properties. In mechanical pulping, pared for the paper machine including the the main part of the lignin is maintained in blending of different pulps, dilution, and order to achieve high yield with acceptable the addition of chemicals. The raw stocks strength properties and brightness. Mechani- used are the various types of chemical pulp, cal pulps have a low resistance to aging which mechanical pulp, and recovered paper and results in a tendency to discolour. The main their mixtures. The operations performed on processes are: stone groundwood pulping, the prepared stock in the paper mills are: pressure roundwood pulping, thermo-me- dispersion, beating/refining, metering, and chanical pulping, or chemi-thermo-mechani- blending of fibre and additives. cal pulping [4]. On the paper machine, more water is added In chemical pulping, the raw materials are to produce a fibre suspension of as little as 1 cooked in a digester with chemicals. Cook- to 10 parts fibre to 1000 parts water and the ing removes lignin, breaking up the wood resulting mixture is passed into a head-box into cellulose fibres. The process results in which squirts it through a thin, horizontal a slurry in which fibres are loose but intact slit across the full machine width (typically and have maintained their strength. 2 - 6 m) on to a moving, endless wire mesh.

The kraft sulphate process is the most versa- The water is then removed on this wire sec- tile method of pulp production that results tion by a mixture of gravity and suction in a in strong and long fibres with low lignin process known as sheet formation where the content. In this process the wood chips are fibres start to spread and consolidate into a cooked at temperatures of 165-170°C with thin mat, which is almost recognisable as a sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and sodium layer of paper on top of the wire mesh. sulphide to separate lignin and wood resins from the pulp. The pulp is then washed and This web of wet paper is then lifted from the bleached, if necessary. About 92-95 % of the wire mesh and squeezed between a series chemicals (sodium hydroxide, sodium sul- of presses where its water content is low- phide and lime) are recovered and reused by ered to about 50%. It then passes around operating in a closed loop system [4]. a series of cast-iron cylinders, heated to

Patent Analysis | 21 Overview of the pulp and paper sector

temperatures in excess of 100ºC, where Tapa has been found extensively in nearly drying takes place. Here the water content all cultures along the equatorial belt and is is lowered to between 5% and 8%, its final made by what is possibly the oldest paper- level. Throughout its passage from the wire making technique – one still practised in mesh to the drying operation, the paper web some parts of the Himalayas and South East is supported on various types of endless Asia. The tapa technique involves cooked fabric belts moving at the same speed. After bast, which is flattened with a wooden ham- drying, some papers may also undergo sur- mer to form a thin, fibrous layer and then face treatments e.g. sizing and calendering. dissolved in a vat with water to make a pulp. The latter process consists of smoothing the The fibres normally used for textiles, like flax surface of the paper by passing it between a and hemp, also served as substitutes for series of rotating, polished, metal rollers. It bast. In later times, the fabric was replaced is then wound into a reel. by fine bamboo sticks.

2.2.3. Deinking In 105 A.D., the Chinese court official Ts’ai Lun invented papermaking from textile Increasingly, large volumes of used paper waste using rags. This can be considered as are recovered for recycling; the printing the birth of paper as we know it today. Later, inks have to be removed to increase the Chinese papermakers developed a number whiteness and purity of the manufactured of specialities such as sized, coated and paper. A chemical process using alkali and dyed paper, and paper protected against detergents is used. The recovered paper ravages by insects, but they had great prob- is first dissolved in water and separated lems satisfying the growing demand for from the non-fibre impurities. The fibres paper for governmental administration. They are then progressively cleaned in order also used a new fibre-yielding plant, bam- to obtain the pulp and during this stage boo, which they de-fibred by cooking in it. the ink is removed in a flotation process where air is blown into the solution. The Chinese papermaking techniques reached ink adheres to bubbles of air and rises to Korea where production of paper began as the surface where it is separated. After the early as the 6th century A.D. Pulp was pre- ink is removed, the fibre may be bleached, pared from the fibres of hemp, rattan, mul- usually with hydrogen peroxide [5]. berry, bamboo, rice straw, and seaweed. According to tradition, a Korean monk named Don-cho brought papermaking to 2.3. Patenting in the Paper Japan by sharing his knowledge at the Impe- rial Palace in approximately 610 A.D., sixty and Pulp Industry: A years after Buddhism was introduced in Historical Perspective Japan. The technique eventually reached Tibet around 650 A.D. and then to India Paper is undoubtedly the most widely used after 645 A.D. By the time Hsuan Tsang from writing material around the world. It is well- China arrived to India in 671 A.D., paper was known that the name paper derives from already widely used there. Papyrus, the writing material used by the ancient Egyptians. Papyrus, however, is only In 751 A.D., the Arabs learned the art of one of the predecessors of paper that are papermaking from the Chinese prisoners known by the generic term ‘tapa’ and are after the defeat of the Chinese army by the mostly made from the inner bark of paper Ottoman Turks in 751 A.D. The first paper mulberry, fig and daphne. industry in Baghdad was eventually built in

22 | Patent Analysis 793 A.D. Owing to the lack of fresh fibres, Flat screen and cylinder machines, which the predominant raw material used was were first seen in the 19th century, were con- rags. Although the pulping process, such tinuously improved and extended to include as breaker mills, produced a rather inferior a dryer section. This soon led to a consider- ground pulp, the Arab papermakers used able widening of the paper web and to an screens made of reeds when filtering the increase in production speeds. pulp which produced thin sheets which were then ‘coated’ with starch paste. This gave The history of the paper industry in the 19th Arabian paper its good writing properties and 20th centuries can be broken down into and fine appearance. five partly overlapping periods, each marked by definite trends. The technique of papermaking then came to Europe, in particular Italy. From the 13th In the first stage (from about 1800 to 1860), century onwards, papermakers at two early all work sequences previously performed Italian centres, Fabriano and Amalfi, tried by hand were mechanized. This included to improve upon the Arabian technique. the rag preparation, the use of fillers, pulp The first documented papermaking on Ger- beating, the paper machine with its various man soil was in 1390 when the Nuremberg parts, and the machines required for finish- councillor, Ulmann Stromer, commissioned ing the paper (the headbox, wire section, a paper mill. By the end of the 16th century press section, dryer section, units for reel- there were 190 mills in Germany. ing, smoothing and packaging).

The tremendous upsurge in papermaking During the second stage (about 1840 to during the Reformation in the 16th century, 1880), efforts were made to obtain rag sub- coupled with the introduction of printing stitutes on an industrial scale (groundwood with movable type, soon led to a serious pulp and chemical pulp) and appropriate shortage of raw materials and to regula- industrial plants (groundwood and chemical tions governing the trade in rags. The sys- pulp mills) were developed. tematic search for substitute materials met with little immediate success. In the early The third stage (1860 to 1950) was marked 18th century straw was certainly used as by the enlargement of the web width, an a raw material but failed to make head- increase in working speeds, the introduc- way on quality grounds. However, in 1843, tion of electric drive and further improve- Saxon Friedrich Gottlob Keller invented a ments to various machine parts. Machines wood-grinding machine which produced designed specifically for the production groundwood pulp suitable for papermak- of particular paper and board grades (for ing. This milestone was soon followed by example the yankee cylinder and mul- an alternative way to turn wood into paper; ti-cylinder machines) were also devel- Hugh Burgers and Charles Watt first pat- oped. The web working width grew from ented chemical pulp in 1854. 85 cm (1830) to 770 cm (1930), while pro- duction speeds rose from 5 m/min. (1820) Following the invention of the first paper- to over 500 m/min. (1930). making machine by J.N.L. Robert in 1798, other machines soon appeared on the The fourth stage (1950 to 1980), which was market, such as Dickinson’s cylinder still dependent on the old methods as far machine. The machines could contin- as the mechanics were concerned, brought uously fill wire moulds and couch the unprecedented changes in papermaking. sheets of paper on felt. Alongside further increases in web width

Patent Analysis | 23 Overview of the pulp and paper sector

and working speeds, there was the use of process to make wood pulp for paper pro- new materials (thermo-mechanical pulp, duction. In 1867 he received a U.S. patent deinked recovered paper, new fillers, pro- on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, cessed chemicals and dyes), new sheet to pulp wood. forming options (e.g. by twin-wire formers), neutral sizing, greater stress on ecology 1871 (closed loops) and, most of all, automation. Seth Wheeler of Albany, NY received a pat- The operational impact of these changes ent for an ‘Improvement in Wrapping-Paper’; was: specialisation in certain paper types; perforated wrapping paper was wound into development of new paper grades (LWC - rolls that could be easilly torn off at perfora- lightweight coated paper); corporate merg- tions. This saved the cost of cutting, count- ers; company groups with their own raw ing and bundling stacks of pre-cut sheets. material supply and trading organizations, It made storage more convenient and saved and closure of unprofitable operations. paper from drying or becoming brittle by exposure to the atmosphere. Some landmark patents and inventions in the history of the pulp and paper industry 1871 are listed below: Albert L. Jones, of New York City, received the first U.S. patent for an ‘Improvement in Paper 1798 for Packing’, titled ‘New and Improved Corru- Nicolas-Louis Robert received a French pat- gated Packing-Paper’, which he assigned to ent for a paper-making machine; a moving Thomson and Norris Company of Brooklyn. screen belt that would receive a continuous They became the first U.S. manufacturer of flow of stock and deliver an unbroken sheet corrugated paper. In 1890, boxes made from of wet paper to a pair of squeeze rolls. corrugated paper came into use.

1806 1872 Henry Fourdrinier received a British patent On February 20, Luther Childs Crowell, for a paper-making machine with a method of Boston, MA, received a patent for an of making a machine for manufacturing ‘Improvement in Paper Bags’ for a machine paper of an indefinite length, laid and wove, for manufacturing square-bottom paper with separated moulds. bags with two longitudinal inward folds.

1807 1879 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier received an Eng- The kraft process (due to the superior lish patent for an improved version of Rob- strength of the resulting paper, from the Ger- ert’s machine. man word Kraft for ‘strength’) was invented by Carl F. Dahl in Germany. The U.S. Patent 1809 296,935 was issued in 1884, and a pulp John Dickinson, an English papermaker, mill using this technology started (in Swe- devised a cylinder paper machine for mak- den) in 1890. ing paperboard. 1918 1857 Jacques Edwin Brandenberger, Swiss Joseph Gayetty invented toilet paper. chemist, of Thaon-les-Vosges, France, received a patent for ‘Composite Cellulose 1866 Film’ which was assigned to Societe Dite: Benjamin Chew Tilghman invented a sulphite La Cellophane [6,7].

24 | Patent Analysis 2.4. Environmental Impact nutrients and metals, which are discharged to the wastewater. The pulp and paper indus- of the Pulp and Paper try is among the world’s largest generators Industry of air and water pollutants, waste products and the gases that cause climate change. It The pulp and paper industry is a chemical is also one of the largest users of raw mate- process industry with major impact on the rials including fresh water, energy and forest environment. The potential pollutants from fibres. Some of the important environmental a pulp and paper mill can be classified into issues associated with the paper industry are: four categories: liquid effluents, air pollut- large use of water and discharge of coloured ants;,solid wastes, and noise pollution. The effluent; presence of chlorinated by products major pollutants in the pulp and paper indus- in the effluent system; odour control; acid try are the various gases like sulfur com- deposition and stack emission; solid waste; pounds and nitrogen oxides emitted to the denudation of forests and destruction of nat- air, and chlorinated and organic compounds, ural habitats of wild animals.

Patent Analysis | 25

Methodology 3

This report describes the search method- eight sections with approximately 70,000 ology and tools used to perform a global subdivisions. Each subdivision has a sym- collection of patent documents related to bol consisting of Arabic numerals and letters the broad technology areas applicable to of the Latin alphabet. the pulp and paper industry. It provides a general overview and analysis of all patent The patent search started with identifying documents identified from the search. Infor- relevant patent classification codes. The mation related to the key applicants and International Patent Classification (IPC) was inventors, their history of patenting activity chosen as the primary patent classification and their technology strength were iden- scheme as it is used by the vast majority of tified and are included in the report. The patent jurisdictions. The Cooperative Pat- report also tries to identify the emerging ent Classification (CPC), currently adopted technology areas in the pulp and paper sec- by the United States Patent and Trademark tor and summarize the patenting activities Office (USPTO), and European Patent Office in those areas. Green technologies that can (EPO) were also searched to supplement be useful in reducing the adverse impact on IPC search results. environment were also identified and pat- enting activity in those areas were analyzed. Initially the IPC definitions were searched for terms that specifically cover any subject matter within the scope of the report. The IPC 3.1. Search Strategy class D21 was identified, because its defini- tion covers the whole of the pulp and paper Patent searches can be performed by using industry. As its definition falls entirely within search strategies based on keywords or the scope of the project, all patent docu- based on patent classification codes, or ments (granted patents or patent application by a combination of both. The patent clas- publications) that have been classified in sification system most commonly used for this class were searched. The corresponding classifying patents is the International Pat- CPC class was found to be D21 and the sub- ent Classification (IPC), established by the classes, groups and subgroups within the Strasbourg Agreement. This system provides class D21 was found to be the same in both a hierarchical system of language inde- IPC and CPC classification. The descriptions pendent symbols for the classification of of all the subclasses belonging to the class patents and utility models according to the D21 are provided in Table 3.1. Other IPC/CPC different areas of technology to which they classes that were identified were the sub- pertain [8]. The IPC divides technology into group C02F (treatment of wastewater) and

Patent Analysis | 27 Methodology

the IPC subclass C02F103/28 (wastewater The technology areas identified were classi- from paper or cellulose industry). The Global fied into three main classes: Patent Index (GPI) was used as the main searching tool and for statistical analysis 1. Technologies related to manufacture of of the results. A trial version of the GPI was paper used for preparation of this report. After ini- tially searching with D21 in IPC or CPC, other 2. Sustainable technologies related to pulp IPC subclasses corresponding to different and paper sector technology areas were identified. As most of the subclasses identified specifically belong 3. Emerging technologies to the class D21, which is specific for the paper and pulp industry, an IPC/CPC-based The subcategories of technologies that were search was thought to be sufficient for most identified in each of the three categories are of the technology areas. A combination of shown in Table 3.2. keyword and IPC/CPC search was performed for some technology areas like nanotechnol- The analysis of the patents was done by ogy and biorefinery. using the analytical tool GPI. Initially a broad search was performed for the whole of paper The IPC/CPC codes and the keywords used and cellulose and top technology areas in the search for different technology areas within this sector were identified from statis- and the number of documents retrieved for tical analysis of the IPC codes. Top countries the corresponding queries are provided in of filing, top technology areas, top appli- the text of this report in the relevant sec- cants/inventors in each technology areas tions. Representative examples of patent and year wise, technology area wise and documents belonging to different categories applicant wise filing trends were found out. of technologies are provided in the annexure The following section describes the results with their abstracts. of the patent analysis in GPI in detail.

Table 3.1: Description of Subclasses Belonging to IPC/CPC Class D21 (Papermaking; Production of Cellulose)

IPC/CPC Subclass under Description Class D21 D21B Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment Production of cellulose by removing non-cellulose substances from cellulose- D21C containing materials; regeneration of pulping liquors; apparatus thereof D21D Treatment of the materials before passing to the paper-making machine D21F Paper-making machines; methods of producing paper thereon D21G Calenders; accessories for papermaking machines Pulp compositions; preparation thereof not covered by subclasses D21C, D21H D21D; impregnating or coating of paper; treatment of finished paper not covered by class B31 or subclass D21G; paper not otherwise provided for Fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or D21J from papier-mâché D99 Subject matter not otherwise provided for in this section

28 | Patent Analysis Table 3.2: Identified Technology Areas in the Pulp and Paper Sector

S. Broad Corresponding Specific Technology Area No. Technology Area IPC Code/s Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or their D21B 1. mechanical treatment Technologies related to pulping D21C »»Pulping cellulose-containing materials D21C3/00 2. »»Digesters D21C 7/00 »»After treatment of cellulose pulp-Bleaching D21C9/10 »»Regeneration of pulp liquors D21C11/00 Technologies related to treatment of the materials before 3. D21D Technologies passing to the paper-making machine (stock preparation) related to the Technologies related to paper-making machines and D21F 4. manufacture of methods of producing paper thereon paper Technologies related to calendars, accessories for D21G 5. making paper Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non- D21H13 6. cellulose fibres or web-forming material Technologies related to non-fibrous additives added to D21H17 and 7. the pulp D21H21 8. Technologies related to coated paper, coating material D21H19 9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27 Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture of articles D21J 10. from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché Wastewater treatment from the paper or cellulose C02F 11. industry C02F103/28 D21B1/32, Recycling of waste paper 12. Sustainable/ D21C5/02 green technol- 13. ogies related Non-wood fibres D21H11/12 to the pulp and D21C9/14, paper sector D21C9/147, 14. Chlorine-free pulp bleaching D21C9/15, D21C9/153, D21C9/16 Nanotechnology »»Nanocellulose 15. »»Additives »»Coating/coated paper »»Special paper Enzyme technology »»Biopulping Emerging tech- 16. »»Biobleaching C12N and D21 nologies »»Working up waste paper »»Pretreatment of materials before digesting 17. Organic solvents in pulping D21C3/20 Biorefinery »»Extraction of hemicelluloses 18. »»Extraction of lignin »»Bioethanol production

Patent Analysis | 29

Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI 4

GPI is an advanced tool for searching the European Patent Office’s (EPO) worldwide bibliographic and legal status patent data. This worldwide database offers the possibility to search for published patent applications from over 90 patent-granting authorities. The results of searching in different technological areas, as described in Table 3.2, are elaborated on in the following sections. 4.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21)

A search was done for this using the query string IPC or CPC=D21*. The query retrieved 508322 doc- uments (181278 families). The results were then further analyZed to determine the top countries of publication and top IPC main groups and subgroups. The results are depicted in the following figures.

Figure 4.1: Top IPC Main Groups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# IPC main group Documents Ranking (%) 1. D21H27/00 8 886 1.75 2. D21F1/00 6 346 1.25 3. D21G9/00 3 273 0.64 4. D21G1/00 3 173 0.62 5. B41M5/00 2 941 0.58 6. D21C11/00 2 636 0.52 7. D21H5/00 2 520 0.50 8. D21F7/00 2 493 0.49 9. D21F11/00 2 479 0.49 10. D21J3/00 2 355 0.46 11. D21J1/00 2 241 0.44 12. D21F5/00 2 200 0.43 13. D21C5/00 2 112 0.42 14. B32B29/00 2 101 0.41 15. F16C13/00 2 085 0.41 16. D21C9/00 2 032 0.40 17. D21F9/00 1 739 0.34 18. D21C3/00 1 621 0.32 19. D21H11/00 1 568 0.31

Patent Analysis | 31 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.2: Top IPC Subgroups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# IPC subgroup Documents Ranking (%) 1. D21H27/30 4 155 0.82 2. D21H19/38 3 779 0.74 3. D21C5/02 3 413 0.67 4. D21H17/67 3 312 0.65 5. D21C9/10 3 296 0.65 6. D21H21/14 3 256 0.64 7. D21H19/20 3 145 0.62 8. D21H21/16 2 933 0.58 9. B41M5/52 2 884 0.57 10. D21G1/02 2 748 0.54 11. D21H27/20 2 745 0.54 12. B41M5/50 2 497 0.49 13. D21F3/02 2 496 0.49 14. D21F1/02 2 413 0.47 15. D21F5/02 2 277 0.45 16. D21F7/08 2 265 0.45 17. D21H17/37 2 191 0.43 18. D21C3/02 2 036 0.40 19. D21H19/10 1 981 0.39 Figure 4.3: Top Publishing Offices for the Patent Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. JP 36 099 7.10 2. US 31 196 6.14 3. CN 25 214 4.96 4. DE 20 366 4.01 5. WO 11 713 2.30 6. EP 8 708 1.71 7. FR 8 428 1.66 8. GB 6 972 1.37 9. FI 5 508 1.08 10. SU 5 258 1.03 11. KR 3 159 0.62 12. NL 1 956 0.38 13. CA 1 689 0.33 14. AT 1 573 0.31 15. SE 1 459 0.29 16. BE 1 316 0.26 17. CH 1 209 0.24 18. RU 1 160 0.23 19. ES 1 141 0.22

32 | Patent Analysis It is evident from Figure 4.3 that the coun- The top IPC main groups and subgroups tries where the most patent applications give a fair idea of the different technolo- related to paper are filed in Japan, the USA gies in paper manufacturing in which the and China. WIPO and the European Patent highest numbers of patents have been Office (EPO) also published a large number filed. To get an idea of the emerging areas of patent documents. in paper technology as well as the tech- nologies, which are gradually becoming The description of the top 10 IPC main groups redundant, an IPC versus date of priority and subgroups is given in the following table. graph was prepared.

Table 4.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Main Groups and Subgroups

IPC main IPC Description Description group subgroup Special paper not otherwise D21H27/00 provided for, e.g. made by multi- D21H27/30 Multi-ply step processes Coated paper; coating Wet end of machines for making D21F1/00 D21H19/38 material characterized by continuous webs of paper the pigments Other accessories for D21G 9/00 D21C5/02 Working up waste paper papermaking machines Water-insoluble compounds, D21G 1/00 Calender, Smoothing apparatus D21H17/67 e.g. fillers or pigment Duplicating or marking After-treatment of cellulose B41M 5/00 methods; Sheet materials for D21C9/10 pulp-bleaching use therein Non-fibrous material added to the pulp characterised by D21C 11/00 Regeneration of pulp liquors D21H21/14 function or properties in or on the paper Coating material comprising macromolecular compounds Special paper or cardboard not D21H5/00 D21H19/20 obtained by reactions only otherwise provided for involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds Other details of machines for Sizing or water-repelling D21F7/00 D21H21/16 making continuous webs of paper agents Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, D21F11/00 or of cardboard, or of wet web B41M5/52 Macromolecular coatings for fibreboard production, on paper-making machines Manufacture of articles by D21J3/00 pressing wet fibre pulp, or D21G1/02 Rolls; Their bearings papier-mâché, between moulds

Patent Analysis | 33 FIG. 4.49

AnalysisALCELL TECH o INCf Patent Documents using GPI API IP HOLDINGS LLC BRUSS TI KIROVA CANADIAN IND From Figure 4.4 it is evident that in areas of be detected where a prominent change in CELANESE INT CORP technologies belonging to IPC subclasses terms of the number of patents over the last CHEMPOLISD21H, D21J, OY D21C, D21G and D21F, the num- 20 years has taken place. berDU of PONT innovations in the last 20 years is JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUPmore SHAR... or less constant. In the IPC subclasses The top applicants and top inventors in LE LESOTEKHD21D AKADand D21B, there is a gradual increase the pulp and paper sector were identified LE T I TSELLYULOZNO inBUMAZHNOJ number of patents over the years, whereas next and also the cross-reference graphs LIGNOL INNOVATIONSin the IPC LTD subclasses B05C, B05D, D04H and between IPC and applicant, was prepared

Applicant NIPPON KAMI PULP D06MKENKYUSHO there is a gradual decline. The sub- to understand the major technology areas NOVOZYMESclasses ASbelonging to class D21 pertain to dif- where the individual applicants have ferent technologies related to papermaking, more strength. Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 PASZNER LASZLO raw material and their treatment and pulp depict the top applicants and top inven- compositions,ROUSU ESA whereas B05 class describes tors respectively and Figure 4.7 shows the SHELL INTspraying RESEARCH or atomising in general; applying IPC vs. Applicant graph. Figure 4.8 is the SHELLliquids OIL COor other fluent materials to surfaces. cross-reference graph between applicant THERMOFORM BAU D04FORSCHUNC and D06 groups pertain to textiles. and the date of priority, which helps in TIGNEY TECHNOLOGYFrom Figure INC 4.4, it can be safely concluded understanding the patenting activities of WEYERHAEUSERthat not CO a single broad technology area can the top applicants over last 20 years.

1978 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 Date of priority Figure 4.4: IPC vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph

B01D

B05C

B05D

B32B

B41M

B65D

C08F

C08G

C08J

C08L

IPC C09D

D04H

D06M

D21B

D21C

D21D

D21F

D21G

D21H

D21J

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

34 | Patent Analysis FIG. 4.21 Figure 4.5: Top Applicants in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# IPC subgroup Documents Ranking (%) 1. VOITH PATENT GMBH 2 251 0.44 2. OJI PAPER CO 1 980 0.39 3. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 1 817 0.36 4. METSO PAPER INC 1 747 0.34 5. VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH 1 660 0.33 6. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 1 602 0.32 7. VOITH GMBH J M 1 260 0.25 8. DAIO SEISHI KK 1 155 0.23 9. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 1 059 0.21 10. BASF AG 971 0.19 11. BELOIT CORP 878 0.17 12. MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD 795 0.16 13. PROCTER GAMBLE 781 0.15 14. VALMET CORP 705 0.14 15. BAYER AG 697 0.14 16. DU PONT 693 0.14 17. KAO CORP 657 0.13 18. VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC 593 0.12 19. VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH GMBH 574 0.11 Figure 4.6: Top Inventors in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# IPC subgroup Documents Ranking (%) 1. WEIPING HE 420 0.08 2. YUNLAN ZHAO 212 0.04 3. SCHIEL CHRISTIAN 211 0.04 4. LI WENBIN 208 0.04 5. RUF WOLFGANG 175 0.03 6. SAKAKI MAMORU 174 0.03 7. TROKHAN PAUL DENNIS 173 0.03 8. RICHTER GEORGE A 159 0.03 9. STEINER KARL DR 141 0.03 10. AIKAWA YOSHIHIKO 141 0.03 11. SCHNEID JOSEF 136 0.03 12. MESCHENMOSER ANDREAS 134 0.03 13. LLOYD HORNBOSTEL 128 0.03 14. JUSTUS EDGAR J 128 0.03 15. HENRICSON KAJ 126 0.02 16. NANRI YASUTOKU 121 0.02 17. ARAI RYUICHI 120 0.02 18. UEBERSCHAER MANFRED 114 0.02 19. HIRABAYASHI TETSUYA 114 0.02

Patent Analysis | 35 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

A close observation of Figure 4.7 reveals that whereas an invention describing coated the largest number of documents for each paper or board will be assigned classifica- top applicant can be found in different sub- tion in both B32 and D21 classes. classes belonging to the IPC class D21, which is specific for papermaking and production Figure 4.8 reveals that most of the top appli- of cellulose. The highest number of docu- cants have a large number of patent docu- ments for the top applicants belongs to sub- ments with priority dates of 1996-2012. After classes D21H, D21F, D21G and D21C. Other 2012, there is a notable decline in the num- IPC classes with prominent presence in this ber of documents for most of the applicants chart are C08 and C09 which mainly stands except a few like Procter & Gamble, Mitsubi- for organic macromolecular compounds and shi Paper Mills Ltd. and Kimberly Clark. paints and dyes and their compositions. Dif- ferent subclasses of subsection B pertaining The overall filing trend in the last 10 years to printing, separation, layered products and was next analysed by plotting the number of packaging materials can also be seen. The documents versus the date of priority. The presence of a comparatively smaller number results can be seen in Figure 4.9. of IPC codes belonging to subsections B and C cam be explained by the fact that generally Figure 4.9 reveals that overall there is very lit- multiple IPC codes are assigned to a single tle change in the number of documents with patent document, depending on the nature relation to date of priority during the last 10 of the invention. For example, an invention years. It indicates that the last 10 years may pertaining to sizing agents can be assigned not have witnessed any sudden increase or classification in both C08 and D21 classes, decline in patent filing in this sector.

Figure 4.7: Applicant vs. IPC Cross-Reference Graph

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

BROWN CO

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP

KVAERNER PULPING TECH

METSO PAPER INC Applicant MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

B0D1 B01F B01J C01B C02F C08B C08H C08L C11D C12N C12P C12S D06L D06M D21B D21C D21D D21F D21H F23G IPC

36 | Patent Analysis

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP

KVAERNER PULPING TECH

METSO PAPER INC

Applicant MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

BROWN CO

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP

KVAERNER PULPING TECH

METSO PAPER INC Applicant MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

B0D1 B01F B01J C01B C02F C08B C08H C08L C11D C12N C12P C12S D06L D06M D21B D21C D21D D21F D21H F23G IPC

Figure 4.8: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP

KVAERNER PULPING TECH

METSO PAPER INC

Applicant MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Figure 4.9: Number of Patent Documents with Date of Priority 2006-2016

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

5 00

0 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006

Patent Analysis | 37 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

4.2. Analysis of Patenting Activ- European Union (EU), WIPO (WO), Great Britain ity in Different Technology (GB), France (FR) and the Soviet Union (SU). Areas using GPI Figures 4.10 (a) and (b) depict the technology wise distribution of patent documents in the 4.2.1. Technologies Related to Paper top 10 jurisdictions. Manufacturing Process 4.2.1.2. Applicant and Date of Priority A patent search was performed using GPI as the Wise Analysis search tool in different technology areas within Top applicants in each of the technology areas the IPC class D21. The numbers of documents were identified. Tables 4.3 (a) and (b) show the retrieved are shown in the following table. names of the top 10 applicants in the identified technology areas related to paper manufacturing. 4.2.1.1. Jurisdiction Wise Analysis Furthermore, cross-reference graphs of applicants With the help of the GPI statistical tool the top were plotted with the date of priority. This type of publishing offices in each technology areas graph helps to identify not only the top compa- were identified. It was found that in all technol- nies in particular technology areas but also the ogy areas the top publishing offices are the USA time period when a particular company was active (US), Japan (JP), China (CN), Germany (DE), the in that technology area. It also gives indication of

Table 4.2: Number of Documents Retrieved in GPI Related to Manufacturing of Paper

Corresponding S. No. Specific Technology Area No. of documents IPC Code/s Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or D21B 31411 (10933 families) 1. their mechanical treatment Technologies related to pulping D21C 94523(30296 families) »»Pulping cellulose-containing materials D21C3 22867 (7788 families) 2. »»Digesters D21C7 8492 (3097 families) »»After treatment of cellulose D21C9/10 16333 (3702 families) »»pulp-bleaching Regeneration of pulp liquors D21C11 20512 (6672 families) 3. Technologies related to stock preparation D21D 34922 (13213 families) Technologies related to papermaking machines D21F 129040 (44031 families) 4. and methods of producing paper thereon Technologies related to calendars, accessories D21G 38121 (11141 families) 5. for making paper Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or D21H13 24871 (8224 families ) 6. non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material Technologies related to non-fibrous additives D21H17 and 132434 (37816 families) 7. added to the pulp D21H21 Technologies related to coated paper, coating D21H19 72148 (24360 families) 8. material 9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27 64809 (24285 families) Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture 10. of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or D21J 17706 (9842 families) from papier-mâché

38 | Patent Analysis the current scenario in that particular technology continued presence over the years is Voith area in terms of applicants who have been work- (Voith Paper and Voith Patent); The rest of the ing in that area in the last 5-10 years and compa- top companies have intermittent presence. nies who are no longer active in that field. From Figure 4.11(b) it can be concluded that in Figures 4.11 (a) to 4.11 (j) represent the relation- this technology area the companies with con- ship between the top applicants and the date of tinued presence over the years are Jujo Paper priority in different areas of technology related Co. Ltd., and Mitsubishi Paper Mills. Oji Paper, to paper manufacturing. despite being the top applicant in this area, does not have application with priority date From Figure 4.11(a) it can be seen that in beyond 2011 in the area of pulping. this technology area the only company with

Figure 4.10: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing in Top Ten Jurisdictions

(a) 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 JP US CN DE WO EP FR GB FI SU Raw material Pulping Stock preparation Paper making machines and methods Calendars and accessories

(b) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 JP US CN DE WO EP FR GB KR SU synthetic celluose Additives Special paper coated paper/coating material Fibreboard/papiermache

Patent Analysis | 39 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Table 4.3: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas

Technology Area (a) Papermaking Calendars and Raw Materials Pulping Stock Preparation machines accessories Voith Gmbh J M Oji Paper Co Voith Patent Gmbh Voith Patent Gmbh Metso Paper Inc Voith Patent Voith Paper Patent Voith Patent Kamyr Ab Voith Gmbh J M Gmbh Gmbh Gmbh Voith Paper Jujo Paper Co Voith Paper Patent Voith Paper Metso Paper Inc Patent Gmbh Ltd Gmbh Patent Gmbh Escher Wyss Ahlstroem Oy Ahlstroem Oy Voith Gmbh J M Valmet Corp Gmbh Kvaerner Kimberly Clark Co Beloit Corp Beloit Corp Voith Gmbh J M Pulping Tech Seiko Epson Vn Proizv Ob Valmet Paper Black Clawson Co Valmet Corp Corp Celljuloszno Machinery Inc Mitsubishi Valmet Paper Beloit Corp Metso Paper Inc Beloit Corp Top 10 Applicants Top Paper Mills Ltd Machinery Inc Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Heavy Kuesters Eduard Black Clawson Co Aikawa Tekko Heavy Ind Ltd Ind Ltd Maschf Mo Och Voith Sulzer Sunds Defibrator Bauer Bros Co Beloit Iron Works Domsjoe Ab Papiertech Patent Weyerhaeuser Ni Pk I Voith Sulzer Voith Sulzer Metso Paper Inc Co Tsellyuloznogo Mash Papiermasch Gmbh Papiermasch Gmbh Technology Area (b) Synthetic Non-fibrous Coated paper/ Fibreboard/ cellulose/non- Special Paper additives coating material papier-mâché cellulose fibres Teijin Ltd Basf Ag Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co Kao Corp Mitsubishi Paper Mitsubishi Paper Oji Paper Co Daio Seishi Kk Keyes Fibre Co Mills Ltd Mills Ltd Jujo Paper Co Mitsubishi Paper Kuraray Co Jujo Paper Co Ltd Ibiden Co Ltd Ltd Mills Ltd Du Pont Daio Seishi Kk Daio Seishi Kk Procter Gamble Masonite Corp Mitsubishi Diamond National Toray Industries Canon Kk Jujo Paper Co Ltd Paper Mills Ltd Corp Daiken Trade Oji Paper Co Bayer Ag Haichuan Ind Co Ltd Kimberly Clark Co Industry Mitsubishi Kimberly Clark Matsushita Ocean Power Corp Canon Kk Rayon Co Co Electric Works Ltd Top 10 Applicants Top Asahi Chemical Toppan Printing Hercules Inc New Oji Paper Co Ltd Oji Paper Co Ind Co Ltd Univ Shaanxi Procter Fuji Photo Film Co United States Basf Ag Science Tech Gamble Ltd Gypsum Co Tomoegawa Dainippon Printing Tsnii Bumagi Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Brown Co Paper Co Ltd Co Ltd

40 | Patent Analysis FIG. 4.11a FIG. 4.11a

AIKAWA TEKKO Figure 4.11: (a)ANDRITZ Applicant AG MASCHF vs. Date of Priority Graph: Raw Materials and their Mechanical Treatment ANDRITZ INC BAUER BROS CO (a) AIKAWABELOIT TEKKO CORP ANDRITZBLACK CLAWSON AG MASCHF CO DUPLO ANDRITZSEIKO CORP INC ESCHERBAUER WYSS BROS GMBH CO KIMBERLYBELOIT CLARK CORP CO LE T I TSELLYULOZNOBLACK CLAWSON BUMAZHNOJ CO DUPLOMETSO SEIKO PAPER CORP INC

Applicant ESCHERSEIKO EPSONWYSS GMBH CORP KIMBERLYSUNDS DEFIBRATOR CLARK CO LE T I TSELLYULOZNOSUNDS DEFIBRATOR BUMAZHNOJ IND AB METSOUNIV PAPER JINAN INC

Applicant UPMSEIKO KYMMENE EPSON CORP SUNDSVOITH DEFIBRATOR GMBH J M VOITHSUNDS PAPER DEFIBRATOR PATENT IND GMBH AB VOITH PATENTUNIV GMBH JINAN UPM WEYERHAEUSER KYMMENE CORP CO VOITH GMBH J M 1977 1978 1979 1983 1990 1991 1993 1998 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH VOITH PATENT GMBH Date of priority WEYERHAEUSER CO

1977 1978 1979 1983 1990 1991 1993 1998 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

Figure 4.11: (b) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Technologies Related to Pulping

(b) AHLSTROEM OY ANDRITZ INC BABCOCK HITACHI KK INT PAPER CO JUJOAHLSTROEM PAPER CO LTD OY ANDRITZKAMYR INC AB BABCOCK HITACHIKAMYR INC KK INT KAOPAPER CORP CO KVAERNERJUJO PULPINGPAPER CO TECH LTD METSO PAPERKAMYR INC AB MITSUBISHI HEAVYKAMYR IND LTDINC Applicant MITSUBISHI PAPER KAOMILLS CORP LTD KVAERNERMO OCH PULPING DOMSJOE TECH AB METSOOJI PAPER PAPER INC CO MITSUBISHIPULP PAPER HEAVY RES IND INST LTD Applicant VNMITSUBISHI PROIZV OB PAPER CELLJULOSZNO MILLS LTD MO OCHVOITH DOMSJOE GMBH JAB M VOITH PATENTOJI PAPER GMBH CO PULP WEYERHAEUSER PAPER RES INST CO VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO VOITH GMBH J M 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 VOITH PATENT GMBH Date of priority WEYERHAEUSER CO

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority FIG. 4.11b Patent Analysis | 41 FIG. 4.11b FIG. 4.11c Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

From Figure 4.11(c) it can be concluded thatFIG. steadily 4.11cdecreased since 2008. Other top except Voith and Andritz, none of the top applicants who are currently active in this companies have patenting activity in this field are Ichikawa Co., Procter & Gamble, area in the last 20 years. The graph 4.11(d) Metso Paper and Albany Corp. In the same shows that Voith is the top applicant in this way, similar information can be found out technology area andAHLSTROEM it isOY still active, but from the rest of the plots given below. The the amount of applicationsAIKAWA TEKKO by Voith have areas where patenting activities of the top ANDRITZ AG MASCHF BAUER BROS CO Figure 4.11: (c) ApplicantBELOIT CORP vs. Date of Priority Graph: Stock Preparation BIRD MACHINE CO (c) BLACK CLAWSON CO ESCHERAHLSTROEM WYSS GMBH OY AIKAWAKAMYR TEKKO AB ANDRITZ LAMORT AG MASCHF E M BAUER BROS CO Applicant METSO PAPER INC NI PK I TSELLYULOZNOGOBELOIT MASH CORP SUNDS DEFIBRATORBIRD MACHINE IND AB CO BLACKTSNII CLAWSON BUMAGI CO UK NIl TSELLYULOZNOESCHER WYSSBUMAZH... GMBH UNIV SOUTH CHINAKAMYR TECH AB VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO LAMORT E M

Applicant VOITHMETSO GMBH PAPER J MINC NIVOITH PK I TSELLYULOZNOGO PAPER PATENT GMBH MASH SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB TSNII BUMAGI 1977 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 UK NIl TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH... Date of priority UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO VOITH GMBH J M VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH

1977 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Papermaking Machines and Methods

(d) ALBANY INT CORP BELOIT CORP BLACK CLAWSON CO ESCHER WYSS GMBH ICHIKAWA CO LTD KIMBERLY CLARK CO METSO PAPER INC ALBANY INT CORP MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD BELOIT CORP NIPPON FILCON KK BLACK CLAWSON CO PROCTER GAMBLE ESCHER WYSS GMBH

Applicant TSNI PK I PROEKT OBORU DLYA TS ICHIKAWA CO LTD VALMET CORP KIMBERLY CLARK CO VALMET OY METSO PAPER INC VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD VOITH GMBH J M NIPPON FILCON KK VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH PROCTER GAMBLE VOITH PATENT GMBH

Applicant TSNI PK I PROEKT OBORU DLYA TS VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH G... VALMET CORP VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PAT... VALMET OY

VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC 1987 1988 1989 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 VOITH GMBH J M Date of priority VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH VOITH PATENT GMBH VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH G... 42 | PatentVOITH Analysis SULZER PAPIERTECH PAT...

1987 1988 1989 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999FIG.2001 2002 2005 2006 20074.11d2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority FIG. 4.11d FIG. 4.11e

applicants are persistent over time are mainlyFIG. and special 4.11e papers. In the technology areas the technologies dealing with synthetic cellu- related to calendars and accessories and lose or non-cellulose fibres, additives (pulp fibreboard, very few of the top applicants were compositions), coated paper/coating material active in the last 10 years. BELOIT CORP

ESCHER WYSS AG Figure 4.11: (e) ApplicantESCHER WYSS vs.GMBH Date of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories KLEINEWEFERS GMBH

KUESTERS EDUARD MASCHF (e) BELOIT CORP METSO PAPER INC ESCHER WYSS AG MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD ESCHER WYSS GMBH SIEMENS AG KLEINEWEFERS GMBH TSNI PK I PROEKT OBORU DLYA TS KUESTERS EDUARD MASCHF VALMET CORP

Applicant METSO PAPER INC VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD VALMET TECHNOLOGIES INC SIEMENS AG VOITH GMBH J M TSNI PK I PROEKT OBORU DLYA TS VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH VALMET CORP UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH Applicant VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC VOITH SULZER FINISHING GMBH VALMET TECHNOLOGIES INC VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH G... VOITH GMBH J M VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PAT... VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH

UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 1988 1989 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

VOITH SULZER FINISHING GMBH Date of priority

VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH G...

VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PAT...

1988 1989 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Date of priority

Figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres

(f) ASAHI CHEMICAL IND BASF AG BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C... DAIO SEISHI KK DU PONT

ASAHI CHEMICALHERCULES IND INC JAPAN VILENEBASF COAG LTD BENGBU SHOUCHUANGKIMBERLY FILTER CLARK C... CO DAIO SEISHIKOLON KK INC KURARAYDU PONT CO MITSUBISHIHERCULES PAPER MILLS INC LTD Applicant JAPANMITSUBISHI VILENE CORAYON LTD CO MITSUIKIMBERLY PETROCHEMICAL CLARK CO IND KOLONOJI PAPER INC CO PROCTER KURARAY GAMBLE CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLSTEIJN LTD LTD Applicant TOMOEGAWAMITSUBISHI PAPERRAYON CO CO LTD MITSUI PETROCHEMICALTORAY INDUSTRIES IND OJI PAPERUNITIKA CO LTD UNIV SHAANXIPROCTER SCIENCE GAMBLE TECH TEIJN LTD 1972 1973 1987 1989 1990 1997 20002001 20032004 2005 2006 20082009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOMOEGAWA PAPER CO LTD Date of priority TORAY INDUSTRIES UNITIKA LTD UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH | 1972 1973 1987 1989 1990 1997 20002001 20032004 2005 2006 20082009 2011Patent2012 2013 2014 Analysis2015 2016 43 DateFIG. of priority 4.11f FIG. 4.11f FIG. 4.11g FIG. 4.11g Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

ARAKAWA CHEM IND Figure 4.11: (g) ApplicantBASF vs. AG Date of Priority Graph: Non-Fibrous Additives Added to the Pulp BAYER AG (g) ARAKAWA CHEMCIBA IND GEIGY AC BASFDAIO AGSEISHI KK BAYER AGDU PONT GIESECKECIBA GEIGY DEVRIENT AC GMBH DAIO SEISHIHERCULES KK INC DU PONTHYMO CORP GIESECKE DEVRIENTJUJO PAPERGMBH CO LTD Applicant HERCULES INCKAO CORP KIMBERLYHYMO CORP CLARK CO MITSUBISHIJUJO PAPER PAPER CO LTD MILLS LTD Applicant NALCOKAO CHEMICALCORP CO KIMBERLY CLARKOJI CO PAPER CO MITSUBISHI PAPER PROCTERMILLS LTD GAMBLE NALCOTOPPAN CHEMICAL PRINTING CO CO LTD UNIV SHAANXIOJI PAPER SCIENCE CO TECH PROCTER GAMBLE 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD Date of priority UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Figure 4.11: (h) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Coated Paper, Coating Material

(h) ASAHI CHEMICAL IND BASF AG BYER AG CANON KK ASAHI CHEMICAL IND DAIO SEISHI KK BASF AG FUJI PHOTO FILM CO LTD BYER AG HAICHUAN IND CO LTD CANON KK JUJO PAPER CO LTD DAIO SEISHI KK KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD FUJI PHOTO FILM CO LTD KIMBERLY CLARK CO HAICHUAN IND CO LTD KURARAY CO

Applicant JUJO PAPER CO LTD MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD MITSUI TOATSU CHEMICALS KIMBERLY CLARK CO NEW OJI PAPER CO LTD KURARAY CO OCEAN POWER CORP Applicant MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD OJI PAPER CO MITSUI TOATSU CHEMICALS SHENZHEN OCEAN POWER COLOR... NEW OJI PAPER CO LTD SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO OCEAN POWER CORP TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD OJI PAPER CO TSNII BUMAGI SHENZHEN OCEAN POWER COLOR...

SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 20022003 2004 2005 20062007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD Date of priority TSNII BUMAGI

1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 20022003 2004 2005 20062007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 DateFIG. of priority 4.11h 44 | Patent Analysis FIG. 4.11h FIG. 4.11i FIG. 4.11i

CANON KK

Figure 4.11:DAINIPPON (i) Applicant PRINTING CO vs. LTD Date of Priority Graph: Special Paper

DAIO SEISHI KK (i) FUJI PHOTOCANON FILM KKCO LTD

DAINIPPON PRINTINGFUJI XEROX CO LTD CO LTD

HOKUETSU KISHUDAIO SEISHIPAPER KKCO LTD

FUJI PHOTOHOKUETSU FILM PAPER CO LTD MILLS

FUJIJAPAN XEROX TOBACCO CO LTD INC

HOKUETSU KISHU JUJOPAPER PAPER CO LTD CO LTD

Applicant HOKUETSU PAPER MILLSKAO CORP

JAPANKIMBERLY TOBACCO CLARK INC CO

JUJO PAPERKURARAY CO LTD CO

Applicant MITSUBISHI PAPERKAO CORPMILLS LTD

KIMBERLYOJI HOLDINGS CLARK CO CORP

KURARAYOJI PAPER CO CO

MITSUBISHI PAPERPROCTER MILLS GAMBLELTD

TOPPANOJI HOLDINGS PRINTING CORP CO LTD

OJI PAPER CO 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 PROCTER GAMBLE Date of priority TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Figure 4.11: (j) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Fibreboard; Manufacture of Articles from Cellulosic Fibrous Suspensions or from Papier-M.ch.

(j) DAIKEN TRADE INDUSTRY

FIRST SEZHE CO LTD

DAIKEN TRADEHARTMANN INDUSTRY AS BRDR

FIRST SEZHEIBIDEN CO LTD CO LTD

HARTMANN ASKAO BRDR CORP

IBIDENMASONITE CO LTD CORP Applicant

MATSUSHITA ELECTRICKAO WORKS CORP L...

MASONITE CORP Applicant OJI PAPER CO

MATSUSHITATOPPAN ELECTRIC PRINTING WORKS L...CO LTD

UNITED STATESOJI PAPER GYPSUM CO CO

TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2015 UNITED STATES GYPSUM CO Date of priority

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2015 FIG.Date of priority 4.11j FIG. 4.11jPatent Analysis | 45 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

4.2.1.3. Patent Analysis in Different were identified and patent analysis was per- Technology Areas Related to Pulping formed using these groups/subgroups. The class D21C is a large class encompass- ing several technologies related to pulping, The top publishing offices for pulping therefore three groups pertaining to impor- related technologies are shown in the fol- tant technologies like production of pulp, lowing figure (Figure 4.12). The top appli- digesters and regeneration of pulp liquors cants in each technology area are shown in and one subgroup pertaining to bleaching the following table (Table 4.4).

Figure 4.12: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping in Top Ten Jurisdictions

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 US CN WO JP FR DE SU FI EP CA Pulping cellulosic materials Digesters Bleaching Regenerating pulp liquors

Table 4.4: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping

Technology Area Pulping cellulosic Regenerating pulp Digesters Bleaching materials liquors Vn Proizv Ob Mitsubishi Heavy Kamyr Ab Oji Paper Co Celljuloszno Ind Ltd Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Kamyr Inc Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Babcock Hitachi Kk Kamyr Ab Andritz Inc Kamyr Ab Ahlstroem Oy Kvaerner Pulping Tech Kvaerner Pulping Tech Jujo Paper Co Ltd Jujo Paper Co Ltd Jujo Paper Co Ltd Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Degussa Kvaerner Pulping Tech Kamyr Inc Bauer Bros Co Int Paper Co Babcock Wilcox Co Oji Paper Co Siemens Ag Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd Oji Paper Co Top 10 Applicants Top Andritz Inc Metso Paper Inc Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Kawasaki Heavy Weyerhaeuser Co Einar Morterud Kvaerner Pulping Tech Ind Ltd Le Lesotekh Akad Ahlstroem Oy Kamyr Inc Andritz Oy

46 | Patent Analysis The following figures depict the patenting been active in this area during recent activity of the top applicants in terms of times. The highest numbers of applicants the date of priority in each of the technol- have documents with priority dates from ogy areas under pulping. 1973 to 1987. It can also be noted that not a single document exists bearing the date It is evident from Figure 4.13 that only four of priority from 1988 to 2004 in this area. or five of the top applicants have actually

Figure 4.13: Applicants and Date of Priority for Patents in the Area of ‘Pulping of Cellu- lose-Containing Materials’

AHLSTROEM OY ANDRITZ INC DU PONT INT PAPER CO JUJO PAPER CO LTD KAMYR AB KAMYR INC KOGYO GIJUTSUIN KVAERNER PULPING TECH LE LESOTEKH AKAD

Applicant LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ MO OCH DOMSJOE AB OJI PAPER CO SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD SHELL OIL CO SNEKKENES VIDAR TOYO PULP CO LTD VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO WEYERHAEUSER CO

1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1987 20052006200720082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

AHLSTROEM OY AHLSTROM MACHINERY INC ANDRITZ AHLSTROM INC ANDRITZ INC BAUER BROS CO BELOIT CORP KAMYR AB KAMYR INC KVAERNER PULPING TECH

Applicant METSO FIBER KARLSTAD AB METSO PAPER INC MO OCH DOMSJOE AB SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD Patent Analysis | 47 SIEMENS AG SNEKKENES VIDAR TOYO PULP CO LTD VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO

1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 Date of priority Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.14 clearly AHLSTROEMshows that OY only one com- period 1973 to 1999. After that not a single pany among the topANDRITZ applicants, INC namely document of the top applicants exists bear- Andritz Inc., has actuallyDU PONTbeen active in this ing the date of priority from 2000 to 2009. area during recent times.INT PAPER TheCO highest num- From 2010 to 2014 only two companies can bers of applicantsJUJO have PAPER COdocuments LTD with pri- be seen to have a considerable number of ority dates from 1973KAMYR to 2009. AB It can also patent documents. be noted that not a singleKAMYR INC document exists bearing the dateKOGYO of GIJUTSUINpriority from 1980 to 1989 in this KVAERNERarea. PULPING TECH LE LESOTEKH AKAD

FigureApplicant LE4.15 T I TSELLYULOZNO clearly BUMAZHNOJshows that the larg- est numbers ofMO companiesOCH DOMSJOE AB among the top OJI PAPER CO applicants were active in this area during SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD the period 1989 toSHELL 2005; OIL CO after 2000 the numbers of documentsSNEKKENES VIDAR have gradually reduced. It can TOYOalso PULP be CO LTDnoted that not a single documentVN PROIZV OB exists CELLJULOSZNO bearing the date of priority from 1980WEYERHAEUSER to 1988 CO and also from 2006-2010 in this area. 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1987 20052006200720082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Figure 4.16 clearly shows that the highest Date of priority numbers of companies among the top appli- cants were active in this area during the

Figure 4.14: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Digesters

AHLSTROEM OY AHLSTROM MACHINERY INC ANDRITZ AHLSTROM INC ANDRITZ INC BAUER BROS CO BELOIT CORP KAMYR AB KAMYR INC KVAERNER PULPING TECH

Applicant METSO FIBER KARLSTAD AB METSO PAPER INC MO OCH DOMSJOE AB SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD SIEMENS AG SNEKKENES VIDAR TOYO PULP CO LTD VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO

1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 Date of priority

48 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.15: Cross-ReferenceAHLSTROEM OY Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Tech- nologies Related to BleachingBASF AG DEGUSSA EKA NOBEL AB AHLSTROEM OY INT PAPER CO BASF AG JUJO PAPER CO LTD DEGUSSA KAMYR AB EKA NOBEL AB KAMYR INC INT PAPER CO KVAERNER PULPING TECH JUJO PAPER CO LTD MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO KAMYR AB MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

Applicant KAMYR INC MO OCH DOMSJOE AB KVAERNER PULPING TECH NOVO NORDISK AS MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO OJI PAPER CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD PULP PAPER RES INST Applicant MO OCH DOMSJOE AB SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB NOVO NORDISK AS UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING OJI PAPER CO UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH PULP PAPER RES INST VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB WEYERHAEUSER CO UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING

UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 1975 1979 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020022004 2005 2011 2012 2015 VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO Date of priority WEYERHAEUSER CO

1975 1979 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200020022004 2005 2011 2012 2015 Date of priority

Figure 4.16: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Regeneration of Pulp Liquors

AHLSTROEM OY ANDRITZ OY BABCOCK HITACHI KK BABCOCK WILCOX CO AHLSTROEM OY COMBUSTION ENG ANDRITZ OY ERCO ENVIROTECH LTD BABCOCK HITACHI KK JUJO PAPER CO LTD BABCOCK WILCOX CO KAMYR INC COMBUSTION ENG KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD ERCO ENVIROTECH LTD KVAERNER PULPING TECH JUJO PAPER CO LTD

Applicant LE T ITSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ KAMYR INC MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD KVAERNER PULPING TECH MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

Applicant LE T ITSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ OJI PAPER CO MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD ROSENBLADS PATENTER AB MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD STERLING DRUG INC MO OCH DOMSJOE AB UPM KYMMENE CORP OJI PAPER CO VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO ROSENBLADS PATENTER AB STERLING DRUG INC 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1983 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1999 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 UPM KYMMENE CORP Date of priority VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1983 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1999 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Date of priority

Patent Analysis | 49 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

4.2.2. Sustainable Technologies 4.2.2.1. Wastewater/Effluent Treat- Related to the Pulp and ment from the Paper or Cellulose Industry Paper Sector The search in this field was conducted using The number of documents retrieved from query string IPC= C02F103/28 as this is a the GPI database in different sustainable dedicated IPC subgroup. The number of doc- technology areas are shown in the follow- uments retrieved for this search is shown in ing table (Table 4.5), along with the IPC/ Table 4.5. The top applicants and top filing CPC codes used in the search. offices are shown in the following figures.

Table 4.5: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Sustainable/Green Technology Areas

S. No. Specific Technology Area Corresponding IPC Code/s No. of documents Wastewater treatment 1. from the paper or C02F103/28 2263 (1354 families) cellulose industry

Recycling of waste paper, 17156 (5609 D21C5/02, D21B1/08, D21B1/32 2. deinking families)

3. Non-wood fibres D21H11/12 3966(1681 families) Chlorine-free pulp D21C9/14, D21C9/147,D21C9/15, 12594 (2846 4. bleaching D21C9/153, D21C9/16 families)

Figure 4.17: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Wastewater Treatment

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. CN 896 38.97 2. SU 207 9.00 3. WO 86 3.74 4. RU 53 2.31 5. EP 44 1.91 6. US 35 1.52 7. KR 13 0.57 8. FI 11 0.48 9. BR 11 0.48 10. TW 8 0.35 11. FR 7 0.30 12. DE 3 0.13 13. NL 2 0.09 14. CS 2 0.09 15. TN 1 0.04 16. PH 1 0.04 17. NZ 1 0.04 18. MX 1 0.04 19. GB 1 0.04

50 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.18: Top Applicants for Wastewater Treatment

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 27 1.17 2. VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO 17 0.74 3. IR POLTI 16 0.70 4. IR INST ORGANICHESKOI 15 0.65 5. UPM KYMMENE CORP 14 0.61 6. NIl BIOLOG PRI IR G UNIV IM A 13 0.57 7. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 12 0.52 8. LEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD 12 0.52 9. CHINA CEC ENG CORP 11 0.48 10. VOITH PATENT GMBH 9 0.39 11. UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH 7 0.30 12. UK NIl TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ 7 0.30 13. KEMIRA OYJ 7 0.30 14. BOYING XIAMEN SCI TECH CO 7 0.30 15. WU HAO 6 0.26 16. UNIV NANJING 6 0.26 17. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 6 0.26 18. QUANZHOU HUAXIANG PAPER CO LTD 6 0.26 19. NALCOCO 6 0.26

Figure 4.19: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph for Wastewater Treatment

BOYING XIAMEN SCI TECH CO CHINA CEC ENG CORP INST KOLLOIDNOJ CHIMII IR INST ORGANICHESKOI IR POLT I KEMIRA OYJ LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ LEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD NALCO CO NiI BIOLOG PRI IR G UNIV IM A QUANZHOU HUAXIANG PAPER C...

Applicant SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD UK NiI TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH... UNIV NANJING UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH UPM KYMMENE CORP VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO VOITH PATENT GMBH

1978 1979 1980 1981 1984 1990 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Patent Analysis | 51

BLACK CLAWSON CO DAIO SEISHI KK DUPLO SEIKO CORP ESCHER WYSS GMBH HENKEL KGAA HONSHU PAPER CO LTD JUJO PAPER CO LTD KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD KAO CORP KIMBERLY CLARK CO LAMORT E M Applicant LION CORP MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD OJI PAPER CO SEIKO EPSON CORP VOITH GMBH J M VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH VOITH PATENT GMBH VOITH SULZER PAPIER TECH PATE... VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREIT...

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 200020082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

From the above figures it is clearly seen that in CPC=(D21C5/02 or D21B1/08 or D21B1/32). the area of effluent treatment from the paper The number of documents retrieved is shown and pulp industry, China is the top publish- in Table 4.5. The top publishing office and top ing office and the University South China applicants are shown in the following figures. Technology is the top applicant. Figure 4.19 shows that a majority of top applicants have Figures 4.20 and 4.21 reveal that the top the highest number of patent documents publishing office in this field of technology with the date of priority after 2006. No pat- is Japan followed by China, Germany and the ent document from the top applicants can be USA. WIPO is in the fifth position, certifying found with the priority date from 1985-1989 to the fact that a large number of the patent and also from 1991 to 2005. documents are PCT applications.

4.2.2.2. Recycling of Waste Paper Different subsidiaries of Voith are among There are three IPC subgroups correspond- the top applicants in the field. Figure 4.22 ing to the recycling of waste paper. D21C reveals that for all the top applicants the ear- 5/02 corresponds to working-up waste liest priority date is 1989, which indicates paper, whereas mechanical processes for that compared to the other fields of technol- working-up waste paper belong to sub- ogy in the pulp and paper sector, patenting groups D21B 1/08 and D21B 1/32. The activity started relatively late in the field of query string used for this search was IPC or recycling of waste papers.

Figure 4.20: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. JP 1 334 7.70 2. CN 866 5.05 3. DE 737 4.30 4. US 696 4.06 5. WO 411 2.40 6. EP 408 2.38 7. FR 181 1.06 8. GB 140 0.82 9. KR 112 0.65 10. SU 102 0.59 11. CA 96 0.56 12. AT 74 0.43 13. BR 53 0.31 14. NL 49 0.29 15. FI 42 0.24 16. RU 35 0.20 17. AU 33 0.19 18. SE 29 0.17 19. NO 27 0.16

52 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.21:BOYING Top XIAMEN Applicants SCI TECH CO in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper CHINA CEC ENG CORP # INST KOLLOIDNOJApplicant CHIMII Documents Ranking (%) IR INST ORGANICHESKOI 1. VOITH GMBH J M 143 IR POLT I 0.83 2. KAO CORP KEMIRA OYJ 143 0.83 3. LEVOITH T I TSELLYULOZNO PATENT GMBH BUMAZHNOJ 119 0.69 LEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD 4. OJI PAPER CO 78 NALCO CO 0.45 5. VOITHNiI BIOLOG PAPER PRI PATENT IR G UNIV GMBH IM A 72 0.42 6. QUANZHOUESCHER WYSS HUAXIANG GMBH PAPER C... 68 0.40 Applicant SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 7. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 56 UK NiI TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH... 0.33 8. HENKEL KGAA UNIV NANJING 56 0.33 9. LIONUNIV CORP SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 54 0.31 UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 10. DUPLO SEIKO CORP 54 UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH 0.31 11. DAIO SEISHIUPM KK KYMMENE CORP 48 0.28 12. HONSHUVN PROIZV PAPER OB CELLJULOSZNO CO LTD 41 0.24 VOITH PATENT GMBH 13. VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREITUNG 37 0.22 14. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 1978 1979 1980 1981 19843719900.222006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority 15. LAMORTEM 36 0.21 16. KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD 36 0.21 17. VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PATENT 35 0.20 18. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 34 0.20 19. BLACK CLAWSON CO 34 0.20 Figure 4.22: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Graph for Recycling of Waste Paper

BLACK CLAWSON CO DAIO SEISHI KK DUPLO SEIKO CORP ESCHER WYSS GMBH HENKEL KGAA HONSHU PAPER CO LTD JUJO PAPER CO LTD KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD KAO CORP KIMBERLY CLARK CO LAMORT E M Applicant LION CORP MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD OJI PAPER CO SEIKO EPSON CORP VOITH GMBH J M VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH VOITH PATENT GMBH VOITH SULZER PAPIER TECH PATE... VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREIT...

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 200020082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Patent Analysis | 53 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

4.2.2.3. Non-wood Fibres followed by Japan and the USA. The differ- This field of technology pertains to pulp from ence between the numbers of patent doc- non-woody plants or crops, e.g. cotton, flax, uments belonging to the top applicants is straw or bagasse. The corresponding IPC/ very little suggesting the absence of a dom- CPC subgroup was found to be D21H11/12. inant player in this field. Priority date anal- The results of patent analysis in this field are ysis reveals that patent filing in this field shown in the following figures. also started relatively late, the earliest pri- ority date being 1996. Figure 4.23 clearly shows that China is the major publishing country in this field,

Figure 4.23: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. CN 775 19.27 2. JP 280 6.96 3. US 150 3.73 4. WO 148 3.68 5. KR 91 2.26 6. EP 54 1.34 7. DE 48 1.19 8. GB 33 0.82 9. SU 31 0.77 10. FR 29 0.72 11. CA 11 0.27 12. BR 9 0.22 13. TW 7 0.17 14. AU 6 0.15 15. RU 5 0.12 16. PH 4 0.10 17. PL 3 0.07 18. NL 3 0.07 19. ID 3 0.07

54 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.24: Top Applicants in the Field of Pulp From Non-Woody Plants

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. ONDA AKIO 26 0.65 2. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 23 0.57 3. HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO LTD 21 0.52 4. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 20 0.50 5. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 19 0.47 6. PROCTER GAMBLE 19 0.47 7. SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIRONNE 14 0.35 8. HU ZHONGSHENG 12 0.30 9. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 11 0.27 10. OJI PAPER CO 10 0.25 11. MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD 10 0.25 12. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 9 0.22 13. CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACTORY 9 0.22 14. CANON KK 9 0.22 15. UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH 8 0.20 16. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 8 0.20 17. DAIO SEISHI KK 8 0.20 18. BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER CO LTD 8 0.20 19. VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO 7 0.17 Figure 4.25: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants

BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C... CANON KK CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACT... DAIO SEISHI KK HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L… HU ZHONGSHENG JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR... KIMBERLY CLARK CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD NINGXIA ZIJINGHUA PAPER INDU... Applicant OJI PAPER CO ONDA AKIO PROCTER GAMBLE SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIR... SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Patent Analysis | 55

AHLSTROEM OY AIR LIQUIDE DEGUSSA DU PONT EKA NOBEL AB INT PAPER CO JUJO PAPER CO LTD KAMYR AB KAMYR INC KVAERNER PULPING TECH

Applicant MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD MO OCH DOMSJOE AB OJI PAPER CO PAREN AARTO PULP PAPER RES INST SUNDS DEFIBRATOR INDAB UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 Date of priority Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

4.2.2.4. Chlorine-free bleaching tech- The top applicants, top publishing offices nologies and the date of priority of the top applicants The IPC/CPC subgroups corresponding are shown in Figures 4.27, 4.28 and 4.29. to this area are D21C9/14, D21C9/147, D21C9/15, D21C9/153 and D21C9/16. Each From Figure 4.29 it is clearly evident that a of these codes describe different non-chlo- majority of the top applicants have docu- rine bleaching agents e.g D21C 9/14 corre- ments bearing priority dates between 1988 sponds to bleaching with ClO2 or chlorites, and 2011. Only one applicant, the Univer- D21C 9/147 corresponds to bleaching with sity of South China has been active in the oxygen or its allotropic modifications. The last five years. query string used for this search was IPC or CPC= D21C9/14 or D21C9/147 or D21C9/15 or D21C9/153 or D21C9/16. The numbers of doc- uments retrieved were 12594 (2846 families).

Initially top IPC subgroups were found in this area. Figure 4.26 shows the result of the top IPC subgroups.

From the IPC subgroup analysis it can be seen that D21C9/16 (with per compounds), D21C9/147 (with oxygen or its allotropic modifications), D21C9/14 (with ClO2 or chlo- rites) are the technologies used most, fol- lowed by D21C9/153 (with ozone).

Figure 4.26: Top IPC Subgroups for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# IPC main group Documents Ranking (%) 1. D21C9/16 1 536 12.20 2. D21C9/10 1 176 9.34 3. D21C9/147 690 5.48 4. D21C9/14 676 5.37 5. D21C9/153 424 3.37 6. D21C3/02 245 1.95 7. D21C9/12 153 1.21 8. D06L3/02 132 1.05 9. D21C9/02 131 1.04 10. D21C5/02 122 0.97 11. D21C/ 109 0.87 12. D21C3/22 106 0.84 13. D21B1/16 83 0.66 14. D21H11/12 79 4.99 15. C11D3/39 71 0.56 16. D21C9/08 62 0.49 17. D21C3/04 58 0.46 18. D21C1/06 53 0.42 19. D21C9/18 50 0.40

56 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.27: Top Publishing Offices for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. US 460 3.65 2. JP 451 3.58 3. WO 444 3.53 4. CN 432 3.43 5. EP 192 1.52 6. DE 133 1.06 7. FR 125 0.99 8. SE 107 0.85 9. CA 77 0.61 10. FI 76 0.60 11. SU 47 0.37 12. RU 44 0.35 13. AT 31 0.25 14. GB 30 0.24 15. AU 27 0.21 16. NO 26 0.21 17. BR 20 0.16 18. BE 12 0.10 19. PL 10 0.08

Figure 4.28: Top Applicants for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. OJI PAPER CO 71 0.56 2. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 60 0.48 3. MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO 55 0.44 4. INT PAPER CO 52 0.41 5. MO OCH DOMSJOE AB 48 0.38 6. KVAERNER PULPING TECH 43 0.34 7. UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING 42 0.33 8. AHLSTROEM OY 37 0.29 9. DEGUSSA 33 0.26 10. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 32 0.25 11. SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB 31 0.25 12. KAMYR INC 30 0.24 13. PULP PAPER RES INST 29 0.23 14. DU PONT 28 0.22 15. AIR LIQUIDE 24 0.19 16. KOGYO GIJUTSUIN 23 0.18 17. KAMYR AB 23 0.18 18. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 22 0.17 19. PARENAARTO 22 0.17

Patent Analysis | 57 BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C... CANON KK CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACT... DAIO SEISHI KK HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L… HU ZHONGSHENG JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR... KIMBERLY CLARK CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD NINGXIA ZIJINGHUA PAPER INDU... Applicant OJI PAPER CO ONDA AKIO PROCTER GAMBLE SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIR... SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.29: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Chlorine-Free Pulp Bleaching

AHLSTROEM OY AIR LIQUIDE DEGUSSA DU PONT EKA NOBEL AB INT PAPER CO JUJO PAPER CO LTD KAMYR AB KAMYR INC KVAERNER PULPING TECH

Applicant MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD MO OCH DOMSJOE AB OJI PAPER CO PAREN AARTO PULP PAPER RES INST SUNDS DEFIBRATOR INDAB UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 Date of priority

58 | Patent Analysis 4.2.3. Emerging Technology Areas Some potential application areas of nano- technology in the pulp and paper industry 4.2.3.1. Nanotechnology are listed below: Nanotechnology, and its uses in the indus- try, is still in the early stages of develop- »»Manufacturing of lightweight paper with ment and a large number of areas are still high strength (aerogel) open for further exploration. While many mills have only recently begun introducing »»Preparation of improved construction micro and nanotechnology, there are a wide materials range of paper and packaging products that already use nanotechnology through- »»Preparation of materials with controlled out their production. The use of nanotech- heat conductivity and capacity nology may lead to the eventual produc- tion of paper without any pollution and at »»Formation of nanofibres for composite a low cost. For example, nanotechnology is processing employed substantially in the production of packaging materials for security, coun- »»Manufacturing of improved filtration and terfeiting, safety and anti-microbial uses. membranes New products such as antibacterial paper, tissue paper and newsprint have been »» Improved printability introduced using nanotechnology. »»Self assembly and reinforcement for Nanocellulose (also called microfibrillated tensile strength and elasticity cellulose, MFC or nanofibrillated cellulose, NFC) has been around since the early 1980s. »»Surface functionality and tailoring It is produced by delaminating cellulosic (hydrophobic/hydrophilic biosensors) fibres in high-pressure homogenisers. Fully delaminated nanocellulose consists »»Specialized optics by photonic of long (1-2 micrometres) microfibrils nanostructure (5-20 nm in diameter) and has the appearance of a highly viscous, shear- »»Printed electronics – displays, solar cells, thinning transparent gel. fuel cells, medical sensors

There are a wide variety of potential appli- 4.2.3.1.1. Patent Analysis in the Area of cations for nanocellulose, including, the Nanotechnology manufacture of both paper and board. In The query string used for performing patent the manufacturing of paper/board, nano- analysis in this area was (IPC or CPC=D21*) cellulose could be used as a strengthen- and word=nano*. The top publishing offices, ing agent in paper with high filler content. top applicants and priority dates of the doc- Other areas of application may be surface uments are shown in the figures below. sizing and coating, e.g. as a barrier material (against oxygen, water vapour, grease/oil) From Figure 4.30, it is evident that most pat- in food packaging. Other applications can ent documents are filed and published in be in the field of nanocomposites, non-ca- China in this field and the number of docu- loric food thickeners, emulsion/dispersion, ments is almost 4 times larger than the num- oil recovery applications, cosmetic/pharma- ber of documents published by PCT. ceutical applications, and applications in the electronics sector.

Patent Analysis | 59 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.30: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. CN 920 18.37 2. WO 257 5.13 3. US 136 2.72 4. JP 122 2.44 5. EP 82 1.64 6. KR 81 1.62 7. DE 40 0.80 8. FR 17 0.34 9. FI 14 0.28 10. PL 12 0.24 11. ES 11 0.22 12. RU 10 0.20 13. TW 8 0.16 14. CA 8 0.16 15. BR 7 0.14 16. YU 5 0.10 17. MX 4 0.08 18. GB 4 0.08 19. AU 4 0.08 Figure 4.31: Top Applicants in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER CO LTD 48 0.96 2. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 47 0.94 3. UPM KYMMENE CORP 41 0.82 4. BENGBU PHOENIX INT CO LTD 32 0.64 5. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 28 0.56 6. UNIV NANJING FORESTRY 21 0.42 7. UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH 19 0.38 8. ANHUI SOYA DECORATIVE MAT CO LTD 19 0.38 9. HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO LTD 18 0.36 10. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 17 0.34 11. STORA ENSO OYJ 17 0.34 12. BENGBU PHOENIX FILTER CO LTD 15 0.30 13. SHANDONG INST LIGHT INDUSTRY 13 0.26 14. VOITH PATENT GMBH 12 0.24 15. HUAIBEI LONGPAN INDUSTRY AND TRAD. 12 0.24 16. HU ZHONGSHENG 12 0.24 17. GOLD EAST PAPER JIANGSU CO LTD 11 0.22 18. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 11 0.22 19. UNIV TOKYO 10 0.20

60 | Patent Analysis ANHUI SOYA DECORATIVE MAT C... API IP HOLDINGS LLC BENGBU PHOENIX FILTER CO LTD BENGBU PHOENIX INT CO LTD Figure 4.32:BENGBU Top SHOUCHUANG Applicants FILTER C...and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Nanotechnology in the PulpGOLD andEAST PAPER Paper JIANGSU Sector CO L... HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L… HU ZHONGSHENC

ANHUIHUAIBEI SOYA LONGPAN DECORATIVE INDUSTRY MAT AN... C... APIJUJO IP HOLDINGS PAPER CO LLCLTD BENGBU PHOENIXMIYAWAKI FILTER SHOICHI CO LTD Applicant BENGBU PHOENIXPHOENIX INT INT CO CO LTD LTD BENGBUSHANDONG SHOUCHUANG INST LIGHT FILTER INDUSTRY C... GOLD EAST PAPERSTORA JIANGSU ENSO CO L...OYJ HANGZHOUUNIV SPECIAL NANJING PAPER FORESTRY CO L… UNIV SHAANXIHU ZHONGSHENCSCIENCE TECH HUAIBEI LONGPANUNIV SOUTH INDUSTRY CHINA AN...TECH UNIV ZHEJIANGJUJO PAPERSCIENCE CO TECH LTD UPMMIYAWAKI KYMMENE SHOICHI CORP Applicant VOITHPHOENIX PATENT INT CO GMBH LTD SHANDONG INST LIGHT INDUSTRY 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 STORA ENSO OYJ Date of priority UNIV NANJING FORESTRY UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH UPM KYMMENE CORP VOITH PATENT GMBH

2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

Figure 4.33: Date of Priority of Patent Documents in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector (area of bubble directly proportional to number of patent documents)

1986 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority

FIG. 4.32 1986 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Date of priority Patent Analysis | 61 FIG. 4.32 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.32 shows that the earliest priority For this, an IPC main group analysis was date of patent documents belonging to top done. The result of this analysis is shown applicants in this area can be traced back in Figure 4.34. to 2005. The largest numbers of patent doc- uments have a priority date starting from From Figure 4.34 it can be observed that 2008 till 2016, indicating that the patenting nanotechnology is used in almost all areas activities in this field have increased post of the pulp and paper industry. The areas 2008. Figure 4.33, below, shows the patent- which were selected for further analysis ing trend in this area over the last 20 years based on the top IPC subgroups and expert much more clearly. This figure shows that opinion are nanocellulose, additives, spe- although some documents are there with cial paper, and coated paper/coating mate- the priority date 1986, major activities in rials. The search strategy used as well as the this field started from 1998 and the highest number of patent documents retrieved are number of documents have priority dates given in Table 4.6 for each of these areas. between 2006 and 2016. The following tables 4.7 and 4.8 show the Further analysis was done in the field of top publishing offices and top applicants nanotechnology by identifying its areas of for each of the technology areas under application in the pulp and paper sector. nanotechnology.

Figure 4.34: Top IPC Main Groups in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# IPC main group Documents Ranking (%) 1. D21C5/00 104 2.07 2. D21H27/00 94 1.87 3. D21H17/00 62 1.24 4. D21C9/00 59 1.18 5. B82Y30/00 45 0.90 6. B82Y40/00 34 0.68 7. D21H11/00 32 0.64 8. D21H19/00 31 0.62 9. D01F2/00 30 0.60 10. B32B29/00 29 0.58 11. D21F13/00 26 0.52 12. D21F11/00 22 0.44 13. B32B33/00 21 0.42 14. B82B3/00 20 0.40 15. C08B15/00 17 0.34 16. D21H21/00 16 0.32 17. B82B1/00 14 0.28 18. B41M5/00 14 0.28 19. D21F5/00 12 0.24

62 | Patent Analysis Table 4.6: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

S. No. Technology Area Query string used No. of documents

(IPC or CPC=D21*) and Nanocellulose 1806 (580 families) 1. word=(nano* and cellulose)

(IPC or CPC=D21H*) and 2. Additives word=(additive or composition or 1165 (523 families) pulp) and word=nano* (IPC or CPC=D21H27) and Special paper 1098 (534 families) 3. word=nano* Coated paper/coating (IPC or CPC=D21H19) and 1403 (453 families) 4. materials word=nano*

Table 4.7: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

Technology Area Coated paper/coating Nanocellulose Additives Special paper materials Bengbu Shouchuang Bengbu Shouchuang Upm Kymmene Corp Jujo Paper Co Ltd Filter Co Ltd Filter Co Ltd Huaibei Longpan Univ Nanjing Bengbu Phoenix Int Bengbu Phoenix Int Co Industry And Trade Co Forestry Co Ltd Ltd Ltd Bengbu Shouchuang Hangzhou Special Bengbu Shouchuang Upm Kymmene Corp Filter Co Ltd Paper Co Ltd Filter Co Ltd Hangzhou Special Bengbu Phoenix Filter Bengbu Phoenix Int Jujo Paper Co Ltd Paper Co Ltd Co Ltd Co Ltd Univ Zhejiang Bengbu Phoenix Anhui Soya Decorative Hangzhou Special Science Tech Filter Co Ltd Mat Co Ltd Paper Co Ltd Hangzhou Special Huaibei Longpan Indus- Univ Zhejiang Science Univ Tokyo Paper Co Ltd try And Trade Co Ltd Tech Top 10 Applicants Top Miyawaki Shoichi Hu Zhongsheng Phoenix Int Co Ltd Univ South China Tech Tongling Sanjia Tongling Fengfan Color Api Ip Holdings Llc Phoenix Int Co Ltd Transformer Co Ltd Printing Co Ltd Tongling Sanjia Stora Enso Oyj Jujo Paper Co Ltd Stora Enso Oyj Transformer Co Ltd Anhui Sanhuan Anhui Sanhuan Paper Upm Kymmene Corp Omya Development Ag Paper Group Co Ltd Group Co Ltd

Patent Analysis | 63 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Table 4.8: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Technology Area Coated paper/ Nanocellulose Additives Special paper coating materials CN CN CN CN WO WO WO WO JP JP KR US US US US JP EP KR JP EP FI EP DE KR KR RU EP DE RU FR FR PL

Top 10 Publishing Offices 10 Publishing Top DE FI TW FR FR DE PL RU

4.2.3.2. Enzyme Technology shives and slime, retting of flax fibres, and The use of enzymes in the pulp and paper selective removal of xylan, are all currently industry started in the 1980s and has grown in different stages of development. All rapidly since then. Although applications these technologies have the potential to of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry create a profound impact on the pulp and are still in the developmental stage, sev- paper industry. eral applications are already commercially available. Presently, the most important Making pulp using enzymes (Biopulping) application of enzymes is in the prebleach- Biopulping is the treatment of wood chips ing of kraft pulp for which xylanase enzymes with lignin degrading fungi. It is used prior have been found to be most effective [9]. to the mechanical pulping of wood. It facili- The enzymatic pitch control method using tates subsequent mechanical and chemical lipase, introduced in the 1990s, was the pulping by improving penetration and effec- first instance of the successful commercial tiveness of chemicals during the ‘cooking’ application of an enzyme in papermaking. of wood chips which separates the cellulose Improving pulp drainage with enzymes has fibres from the lignin. Biopulping decreases become a regular practice in many mills. the demand for energy and chemicals, Large-scale enzymatic deinking has also improves paper quality, and reduces the been successfully tried and is expected environmental impact of pulp production. to expand in application. Pulp bleaching with a laccase mediator system, enzymatic Pulp bleaching using enzymes (Biobleaching) debarking, enzymatic beating, reduction Chlorine used for the bleaching process has of vessel picking with enzymes and other huge polluting potential. The brown colour of enzymatic applications, i.e., removal of pulp is attributable to the presence of lignin.

64 | Patent Analysis Xylanase breaks down the carbohydrate therefore, the end product. The hydropho- xylan which entraps pulp lignin and thereby bicity of fibre surfaces can be altered by the reduces the need for chlorine in bleaching. enzyme laccase. Catalase is used to con- Thermostable microbial xylanases active vert residual hydrogen peroxide to water under alkaline conditions of pulping are and oxygen. Bleached fibres need to only generally preferred for biobleaching. They be rinsed once. The enzymatic process save production costs and prevent forma- saves water and energy and the effluent tion of unwanted products during the pulp is ecologically harmless. Laccase is also bleaching process. used for direct delignification of pulp, ena- bling the replacement of current bleach- Biobleaching of pulp with enzymes has sev- ing chemical stages such as the oxygen or eral advantages like: reduction of chlorine ozone stage. Lipase has been used to con- consumption; pulp dewatering; deinking; trol pitch buildup; It has also been used for removal of pitch; degradation of dissolved deinking applications for inks containing and suspended organics in concentrated vegetable oil. effluents of mills, and enhancement of fibrillation resulting in greater paper 4.2.3.2.1. Patent Analysis in the Area of strength. Enzyme Technology The search strategy used in this area was to Enzymes used for deinking combine two IPC/CPC codes together. The Deinking is an essential step in the recy- IPC subclass C12N pertains to microorgan- cling of used paper. Presently, a chemical isms or enzymes, hence the search string deinking process involving sodium hydrox- used was ‘IPC or CPC= (D21* and C12N*)’. ide, flocculants, dispersants and sur- The search retrieved 5203 documents (1062 factants is commonly used. Subsequently, families). The top publishing offices and top hydrogen peroxide is used to bleach the applicants in this area are shown in the fol- alkali-deinked pulp. Alkaline deinking lowing figures. also decreases the strength of the pulp fibre and the chemicals used contribute Observation of the following figures reveals to environmental pollution. An enzyme- that the largest number of documents are based biotechnology, alternative to chem- published by WIPO followed by the USA, ical deinking, is therefore highly desirable. China, Japan and EPO. Novo Nordisk is Several enzymes have been used for deink- the top applicant. Figure 4.37 shows that ing of various recycled fibres, but the main the earliest date of priority in this area enzymes used are cellulases and hemicel- starts from 1989 and Novo Nordisk does lulases [10,11]. not have any patenting activity after 1999. Novozymes Inc. has continuous activity till Other uses of enzymes 2014. Similarly, another top applicant, Oji Lipases are used to control deposits of Paper, does not have any patent documents pitch, while cellulases are used to improve with a priority date beyond 2004. This indi- rates of dewatering of pulp (drainage, cates that, apart from Novozyme, very few deinking, and fibre modification), and of the top applicants have published pat- pectinases for digesting pectins. Enzymes ent documents in the last five years. control the properties of the pulp fibre and,

Patent Analysis | 65 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.35: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. WO 298 5.73 2. US 203 3.90 3. CN 149 2.86 4. JP 109 2.09 5. EP 68 1.31 6. DE 54 1.04 7. CA 51 0.98 8. FI 29 0.56 9. FR 16 0.31 10. AU 13 0.25 11. GB 10 0.19 12. ZA 8 0.15 13. NL 5 0.10 14. SU 4 0.08 15. SE 4 0.08 16. DK 4 0.08 17. RO 3 0.06 18. PL 3 0.06 19. NZ 3 0.06 Figure 4.36: Top Applicants in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. NOVO NORDISK AS 71 1.36 2. JIA PING 42 0.81 3. NOVOZYMES AS 33 0.63 4. GENENCOR INT 31 0.60 5. BEIJING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TECHNOL... 20 0.38 6. GAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD 18 0.35 7. DICOSIMO ROBERT 18 0.35 8. OJI PAPER CO 16 0.31 9. VALTION TEKNILLINEN 14 0.27 10. DU PONT 14 0.27 11. UPM KYMMENE CORP 13 0.25 12. PAYNE MARK SCOTT 13 0.25 13. HERCULES INC 13 0.25 14. VERENIUM CORP 12 0.23 15. NOVOZYMES INC 12 0.23 16. MEIJI SEIKA KAISHA 12 0.23 17. SCHUELEIN MARTIN 10 0.19 18. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 10 0.19 19. HENKEL KGAA 10 0.19

66 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.37: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Enzyme Technology

AB ENZYMES OY BEIJING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TE... DICOSIMO ROBERT DU PONT GAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD GENENCOR INT HENKEL KGAA HERCULES INC JIA PING JUJO PAPER CO LTD MEIJI SEIKA KAISHA Applicant NOVO NORDISK AS NOVOZYMES AS NOVOZYMES INC OJI PAPER CO PAYNE MARK SCOTT SCHUELEIN MARTIN UPM KYMMENE CORP VALTION TEKNILLINEN VERENIUM CORP

1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 20002001 2003 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Date of priority

AHLSTROEM OY ANDRITZ OY API IP HOLDINGS LLC AXEGARD PETER DOMTAR INC DU PONT JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR... KAMYR INC KIRAM AB LAKE MICHAEL A

Applicant METSO POWER AB OEHMAN FREDRIK SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD SHELL INT RESEARCH SHELL OIL CO THELIANDER HANS TOMANI PER UPM KYMMENE CORP WESTVACO CORP

1985 1987 1990 1993 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

Patent Analysis | 67 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Analysis of the top IPC main groups within pulp) and D21H 17/00 (non-fibrous material enzyme technology reveals the major areas added to the pulp, characterised by its con- of application. From Figure 4.38, it can be stitution). Accordingly, further patent analy- seen that highest number of documents sis was performed in the areas of biopulp- belong to the IPC main group D21C5/00, ing, biobleaching, treatment of waste paper which pertains to other processes for and pretreatment of materials before digest- obtaining cellulose fibres and working-up ing. The search strategy used and the num- waste paper. Other top IPC main groups ber of patent documents retrieved for each are D06M16/00 (biochemical treatment of these areas are given in Table 4.9. of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods), D21C3/00 (Pulping cellulose-con- The following tables 4.10 and 4.11 show the taining materials), D21C1/00 (pretreatment top publishing office and top applicants for of the finely-divided materials before digest- each of the technology areas under enzyme ing), D21C9/00 (after-treatment of cellulose technology.

Figure 4.38: Top IPC Groups in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# IPC main group Documents Ranking (%) 1. D21C5/00 373 7.17 2. D06M16/00 122 2.34 3. D21C3/00 90 1.73 4. C12N1/00 75 1.44 5. D21C1/00 74 1.42 6. D21C9/00 73 1.40 7. C12N9/00 66 1.27 8. D21H17/00 60 1.15 9. C05F5/00 58 1.11 10. A01H5/00 53 1.02 11. C12S11/00 41 0.79 12. C05F7/00 36 0.69 13. C12N15/00 34 0.65 14. C12P19/00 27 0.52 15. C12P1/00 26 0.50 16. A01P1/00 26 0.50 17. D21H11/00 25 0.48 18. C08B37/00 22 0.42 19. A23K1/00 16 0.31

68 | Patent Analysis Table 4.9: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Enzyme Technology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

No. of documents S. No. Technology Area Query string used retrieved 1. Biopulping IPC or CPC = (D21C3 and C12N*) 586 (199 families) 2. Biobleaching IPC or CPC = (D21C9/10 and C12N*) 1405 (226 families) 3. Treatment of waste paper IPC or CPC = (D21C5/02 and C12N*) 490 (88 families) Pretreatment of the IPC or CPC = (D21C1/0 and C12N*) 384 (113 families) 4. materials before digesting

Table 4.10: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Technology Area Pretreatment of materials Biopulping Biobleaching Treatment of waste paper before digesting Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As Genencor Int Jujo Paper Co Ltd Meiji Seika Kaisha Meiji Seika Kaisha Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co Novozymes As Novozymes As Consortium Novozymes As Meiji Seika Pharma Co Ltd Meiji Seika Pharma Co Ltd Elektrochem Ind Valtion Dongguan Leveking Dongguan Leveking Verenium Corp Teknillinen Biotechnology Co Ltd Biotechnology Co Ltd Repligen Corp Novozymes As Verenium Corp Verenium Corp South China Univ Of South China Univ Of

Top 10 Applicants Top Kobe Steel Ltd Kobe Steel Ltd Technology Scut Technology Scut Basler Adolf Genencor Int Schuelein Martin Schuelein Martin Henkel Kgaa Ab Enzymes Oy Penn State Res Found Penn State Res Found Gist Brocades Nv Schuelein Martin Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co

Table 4.11: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Technology Area Pretreatment of materials Biopulping Biobleaching Treatment of waste paper before digesting US WO WO US WO JP CN WO JP CN JP CA CN EP US CN CA CA EP JP EP US CA FR DE FI DE FI FR DE AU EP

Top 10 Publishing Offices 10 Publishing Top PL SE NL DE TW PT FI NL

Patent Analysis | 69 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

the extraction of lignin, as well as increase 4.2.3.3. Biorefinery Technologies There are many potential reasons for pulp the purity of the final lignin product, e.g. mills to be converted into the future biorefin- less ash content in the separated lignin. eries. The scale of the industry allows large »»Bioethanol production: Converting an volumes of biomass feedstock in large pro- existing pulp mill or one of the fibre lines, duction sites permitting economical produc- to an ethanol production plant is another tion. Secondly, some by-product streams, alternative for utilizing cellulose. The etha- e.g. black liquor, are already partly processed nol production plant may have a potential in pulp production and can be more suitable of enabling large-scale production of eth- for further refining than wood waste, agro-fi- anol with relatively low investment costs, bres or other natural-fibre feedstock. Thirdly, as many of the process units required for location of the biorefinery industries at the ethanol production already exist in a kraft pulp mill will offer excellent process integra- pulp mill. A process suitable for integration tion opportunities such as: access to heat in a pulp mill is alkaline and sulphur-free sources and heat sinks; waste and effluent pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. handling; water; general infrastructure and The process starts with rather pure cellu- logistics [12]. Some important biorefinery lose in the hydrolysis stage, which makes technologies relevant for the pulp and paper it unique from other processes that aim to sector are described below: produce ethanol from lignocellulose.

»»Lignin Recovery: Extracted lignin from the Patent analysis in the above mentioned biore- black liquor can be used either within the finery technologies were conducted separately. mill, e.g. by replacing fossil fuel oil in the lime The search strategies used and the number kiln, or externally e.g. in CHP plants. Lignin of documents retrieved corresponding to the can also be used as a raw material for the searches are shown in the following table 4.12. production of chemicals and materials, e.g. The IPC main group D21C11 corresponding carbon fibres, activated carbon or phenols. to regeneration of pulp liquor was used for »»Hemicelluloses Recovery: In a conven- searching in combination with keywords. tional kraft mill, most of the hemicellu- loses end up in the black liquor. Hemicel- 4.2.3.3.1. Patent Analysis for Lignin Recovery luloses can be extracted from black liquor The top publishing offices for patent doc- via different methods such as heat treat- uments in this area and top applicants are ment, ultrafiltration and a combination of shown in figures 4.39-41. It can be observed ultrafiltration and nano-filtration. Extrac- that China is the top publishing office in his tion of hemicellulose from black liquor, area and Shell Oil Co. is the top applicant. The in particular when lignin extraction from priority date analysis indicates that although black liquor is targeted, has caught inter- some applicants have started patenting in est because a lower content of hemicellu- this field from 1985 onwards, major patent- loses in the black liquor would facilitate ing activity is observed in the last 10 years.

Table 4.12: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Sector

S. No. Technology Area Query string used No. of documents retrieved 1. Lignin Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and word=lignin 2406 (570 families) Hemicellulose (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and 497 (96 families) 2. Recovery word=hemicellulose (IPC or CPC=D21C and C12P7) and word Bioethanol 470 (families 95) 3. =(ethanol or butanol)

70 | Patent Analysis Figure 4.39: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Lignin Recovery

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. CN 159 6.61 2. WO 131 5.44 3. US 122 5.07 4. EP 28 1.16 5. DE 25 1.04 6. JP 16 0.67 7. GB 16 0.67 8. FR 15 0.62 9. FI 13 0.54 10. CA 11 0.46 11. SE 7 0.29 12. RU 5 0.21 13. NZ 5 0.21 14. AU 3 0.12 15. KR 2 0.08 16. ES 2 0.08 17. CS 2 0.08 18. CH 2 0.08 19. UY 1 0.04

Figure 4.40: Top Applicants in the Field of Lignin Recovery

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. SHELL OIL CO 14 0.58 2. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 12 0.50 3. UPM KYMMENE CORP 7 0.29 4. TOMANI PER 7 0.29 5. SHELL INT RESEARCH 7 0.29 6. WESTVACO CORP 6 0.25 7. METSO POWER AB 6 0.25 8. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 6 0.25 9. DU PONT 6 0.25 10. DOMTAR INC 6 0.25 11. WEST VIRGINIA PULP PAPER CO 5 0.21 12. THELIANDER HANS 5 0.21 13. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 5 0.21 14. OEHMAN FREDRIK 5 0.21 15. LAKE MICHAEL A 5 0.21 16. KAMYR INC 5 0.21 17. YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP 4 0.17 18. YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD 4 0.17 19. YIBIN GRACE CO LTD 4 0.17

Patent Analysis | 71 AB ENZYMES OY BEIJING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TE... DICOSIMO ROBERT DU PONT GAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD GENENCOR INT HENKEL KGAA HERCULES INC JIA PING JUJO PAPER CO LTD MEIJI SEIKA KAISHA Applicant NOVO NORDISK AS NOVOZYMES AS NOVOZYMES INC OJI PAPER CO PAYNE MARK SCOTT SCHUELEIN MARTIN UPM KYMMENE CORP VALTION TEKNILLINEN VERENIUM CORP

1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 20002001 2003 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Date of priority

Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.41: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Lignin Recovery

AHLSTROEM OY ANDRITZ OY API IP HOLDINGS LLC AXEGARD PETER DOMTAR INC DU PONT JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR... KAMYR INC KIRAM AB LAKE MICHAEL A

Applicant METSO POWER AB OEHMAN FREDRIK SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD SHELL INT RESEARCH SHELL OIL CO THELIANDER HANS TOMANI PER UPM KYMMENE CORP WESTVACO CORP

1985 1987 1990 1993 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

72 | Patent Analysis 4.2.3.3.2. Patent Analysis for Hemicellu- that the highest numbers of documents are lose Recovery published in the USA, followed by WIPO and The top publishing offices for patent doc- China. None of the top applicants have more uments in this area and top applicants are than 10 patent applications to their credit shown in the following figures. It becomes and patenting activity has significantly evident from Figures 4.42, 4.43 and 4.44 increased since 2006.

Figure 4.42: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. US 32 6.44 2. WO 24 4.83 3. CN 17 3.42 4. EP 7 1.41 5. DE 6 1.21 6. CA 3 0.60 7. RU 2 0.40 8. SU 1 0.20 9. JP 1 0.20 10. GB 1 0.20 11. FR 1 0.20 12. AT 1 0.20

Figure 4.43: Top Applicants in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 9 1.81 2. YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP 5 1.01 3. YIBIN GRACE CO LTD 5 1.01 4. CELANESE INT CORP 5 1.01 5. YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD 4 0.80 6. YOON SUNG HOON 3 0.60 7. WEYERHAEUSER CO 3 0.60 8. SHELL INT RESEARCH 3 0.60 9. KAMYR INC 3 0.60 10. VIRDIA LTD 2 0.40 11. VIRDIA INC 2 0.40 12. RHODIA ACETOW GMBH 2 0.40 13. QIN CAIDONG 2 0.40 14. LEITE MARCELO MOREIRA 2 0.40 15. KARSTENS TIES 2 0.40 16. GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC 2 0.40 17. BIOJOULE LTD 2 0.40 18. BIO SEP LTD 2 0.40 19. ALLIED CHEM 2 0.40

Patent Analysis | 73 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.44: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Hemicellulose Recovery

9198 4740 QUEBEC INC D B A VE... ALLIED CHEM API IP HOLDINGS LLC BIO SEP LTD BIOJOULE LTD CELANESE INT CORP GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC KAMYR INC KARSTENS TIES LEITE MARCELO MOREIRA QIN CAIDONG Applicant RHODIA ACETOW GMBH SHELL INT RESEARCH VIRDIA INC VIRDIA LTD WEYERHAEUSER CO YIBIN GRACE CO LTD YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP YOON SUNG HOON

1969 1980 1993 1996 1998 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

Figure 4.45: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Bioethanol

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. US 30 6.38 2. WO 23 4.89 3. CN 13 2.77 4. CA API IP HOLDINGS LLC 11 2.34 BENECH REGIS OLIVIER 5. JP 4 0.85 BENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER 6. EP 3 BIOTECH PROGRESS A S 0.64 7. NZ BOUSKA FRANTISEK 2 0.43 8. CIBA SPECKR CHEM WATER TREAT... 2 0.43 DOTTORI FRANK A 9. FR 2 0.43 GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC 10. GREENFIELDAU SPECIALTY ALCOHO... 2 0.43 11. UA HUGHES JONATHAN 1 0.21 12. DDINST PROCESS ENG CAS 1 Applicant 0.21 KAMYR INC 13. BR KRATOCHVIL ZDENEK 1 0.21 MACHEK FRANTISEK MASCOMA CORP PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION PYLKKANEN VESA RETSINA THEODORA UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND XYLECO INC

1980 1982 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

74 | Patent Analysis 4.2.3.3.3. Patent Analysis for Bioethanol C12P7) and word =(ethanol or butanol) were The search in this field was conducted using found to retrieve the most relevant results. a combination of IPC codes and keywords. The top publishing offices for patent docu- The IPC/CPC subclass C12P describes fer- ments in this area and the top applicants are mentation or enzyme-using processes to shown in Figures 4.45-47. synthesize a desired chemical compound and the main group C12P7 under this sub- From these figures it can be easily observed class describes preparation of oxygen con- that the top publishing offices in the area of taining organic compounds. Therefore, the bioethanol production are the USA, WIPO and search strategy combined C12P7 and D21C China. All of the top applicants have become with keywords ‘ethanol’ or ‘butanol’. D21C active in this field after 2002. Only Kamyr Inc. was combined in this search strategy as can be seen to be active in 1980 and 1982. this class is specific to pulping, which is No patent application can be found from the an essential step in bioethanol production. top applicants bearing the priority date from Several other strategies were also tried but 1983 to 2001, indicating that patenting in the query string (IPC or CPC=D21C* and this field is still in the nascent stage.

Figure 4.46: Top Applicants in the Field of Bioethanol

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. XYLECO INC 8 1.70 2. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 7 1.49 3. INST PROCESS ENG CAS 6 1.28 4. GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC 6 1.28 5. BENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER 5 1.06 6. BENECH REGIS OLIVIER 5 1.06 7. DOTTORI FRANK A 4 0.85 8. GREENFIELD SPECIALTY ALCOHOLS INC 3 0.64 9. UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND 2 0.43 10. RETSINA THEODORA 2 0.43 11. PYLKKANEN VESA 2 0.43 12. PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION 2 0.43 13. MASCOMA CORP 2 0.43 14. MACHEK FRANTISEK 2 0.43 15. KRATOCHVIL ZDENEK 2 0.43 16. KAMYR INC 2 0.43 17. HUGHES JONATHAN 2 0.43 18. CIBA SPEC CHEM WATER TREAT LTD 2 0.43 19. BOUSKA FRANTISEK 2 0.43

Patent Analysis | 75 9198 4740 QUEBEC INC D B A VE... ALLIED CHEM API IP HOLDINGS LLC BIO SEP LTD BIOJOULE LTD CELANESE INT CORP GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC KAMYR INC KARSTENS TIES LEITE MARCELO MOREIRA QIN CAIDONG Applicant RHODIA ACETOW GMBH SHELL INT RESEARCH VIRDIA INC VIRDIA LTD WEYERHAEUSER CO YIBIN GRACE CO LTD YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP YOON SUNG HOON

1969 1980 1993 1996 1998 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.47: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Bioethanol

API IP HOLDINGS LLC BENECH REGIS OLIVIER BENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER BIOTECH PROGRESS A S BOUSKA FRANTISEK CIBA SPEC CHEM WATER TREAT... DOTTORI FRANK A GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC GREENFIELD SPECIALTY ALCOHO... HUGHES JONATHAN INST PROCESS ENG CAS Applicant KAMYR INC KRATOCHVIL ZDENEK MACHEK FRANTISEK MASCOMA CORP PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION PYLKKANEN VESA RETSINA THEODORA UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND XYLECO INC

1980 1982 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date of priority

Figure 4.48: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

# Publishing office Documents Ranking (%) 1. US 307 11.72 2. WO 123 4.69 3. CN 91 3.47 4. DE 41 1.56 5. SU 35 1.34 6. EP 28 1.07 7. JP 20 0.76 8. FR 19 0.73 9. FI 17 0.65 10. RU 16 0.61 11. CA 16 0.61 12. AU 14 0.53 13. AT 10 0.38 14. NZ 7 0.27 15. GB 7 0.27 16. NO 6 0.23 17. NL 5 0.19 18. BR 4 0.15 19. SE 3 0.11

76 | Patent Analysis 4.2.3.4. Organic Solvents in Pulping 4.2.3.4.1. Patent Analysis for Organic Sol- (Organosolv) vents in Pulping Organic solvents at high pressure and temper- The patent analysis in this field was done ature are used to selectively dissolve lignin using the IPC/CPC subgroup D21C3/20 and hemi-cellulose, by hydrolytic cleavage of which specifically covers organic solvents alpha aryl-ether links into fragments that are in pulping. The total number of patent doc- soluble in the solvent system, leaving only uments retrieved was 2620 (496 families). the pulp. After fractionation, the solvents are The top applicants, top publishing offices stripped and internally recycled in the pro- and applicants versus date of priority rela- cess. The hemicellulose and lignin-rich side tionship are shown in Figures 4.48-50. streams can be recovered for other bio-based applications. Solvents used include: acetone; From these figures, it can be observed that a methanol; ethanol; butanol; ethylene glycol; majority of the documents in this field were formic acid; and acetic acid. The concentra- published in the USA, followed by WIPO, tion of solvent in the water ranges from 40 to China and Germany. Surprisingly, none of 80%. Solvents with higher boiling points have the major paper manufacturers are among the advantage of a lower process pressure. the top applicants. The date of priority graph This is weighed against the more difficult sol- of the top applicants shows that patenting vent recovery by distillation. Ethanol has been activity has been sporadic by all the top suggested as the preferred solvent due to cost applicants. In the last 10 years an increase and easy recovery. Although butanol is shown in filing by some of the top applicants can be to remove more lignin than other solvents and observed in this field. solvent recovery is simplified due to immis- cibility in water, its high cost limits its use.

Figure 4.49: Top Applicants in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

# Applicant Documents Ranking (%) 1. SHELL OIL CO 18 0.69 2. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 15 0.57 3. LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ 12 0.46 4. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 10 0.38 5. CHEMPOLIS OY 10 0.38 6. THERMOFORM BAU FORSCHUNG 9 0.34 7. SHELL INT RESEARCH 9 0.34 8. DU PONT 9 0.34 9. WEYERHAEUSER CO 8 0.31 10. BRUSS Tl KIROVA 7 0.27 11. TIGNEY TECHNOLOGY INC 6 0.23 12. LIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTD 6 0.23 13. LE LESOTEKH AKAD 6 0.23 14. CANADIAN IND 6 0.23 15. WISCONSIN ALUMNI RES FOUND 5 0.19 16. US AGRICULTURE 5 0.19 17. UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH 5 0.19 18. ROUSU PASI 5 0.19 19. ROUSU ESA 5 0.19

Patent Analysis | 77 Analysis of Patent Documents using GPI

Figure 4.50: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

ALCELL TECH INC API IP HOLDINGS LLC BRUSS TI KIROVA CANADIAN IND CELANESE INT CORP CHEMPOLIS OY DU PONT JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR... LE LESOTEKH AKAD LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ LIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTD Applicant NIPPON KAMI PULP KENKYUSHO NOVOZYMES AS PASZNER LASZLO ROUSU ESA SHELL INT RESEARCH SHELL OIL CO THERMOFORM BAU FORSCHUNC TIGNEY TECHNOLOGY INC WEYERHAEUSER CO

1978 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 Date of priority

78 | Patent Analysis Patent Analysis | 79

Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report 5

UNIDO is currently implementing a project knowledge sharing activities, including the titled ‘Development and adoption of appro- demonstration of appropriate technologies, priate technologies for enhancing produc- workshops and twinning with international tivity in the paper and pulp sector’, in col- organizations. This report has been prepared laboration with the Department of Industrial as an integral part of the project and therefore Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the Ministry of seeks to gain an insight into the Indian pat- Commerce and Industry, and the Govern- enting activities in this sector. ment of India.

Under the aegis of the UNIDO International 5.1. Analysis of Patents Filed Centre for Inclusive and Sustainable Indus- trial Development (IC-ISID), New Delhi, the in India project aims to support the Indian pulp and paper industry by strengthening the capac- The patent analysis was done for patent ity and capability of the nodal technical applications filed in India using the Derwent institution for the sector, the Central Pulp Innovations Index. It covers over 14.3 mil- and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI). It also lion basic inventions from 40 worldwide pat- aims to select industry associations to pro- ent-issuing authorities including India. vide better management and technical sup- port to the industry to improve productivity 5.1.1. General Search in the Pulp and competitiveness while ensuring sus- and Paper Sector tainability of the sector. A broad search for all published patent doc- As part of the project, a diagnostic assessment uments in the pulp and paper sector was of the Indian pulp and paper industry and conducted by using the basic search option technology benchmarking, vis-à-vis global combining the queries D21* in Interna- best practices were undertaken to gain an tional Patent Classification and IN* in Pat- understanding of the challenges and oppor- ent Number. The search yielded 2593 doc- tunities for the industry. The project aims to uments. The top applicants in India were address some of these challenges through found out from the Assignee Names. The a range of technical, capacity building and top 10 applicants are depicted in Figure 5.1.

Patent Analysis | 81 Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report

It is evident from Figure 5.1 that the top 10 The top 10 inventors were also found and applicants in the pulp and paper sector are all the results are shown in Figure 5.3. multinationals. When the list of the top 100 applicants was scanned, it was found that The Indian filing trend over the last 20 years in the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research technologies related to pulp and paper was also (CSIR) is the only Indian applicant with 25 studied and the number of documents filed documents among the top 100 applicants. in an interval of two years in the last 20 years were recorded. Figure 5.4 depicts the results. Next, the top 10 IPC codes were analyzed and Figure 5.2 shows the IPC wise analysis It can be seen that the number of patent of the Indian patent documents. Descrip- applications filed in India has increased sig- tions of the top IPC main groups and sub- nificantly from 2004-2005 and the most pat- groups are provided in Table 5.1. ent applications were filed in 2008-2009.

Figure 5.1: Top 10 Applicants for Indian Applications

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Figure 5.2: Top 10 IPC Codes Among the Indian Applications

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

D21H D21F

D21F1/00 D21C9/00 C09D7/12 D21F7/08 D21H27/00 D21H17/00 D21H17/67 D21H19/38

82 | Patent Analysis Table 5.1: Description of top 10 IPC codes among the patent applications filed in India

IPC main group/ Description subgroup D21F1/00 Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper D21H27/00 Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes D21C 9/00 After-treatment of cellulose pulp C09D7/12 Features of coating compositions- other additives D21F7/08 Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper- felts Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; D21H17/00 Paperimpregnating material characterised by its constitution D21H17/67 Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers or pigments D21H19/38 Coated paper/coating material characterized by the pigments

Figure 5.3: Top 10 Inventors for Indian Applications

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 S W M

BURI M GANE PA AGLES D GANE PAC HANSEN R CHENG E RENTSCH HANSEN RA MODOFF TROKHAN PD

Figure 5.4: Filing Trend of Patents in India in the Pulp and Paper Sector from 1996 to 2017

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 7 5 1

006-2007 998-1999 996-1997 2016-201 2014-201 2012-2013 2010-201 2008-2009 2 2004-2005 2002-2003 2000-2001 1 1

Patent Analysis | 83 Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report

5.1.2. Technologies Related to The numbers of documents retrieved in dif- Manufacture of Paper ferent technology areas related to paper man- ufacturing are shown in Table 5.2. The search for these technologies was done based on IPC main groups/subgroups. The The top 10 assignees in each of these tech- search strategies used are shown in the fol- nology areas were analysed and the names lowing table along with the number of docu- of the top applicants, along with their cor- ments retrieved. responding number of applications, are presented in Table 5.3.

Table 5.2: Number of Patent Applications Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to the Manufacturing of Paper

Query No. of S. No. Specific Technology Area string used documents Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or their D21B 188 1. mechanical treatment 2. Technologies related to pulping D21C 676 3. Technologies related to stock preparation D21D 136 Technologies related to papermaking machines and methods of D21F 537 4. producing paper thereon 5. Technologies related to calendars, accessories for making paper D21G 87 Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose D21H13 51 6. fibres or web-forming material D21H17 and Technologies related to non-fibrous additives added to the pulp 875 7. D21H21 8. Technologies related to coated paper, coating material D21H19 460 9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27 258 Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture of articles from D21J 85 10. cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

84 | Patent Analysis Table 5.3: Top Applicants Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing

Technology Area (a) Papermaking Calendars and Raw Materials Pulping Stock Preparation machines accessories Metso Paper Andritz Inc (14) Andritz Inc (15) Albany Int Corp (140) Albany Int Corp (13) Inc (23) Astenjohn- Xyleco Inc (9) Andritz Inc (20) Metso Paper Inc (15) Metso Paper Inc (7) son Inc (31) Weyerhaeuser Voith Paper Patent Astenjohnson Medoff M (6) Metso Paper Inc (24) Co (20) Gmbh (14) Inc (4) Voith Paper Voith Paper Patent Andritz Oy (17) Comer Spa (12) Nalco Co (4) Patent Gmbh (6) Gmbh (22) Beta Renewables Valmet Technol- Procter & Gamble Kadant Web Nalco Co (16) Spa (5) ogies Inc (9) Co (19) Systems Inc (3) Council Sci&Ind Wemade Technology Comer Spa (5) Hansen R A (13) Karlsson J (3) Res India (13) Co Ltd (7) Metso Paper Ondeo Nalco

Top 10 Applicants Top Dal Maso G (6) Nalco Co (13) Mourad S (3) Inc (5) Co (13) Greenfield Shell Int Res Andritz Oy (5) Manninen A R (12) Ondeo Nalco Co (3) Ethanol Inc (4) Mij Bv (13) Georgia-Pacific Con- Sandvik Intellectual Masterman T C (4) Shell Oil Co (13) Magaraggia F (4) sumer Prod Lp (11) Property Hb (3) Aikawa Fiber Tech- Voith Paper Valmet Oy (4) Basf Se (12) Ondeo Nalco Co (11) nologies Trust (3) Patent Gmbh (3) Technology Area (b) Synthetic Non-fibrous Coated paper/ Fibreboard/ cellulose/non- Special Paper additives coating material papier-mâché cellulose fibres Allied Colloids Procter & Gamble Pakit Int Trading Omya Int Ag (55) Omya Int Ag (54) Ltd (3) Co (15) Co Inc (13) Ciba Specialty Ciba Specialty Georgia-Pacific Con- Pakit Int Trading Chem Water Treat- Chem Hold- Omya Dev Ag (50) sumer Prod Lp (12) Co (11) ments Ltd (3) ing Inc (53) Eastman Kimberly-Clark Omya Dev Ag (50) Gane P A C (23) Nilsson B (9) Chem Co (3) Worldwide Inc (11) Teijin Aramid Philip Morris Basf Se (46) Basf Se (20) Baskman L (7) Bv (3) Prod Sa (10) Giesecke & Devri- Hewlett-Packard Philip Morris Droux M (2) Usg Interiors Inc (7) ent Gmbh (36) Dev Co Lp (20) Usa Inc (9) Giesecke & Devri- Faber R D (2) Buri M (18) Fort James Corp (8) Usg Interiors Llc (7) ent Gmbh (34)

Top 10 Applicants Top Ciba Sc Hold- Ciba Specialty Chem Kimberly-Clark Froass P M (2) Graffton L (5) ing Ag (32) Holding Inc (17) Corp (7) Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard Nalco Co (31) Omya Dev Ag (7) Int Paper Co (3) Dev Co Lp (2) Dev Corp (17) Hewlett-Packard Ciba Specialty Kemira Oyj (16) Omya Int Ag (7) Shand J (3) Dev Corp (2) Chem Corp (30) Ondeo Nalco Arjowiggins Int Paper Co (2) Ciba Sc Holding Ag (11) US Gypsum Co (3) Co (30) Security (6)

Patent Analysis | 85 Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report

5.1.2.1. Technologies Related to Pulping Some important technologies under pulping were further analyzed as per the methodol- ogy already discussed in section 4.2.1.3. The numbers of published patent documents in India in the important areas of pulping are shown in Table 5.4. The results indicate that the highest numbers of patent applications were filed in the areas of pulping processes and bleaching of pulp.

5.1.3. Sustainable/Green Technol- ogies Related to the Pulp and Paper Sector The search for these technologies was done based on IPC main groups/subgroups. The search strategies used are shown in Table 5.5 along with the number of docu- ments retrieved.

Table 5.4: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Technologies Related to Pulping

Corresponding No. of S. No. Specific Technology Area IPC Code/s documents 1. Pulping cellulose-containing materials D21C3/00 104 2. Digesters D21C7/00 39 3. After treatment of cellulose pulp-Bleaching D21C9/10 104 4. Regeneration of pulp liquors D21C11/00 91

Table 5.5: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Sustainable/Green Technologies

Corresponding No. of S. No. Specific Technology Area IPC Code/s documents 1. Wastewater treatment from the paper or cellulose industry C02F103/28 36 D21C5/02, 2. Recycling of waste paper D21B1/08, 93 D21B1/32 3. Non-wood fibres D21H11/12 35 D21C9/14, D21C9/147, 4. Chlorine-free pulp bleaching D21C9/15, 65 D21C9/153, D21C9/16

86 | Patent Analysis The names of the top applicants with the The top applicants for nanocellulose are corresponding number of applications in Omya Dev AG and Omya Int AG, with 4 appli- each of these areas are given in Table 5.6. cations each, followed by Ecolab USA Inc., with 3 applications. 5.1.4. Emerging Technology Areas In the area of nano-additives, the top appli- 5.1.4.1. Nanotechnology cants in India are Omya Dev AG and Omya To check the corresponding number of Int AG, with 5 applications each, followed by nanotechnology-related documents filed Ecolab USA Inc., with 3 applications. in India, the same technology areas cho- sen for analyzing nanotechnology-related In the area of special paper, the top appli- patents using GPI were used. The search cant in India is Georgia Pacific Chem LLC, strategy was a mixture of IPC codes and with 2 applications. keywords. The search string used and the number of documents retrieved for In the area of coated paper, the top appli- India using Derwent Innovations Index are cants in India are Omya Dev AG and Omya shown in Table 5.7. Int AG, with 3 applications each.

Table 5.6: Top 10 Applicants in India in Different Sustainable/Green Technologies

Technology Area Recycling of waste Chlorine-free pulp Wastewater treatment Non-wood fibres paper bleaching Omya Int Ag (5) Comer Spa (6) Comer Spa (6) Gp Cellulose Gmbh (7) Voith Paper Patent Voith Paper Patent Georgia-Pacific Omya Dev Ag (4) Gmbh (5) Gmbh (5) Consumer Prod Lp (6) Dequest Ag (3) Verenium Corp (4) Verenium Corp (4) Andritz Oy (4) Gane P A C (3) Andritz Inc (3) Andritz Inc (3) Courchene C E (4) Gantenbein D (3) Applied Cleantech Inc (3) Applied Cleantech Inc (3) Luo M (4) Italmatch Chem Spa (3) Basf Enzymes Llc (3) Basf Enzymes Llc (3) Nonni A J (4) Schoelkopf J (3) Dal Maso G (3) Dal Maso G (3) Weyerhaeuser Co (4) Council Sci&Ind Diversa Corp (3) Diversa Corp (3) Metso Paper Inc (3)

Top 10 Applicants Top Res India (2) Cytec Technology Magaraggia F (3) Magaraggia F (3) Slone C M (3) Corp (2) Dow Global Metso Paper Inc (3) Metso Paper Inc (3) Unilever Plc (3) Technologies Inc (2)

Table 5.7: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in the Area of Nanotechnology

No. of S. No. Specific Technology Area Query string used documents 1. Nanocellulose (IPC=D21*) and topic=(nano* and cellulose) 31 2. Additives IPC=D21H17 or D21H21 and topic=nano* 41 3. Special paper (IPC or CPC=D21H27) and topic=nano* 9 Coated paper/coating (IPC or CPC=D21H19) and word=nano* 14 4. materials

Patent Analysis | 87 Analysis of the Indian Patent Scenario within the Context of this Report

5.1.4.2. Enzyme Technology The top applicant in the area of enzyme Four different areas were identified where application in lignin recovery was found to enzymes have potential application as be Lignol Innovations Co., Ltd. and Lignol already discussed in the previous sections. Innovations Ltd., with 3 applications each, The search string used and the numbers of followed by Anderson N D and Andritz Inc., documents retrieved for India, using Derwent with 2 applications each. Innovations Index, are shown in Table 5.8. The top applicant in the area of enzyme The top applicants for biopulping were found application in hemicellulose recovery was to be Diversa Corp and Verenium Corp, with found to be Celanese Int Corp, with 2 appli- 4 applications each, followed by BP Corp cations, followed by Anderson N D and North America Inc., with 3 applications. Andritz Inc., with 1 application each.

The top applicants for biobleaching were The top applicant in the area of bioethnol found to be BASF Enzymes LLC, BASF SE, production was found to be Greenfield Eth- Kerovuo J S, Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., and anol Inc. and Xyleco Inc., with 5 applications Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., with 2 applica- each, followed by Du Pont De Nemours & Co. tions each. E I and Greenfield Specialty Alcohols Inc., with 4 applications each. The top applicant in the area of enzyme appli- cation in waste paper treatment was found to 5.1.4.4. Organic Solvents in Pulping be Verenium Corp, with 4 applications. In India, the patent analysis in this field was done using the IPC subgroup D21C3/20 in The top applicant in the area of enzyme appli- Derwent Innovations Index, as it was done cation of materials before digestion was found in case of GPI, as this subgroup is specific to be Novozymes AS, with 4 applications. for organic solvents in pulping. The number of patent documents retrieved was 49. The 5.1.4.3. Biorefinery top applicants were Hempolis Oy, Nalco Co., As previously discussed, three different tech- Shell Int Res Mij Bv And Shell Oil Co., with 4 nologies were identified in this category. The applications each. search strategy used and results of searching for Indian applications in Derwent Innova- tions Index are shown in Table 5.9.

88 | Patent Analysis Table 5.8: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Enzyme Technology

No. of S. No. Specific Technology Area Query string used documents 1. Biopulping IPC or CPC = (D21C3 and C12N*) 23 2. Biobleaching IPC or CPC = (D21C9/10 and C12N*) 14 3. Treatment of waste paper IPC or CPC = (D21C5/02 and C12N*) 7 Pretreatment of the materials IPC or CPC = (D21C1/00 and C12N*) 19 4. before digesting

Table 5.9: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Technologies Related to Biorefinery

Specific Technology No. of S. No. Query string used Area documents 1. Lignin Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and topic=lignin 30 2. Hemicellulose Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and topic=hemicellulose 11 (IPC or CPC=D21C and C12P7) and topic=(ethanol or Bioethanol 47 3. butanol)

Patent Analysis | 89

Concluding Remarks 6

This report tries to highlight the global pat- patent documents were filed, according to enting scenario and the corresponding sce- the database of Derwent Innovations Index, nario in India in the area of technologies which is about 1.5% of the patent families important to the pulp and paper industry. filed globally. It was seen that there is a sud- The patent analysis performed was quan- den increase in the number of patents filed titative in nature and the patent search in India from 2004 onwards which may be conducted was mostly based on IPC/CPC attributed to the introduction of product codes. Although the IPC/CPC code-based patents in India as mandated by the TRIPS searches are considered superior to key- agreement. The top applicants in India are word-based searches, due to them being mostly foreign corporates; the only Indian unambiguous and specific, some limita- applicant among the top 100 applicants is tions of the analysis must be kept in mind. the CSIR. Although there are many large size Firstly, the same patent document can be paper manufacturers in India, the numbers allotted multiple IPC/CPC codes based on of patent applications filed by such compa- the nature of the invention. Therefore, the nies seem to be negligible in comparison to same document can be retrieved in multi- their foreign competitors. ple searches leading to overlapping results for different search strategies. Secondly, China has excelled in terms of the number the technology areas that were identified of patent applications in this area. In most for performing patent analysis may also of the different technology areas identified overlap and have multiple applications China was found to be among the top five in different areas. Thirdly, assignation of publishing offices. In the newer technology IPC/CPC codes by different patent offices areas, such as nanotechnology and waste- all over the world may not follow uniform water treatment, China was found to be the standards and may vary. top publishing office. There is enormous scope for research and development in the The total number of patent families in the upcoming technology areas in the pulp and broad area of pulp and paper was found to paper sector. The number of patents filed in be close to 2 lakhs which evidently shows India in emerging technology areas such as that the potential for innovations in this field treatment of wastewater, nanotechnology, is huge and lot of innovations have taken enzyme technology and biorefinery, were place given the number of patent applica- found to be very few. A concerted effort, by tions filed over the last 10 years. Compared all the stakeholders, to file patents in the to the huge number of patents filed globally, green and emerging technology areas is India fares rather poorly in terms of patent needed to improve the current scenario and filing in this area. In India, a total of 2593 to modernize Indian paper mills.

Patent Analysis | 91 92 | Patent Analysis References

[1] Pulpandpaper-technology. (2015) Leading U.S. forest, paper and packaging (FPP) companies based on revenue in 2015 (in million U.S. dollars).[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[2] Statista. (2018) Paper Industry - Statistics & Facts.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[3] Jain, R.K. (2015) Compendium of Census Survey of Indian Paper Industry (CPPRI). [Online]. [Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[4] Bajpai, P. (2018) Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing. 2nd ed. Springer: Singapore; pp 8-13.

[5] Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the GOI New Dehli. (2014) Opportunities for Green Chemistry Initiatives. Pulp and Paper Industry.[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[6] Paperonline. (2018) Timeline. [Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[7] J K Paper Ltd. (2012) Paper History.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[8] WIPO. (2018) About the International Patent Classification.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[9] Business History. (2008) Industries: Business History of Paper & Packaging.[Online]. [Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[10] Bajpai, P. (1999) Application of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Biotechnol Prog. Mar; 15(2):147-57.

[11] Trivedy, R.K. and Pathak, R.K. (2015) Role Of Biotechnology In Pulp And Paper Industry, Journal of Industrial Pollution Control.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

[12] Pettersson, K. and Mahmoudkhani, M. (2012) Opportunities for Biorefineries in the Pulping Industry. [Online]. [Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from:

Patent Analysis | 93 ANNEXURE

(Abstracts of representative patent applications)

Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturing A. Fibrous raw materials and their mechanical treatment A.1. Method For The Production Of Tissue Paper Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method content of at least 15% in rela- WO 2008/077450 A1 for the production of a tissue tion to the otro pulp for conifer- Priority Date web (1) produced from a mate- ous wood in an unbleached state, 23/12/2006, rial suspension comprising fib- or a tear length of more than 4.5 11/04/2007 ers. To this end, the volume and km at 20 °SR, and a lignin con- Applicant /Inventors the tear length is to be improved, tent of at least 12% in relation to Voith Patent GmbH/ Hans- with minimized freeness degree, the otro pulp for hardwood in an Ludwig Schubert, et. al. such that the material suspension unbleached state, or a tear length comprises lignocellulosic pulp of more than 3.5 km at 20 °SR, and of wood or annuals, which has a a lignin content of at least 10% in tear length of more than 6.5 km relation to the otro pulp for annu- at 12 °SR, or a tear length of more als in an unbleached state. than 8.0 km at 15 °SR, and a lignin

A.2. A Method For Manufacturing Mechanical Pulp Abstract Application No. The present invention relates into a first accepted stock (A1) WO 2008/081078 A1 to a method for manufacturing and a first rejected stock (R1), Priority Date mechanical pulp, the method com- -ozonizing the first rejected stock 28/12/2006 prising -introducing raw material (R1) whose pH at the start of the Applicant /Inventors of the mechanical pulp, -refining ozonation process is between 9 Upm Kymmene Corp the raw material in a first refining and 11, -refining the ozonated first Itt Mfg Enterprises Inc./ stage in order to form the mechan- rejected stock (R1) in a second Haerkonen Eskoet, et al. ical pulp, -adjusting the pH of the refining stage so that at least a mechanical pulp between 9 and part of it will belong to a second 11 in aprocess step in which a first accepted stock, and -combining process delay is arranged, the first the accepted stocks. The present process delay being at least 0.5 invention also relates to the use of hours, -sorting the mechanical pulp the mechanical pulp.

94 | Patent Analysis A.3. Processing Of Ligno-cellulose Materials Abstract Application No. A method of processing lignocel- within the vessel to steam under CA 2464760 C lulosic material includes the steps pressure, decompressing the Priority Date of comminuting the material to a vessel to return the temperature 06/11/2001, 16/10/2002 size that it can be processed in and pressure to ambient, and Applicant /Inventors a hydrothermal pressure vessel, drying the product to specific Lignotech Developments drying the material in moving air moisture content. The product so Ltd./ Rafferty Andrew to obtain a specific moisture con- formed can be used for injection James tent, packing the material into the moulding or to form panel boards vessel and subjecting the material and the like.

A.4. High Defiberization Chip Pretreatment Abstract Application No. A chip pretreatment process and intensity refiner, where at least WO 2004009900 A1 apparatus which comprises con- about 30 percent of the fiber Priority Date veying the chip material through bundles and fibers are sepa- 19/07/2002 a compression screw device hav- rated, without substantial fibril- Applicant /Inventors ing an atmosphere of saturated lation of the fibers. In another Andritz Inc./ Marc J. steam at a pressure above about 5 embodiment of the invention the Sabourin psig, decompressing and feeding chip defiberizing can be com- the decompressed material from bined with chemical treatments, the decompression region into for improving the pulp property a fiberizing device, such as a low verses energy relationships.

A.5. Enzymatic treatment of wood chips Abstract Application No. A process using a multicomponent or increasing handsheet physical US 2014209260 A1 enzyme preparation to treat chips properties. The enzyme prepa- Priority Date that have been crushed using ration is to have a major endo- 31/01/2013 a device that combines shear glucanase activity, a significant Applicant /Inventors and compressive forces where mannanase activity and a slight University of New treatment occurs mainly during cellobiohydrolase activity. This Brunswick/ Kecheng Li, decompression and reduces the enzyme mixture is prepared from Andre Pelletier specific energy consumption and/ a genetically modified strain of or increasing production of subse- Trichoderma reseii. quent refining while maintaining

Patent Analysis | 95 Annexure 1 − Pulping cellulose-containing materials

B. Pulping cellulose-containing materials

B.1. Method of digesting wood with an alkaline liquor by adding an acidic agent to precipitate dissociated lignin Abstract Application No. A method for producing pulp, dissociated from said one or more US 6464827 B1 comprising digesting lignocel- xylan derivatives and the pH of Priority Date lulosic wood, containing one or the solution remains above 12.5; 28/11/2000 more xylan derivatives selected then while the pH of said solu- Applicant /Inventors from the group consisting of xylan tion is above 12.5, adding a suf- Praxair Technology Inc. / bound with lignin, xylan bound ficient amount of an acidic agent Jorge Luiz Colodette with hexenuronic acid, and mix- to said pulping solution to precip- tures thereof, with an aqueous itate dissociated xylan from said alkaline pulping solution contain- pulping solution while minimizing ing sulfide and having an initial precipitation of lignin from said free hydroxyl ion concentration pulping solution. Carbon diox- of at least 1 mole per liter, under ide is a preferred acidic agent. conditions whereunder xylan is

B.2. Continuous method for producing pulp with spent liquor impregnation Abstract Application No. This invention relates to a new fibre material is transferred to a PCT/SE1997/000192 and improved way of continuously con-current cooking zone (B) in Priority Date cooking fibre material, wherein the upper part of a digester (6). At 09/02/1997 temperatures and alkaline levels least 60 % of the quantity of liquor Applicant /Inventors are controlled to be maintained (F) required for the cooking reac- Kvaerner Pulping Ab/ J. within specific levels in different tion is supplied in the up-stream Engstrom, et al. zones of the digesting process in end of the con-current cooking order to optimise chemical con- zone (B) in order to obtain a level sumption and heat-economy and of effective alkali exceeding 35 g/l. at the same time achieve very The cooking temperature in the good pulp properties. The fibre con-current cooking zone (B) is material is heated and impreg- lower than 160 °C. Spent liquor (E), nated by the aid of black liq- with an amount of effective alkali uor to a temperature less than of at least 13 g/l, is withdrawn from 140 °C and passed in con-current a strainer girdle (8). A substantial in an impregnation zone (A). part of the spent liquor is sup- The heated and impregnated plied to the impregnation zone.

96 | Patent Analysis B.3. Method for producing chemical pulp containing non-woody and woody resource as raw material Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To store woody raw material of the pulp as JP 2001248083 A and transport a huge amount of a preserving agent to store and Priority Date non-woody and woody resources transport, digesting the stored 01/03/2000 as raw materials of a pulp without non-woody and woody raw mate- Applicant /Inventors putrefying, to stably supply the rial of the pulp in a liquid phase or Onda Akio/ Mita Akio resources to a huge pulp plant, to a vapor phase by the PA method or easily produce and supply a large digesting in the liquid phase or the amount of the excellent pulp and vapor phase while compulsively to allow measures to environment stirring, separating and collect- and promotion of rationalization. ing the pulp waste fluid and the pulp from the digested product, Solution: This method for produc- collecting a part of the pulp waste ing the pulp preferential in envi- fluid as a new preserving agent, ronment and rationalization is collecting a PA digesting agent characterized by comprising mix- from an ash obtained by combus- ing a pulp waste fluid by hydro- tion treatment of a part thereof gen peroxide-alkali method (PA and recycling the both agents. method) with the non-woody and

B.4. A process for producing cellulose with low impurities from sugarcane bagasse Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to The residue having undissolved WO2017029685 A2 a process for producing cellu- cellulose is further subjected to Priority Date lose with low inorganic impuri- delignification and addition of at 19/08/2015 ties from sugarcane bagasse, the least one enzyme to obtain a cel- Applicant /Inventors process comprising treating pre- lulose rich pulp. The cellulose rich Godavari Biorefineries hydrolysed sugarcane bagasse pulp obtained is then treated with Ltd. / S. Srivastava, et al. with a mixture of sulfite and at bleaching agents followed by sep- least one alkali to obtain resi- arating pure cellulose rich pulp due having undissolved cellu- having high α-cellulose content lose along with lignin rich liquor. and low inorganic impurities.

B.5. Method for producing cellulose Abstract Application No. According to one embodiment, a weight of hydrogen peroxide and WO2015037424 A1 method for producing cellulose 50.0 to 94.0% by weight of water Priority Date is provided, in which a chemical are used, and the produced cellu- 12/09/2013 pulp and a mixed solution com- lose has a polymerization degree Applicant /Inventors prising 1.0 to 30.0% by weight of 350 or less and a Hunter white- Mitsubishi Gas Chemical of sulfuric acid, 0.5 to 40% by ness degree of 90% or more. Company, Inc. / Takamitsu Tsuruga, et al.

Patent Analysis | 97 Annexure 1 − Digesters

C. Digesters

C.1. Arrangement for mounting a screen Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to an one or more conical sections (4). Said EP 1316638 A1 arrangement for mounting a screen (20) screens are mounted at these conical Priority Date in a continuous reactor used for mak- sections to remove liquid from chips 06/11/2001 ing chemical pulp or paper pulp. Such a or pulp in the reactor. In the present Applicant / reactor comprises a substantially cylin- arrangement an upper edge (21) of the Inventors drical vessel arranged in an upright posi- screen (20), which, in the operating posi- Metso Paper Inc. tion, the vessel having a smaller diam- tion, is located higher, is arranged in the / Antti Isola eter at the top end of the reactor than region of the conical section (4). In par- at the bottom end of the reactor, the ticular, the screen extends substantially diameter of the reactor being changed to the section of the conical section, at regionally defined areas by means of which has the smallest diameter.

C.2. Displacement heating in continuous digesters Abstract Application No. An apparatus and method for treating temperature black liquor to the chips in US 5256255 A cellulosic wood chips in a digestion the second chamber to advance them Priority Date process for the liberation of pulp in a to cooking temperature, feeding white 28/09/1989 caustic hydroxide solution at high pres- liquor and the chips to a digester for Applicant / sures and temperatures by delivering the digestion process over a prede- Inventors preconditioned wood chips to a first termined period of time, and remov- Beloit chamber and circulating a low temper- ing digested pulp and delivering the Technologies ature black liquor through the chamber pulp to a washer with the black liquor Inc./ Bertil K.E. to preheat the chips, while continuously for washing being utilized for the first Fagerlund feeding the chips through the cham- chamber, and heating the white liq- ber to a second chamber at high tem- uor through a heat exchange process perature and pressure, circulating high with the high temperature black liquor.

C.3. Digestion units configured for high yield biomass processing Abstract Application No. Digestion units for processing cellu- second fluid conduits connected to US2014004015 losic biomass can comprise a chamber the chamber within the upper 20% of A1 having a height that is greater than its its height, at least one of the first fluid Priority Date width, the chamber having an opening conduits being fluidly coupled to at 28/06/2012 suitable for solids introduction located least one of the second fluid conduits; Applicant / within the upper 20% of its height; a porous medium located in the cham- Inventors one or more first fluid conduits con- ber within the lower 20% of its height; Shell Oil Co./ E. nected to the chamber within the lower and a movable pressure isolation J. Denton, et al. 20% of its height, at least one of the device covering the opening; wherein first fluid conduits extending into the the digestion unit is operable to main- chamber and being elevated above the tain a pressure of at least about 30 bar. bottom of the chamber; one or more

98 | Patent Analysis C.4. Method and system for thin chip digester cooking Abstract Application No. A method to cook thin chips in a least 130 degrees Celsius; cooking US2011120663-A1 continuous digester vessel includ- the chips in the vessel as the chips Priority Date ing: introducing thin chips having flow downward through the vessel 24/11/2009 a thickness of no more than 6 mm, without substantial extraction or Applicant /Inventors into a chip bin; adding white (cook- introduction of liquor in the cook- Andritz Inc. / J. ing) liquor to the chip bin or to a ing section of the vessel; inject- Engstrom, et al chip transport passage extending ing wash liquid to a lower region from the chip bin to an upper inlet of the vessel; extracting at least of the continuous digester vessel; wash liquid through a wash liq- injecting medium pressure steam uid extraction screen in the lower or another heated fluid to an region of the vessel and above the upper region of the digester ves- injection of the wash liquid, and sel to elevate a cooking tempera- discharging the cooked thin chips ture of the chips in the vessel to at from the lower region of the vessel.

C.5. System and method for preextraction of hemicellulose through using a continuous prehydrolysis and steam explosion pretreatment process Abstract Application No. A system has been developed the second pressurized reactor US8057639B2 for pretreating cellulosic biomass assembly receiving the pressur- Priority Date feed stock including: a first pres- ized feed stock from the sealing 28/02/2008 surized reactor receiving the feed device at a pressure substantially Applicant /Inventors stock, wherein the feed stock greater than the pressure in the Andritz Inc. / P. Thomas,, undergoes hydrolysis in the first first pressurized reactor, wherein et al. pressurized reactor; a sealing cells of the feed stock are infused device having a first pressurized with water in the second pressur- coupling to a feedstock discharge ized reactor, and an expansion port of the first pressurized reac- device downstream of the sec- tor, and a second pressurized ond pressurized reactor assem- coupling to a second pressur- bly, wherein the expansion device ized reactor; a drain for a liquid rapidly releases the pressure of including dissolved hemi-cellu- the feed stock discharged from losic material extracted from the the second pressurized reactor feed stock in at least one of the such that the feed stock under- first pressurized reactor and the goes a steam explosion reaction. sealing and extraction device;

Patent Analysis | 99 Annexure 1 − Bleaching

D. Bleaching

D.1. Novel method for treatment of substrates Abstract Application No. The invention provides a method treatment, the method compris- WO2016042329-A1 for the application of a bleaching ing not more than three aque- Priority Date agent to a substrate, the method ous wash-off treatments of the 19/09/2014 comprising the treatment of the substrate. In addition to facili- Applicant /Inventors substrate in an aqueous sys- tating the use of much reduced tem comprising a liquid bleach- liquor levels, the method also University of Leeds / Stephen Burkinshaw ing agent in a closed container, allows for significant reductions the treatment being carried out to be achieved in usage lev- at a ratio of liquor to substrate els of bleaching agents, auxil- which does not exceed 3:1. Typ- iary agents and rinsing agents, ically, the method is applied to thereby reducing generation of the bleaching of textile fibres and waste liquors requiring disposal. may optionally comprise a bleach- Furthermore, treatment tempera- ing and scouring treatment. The tures are also significantly lower invention also provides a method than for prior art methods, pro- for the removal of surplus bleach- viding yet further benefits in ing agents following the bleaching environmental and cost terms.

D.2. Process for increasing mechanical wood pulp brightness in a refiner Abstract Application No. A pulp refining and bleaching pro- The process is preferably carried CA 2230315 A1 cess for increasing the pulp bright- out by passing the pulp through Priority Date ness of a mechanical wood pulp a primary refiner at elevated pres- 17/02/1998 prepared from softwood chips sure and optionally to a bleaching Applicant /Inventors wherein the pulp is treated in one tower, a solution of sodium perbo- Celine Leduc, et al. or more stages in refiner by add- rate or in-situ generated peracetic ing sodium perborate or peracetic acid from a mixture of sodium acid generated in a bleach generat- perborate or hydrogen peroxide ing unit by reacting sodium perbo- and an activator, tetraacetylethyl- rate or hydrogen peroxide with an enediamine being fed in the refiner activating agent such as tetraacet- and sodium perborate or hydro- ylethylenediamine in the pres- gen peroxide with an activator, ence or absence of caustic solu- tetraacetylethylenediamine, being tion and the pulp discharged from fed in the bleaching tower. The the refiner is subjected to another pulp after refining has improved bleaching stage in a bleach tower brightness and pulp brightness by separate addition of sodium after an optional tower bleaching perborate or hydrogen peroxide has exceeded 75 ISO% points. with or without a bleach activator.

100 | Patent Analysis D.3. Modified cellulose from chemical kraft fiber and methods of making and using the same Abstract Application No. A diaper, incontinence device, and a catalyst under acidic con- WO2014140819-A1 or other urine absorbing prod- dition, wherein the multi-stage Priority Date uct comprising an oxidzied kraft bleaching process comprises at 05/03/2014 fiber produced by bleaching a least one chlorine bleaching stage Applicant /Inventors cellulosic kraft puip using a mui- following the oxidation stage, and Gp Cellulose GmbH/ A. J. ti-stage bieaching process; and wherein the urine absorbing prod- Nonni, et al. oxidizing the kraft pulp during at uct has at least a 10% improve- least one stage of the multi-stage ment in vertical wicking, horizon- bleaching process with a peroxide tal wicking, or 45 degree wicking.

D.4. Production method for machine pulp of high efficiency Abstract Application No. Purpose: A production method 0.5¯20 wt.% of the sodium car- KR 20000009067 for a machine pulp of a high effi- bonate for 100 wt of the wood Priority Date ciency is provided to improve the chip during the refining process. 21/07/1998 fibrous characteristics such as the The wood chip is pre-processed Applicant /Inventors intensity and the softness, and to by 0.1¯5 wt of the chelate agent Hansol Paper Co Ltd./ increase the bleaching efficiency. or the stabilizer for 100 wt of the Jae-Whan Kim, et al. wood chip. The chelate agent is Constitution: The machine pulp the diethylene triaminpenta ace- of the high efficiency yield rate tic acid(DTPA), the ethylene tetra is produced by performing the acetic acid(EDTA), or the diethyl- bleaching process at the same ene triaminpenta methyl phos- time by inputting 0.5¯20 wt.% phoric acid(DTMPA). The stabi- of the hydrogen peroxide and lizer is the magnesium sulfate.

D.5. Synergistic composition and a process for biobleaching of ligno cellulosic pulp Abstract Application No. The present invention relates degrading enzyme, pH regulating WO2009069143A2 to a synergistic composition for agent and surfactant. The inven- Priority Date biobleaching of ligno cellulosic tion also provides a process for 12/08/2007 or hardwood pulp. The syner- biobleaching of ligno cellulosic Applicant /Inventors gistic composition comprises of pulp, particularly hardwood pulp. Advanced Enzyme lignin modifying enzyme, lignin Technologies Ltd./ C. L Rathi, et al.

Patent Analysis | 101 Annexure 1 − Regeneration of pulp liquor

E. Regeneration of pulp liquor

E.1. Method of utilising unreacted carbon from black-liquor gasification Abstract Application No. The subject of the invention is limestone-carbon mixture is fed WO 2005003449A1 a method for utilising the unre- to the calcination reactor where Priority Date acted carbon from processes for the said carbon functions as a 04/07/2003 gasifying the spent liquor (black fuel. With this method, carbon Applicant /Inventors liquor) of alkaline pulping pro- replaces, to a significant extent, cesses. In the new method, the the normal fuel used in the cal- Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus/ final separation of the unre- cination process. The method Paterson Mckeough acted carbon from the soluble differs from other alternatives salts derived from black liquor for utilising unreacted carbon in does not take place until after that its application requires vir- the causticising stage. The car- tually no additional equipment bon and limestone are separated and has no negative effects on and washed together and the the water balance of the pulp mill.

E.2. Desulphurisation of the odorous gases Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method air to oxidize the sulphur com- FI 20031438 A and an arrangement for the pounds, so that at least an essen- Priority Date removal of concentrated odorous tial part of the sulphur com- 10/03/2003 gases of a pulp mill. According pounds is oxidized into elemental Applicant /Inventors to the method, the concentrated sulphur. The elemental sulphur is Metsae Botnia Ab Oy/ odorous gases containing sulphur recovered in a liquid or solid form. Ismo Reilama, Kaisu compounds are collected from the It can be returned to the process Annala odorous gases of the sulphite pulp or used in other processes. mill and combusted with under

E.3. Processing method of recovery boiler collected ash and processing device Abstract Application No. Problem t0 be solved: To provide moisture to obtain a molten slurry JP2015094042-A a processing method capable of and a process of separating a Priority Date efficiently exhausting potassium solid content from the molten 12/11/2013 or chlorine from collected ash of a slurry, where time for mixing the Applicant /Inventors recovery boiler. collected ash and moisture is 5 Oji Holdings Corp/ to 120 minutes and the percent- Hajime Takahashi Solution: The invention relates to age content of crystal water in the a processing method of recovery solid content is 40 mass% or less boiler collected ash having a pro- based on the total mass of the cess of mixing at least a part of col- solid content. lected ash of a recovery boiler and

102 | Patent Analysis E.4. A process for producing high value-added phenol Pulping product Abstract Application No. The present invention discloses (2) discarded the supernatant CN106906685-A a method for preparing a high layer after the step of lignin layer Priority Date value Pulping phenol product, the solution (1) was added the sul- 28/02/2017 method proceeds directly after fonating agent, after uniformly stir- Applicant /Inventors the hydrothermal conversion pro- ring the lignin layer solution was Qilu University of cess by simply Pulping, issued transferred to a reaction kettle for Technology phenol product yield, product hydrothermal conversion reaction; selectivity, industrial great pro- after (3) the reaction, the reaction motional value. Said method solution was filtered, the filtrate comprising the steps of: (1) pulp- was extracted with the extraction ing black liquor was diluted 5-10 agent, after evaporation under fold with a pH adjusting agent to reduced pressure to give phenolic pH 2-3; lignin and obtain a super- products with high added value. natant layer after standing layer;

E.5. Process for recausticizing green liquor Abstract Application No. In a process for recausticizing passed over further filters (22, 26) WO2014131067-A1 green liquor in a sulphate or craft two or three times after dilution Priority Date process for wood pulp produc- with water in a dilution vessel (21, 26/02/2013 tion, in which a green liquor con- 25) and filtered for separating off Applicant /Inventors sisting of an aqueous solution of solids suspended therein, charac- Mondi Ag/Walter Rüf, sodium carbonate as main com- terized in that, after a first separa- et al. ponent and sodium sulphide is tion of calcium carbonate as main admixed in a slaker with calcium component and calcium oxide as oxide and is subjected to a reac- minor component, at least dur- tion in a recausticizer (10) to give ing a dilution in a dilution vessel an aqueous suspension contain- (18, 21, 25), and in particular in ing sodium hydroxide and calcium the dilution vessel(s) (21, 25), car- carbonate as main components, bon dioxide is added upstream of which suspension is filtered off on a second and/or a third filter (22, a first filter (19) and subsequently 26) to the aqueous suspension.

Patent Analysis | 103 Annexure 1 − Treatment of the materials before passing to the papermaking...

F. Treatment of the materials before passing to the papermaking machine (stock preparation)

F.1. Screening apparatus and screen basket for screening pulp suspensions Abstract Application No. A screening apparatus for screen- extends around the basket, and WO 2005045128A1 ing pulp suspensions comprises a is provided with a plurality of Priority Date screen basket (8), a rotor (26) for dilution ejection nozzles. Each 06/11/2003 providing pressure and suction ejection nozzle forms a channel Applicant /Inventors pulses in the suspension to be (58) including at least two chan- Metso Paper Inc./ Börje screened along the screen bas- nel sections, an entrance channel Fredriksson ket, and a dilution liquid header section (60) that opens into the (28) for supplying dilution liquid channel of the header and an exit to counteract thickening of the channel section (62) downstream suspension during operation. of the entrance channel section, The header forms a tubular chan- wherein the entrance channel nel (46), which divides the screen section is substantially wider basket into at least two parts and than the exit channel section.

F.2. Refiner and blade element Abstract Application No. A refiner (10, 11) for refining grinding the material to be WO2012101330-A1 fibrous material comprises at refined, on the upper surface of Priority Date least one first refining surface (1’) which there are blade bars (17) 27/01/2011 and at least one second refining and between them blade grooves Applicant /Inventors surface (2’), which refining sur- (18). In at least one refining sur- Metso Paper Inc./ Håkan faces (1’, 2’) are arranged oppo- face (1’, 2’) of the refiner (10, 11) Sjoström, et al. site to one another and mobile the cross-sectional area (A) of at in relation to one another. In the least some blade grooves (18) is refiner (10, 11) either at least the arranged to decrease from one first (1’) or the second (2’) refining blade groove (18) to the next from surface comprises refining surface the direction of the feed edge (13) portions (15, 27) feeding mate- to the direction of the discharge rial to be refined and/or refin- edge (14) of the refining surface ing surface portions (15, 27) dis- (1’, 2’). Further a blade element charging refined material as well (12) for a refiner (10, 11) intended as refining surface portions (16) for refining fibrous material.

104 | Patent Analysis F.3. Process for removal of solid non-fibrous material from pulp Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to a removing at least part of the resid- WO2013149913-A1 process for removal of solid non-fi- ual solid non- fibrous material Priority Date brous material from an aqueous from the filtrate thereby forming a 03/04/2012 pulp suspension comprising pro- filtrate depleted in residual solid Applicant /Inventors viding an aqueous pulp suspen- non- fibrous material and an aque- Ovivo Luxembourg S.a.r.l./ sion comprising solid non-fibrous ous stream comprising at least Sven Caldeman, et al. material, removing at least part part of the removed residual solid of the solid non-fibrous material non-fibrous material and dilut- from the aqueous pulp suspen- ing the aqueous pulp suspension sion thereby forming an aque- and/or the aqueous pulp suspen- ous pulp suspension depleted in sion depleted in solid non-fibrous solid non-fibrous material, dewa- material with at least part of the tering the aqueous pulp suspen- filtrate depleted in residual solid sion depleted in solid non-fibrous non-fibrous material, whereby material thereby forming a web the aqueous stream comprising comprising cellulose-containing at least part of the removed resid- fibres and a filtrate comprising ual solid non-fibrous material is residual solid non-fibrous material purged from the system.

F.4. Deflaker plate and methods relating thereto Abstract Application No. A deflaker plate (102) for use in side-face (484). The impact-gen- EP2243879-A2 a deflaker for reducing fibrous erating side-face may be adapted Priority Date flakes in a slurry of fibers. The to generate an impact force dur- 23/04/2009 deflaker plate may include at least ing operation, such that the force Applicant /Inventors one annular ring (104,106,108) corresponds to a first vector radi- Andritz Inc./ Peter consisting of multiple teeth, in ally pushing the slurry towards a Antensteiner which at least one tooth (404) has center of the deflaker and a sec- a leading face (480), a trailing face ond vector tangentially pushing (482), and an impact-generating the slurry towards the leading face.

F.5. Improved filtering drum for fibre suspensions in water Abstract Application No. The invention concerns a filter- plurality of slits (3) that create a fil- WO2009141147-A1 ing drum (1) for fibre suspen- tering surface, two or more annu- Priority Date sions in water, comprising a plu- lar elements (15) coaxial with one 23/04/2009 rality of shaped bars (2; 11, 13) another and spaced according to Applicant /Inventors with mainly longitudinal devel- the longitudinal axis (X) defined Comer S.P.A./ Maso opment, arranged side by side in by the tubular structure, cou- Giancarlo Dal order to define a tubular struc- pled through contact outside the ture having substantially circu- shaped bars (2; 11, 13), wherein the lar cross section, with the inner shaped bars (2; 11, 13) are arranged lateral surface (4) covered by a according to a helical pattern.

Patent Analysis | 105 Annexure 1 − Papermaking machines and methods of producing paper thereon

G. Papermaking machines and methods of producing paper thereon

G.1. Twin-wire press Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to a that are mutually releasable con- WO2005121444A1 frame for a twin-wire press, com- nected by distance elements (38), Priority Date prising a first and a second pair and the frame further comprises 14/06/2004 of longitudinal side members (32, several transverse beams (36) Applicant /Inventors 34) that at least partially are com- arranged between the first and posed of sections of flat sheet the second pair of opposite side Metso Paper Inc./ Anders Löfstrand metal element, the respective pairs members (32, 34). The present of side members comprises an invention also relates to a method upper side member (32’; 34’) and for exchange of wire in twin-wire a lower side member (32’’; 34’’) press comprising said frame.

G.2. Roll to be used at a dryer section of a web forming machine Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a roll to be with the roll (10, 11), for creating WO2006010795 A1 used in the dryer section of a web a pressure or temperature differ- Priority Date forming machine. The wire (12) ence inside the roll (10, 11), rela- 28/07/2004 is arranged to travel over the roll tive to its environment. The shell Applicant /Inventors (10, 11). The roll (10, 11) includes (16) is of a thin-sheet material. A Metso Paper Inc./ Leo a shell (16) and end pieces (17) stiffener structure (18) is fitted Kurkinen Rami Vanninen at both ends of it. In addition, inside the shell (16). means are arranged in connection

G.3. Paper machine and method for manufacturing paper Abstract Application No. WO 2005116332 A1 Paper machine (1) for manufactur- a drying surface (24) for the fibre Priority Date ing a fibre web (12) of paper without web; and also a transfer roll (23) 28/07/2004 through air drying (TAD) or press- for transferring the fibre web to ing, comprising: a wet end (2), hav- the drying section, wherein the Applicant /Inventors ing a wire section (5) with at least fibre web is supported by said Metso Paper Karlstad Ab/ one forming wire (7, 8), a clothing clothing from the wire section all Ingmar Andersson, et al. (16), being air and water perme- the way to and over the transfer able, and a dewatering unit (20) roll. The clothing has a three-di- for dewatering the fibre web; and mensional structure for structur- a drying section (3), comprising ing the fibre web.

106 | Patent Analysis G.4. Arrangement in a paper machine Abstract Application No. The invention relates to an arrange- web transfer. Between the press WO 2005068713 ment in a paper machine or simi- and the first dryer cylinder there Priority Date lar, including a press section (11) are a compactly arranged pre- 15/01/2004 equipped with one or more press impingement dryer (20) and a ver- Applicant /Inventors nips (13.1, 13.2) and a dryer sec- tical impingement dryer (21). Metso Paper Inc./ Kari tion comprising a web-supporting Juppi et al

G.5. Papermaking device for producing a multilayer liner and associated methods Abstract Application No. A method for the production of comprising a number of roll nips US 6699361 B1 a liner comprising at least a top and at least one impermeable Priority Date layer and a base layer is pro- transfer belt with at least one 07/09/1999 vided, wherein a forming section smooth surface, wherein said Applicant /Inventors with at least two forming units is transfer belt runs through the Metso Paper Karlstad used to create a fiber web, said last nip in the press section in AB/ Anders Leandersson fiber web being conveyed through such a manner that its top layer is a press section and further to a pressed against said smooth sur- drying section, said press section face of the transfer belt.

Patent Analysis | 107 Annexure 1 − Calendars, accessories for making paper

H. Calendars, accessories for making paper

H.1. Method for treating a fibrous web downstream of slitting Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method performed by using one or more fin- WO2006000633A1 for treating a fibrous web down- ishing units, at least one of which Priority Date stream of slitting. In the method, comprises a web processing appa- 24/06/2004 the finishing of a fibrous web for ratus provided with a metal belt. Applicant /Inventors providing desired properties is Metso Paper Inc./ Reijo Pietikäinen, et al.

H.2. Method for producing a paper web and paper-making machine Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method that the paper web is produced WO 2005121446 A1 for producing a calendered paper using a fibrous material sus- Priority Date web in a paper-making machine. pension containing fibres that 09/06/2004 Said method is characterised in are partially loaded with ash. Applicant /Inventors Voith Patent GmbH/ Reijo Pietikäinen, et al.

H.3. Papermaking machine Abstract Application No. The machine for the production or at the fourdrinier or the press sec- EP 1596002 A1 finishing of paper, tissue or card- tion. A further monitor is at a roller Priority Date board. from a pulp, has at least one (13), as a rotary transmitter (14) 14/04/2004 marking unit (9) to apply at least or trigger, which measures mov- Applicant /Inventors two marks to the web (1), with a ing web lengths especially as an Voith Patent GmbH/ longitudinal gap between them in encoder or a drive signal meter. A Egon Bild, et al. the direction of web travel. A mon- control (15) compares the signals itor (10) is after the marking unit, from the two monitors, linked to to measure the space between an evaluation unit (21) which is the marks by scanning with- connected to a further control (20) out contact. The marking unit is with an off-line processor (16).

108 | Patent Analysis H.4. Extended nip calender and process for satinizing a material web Abstract Application No. Compensation is provided for In the central region it exerts EP 1609907 A1 thinning of the pressure shoe (9) reduced pressure towards the Priority Date roller (2) casing (5), which oper- counter roller. It produces greater 22/06/2004 ates against a counter-roller (3), pressure at the edges of the work- Applicant /Inventors forming a wide nip (4). Compen- ing region. The compensation pro- Voith Patent GmbH./ sation includes a casing (5) which duces a locally-enlarged oil cush- Jörg Rheims is thicker near its edges than in ion between the shoe and the the middle. One of the surfaces casing. The pressure shoe projects bordering the wide nip deforms in further towards the counter roller a direction in which central area at the edges, where it is thicker pressing becomes more uniform. than in the center. The compen- Compensation reduces towards sation acts on the counter roller, the axial center of the working heating it more at the ends than in region. Further compensation vari- the central region. The compensa- ants are cited. The casing includes tion provides an expansion zone a reinforcing inlay, e.g. a fabric. The for the casing, outside the working compensation is located in the half region. Compensation is controlled of the casing thickness, which is as a function of measured product remote from the counter roller. It thicknesses. An independent claim acts inside the casing and/or on is included for the corresponding the pressure shoe, which it heats. method of glazing (or satinizing).

Patent Analysis | 109 Annexure 1 − Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or...

I. Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material

I.1. Non-woven fibre mat, method for production thereof and fibre composite material Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a non-wo- for production of such a non-wo- WO 2004097111 A1 ven fibre mat as semi-finished ven fibre mat and fibre compos- Priority Date product, containing an engineering ite materials produced from said 25/04/2003 thermoplastic as fusion fibre and non-woven fibre mat. Applicant /Inventors a reinforcement fibre, a method Frenzelit-Werke GmbH & Co. Kg./ Wilfried Erb Peter Übelmesser

I.2. Non-woven fiber webs with nylon binder Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to defoaming the furnish. It is pre- US 2003201082 A1 a non-woven web comprised of ferred that the nylon binder is Priority Date metal or refractory fibers with added to the foam furnish in the 30/04/2002 nylon as a binder. The non-woven form of fibers. Once the furnish Applicant /Inventors web is prepared by forming a foam is defoamed to form a non-wo- FiberMark Inc./ Homan furnish by agitating the fibers in a ven web, the sheet is dried at a Kinsley foamed medium, and passing the temperature sufficient to melt the foam furnish onto a screen and nylon binder.

110 | Patent Analysis J. Non-fibrous additives added to the pulp

J.1. A dispersing agent and preparation method for papermaking Abstract Application No. The present invention discloses With the above-described method, CN106948216-A a dispersing agent for papermak- since a reasonable proportion of Priority Date ing, in particular to a method for the formulation and the manu- 22/02/2017 preparing paper and dispersing facturing method, so that various Applicant /Inventors agent. It comprises the following components can be well-mixed parts by weight of component: reactor, the production process a Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical parts acrylamide 150-250, 120- rational elements added, particu- Industry co, Ltd./ Zhu 150 parts of toluene, ammonium larly soluble it, particularly fast Hongbing persulfate 80-100 parts, 35-45 dissolution rate, in the production parts of styrene, acrylonitrile of additional reasonable control 35-50 parts, 25-35 parts of mer- during the reaction temperature captoethanol , 0.5-2 parts sur- and time can be obtained so as to factant, and 90-120 parts of water. improve the paper quality.

J.2. Paper quality improver composition Abstract Application No. The present invention provides papermaking; which comprises EP1113107A2 a paper quality improver com- (A) a compound having lyotropic Priority Date position for papermaking, which degree measured by a specific 24/12/1999 is excellent in improved effi- method of not less than 4% and Applicant /Inventors ciencies of bulky value, bright- satisfying at least two of (i) stand- Kao Corp/Yasushi Kao, ness, opacity and the like of pulp ard improved bulky value of not et al. sheet, demanded at lightening less than 0.02 g/cm3, (ii) stand- paper and increasing a blending ard improved brightness of not amount of deinked pulp, even by less than 0.5 point, and (iii) stand- adding a small amount thereof ard improved opacity of not less as well as which is further excel- than 0.5 point and (B) a water-sol- lent in an improved efficiency of uble polymer satisfying an aver- paper-strength. That is, the pres- age molecular weight and/or a ent invention provides a paper viscosity thereof of specific value. quality improver composition for

J.3. Complex of calcium phosphate particles and fibers, and method for producing said complex Abstract Application No. The present invention addresses is provided by the present inven- WO2017043585-A1 the problem of providing a tech- tion. According to the pres- Priority Date nique for producing a complex ent invention, a calcium phos- 08/09/2015 of calcium phosphate particles phate-fiber complex to which Applicant /Inventors and fibers. A complex of calcium titanium has also been affixed can Nippon Paper phosphate particles and fibers be obtained. Industries Co. Ltd./ Moe Fukuoka, et al.

Patent Analysis | 111 Annexure 1 − Coated paper, coating material

J.4. Sizing of paper Abstract Application No. The invention relates to an aque- further relates to a substantially US 5969011 ous dispersion containing a cel- water-free composition contain- Priority Date lulose-reactive sizing agent and ing a cellulose-reactive sizing 05/02/1997 a dispersant system compris- agent, a low molecular weight cat- Applicant /Inventors ing a low molecular weight cat- ionic organic compound having a Akzo Nobel NV/Sten ionic organic compound having molecular weight less than 10,000 Frolich, et al. a molecular weight less than and an anionic stabilizer, its 10,000 and an anionic stabilizer, preparation and use in the prepa- its preparation and use in the pro- ration of an aqueous dispersion of duction of paper. The invention cellulose-reactive sizing agent.

J.5. Emulsification of AlkenylS uccinic Anhydride with an Amine-Containing Homopolymer of Copolymer Abstract Application No. The present disclosure provides alkenyl succinic anhydride emul- US2017218571-A1 for a method of preparing and sified with a polymer comprising Priority Date using an emulsion for treating a at least one primary or secondary 02/11/2010 papermaking process. The emul- amine containing monomer; and Applicant /Inventors sion is an oil-in-water emulsion of wherein the oil-in-water emulsion Ecolab Inc./ Michael R. alkenyl succinic anhydride emul- is added in an amount sufficient St. John, et al. sified with a polymer comprising to improve sizing of the paper at least one primary or secondary produced by the papermaking amine containing monomer. The process. The primary or second- method comprises adding an oil- ary amine may be a secondary in-water emulsion to the paper- amine comprising diallylamine, making process; wherein the and the polymer may be a dially- oil-in-water emulsion comprises lamine-acrylamide copolymer.

112 | Patent Analysis K. Coated paper, coating material

K.1. Coated roll printing paper suitable for printing with cold-set links Abstract Application No. A coated printing paper roll (I) for (a) penetration test value of 80-25, EP0908560B1 printing with cold set inks in cold- preferably 70-30 % after 1 second Priority Date set-offset rotary printing processes. using a dynamic penetration appara- 11/10/1997 The process comprises a raw paper tus DPM 27 (emco-Test); (b) a colour as support, containing paper fibres loss test value of 1.1-0.25, prefera- Applicant / Inventors and mineral fillers and a coating pig- bly 0.8-0.3; (c) Bekk smoothness of Haindl Papier GmbH/ ment and binding agent containing 250-600 sec; and (d) Lehmann gloss Hans-Peter Hofmann, coating, has the following properties: value of at least 25% at 75 degrees. Dr. Hartmut Wurster

K.2. Recyclable moistureproof paper having light-shielding property Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To obtain a (in terms of solid) of an aqueous JP3262980B2 light-shielding moistureproof paper binder such as polyvinyl alcohol to Priority Date suitable as a packaging paper for 100 pts.wt. of a light-shielding agent 18/10/1995 photosensitive materials, etc., by composed mainly of a pigment con- Applicant / forming a defiberable and heat- seal- sisting of 2-50wt.% of graphite, Inventors able moistureproof layer on a surface 10-70wt.% of a color pigment such Nippon Paper of a paper substrate having a light- as red iron oxide and 10-70wt.% of a Industries Co., Ltd./ shielding layer composed mainly of a white pigment such as titanium oxide Akiko Dojo, et al. pigment and free from aluminum foil at a coating weight of 3-25g/m<2>. A or aluminized film. moistureproof layer having defibera- bility and heat-sealability is formed Solution: A light-shielding layer hav- by coating the light-shielding layer ing a brightness index of 25-70 and with 3-25g/m<2> of a mixed liquid a light transmittance of <=0.5% over produced by mixing 100 pts.wt. of the whole wavelength range of 200- an acrylic emulsion having a gel frac- 800nm is produced by coating a kraft tion of 90-100% with 1-5 pts.wt. of a paper with a liquid mixture obtained wax emulsion to obtain the objective by compounding 5-300 pts.wt. light-shielding moistureproof paper.

K.3. Coating additive and related production process Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a coating celluloses; stiffening agents and bind- WO 2005088012 additive ready for immediate use for ers functioning as correctors of viscos- A1 utilization in the paper manufactur- ity in quantities of 1-10% by weight; Priority Date ing industry comprising the follow- typically polyacrylates and derivatives 11/03/2004 ing components in water: activators of acrylic acids the additive being Applicant / of optical correctors in quantities of characterised by a viscosity within the Inventors 5-23% by weight; typically polyvinyl range befinreen 900 and 12,000 cps Wittsun S.A/ alcohol; thickening and water reten- at 20°C and 20 rpm measured with Augusto Simonelli tive agents in quantities of 1-5% Brookfield viscosimeter and pH 3-6 by weight; typically carboxymethyl with a dry content of 20 to 40%.

Patent Analysis | 113 Annexure 1 − Special Paper

K.4. Board product and method for making the same Abstract Application No. A coated board product, which between the jacket and a coun- WO 2004048688 A1 has its outside plies consisting ter-roll, a load element provided in Priority Date of bleached chemical pulp and connection with the support ele- 27/11/2002 middle plies of mechanical pulp ment, such that the flexible jacket Applicant /Inventors and/or broke or recycled fiber, is applied by the load element and which board has a surface against the heatable counter-roll, Metso Paper Inc./ Matti Lares density of 150-500 g/m2 and the and the coated product has sur- production of said board involving face properties on the top side prior to coating the use of one or of the board as follows: PPS-s10 more surface conditioning devices roughness (ISO 8791-4) 0,8-3,0 functioning as a precalender and µm Hunter gloss (ISO/DIS8254) comprising a flexible jacket fitted 30-80 %, and which product has around a fixed support element, a density (SCAN-P7:75) within the such that a board web travels range of 180-1000 kg/m3.

K.5. Actinic energy ray curable overcoating varnish for deinking, its printed material and method for regeneration of printed material Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To pro- excellent deinking property and JP 2005314832 A vide an actinic energy ray curable containing (A) 1-20 wt.% alkyd Priority Date overcoating varnish curable by resin having an aromatic ring 28/04/2004 the irradiation of ultraviolet light structure obtained by the esterifi- Applicant /Inventors or electron ray and having espe- cation reaction of (A1) a monoba- Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd./ cially excellent deinking property sic acid, (A2) a polyol and (A3) a Koji Sato, et al. and provide its printed material polybasic acid and having a sof- and a method for regenerating the tening point of 50-180°C and (B) printed material. 80-99 wt.% (meth)acrylate mon- omer and its printed material. Solution: The invention provides an actinic energy curable overcoat- ing varnish for deinking, having

114 | Patent Analysis L. Special Paper

L.1. Reinforced recyclable paper Abstract Application No. Reinforced paper comprising two made of polyvinyl alcohol soluble WO2005068721A1 paper sheets (2, 3) adhered by in water at a temperature lower Priority Date means of a water-soluble or dis- than or equal to 60°C, preferably 20/01/2004 persible adhesive to one another lower than or equal to 40°C. In and a watersoluble reinforcement this way, the reinforced paper can Applicant /Inventors (4) provided between the two paper be recycled together with other Mondi Packaging Tubize S.A./ Stéphane sheets (2, 3). The reinforcement non-reinforced waste paper with- Missante consists of wires and/or strips out having to use boiling water.

L.2. Absorbent tissue layer Abstract Application No. The invention relates to an absor- more preferably 95%, and most WO 2004035932 A1 bent tissue layer comprising at preferably 98%, and the density of Priority Date least one ply where the density of the roll or the bundle is 200 to 300 18/10/2002 the layer is equal to or less than kg/m3 and also the ratio between Applicant /Inventors 130 kg/m3 and the elastic recovery the density of the layer, when it has Sca Hygiene Products value of the layer is greater than been separated from the roll or the Ab/ Anna Månsson, et al. 90%, more preferably 95%, and bundle, and the density of the roll most preferably 98%. The inven- or the bundle is less than 0.65, and tion also relates to a product such the density of the layer when it has as a roll or bundle of tissue layer been separated from the roll or the where the elastic recovery value bundle is 30 to 130 kg/m3. of the layer is greater than 90%,

L.3. Strengthened tissue paper products comprising low level of xylan Abstract Application No. Disclosed is a tissue paper prod- about 0.14% by weight based on US 2008128100 A1 uct comprising one or more plies the weight of cellulose of xylan. Priority Date of a tissue paper; wherein at least Also disclosed is a process for mak- 01/10/2002 one of the plies comprises cellu- ing tissue paper products compris- Applicant /Inventors lose and from about 0.005% to ing these ultra low level of xylan. Frank Rehders, Jeffrey Glen Sheehan

Patent Analysis | 115 Annexure 1 − Fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous...

L.4. Papermaking belt with a knuckle area forming a geometric pattern that is repeated at ever smaller scales to produce irregular shapes and surfaces Abstract Application No. The present disclosure is directed network region has a pattern US 2012043042 A1 toward a papermaking belt hav- formed therein by a plurality of tes- Priority Date ing an embryonic-web-contacting sellating unit cells. Each cell has a 19/08/2010 surface for carrying an embryonic center and at least two continuous Applicant /Inventors web of paper fibers and a non-em- land areas extending in at least Procter & Gamble Co./ bryonic-web-contacting surface two directions from the center. At Osman Polat, Paul opposite the embryonic-web-con- least one of the continuous land Dennis Trokhan tacting surface. The papermaking areas at least bifurcates to form a belt has a patterned framework continuous land area portion hav- having a continuous network ing a first width before the bifur- region and a plurality of discrete cation and at least two continuous deflection conduits isolated from land area portions having a sec- one another by the continuous ond width after the bifurcation. network region. The continuous

L.5. Foam wall paper Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To obtain protective layer composed of an JP 2004308039 A foam wall paper which improves ethylene-based resin and a sur- Priority Date adhesiveness of a pattern layer face layer are successively formed 04/04/2003 without forming a primer layer for on a paper substrate, the protec- Applicant /Inventors printing and has uniform foamed tive layer is a layer containing a Dai Nippon Printing Co., cells and a smooth surface and polyether polyol. The protective Ltd./ Masaru Okamoto improved scratch resistance. layer is composed of two layers and the layer positioned at the Solution: In the foam wall paper surface layer side is the layer con- in which a foam layer composed taining the polyether polyol. of an ethylene-based resin, a

116 | Patent Analysis M. Fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

M.1. Device and manufacturing process for forming articles from plant fibre Abstract Application No. The present invention disclosed finish-moulded article off from the WO 2005012640 A1A1 an automatic moulding device automatic moulding device. The Priority Date and a process for manufacturing significance of this feature is that 01/08/2003 an moulded article from plant the time required for thermal drying Applicant /Inventors fibre slurry. The present invention operation is substantially longer Ecologico Packaging comprising at least one thermal than the time required for the Sdn Bhd/ Kim Luang forming station located at each moulding operation. Therefore by Yeo Tian Bo Zheng side of a moulding station. Each having the forming station at each thermal forming station consists side of the moulding station can of a conveyor to transport the increase the speed of production.

M.2. Pulp molded product and process for production thereof Abstract Application No. Purpose: A pulp molded product Constitution: This pulp molded KR 20010046730 A capable of improving freshness of product is prepared by a process Priority Date material around them and having consisting of: forming a mixture 15/11/1999 deodorizing and sterilizing effect by adding a specified amount Applicant /Inventors and a process for preparing the of charcoal powder to pulp pow- Seong Soo Kim same are provided, which can be der; introducing the mixture into widely used as a vessel such as a mold having a specified size of food and electronic products. space; and pressing.

M.3. Pulp molded product and process for production thereof Abstract Application No. A method of making a formed, temperature and period of time US 2005061463 A1 dried lignocellulose fiber material to provide the formed, dried Priority Date comprising (a) providing an aque- lignocellulose fiber material hav- 22/09/2003 ous lignocellulose fiber pulp slurry ing a thickness of at least 5 mm. Applicant /Inventors having an effective consistency; The formed, dried lignocellulose Michael A.N. Scobie (b) de-watering the slurry to pro- material may be used to make a vide a de-watered material at an lignocellulose fiber-resin compos- effective de-watering rate under ite material of use as a cost effec- an effective pressure to prevent tive structural member, as a sub- or reduce the formation of fissures stitute for steel, in, for example, and voids within the material; (c) bridges, processing equipment, drying an effective amount of the and the like. de-watered material at an effective

Patent Analysis | 117 Annexure 2 − Waste water treatment from the paper or cellulose industry

M.4. Method for producing soft fiberboard Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To provide wood chips, thermally drying the JP 2003027400 A a lightweight soft fiberboard. obtained wet pulp to impart a Priority Date hydrophobic property to the pulp, 19/07/2001 Solution: This method for produc- dispersing the pulp in water, and Applicant /Inventors ing the soft fiberboard is character- then making the paperboard ized by cooking and disintegrating from the slurry. Nichiha Corp/ Kyoichi Ito, et al.

M.5. Process for the control of the physical and chemical characteristics of cellulose fiber containing molded articles Abstract Application No. A process is disclosed for engi- as well as those defined by the US 2004007342 A1 neering the architectural arrange- gross structural form of the article. Priority Date ment and inter-fiber bonding The addition of osmotic gradients 09/07/2002 of fibers within an article being as well as electrical and hydro- Applicant /Inventors molded form a pulp. This allows static potentials applied during for optimal structural character- molding control the migration of George Gary Coulter istics and additive disposition additives and solvents through within the article. Complex forms the body of the article in preset can be fabricated, articles so directions, thereby controlling the made having regional variations in spatial arrangements and bond- chemical and physical parameters ing of fiber material.

118 | Patent Analysis Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and paper sector

A. Waste water treatment from the paper or cellulose industry

A.1. Fermentation and chemical treatment of pulp and paper mill sludge Abstract Application No. A method of chemically treating sludge and using the resulting US 2012273413 A1 partially de-ashed pulp and/or sludge as a substrate to produce Priority Date paper mill sludge to obtain prod- cellulase in an efficient manner 21/08/2009 ucts of value comprising taking a using the resulting sludge as the sample of primary sludge from a only carbon source and mixtures Applicant /Inventors Kraft paper mill process, partially of inorganic salts as the primary Auburn University/ Y. Lee, et al. de-ashing the primary sludge by nitrogen source, and including fur- physical means, and further treat- ther treating the resulting sludge ing the primary sludge to obtain and using the resulting sludge to the products of value, includ- produce ethanol. ing further treating the resulting

A.2. Hydrothermal gasification of wastewater sludge and black liquor Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method of black liquor and wastewater (1) WO 2014180755 A1 and to an apparatus for with- by means of the method accord- Priority Date drawal of biomass from a sludge ing to the invention. Preferably, 08/05/2013 (8), wherein water and biomass in the black liquor is heated to a Applicant /Inventors the sludge (8) are converted to a subcritical state with a temper- Siemens AG/ reaction gas (12) by hydrothermal ature of 350°C and a pressure of Jürgen Mielke, Uwe gasification of the sludge (8), and 220 bar in a pressure vessel prior Wittendorfer the reaction gas (12) is then with- to the hydrothermal gasification, drawn from the hydrothermally and then passed in the subcriti- gasified sludge (8). The invention cal state to a reactor for hydro- further relates to the processing thermal gasification.

A.3. Reactor for anaerobically purifying waste water comprising multi-phase separator devices Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a reactor at least one sediment filter (4) and WO 2011020651 A1 for anaerobically purifying waste at least two multi-phase separator Priority Date water (1), particularly waste water devices (5, 6) arranged on top of 18/08/2009 (1) from the paper industry, com- one another. The aim of the inven- Applicant /Inventors prising a reactor vessel that has tion is to improve the capacity Voith Patent GmbH/ Jari at least one inlet (2) for supply- of the reactor with as little effort Järvinen ing waste water (1) to be purified as possible in that at least two into the reactor, at least one outlet multi-phase separator devices (3) for discharging purified water, (5, 6) are designed differently.

Patent Analysis | 119 Annexure 2 − Recycling of waste paper

A.4. A method of processing side flows and waste flows of pulp and paper industry and a fertilizer Abstract Application No. The present invention relatesto products are produced. It requires WO 2014044905 the treatment of various waste and a novel way of dividing and/or frac- Priority Date side flows of pulp and paper indus- tionating the flows between incin- 18/09/2012 try. The flows are treated in view of erationand treatment in a bio refin- Applicant /Inventors utilizing each one of the flows in ery. The end products may be, for the best possible manner, whereby instance, one or more of ethanol, Cursor Oy/ Axel Gommel, et al. only commercially interesting end methanol, fertilizer etc.

A.5. Method and system for reducing phosphorus in effluent or filtrate Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method to produce purified effluent or fil- WO 2015150629 A1 for reducing phosphorus in efflu- trate; and f) combining the purified Priority Date ent or filtrate from a process which effluent or filtrate with the second 31/03/2014 comprises at least one stage portion of the effluent or filtrate. Applicant /Inventors in which conditions are acidic, The process may be a chemical Upm-Kymmene Corpora- wherein the method comprises the pulping process in which pulp is tion/ Matti Ristolainen, steps of: a) obtaining a first portion cooked in a digestion apparatus Dayana Travers of an effluent or filtrate from a stage (1), washed in a washing appara- in which conditions are acidic; b) tus (2), bleached in a bleaching obtaining a second portion of an apparatus (3) in which an acidic effluent or filtrate from the same bleaching stage (3’) takes place, or different stage in which condi- after which the pulp is separated tions are acidic; c) adjusting pH of in a separation apparatus (4) from the first portion of the effluent or an acidic effluent or filtrate which filtrate to alkaline with an alkaline is divided into the first and second agent; d) allowing phosphorus to portions of effluent or filtrate. The be precipitated in form of a phos- invention also relates to the cor- phate salt; e) separating using responding chemical pulping and centrifugal forces the precipitate purification apparatus.

120 | Patent Analysis B. Recycling of waste paper B.1. Machine for kneading waste paper and water Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To provide the kneading tank is adjusted to JP 2005226206 A a new type of kneading machine 15 to 20 % of the inner radius of Priority Date for waste paper and water in order the kneading tank, the interval 12/02/2004 to attain the paper recycling sys- between the top end of the short Applicant /Inventors tem that can full-automatically rotary blade and the inner wall of Jiro Kobori knead the waste paper and water the kneading tank is adjusted to in one step. 15 to 30 % of the inner radius of the kneading tank, the long rotary Solution: This kneading machine blade are inclined in the range of for waste paper and water com- from 12 to 18° to the rotating face prises a cylindrical kneading tank of the rotary blade, while the short 1, a rotation axis 6, a drive unit 8, rotary blade is inclined upward on and at least a pair of long and short the front side of the rotation direc- rotary blades 4, 5 and the interval tion of the rotary blade in the range between the top end of the long of from 40 to 50° to the rotary face rotary blade and the inner wall of of the rotary blade

B.2. Process for removing impurities by flotation from an aqueous fibrous suspension Abstract Application No. In a process to recycle waste in suspension than the previous EP 1591583 A1 A paper, an aqueous suspension cell. Foam is generated by admix- Priority Date (S) of paper and pigment cas- ture of air to the suspension as it 26/04/2004 cades through a series of floata- cascades from one cell to the next. Applicant /Inventors tion cells (1-5) forming foam (R1- Foam is skimmed off to a drain. The Voith Patent GmbH/ R5) in each cell, with re-usable chemicals are admixed prior to or Herbert Britz, et al. fibres advancing to the next cell. during the paper break-down pro- Different floatation chemicals are cess resulting in the aqueous sus- introduced to each cell and their pension. The impurities removed combinations are unique to that are printing inks or pigments. cell. Each cell has less impurities

B.3. Improved method of bleaching of old corrugated container and other waste paper pulps Abstract Application No. A method for bleaching old corru- starting waste paper pulp with a CA 2319223 A1 gated containers and other waste chelating agent, b) reaction with Priority Date paper pulp to enhanced bright- peroxymonosulphuric acid, and 13/09/2000 ness levels which comprises c) bleaching the reacted pulp with Applicant /Inventors the steps of: a) pre-treatment of hydrogen peroxide. Alfred Wong

Patent Analysis | 121 Annexure 2 − Non-wood fibres

B.4. Method for forming pulp from processed recycled fibers Abstract Application No. A method for processing recycling pulp from recycling mill sludge, US 5772847 A mill sludge into pulp, and cellu- and thereafter forming cellu- Priority Date losic products made from such losic products from the pulp. The 24/10/1995 pulp, is described. The method for method for forming cellulosic Applicant /Inventors forming cellulosic pulp comprises products may further comprise first forming an aqueous composi- forming a pulp mixture compris- Stone-Consolidated (US) Corp/ Carl W. tion in a pulper comprising recy- ing from about 1 to about 40 per- Simpson, Raymond Lam cling mill sludge, caustic agent, cent pulp from recycled materials bleaching agent and a chelating and recycling mill sludge, and agent. The aqueous composition from about 99 to about 60 percent also preferably includes a deink- virgin pulp. The pulp from recy- ing agent and sodium silicate. The cled materials and recycling mill composition is then processed in sludge may comprise from about the pulper for a period of time suf- 1 to about 100 percent by weight ficient to form pulp from recycling pulp from recycling mill sludge, mill sludge. The disclosure also with any remaining portion of the describes a method for forming pulp mixture comprising pulp pro- cellulosic products. The method duced from post-consumer recy- comprises forming a cellulosic cled material.

B.5. Method for deinking printed waste paper Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To provide Solution: The method for produc- JP 2010100985A a method for producing deinked ing the deinked pulp of printed Priority Date pulp from printed waste paper waste paper includes adding an 24/09/2008 as a raw material, by which the anhydrous crystalline laminar sil- Applicant /Inventors finization of adhesive foreign icate, peeling the ink at pH 7.0 to Nippon Paper Industries matter can be prevented to lower 9.9 in a deinking process, add- Co., Ltd. / Yuko Iijima, the COD of drain water, and the ing a deinking agent (preferably et al. deinked pulp small in residual a nonionic surfactant not contain- ink content can be produced. ing a fatty acid), and removing the ink in an ink-removing process.

122 | Patent Analysis C. Non-wood fibres C.1. Paper pulp, method for the production thereof, and use of the paper pulp Abstract Application No. A paper pulp is produced from a delignifying a starting material WO 2004061224 A1 non-woodlike lignocellulose-con- formed by a non-woodlike ligno- Priority Date taining biomass and has the cellulose-containing biomass 07/01/2003 following characteristics: the comprises the following steps: Applicant /Inventors proportion of holocellulose is mixing the biomass with a del- GMPV Ineta AG/ Urs greater than 90 percent by mass ignification agent containing an Domeisen with regard to the dry mass of organic decomposing agent for the paper pulp; the proportion of lignin, whereby the decomposing hemicelluloses to the proportion agent has a base constant KB > of cellulose does not fall below a 10-6; thermally treating the mixed mass ratio of 0.4: 1; the lignin con- biomass in order to decompose tent is no greater than 2.5 % by the lignin; separating the delig- mass with regard to the dry mass nification agent containing the of the paper pulp, and; the pulp decomposition products of the yield is determined, in essence, lignin out from the delignified bio- by the removal of lignin. A method mass, and; extracting the paper for producing the paper pulp by pulp from the delignified biomass.

C.2. Bleached and unbleached fibrous paper pulps and a method for producing the same Abstract Application No. Highly efficient fibrous paper pulps process are friendly to the envi- WO 2005042838 A1 are produced according to the ronment, and in particular they Priority Date invention from stems of the plant are suitable for using in little and 30/10/2003 Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, which mediate enterprises. Products Applicant /Inventors is characterised by the absence of resulting from using the invention Biotek Sp. Z O.O./ resinous substances, lignin con- have useful properties which are Halina Stupinska, et al. tents lower than in the wood, and required in manufacturing various a high proportion of long phloem types of paper of common usage, fibres. Gaining and preparing a are easier processed with paper- raw material for a technological making machines than pulps from process is waste-free, low ener- the wood, because they do not gy-consuming and labour-con- give rise to formation of precipi- suming. Methods for producing tations of resin acid compounds. pulps according to the invention Technological waste water can be in a chemothermomechanical used to soil fertilization.

Patent Analysis | 123 Annexure 2 − Chlorine-free pulp bleaching

C.3. A continuous process for production of cellulose pulp from grass-like plant feedstock Abstract Application No. The present invention discloses to 2 hours; average composition WO 2015150841 A1 the continuous process for pro- of thus formed digestion suspen- Priority Date duction of cellulose pulp from sion is maintained within the fol- 31/03/2014 grass-like plant feedstock suitable lowing ranges: 0.9-1.5% w/w of Applicant /Inventors for papermaking. Process com- NaOH; 0.15-0.4% w/w of NaCl or Marinko Mikulic prising the steps of: preparing Na2SO3; and 15-18% w/w of grass- the grass-like plant feedstock by like plant feedstock; where con- comminuting, dedusting, continu- centrations of ingredients being ous digestion, disperging, diluting calculated on the weight of the the cellulose pulp, screening and liquid phase. Screening and frac- fractionation, concentration to tionation are resulting with two remove black liquor, dilution with fractions; one being further pro- fresh water, yielding final cellulose cessed by milling, and another pulp suitable for manufacturing of being further processed to final paper or cellulose sheets, and, pulp with or without bleaching optionally, pulp bleaching pro- processes. The preferred grass- cesses. The continuous digestion like feedstock for the process is is performed in the vertical col- miscanthus /Miscanthus x gigan- umn at 70-100 °C for 40 minutes teus, Andersson/

C.4. Paper for packaging water-containing material and preparation method thereof Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to paper comprises: (a) a step for WO 2010038992 A2 paper which is durable and soft pulping paper mulberry; (b) a step Priority Date and has excellent water-retaining for mixing the pulped paper mul- 30/09/2008 properties and water resistance berry with Edgeworthia papyrifera Applicant /Inventors in order to prevent damage, rot- pulp, abaca pulp, UKP pulp, BKP Haesung Specialized ting, and dryness occuring dur- pulp, SP pulp, and bast fiber pulp Inc./ Hee-Suck Han ing packaging and distribution of in a weight ratio of 2:2:2:1:1:1:1 water-containing materials such and then injecting a paper as red ginseng, and a preparation strength enhancer and beating method thereof. More specifically, the mixture to form a paper mate- the invention provides paper for rial; (c) a step for injecting pol- packaging water-containing mate- yethylene oxide into the beaten rial including paper mulberry, paper material and then paper- Edgeworthia papyrifera pulp, making to obtain damp paper; and abaca pulp, UKP pulp, BKP pulp, SP (d) a step for winding the damp pulp, and bast fiber pulp. A method paper in a roll and then dehydrat- for preparing the packaging ing and drying the damp paper.

124 | Patent Analysis D. Chlorine-free pulp bleaching D.1. Environmentally-friendly fiberline for producing bleached chemical pulp Abstract Application No. US 2004026051 A1 An environmentally friendly (ECF), D-EOP¯sequence before the (ZEND) yet commercially viable, process treatment. Optional oxygen del- Priority Date produces fully bleached (typically ignification may also be used, 12/02/1999 having a brightness of over 89 or and subsequent elemental-chlo- Applicant /Inventors 90% ISO) cellulose pulp using a rine-free bleaching sequences Andritz Inc./ C. (ZEND) treatment. Typically pulp may also be employed, although Stromberg is produced in an essentially sul- normally not necessary since the phur-free pulping process (such pulp after the (ZEND) treatment as an soda/AQ process), and is has high brightness and good vis-

then treated by a D-EO¯, D-EP¯, or cosity (e.g. over 21 cP).

D.2. Method of bleaching chemical pulp for making paper Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To increase dioxide step-four step bleaching JP 2001214390A the whiteness of the chemical sequence. Further, the resultant Priority Date pulp for paper, as the amount pulp is bleached in the 4-step 03/02/2000 of chemical for ECF bleaching is chlorine dioxide sequences of Applicant /Inventors reduced in the chemical pulp for the chlorine dioxide step-al- Mitsubishi Gas papermaking. kali extraction/oxygen/peroxide Chemical Company, Inc. step-chlorine dioxide step-chlo- / Takahiro Cho Solution: The chemical pulp for rine dioxide step. In this case, the papermaking is subjected to the pH after the third chlorine dioxide digesting treatment and to the treatment step is maintained at oxygen delignification, followed 6-8 and the pH at the final step is by chlorine dioxide step- chlorine kept at 4.5-5.5.

D.3. Bleaching of cellulose pulp in a first chlorine dioxide bleaching step Abstract Application No. The invention concerns a method to a reaction temperature of 90 1/- WO 2004079087 A1 for bleaching cellulose pulp hav- 10 °C for a second phase, which Priority Date ing an MC consistency in a first has a retention time of 60-200 07/03/2003 step with chlorine dioxide in a minutes. With this process mod- Applicant /Inventors bleaching sequence with sev- ification of a first chlorine diox- eral bleaching steps. The pulp is ide step, an efficient destruction Kvaerner Pulping Ab / Martin Ragnar, Marcelo bleached in this first chlorine diox- of undesired organic acids is Leite ide step in a first phase at a lower obtained, while at the same time temperature of 60 +/- 10 °C during improved viscosity/strength of the a retention time of from 30 sec- pulp can be obtained of the finally onds to 30 minutes, after which bleached pulp with a whiteness of the pulp is heated by at least 10 °C approximately 90 % ISO.

Patent Analysis | 125 Annexure 3 − Nanotechnology

D.4. Method for bleaching papermaking pulp Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To provide is carried out for unbleached pulp JP 2012057263 A a method for producing paper- obtained by digesting conifer, and Priority Date making bleached pulp in which a then a chlorine dioxide bleaching 07/09/2010 pulp bleaching treatment is per- stage-an alkaline hydrogen per- Applicant /Inventors formed without using elementary oxide bleaching stage-an alkaline Oji Paper Co., Ltd./ chlorine and a chemical amount stage-an chlorine dioxide bleach- Yukinori Kizara, Yosuke can be reduced than a conven- ing stage are carried out. The Uchida tional method to obtain high requirements for the alkaline stage brightness pulp. are: a pulp concentration of 5-15%; a temperature of 40-80°C; a time Solution: A method for producing of 10-180 minutes; and an alkaline papermaking pulp is provided in addition rate of 0.01-0.2 mass% which an alkaline oxygen bleaching based on the amount of the pulp.

D.5. Method for removing hexenuronic acids Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to a treatment stage, and carrying out WO2012022840A1 method for removing hexenuronic the oxygen treatment stage in Priority Date acids from pulp. The method com- the presence of at least one per- 18/08/2010 prises obtaining pulp by chemi- benzoic acid. The invention also Applicant /Inventors cal pulping, treating the obtained relates to the use of perbenzoic Åbo Akademi pulp by using a further delignifica- acid for removing hexenuronic University/ Pedro tion process comprising an oxygen acids from a pulp. Fardim, Malin Ekroos

126 | Patent Analysis Annexure 3. Emerging Technology Areas A. Nanotechnology A.1. Method of preparing cellulose nano-fibres from stalks of annual plants Abstract Application No. The method of manufacturing cel- alkaline extraction in an NaOH WO 2016013946 A1 lulose nano-fibres from stalks of solution, enzymatic treatment of Priority Date annual crops consist in that pieces the prepared cellulose pulp by 23/07/2014 of the stalks of annual plants cellulase with 10-1000 J/g activity Applicant /Inventors are in sequence subjected to the of endo-l, 4-beta-glucanase Instytut Biopolimerow I action of steam, mechanical defi- 10-1000 J/g. After washing and Włokien Chemicznych/ brillation, digestion in a digest- enzyme deactivation, the aqueous Janusz Kazimierczak, et al. ing liquor, oxygen delignification suspension of the cellulose is put in aqueous medium containing to homogenization and centrifuga-

NaOH and MgSO4, bleaching with tion to obtain a supernatant which sodium chlorite done at least twice, contains cellulose nano-fibers.

A.2. Method for manufacturing fiber and leather containing carbon-based nano structure as metal material having electric conductivity, and product therefrom Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To increase dioxide step-four step bleaching JP 2011047096 A the whiteness of the chemical sequence. Further, the resultant Priority Date pulp for paper, as the amount pulp is bleached in the 4-step 27/08/2009 of chemical for ECF bleaching is chlorine dioxide sequences of the Applicant /Inventors reduced in the chemical pulp for chlorine dioxide step-alkali extrac- Taisei Kaken:Kk/ papermaking. tion/oxygen/peroxide step-chlo- Matsubara Yoshimasa rine dioxide step-chlorine dioxide Solution: The chemical pulp for step. In this case, the pH after the papermaking is subjected to the third chlorine dioxide treatment digesting treatment and to the step is maintained at 6-8 and the oxygen delignification, followed. pH at the final step is kept at 4.5-5.5 by chlorine dioxide step- chlorine

A.3. Nanocellulose Abstract Application No. A nanocellulose material of plant nanocellulose may have an aspect WO 2015074120 A1 origin comprising nanocellulose ratio of greater than 250. The nano- Priority Date particles or fibres derived from a cellulose may be derived from 22/11/2013 plant material having a hemicel- plant materials having C4 leaf mor- Applicant /Inventors lulose content of 30% or higher phology. The plant material may The University Of (w/w) (calculated as a weight be obtained from arid Spinifex. Queensland/ Darren percentage of the lignocellulosic The nanocellulose can be made James Martin, et al. components of the material). The using mild processing conditions.

Patent Analysis | 127 Annexure 3 − Enzyme technology

A.4. Manufacturing method for nanocellulose paper with ultrastrength Abstract Application No. Purpose: A method for manufac- fiber with alkali; agitating the KR 100946630 B1 turing nanocellulose paper with nanocellulose fiber processed Priority Date high strength and the nanocel- with the alkali with a binding 21/09/2009 lulose paper with high strength agent; and drying the fiber after Applicant /Inventors manufactured thereby are pro- dipping the nanocellulose fiber Republic Kr Forestry Res vided to offer high tensile strength in a mixture. The nanocellulose Inst/ Lee Sun Young, et al. with the high strength. fiber is formed with a step for agi- tating cellulose suspension with Constitution: A method for manu- a homogeniger. The nanocellu- facturing nanocellulose paper with lose fiber is processed with alkali high strength includes the following of potassium hydroxide or NaOH steps: processing nanocellulose for 1 ~ 2 hours.

A.5. Multilayer filtration material for filter, method for manufacturing same, and air filter Abstract Application No. The prevent invention addresses having a single-fiber diameter EP 3100779 A1 the problem of providing a mul- within a range of 200 to 800 nm Priority Date tilayer filter medium for a filter and a fiber length within a range 28/01/2014 having low pressure loss and high of 0.4 to 0.7 mm, a fiber B having Applicant /Inventors collection efficiency, a method a greater single-fiber diameter Teijin Ltd./ Mie for producing the same, and an than the nanofiber A, and a binder Kamiyama air filter not only having low pres- fiber C. The wet-laid non-woven sure loss and high collection effi- fabric layer (2) includes a nano- ciency but also being excellent fiber A having a single-fiber diam- in pleatability and wind-pres- eter within a range of 200 to 800 sure deformation resistance. The nm and a fiber length within a multilayer filter medium for a fil- range of 0.4 to 0.7 mm, a fiber ter as a means for resolution is B having a greater single-fiber obtained by laminating a wet-laid diameter than the nanofiber A, non-woven fabric layer (2) on a and a binder fiber C, the weight wet-laid non-woven fabric layer proportion of the nanofiber fiber (1). The wet-laid non-woven fab- A being greater than in the wet- ric layer (1) includes a nanofiber A laid non-woven fabric layer (1).

128 | Patent Analysis B. Enzyme technology B.1. Process for bio-bleaching of kraft pulp using bacterial consortia Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to Nos. MTCC 5096, MTCC 5094, US 2004011485 A1 an environment friendly, safe, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, and Priority Date and efficient four-step method a process of preparing an inoc- 21/03/2002 of bio-bleaching Kraft pulp using ulum of the bacterial isolate of Applicant /Inventors bacterial strains of accession no. accession no. MTCC 5096, further, The Council of Scientific MTCC 5096, MTCC 5094, MTCC a process for the preparation of a and Industrial Research 5095, and MTCC 5098, a microbial consortium comprising the ligni- (CSIR)/ Rita Kumar, Anil consortium comprising a synergis- nolytic bacterial isolates of acces- Kumar tic mixture of ligninolytic bacterial sion nos. MTCC 5094, MTCC 5095, isolates of accession no. MTCC and MTCC 5098, in addition, a pro- 5094, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, cess for the preparation of pulp bacterial strains of accession suspension for the bio-bleaching.

B.2. Perhydrolase providing improved specific activity Abstract Application No. An acetyl xylan esterase variant catalyst characterized by an US 2011236336 A1 having perhydrolytic activity is increase in specific activity. The Priority Date provided for producing peroxy- variant acetyl xylan esterase may 26/03/2010 carboxylic acids from carboxylic be used to produce peroxycar- Applicant /Inventors acid esters and a source of per- boxylic acids suitable for use in Original Assignee E I du oxygen. More specifically, a Ther- a variety of applications such as Pont de Nemours and Co./ motoga maritima acetyl xylan cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, Robert DiCosimo, et al. esterase gene was modified using bleaching, wood pulp process- error-prone PCR and site-directed ing, and paper pulp processing mutagenesis to create an enzyme applications.

B.3. Lignin decomposition using laccase and lignin decomposing agent Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To effi- laccase producing fungus selected JP 2000064185 A ciently decompose lignin in pulp from the group consisting of Schiz- Priority Date without using a chlorine-based ophyllum commune, Coriolus ver- 19/08/1998 chemical by using both a lac- sicolor, Pycnoporus coccineus, Applicant /Inventors case-containing substance and a Pleurotus octreatus and Fomitella Agency Of Ind Science composition containing terremu- fraxinea or its treated substance & Technol: Japan tin and/or terreic acid. with a composition containing Bioindustry Association: terremutin of formula I and/or ter- Mercian Corp/ Ryuichiro Solution: Lignin of scrap wood, reic acid of formula II composed Kurane, et al. pulp, etc., is decomposed by of a cultured product of a fungus using a lignin decomposing agent Aspergillus capable of producing obtained by mixing a laccase-con- terremutin and terreic acid or its taining substance composed of a treated substance. cultured product of at least one

Patent Analysis | 129 Annexure 3 − Biorefinery

B.4. Method of deinking inkjet ink-containing suspensions Abstract Application No. The invention concerns a method paper, and decolorizing the ink- WO2011030003A1 for deinking inkjetink -contain- jet ink of the pulp. According to Priority Date ing suspensions, such as inkjet the invention, the decolorization 11/09/2009 ink -containing pulps or process phase is carried out by laccase Applicant /Inventors waters of deinking processes. treatment. The invention also Upm-Kymmene The method comprises providing relates to a novel use of laccase Corporation/ Katariina paper raw material containing for the decolorization of aque- Nyman, Terhi Hakala aqueous dye-based inkjet-printed ous dye-based inkjet inks. By paper,pulping the paper raw means of the invention, the recy- material to obtain pulp containing clability of inkjet-printed papers inkjet ink from the inkjet-printed can be increased.

130 | Patent Analysis C. Biorefinery C.1. Method for recovering a low sodium content lignin fuel from black liquor Abstract Application No. There is disclosed a method for about 10.5, precipitating at least a WO 2008079072 A1 recovering a low sodium content portion of the lignin forming lignin Priority Date lignin from spent kraft cooking agglomerates and lignin particles 22/12/2006 liquor without the use a of strong in the spent kraft cooking liquor Applicant /Inventors mineral acid for acidulation com- and recovering a low water and Kiram Ab/ Lars Stigsson, prising the steps of acidulating low sodium content lignin product Curt Lindstrom a spent kraft cooking liquor with comprising calcium or magnesium carbon dioxide gas to a pH below compounds bound to said lignin

C.2. Method for lignin separation from black liquor Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to invention are lignin germ parti- WO 2013137790 A1 a method for separation of lignin cles (LG) added to the original Priority Date

from original black liquor (BLIN) black liquor in the first precipi- 16/03/2012 comprising a first precipitation tation stage, preferably between Applicant /Inventors phase (PR1/PR2) for precipita- two phases in said precipitation Metso Power Ab/ Fredrik tion of lignin by a first acidifica- stage, in order to increase lignin Öhmnan, et al. tion using acidifier, CO2, at alka- particle growth on such lignin line conditions, then separating germ particles instead of sponta- a lignin cake with subsequent neous nucleation of lignin parti- suspension of the lignin cake in cles in said original black liquor. a strong acid in order to leach our This will result in improved filter- metals from the lignin followed by ability in subsequent dewatering dewatering and obtaining a clean and lignin cake formation and lignin product LP. According to the hence an increased lignin yield.

C.3. Process for preparing purified fractions of hemicellulose and cellulose-hemicellulose complexes from alkali treated fiber and products made by the process Abstract Application No. A process for obtaining purified The alcohol transforms the soluble US20050061457A1 hemicellulose, cellulose and cel- high molecular weight hemicellu- Priority Date lulose-hemicellulose complexes lose into a light precipitate which 23/09/2003 comprising the steps of adding floats on top of the caustic liquor Applicant /Inventors alcohol to caustic liquor from solution. The caustic liquor can be Ingredion Inc./ Roman alkali extraction of fiber to precip- subjected to a second separation Skuratowicz itate the hemicellulose and the step whereby the insoluble com- simultaneous, or about simultane- ponents (e.g. cellulose and cellu- ous, density separation of hemi- lose-hemicellulose complexes) can cellulose from the caustic liquor. be removed from the caustic liquor.

Patent Analysis | 131 Annexure 3 − Organic Solvents in pulping (Organosolv)

C.4. Method of processing and fractionating biomass and use of fractions thus obtained Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to a phase with an alkaline agent; WO 2016062919 A1 method of treating biomass, com- continuing the contacting of the Priority Date prising providing a lignocellulosic biomass with the alkaline agent 24/10/2014 biomass feedstock; contacting the until a significant portion of the Applicant /Inventors biomass feedstock in a mixture, hemicellulose is dissolved in the Teknologian which is formed by the biomass, aqueous phase to provide a modi- Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Oy/ water and an alkaline agent, with fied biomass; recovering the mod- Antero Varhimo an oxidizing agent at an elevated ified biomass; optionally opening temperature; and continuing the the structure of the modified bio- contacting of the biomass feed- mass by mechanical treatment; stock with the oxidizing agent and using the modified biomass until a notable part of the lignin is as a lignocellulosic biomass feed- solubilised. The step of providing stock. Treating the biomass pro- the biomass feedstock comprises vides hemicellulose, lignin and contacting a biomass raw-mate- cellulose fractions that have a rial containing cellulose, hemicel- multitude of applications in the lulose and lignin in an aqueous bioeconomy.

C.5. Conditioning of SO2-ethanol-water spent liquor for fermentation by clostridia Abstract Application No. WO 2012123644 A1 The present invention relates to produced by SO2-ethanol-water producing chemicals and biofuels (SEW) fractionation of wood chips Priority Date from wood material, e.g. mixed for fermentation to butanol, etha- 17/03/2011 forest biomass. Specifically, the nol and acetone/isopropanol (so Applicant /Inventors invention concerns a process called ABE process) by Clostridia Aalto University Founda- for conditioning spent liquor bacteria. tion/ Heiningen Adriaan Van, Evangelos Sklavounos

C.6. Processes for producing fluff pulp and ethanol from sugarcane Abstract Application No. The disclosure provides a pro- hemicellulose monomers; and US 2015259709 A1 cess for producing fluff pulp and fermenting at least a portion of Priority Date ethanol from sugarcane bagasse the hemicellulose monomers 11/03/2014 or straw, comprising: fractionat- to cellulosic ethanol. Lignin is Applicant /Inventors ing the feedstock in the presence removed from the process dur- API Intellectual Property of an acid catalyst, a solvent for ing one or more steps and com- Holdings LLC/ Theodora lignin, and water, to generate a busted to provide energy for pro- Retsina, Vesa Pylkkanen solid/liquid slurry comprising cel- cess requirements. The process lulose-rich solids, hemicelluloses, is integrated with, and provides and lignin; separating the solid/ energy to, a first-generation pro- liquid slurry into a solid stream cess that ferments sugarcane-de- and a liquid stream; further treat- rived sucrose to first-generation ing the cellulose-rich solids to ethanol. Similar processes are produce fluff pulp; hydrolyzing possible with energy cane, corn, the hemicelluloses to generate and other crops.

132 | Patent Analysis D. Organic Solvents in pulping (Organosolv) D.1. Method of manufacturing for pulp using aqueous solvent of high-boiling organic solvent Abstract Application No. Problem to be solved: To pro- at 180-230 deg.C; a process for JP 2001089986 A vide a method of solvent pulp- separating waste liquid from the Priority Date ing enabling the recycling of a pulp; a process for washing the 20/09/2009 high-boiling organic solvent to separated pulp (crude pulp) with Applicant /Inventors a pulping process or the like in the high-boiling organic solvent Japan Science & which an operation for separating and boiling water; a process for Technology Corp/ and recovering the high boiling separating the washed pulp; a Yoshihiro Sano organic solvent is omitted. process in which lignin is precip- itated from the above waste liq- Solution: This method for produc- uid and the washing liquid of the ing various pulps for paper mak- washing process by adding dilu- ing, cellulose derivative produc- tion water and the precipitated tion or saccharification comprises lignin is recovered by filtration; the following processes: a pulping and a process in which a specified process in which a known pulp raw amount of water is removed by dis- material such as a woody mate- tillation from the filtrate to recover rial or agricultural wastes, and a solvent containing 70-80% the an aqueous solvent containing high-boiling organic solvent, the 50-90% a high-boiling organic sol- recovered solvent is recycled at vent (referred to as HBS) having a least to the pulping process, and boiling point of 150-250 deg.C and the hot water generated by the soluble in water are filled in a pres- distillation of water is recycled to sure-resistant container at a liquid the crude pulp washing process ratio of 4-10, and they are treated as the boiling water.

D.2. Organosolv process Abstract Application No. The present disclosure provides biomass in the presence of a sol- WO 2012000093 A1 an organosolv biorefining pro- vent and under certain condi- Priority Date cess. The present process com- tions to separate at least a part 30/06/2010 prises treating a lignocellulosic of the lignin from the biomass. Applicant /Inventors Lignol Innovations Ltd./ Alex Berlin, et al.

D.3. Method for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass Abstract Application No. The invention relates to a method demonstrates that the speed WO 2015004296 A1 for the hydrolysis of lignocel- of the hydrolysis increases by Priority Date lulosic biomass, comprising a between 2 and 8 times depending 08/07/2013 pre-treatment stage using ionic on the temperature and the con- Applicant /Inventors liquids and a subsequent hydrol- centration of acid, as well as the ysis treatment using acidic rea- type of acid used in the hydrolysis. Consejo Superior De Investigaciones gents. The method of the invention Científicas (Csic)/ Silvia Morales De La Rosa, et al.

Patent Analysis | 133 Annexure 3 − Organic Solvents in pulping (Organosolv)

D.4. Process for converting biomass Abstract Application No. The present invention relates to comprises the step of treating WO 2017032926 A2 a process for converting biomass biomass comprising lignin, hemi- Priority Date comprising lignin, hemicellulose or cellulose or combinations thereof 27/08/2015 combinations thereof, to valuable with deep eutectic solvent. Applicant /Inventors components, where the process Teknologian Tutkimusk- eskus Vtt Oy/ Lauri Kuutti, et al.

D.5. Process for the production of digested biomass useful for chemicals and biofuels Abstract Application No. In the pretreatment, the biomass with a cooking liquor containing US 2014024093 A1 is contacted with a solution con- at least one alkali selected from Priority Date taining at least one α-hydroxysul- the group consisting of sodium 29/03/2012 fonic acid thereby at least partially hydroxide, sodium carbonate, Applicant /Inventors hydrolyzing the biomass to pro- sodium sulfide, potassium Shell Oil Co./ Robert Law- duce a pretreated stream contain- hydroxide, potassium carbonate, rence Blackbourn, et al. ing a solution that contains at least ammonium hydroxide, and mix- a portion of hemicelluloses and a tures thereof and water. A pro- residual biomass that contains cel- cess that allows for higher recov- luloses and lignin; separating at ery of carbohydrates and thereby least a portion of the solution from increased yields is provided. Alco- the residual biomass providing an hols useful as fuel compositions solution stream and a pretreated are also produced from biomass biomass stream; then contacting by pretreating the biomass prior the pretreated biomass stream to hydrolysis and fermentation.

134 | Patent Analysis Patent Analysis | 135