Walter Rudolf Hess Leben Und Werk

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Walter Rudolf Hess Leben und Werk Anlässlich des 70 Jahre Jubiläums der Verleihung des Nobelpreises von Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély Klinisches Neurozentrum USZ 2019 Impressum: Herausgeber Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Copyright Copyright © 2019 Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Schweiz Gestaltung Susanna Sigg, Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Text Anton Valavanis, Alexander Borbély Druck Kohler Medien AG, Baumackerstrasse 43, 8050 Zürich Auflage 200 Adresse Klinisches Neurozentrum Zentrumsadministration Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich Telefon +41 44 255 56 20 [email protected], [email protected] Website www.neurozentrum.usz.ch Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort 5 2. Leben und Werk von Walter Rudolf Hess 7 a) Biographische Daten von Walter Rudolf Hess 9 b) Autobiographie von Walter Rudolf Hess 11 c) Hess CW: Walter Rudolf Hess (17.3.1881-12.8.1973) 35 d) Akert K: Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and his Contribution to Neuroscience 43 e) Waser PG: Walter Rudolf Hess: aus seinem Leben und seiner Tätigkeit an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich (100-Jahr-Feier seines Geburtstages: 14. März 1981) 59 f) Jung R: Walter R. Hess (1881-1973) 67 3. Der Nobelpreis für Walter Rudolf Hess 89 a) Nominationen für die Nobelpreisverleihung an Walter Rudolf Hess 91 b) Ankündigung der Nobelpreisverleihung in der Zeitschrift NATURE 93 c) Olivecrona H: Award Ceremony Speech 95 d) Hess WR: Nobel Lecture: The Central Control of the Activity of Internal Organs 99 e) Hess WR: Funktion und nervöse Organisation der inneren Organe 105 f) Wyder M: Walter Rudolf Hess: Nobelpreis für Medizin oder Physiologie 1949 121 4. Walter Rudolf Hess und die Tradition der Zürcher Neurowissenschaft 125 a) Valavanis A: Zur Tradition der Zürcher Neurowissenschaft: vom «Monakowschen Kränzchen» zur von Walter Rudolf Hess gegründeten «Zürcher Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Hirnforschung» und darüber hinaus 127 b) Valavanis A: Zur Interaktion zwischen Walter Rudolf Hess und M. Gazi Yasargil 133 c) Borbély A: Beiträge von Walter Rudolf Hess zur Schlafforschung 135 d) Huber A: W. R. Hess, the ophthalmologist 137 e) Puelles L: Hess’s experiments on the diencephalon and hypothalamus in the light of 141 modern neuromeric genoarchitectonics 5. Von der Neurowissenschaft zur Neurophilosophie 145 a) Hess WR, Fischer H: Brain and Consciousness: A Discussion About the Function of the Brain 147 b) Hess WR: Causality, Consciousness, and Cerebral Organization 157 c) Hess WR: Biological Order and Human Society 161 6. Das Vermächtnis des Hirnforschers Walter Rudolf Hess 175 a) Valavanis A: Das Vermächtnis von Walter Rudolf Hess und kritische Gedanken zur gegenwärtigen Situation der Neurowissenschaft 177 7. Die Bibliographie von Walter Rudolf Hess 187 8. Nachrufe auf Walter Rudolf Hess 203 4 1. Vorwort Professor Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973), herausragenden Pioniere der tiefen Hirn- zunächst freipraktizierender Augenarzt, stimulation, gehalten. dann Direktor des Physiologischen Insti- tutes der Universität Zürich (1914-1951), Mit dem vorliegenden Band würdigt das hat sich der Hirnforschung verschrieben Klinische Neurozentrum Walter Rudolf und enge Verbindungen zum damaligen Hess als eine aussergewöhnliche Persön- Kantonsspital Zürich gepflegt. Als Prota- lichkeit, die selbstkritisch, bescheiden und gonist der universitär verankerten Zürcher unbeirrt von den jeweiligen Konjunktur- Neurowissenschaften erhielt er 1949 den strömungen während einer 40-jährigen Nobelpreis für Medizin für seine experi- Forschungstätigkeit beharrlich ihr Ziel mentellen Untersuchungen über die funk- verfolgte. Sein umfassendes neurowis- tionelle Organisation des Zwischenhirns. senschaftliches Wissen, seine intellektuel- Damit jährt sich in diesem Jahr zum 70. le Kreativität und methodische Präzision Mal die Verleihung des Nobelpreises an wurden mit der Verleihung des Nobelprei- Walter Rudolf Hess. ses gekrönt. Aus Anlass des 70-Jahre Jubiläums dieses Der Band enthält eine Zusammenstellung besonderen Ereignisses würdigt das Klini- ausgewählter Veröffentlichungen von und sche Neurozentrum des Universitätsspitals über Walter Rudolf Hess, die sein Leben, Zürich das Leben und Werk des Nobel- seine Persönlichkeit, seine neurowissen- preisträgers Hess mit einer Sondersitzung schaftlichen Leistungen und neurophilo- im Rahmen seines diesjährigen Jahressym- sophischen Gedanken beleuchten. Er dient posiums, welches am 14. November 2019 auch dazu, die Erinnerung an diesen Pionier im Monakow Hörsaal des Klinischen Neu- und Förderer der theoretischen und klini- rozentrums zum Thema ‘Tiefe Hirnstimu- schen Neurowissenschaft wach zu halten. lation/Deep Brain Stimulation‘ stattfindet. Die Ursprünge der klinisch angewandten Die Herausgeber danken dem Enkel von tiefen Hirnstimulation finden sich in den Walter Rudolf Hess, Christian W. Hess, tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen von Professor emeritus der Universität Bern Walter Rudolf Hess und stellen ein frühes und ehemaligen Direktor der Neurologi- Paradigma der translationalen Forschung schen Klinik des Inselspitals Bern, für sei- in der Neurowissenschaft dar. Die tradi- ne wertvollen Hinweise sowie der Sekre- tionelle «Yasargil Lecture», die jeweils im tärin des Klinischen Neurozentrums des Rahmen des Jahressymposiums stattfin- USZ, Frau Susanne Sigg, für die hilfreiche det, wird von Professor Alim Louis Bena- Unterstützung bei der Erstellung und Ge- bid, Professor emeritus der Universität staltung dieser Festschrift. Grenoble und Membre de l’Institut de France (Académie des Sciences), einem der Anton Valavanis Alexander Borbély 5 2. Leben und Werk von Walter Rudolf Hess 7 Biographische Daten von Walter Rudolf Hess 1881 Born March 17 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland 1900-1905 Studied medicine in Lausanne, Bern, Zurich, Berlin, and Kiel 1906 Graduated as M.D. in Zurich 1906 Assistant in Surgery, Kantonsspital Münsterlingen (Conrad Brunner) 1907-1908 Assistant in Ophthalmology, University of Zurich (Otto Haab) 1908 Married Louise Sandmeier; children: Gertrud (1910) and Rudolf Max (1913) 1908-1912 Practiced Ophthalmology in Rapperswil 1912-1913 Assistant in Physiology, University of Zurich (Justus Gaule) 1913-1917 Privatdozent, University of Zurich 1915 Assistant in Physiology with Max Verworn in Bonn 1917-1951 Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiology Department in Zurich 1931-1937 Cofounder (1931) and Chairman of the Board of the International High Altitude Research Laboratory at Jungfraujoch 1932 Prix Marcel Benoist (Switzerland) 1934 Doctor honoris causa, University of Berne 1938 President of the Sixteenth International Physiological Congress held in Zurich 1938 Carl Ludwig Medal of the German Society of Circulation Research 1944 Doctor honoris causa, University of Geneva 1949 Nobel Prize 1953 Doctor honoris causa, McGill University, Montreal 1959 Doctor honoris causa, University of Freiburg im Breisgau 1967 Moved to Ascona, Switzerland 1973 Died August 12, in Ascona, Switzerland 9 From Medical Practice to Theoretical Medicine: An Autobiographic Sketch FROMMEDICAL PRACTICE TO THEORETICAL MEDICINE Walter Rudolf Hess AN AUTOBIOGRAPHIC SKETCH Nachdruck der vom Deutschen ins Englische übersetzten Autobiographie, erschienen 1963W. inR. derHESS* Zeitschrift Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 6 (4): 400-423, 1963 Ancestry FROMMEDICALI should likePRACTICEto begin thisTOshortTHEORETICALsketch of myMEDICINElife with a few comments ANconcerningAUTOBIOGRAPHICmy forebears.SKETCHThis will come as no surprise to readers inter- ested in biology, who are well aware of the decisive influences one's in- heritanceW. R. HESS*has in the shaping of one's life. In my own case it is rather inter- esting, as two different folk-groups are represented in my pedigree. My father'sAncestry ancestors belonged to the Alemanni, a Germanic tribe ofthe upper RhineI shouldvalleylike to beginformerlythis shortundersketchRomanof my lifecontrol.with a fewIn severalcommentsexpansive move- concerning my forebears. This will come as no surprise to readers inter- estedmentsin biology,these peopleswho are drovewell awarethe ofRomansthe decisivesouthwardinfluencesandone'soverin- the Alps; they heritancethen occupiedhas in the shapingthe nowof one'sGerman-speakinglife. In my own caseregionit is ratherof northeasterninter- Switzer- esting,landasandtwoaredifferentconsideredfolk-groupsthe areprincipalrepresentedancestorsin my pedigree.of its presentMy population. father'sMy mother'sancestors belongedpeopletocamethe Alemanni,from atheGermanicregiontribeofofthethe formerupper kingdom of RhineSaxonyvalleywhereformerlyEastunderEuropeanRoman control.typesIn severalwere expansiveto be foundmove-along with the ments these peoples drove the Romans southward and over the Alps; they thenNordic.occupiedThisthe nowdivergenceGerman-speakingbetweenregiontheofmaternalnortheasternandSwitzer-paternal inheritance landgenerallyand are consideredis of a certainthe principalgeneticancestorsinterest.of its present population. My mother'sA ratherpeoplebroadcamerangefromofthetradesregion andof theprofessionsformer kingdomis to ofbe found in my Saxonyfamilywheretree.EastIt includesEuropeanfarmers,types werecraftsmen,to be foundandalongmerchantswith theas well as more Nordic. This divergence between the maternal and paternal inheritance generallydistantlyis ofrelateda certainclergymengenetic interest.and politicians who were rather gifted orators. A Myratherfather,broad rangea collegeof tradesteacherand professionsin physics,is combinedto be found ainremarkablemy
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    SOCIETA’ DI SCIENZE FARMACOLOGICHE APPLICATE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED PHARMACOLOGICAL SSFAoggi SCIENCES Notiziario di Medicina Farmaceutica Giugno 2013 Bimestrale della Società di Scienze Farmacologiche Applicate Fondata nel 1964 numero 37 Dove sono i nuovi antibiotici? Sommario: La comunità mondiale sta correndo un grosso rischio: questo ci ricordano due editoriali, Editoriale 1 pubblicati su The Lancet e sul British Medical Journal, che riportiamo alle pagine 21 e 22. La resistenza agli antibiotici è un grave problema: The Lancet ci ricorda che fu addirittura Novità in Farmacovigilanza messa in evidenza dallo stesso Alexander Fleming nel 1945, il quale temeva che l’abuso Parte prima 2 della penicillina potesse selezionare ceppi resistenti. Il British Medical Journal evidenzia che molte pratiche mediche e chirurgiche (dall’uso Novità in Farmacovigilanza della chemioterapia agli interventi invasivi in ortopedia e cardiochirurgia) sono possibili Parte seconda 4 grazie alla profilassi con antibiotici. E quindi, la resistenza agli antibiotici non è un solo un problema degli infettivologi, ma sta diventando un problema dei chirurghi, degli oncologi, e Il Decreto Balduzzi 6 di tutto il sistema sanitario. Alcune previsioni sono drammatiche: l’intervento di protesi dell’anca, che è diventato una Farmaci a brevetto scaduto 12 routine per la popolazione anziana, potrebbe essere colpito in modo significativo da com- plicanze infettive, passando dall’1% dei pazienti di oggi fino al 40%-50% dei pazienti nel Affari Istituzionali 12 prossimo futuro, con oltre un terzo di essi in pericolo di vita. Uno scenario davvero preoc- 5a Edizione Master Bicocca 13 cupante. Di fronte a queste previsioni, che ci vengono ormai ripetute ad intervalli regolari, stupisce Master Bicocca 2013: i numeri 13 la mancanza di incentivi per la ricerca di nuovi antibiotici.