Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar: Material Signs and Traces of the Dead Zoë Crossland Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03609-3 - Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar: Material Signs and Traces of the Dead Zoë Crossland Index More information

Index

abduction, 46, 275 n.49, 277 n.4 Alahamady, 49, 95, 116, 203. See also Aberaeron, 68 lunar calendar, new year Aberystwyth, 76 Alasora, 116, 164, 289 n.68, 299 n.111 absence, 18–19, 246, 258 Allibert Claude, 267 n.17 ancestral, 36–41, 67, 192, 260 Ambaniandro,34 historical, 28, 179, 204 Ambanilanitra,34 marking of, 288 n.56, 190–3, 224–5 Ambatomanga, 115, 123–6, 290 n.102, violence of, 257 n.103 actor-network theory, 12–13, 18–19 ambiroa, 14, 81, 245 adobe. See tamboho Amboatany, 127–30, 291 n.118, n.121, adoption, 114–5, 223–5, 280 n.44, 303 n.30 288 n.60, 309 n.176 Ambohimanambola, Andrantsay affect, 20, 258 (Vakinankaratra), 158, 165, 219, elicited, 57, 229, 255 231, 242–4, 295 n.69, 296 n.70 emotion and, 93 Andrianatoavina’s death, 241 fire and, 49 Ambohimanambola, Imerina, 113–4, 122 history and, 171 Ambohimanga, 111, 112, 120, 141, 147, interpretants and, 46, 73, 75 151 See also recognition, semeiosis first school, 116 interpretation and, 4 See also Andrianampoinimerina agency ancestors ambiguous, 42, 44, 45, 53, 55 in European prehistory, 14, 15 ancestral, 4, 13–15, 100 ancestors (razana), 15 archaeology and, 286 n.3 ancestral continuity, 178 Daniel, E. Valentine on, 101, 133 ancestral custom, 90, 171 displacement of, 82 blessing by, 3, 104, 113, 189, 210, 220, empty, 44 227 Gell, Alfred, on, 18, 43, 46 colonial encounter and, 26 hasina, 103 communication with, 185, 202, 235 Kockelman, Paul, on, 108 conquest and, 210 Latour, Bruno, on, 18, 133 corner of the ancestors (zoro material, 3, 16, 43 firarazana), 96 missionary, 100 dangers of, 45 of fire, 42 fire and, 47 of Radama I, 100–101 forgotten, 235, 244–7 semeiotic, 20–1, 55, 107, 133 forms of, 14–15 unreflective, 88 markets and, 206–8

371

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372 Index

ancestors (razana)(cont.) conquest of Andrantsay, 153–60 memory of, 150 creation of the fanjakana, 111 money and, 222 date of death, 278 n.12 rice and, 252 depopulation of Andrantsay, 168 ritual speech and, 200, 204 inquiries into history, 163 sampy and, 122 legacy of, 141 the color red and, 250 markets and, 206, 207 traces of, 177, 257 sampy and, 122 work and, 121 tomb at Ambohimanga, 141, 220 See also ancestral land, standing stones Andrianjaka, 302 n.26 ancestral land (tanin-drazana), 37–8, 254 Andrianonitomponitany, 166–7, 169, 188, abandonment of, 173, 176 296 n.80, 299 n.114, 302 n.5 in the present day, 136 Andrianony, 164–6, 172, 298 n.92, in time and space, 21 298 n.92 of Andrianampoinimerina, 110 andry. See houses (highlands) rice and, 126 Antananarivo slavery and, 37–8, 149–50 Ambatonakanga, 85 strangers and, 232 arrival of David Jones, 59 ancestral land in Wales, 89 capital of Madagascar, 32 Andah, Bassey, 297 n.90 French colonization, 34 andevo.Seeslavery heart of the fanjakana, 120 Andohalo, 198, 206, 236, 304 n.63 history, 81 Andrantsay, 151 relation to Ambohimanga, 112 Andrianampoinimerina and, 158 threatened, 263 conquest of, 149, 171–8 under Andrianampoinimerina, 111 incorporation into Imerina, 160 under Radama I, 63 oral histories, 153–6, 160, 164–6 See also Rova population movement, 168 Anthony, David, 167 relation to Betsileo and Vakinankaratra, Antsahalava, 177, 247 296 n.79 Arabic, 8, 197, 304 n.54, n.55 Sakalava and, 167 studies of, 143 Bachelard, Gaston, 42, 44, 45 visited by Nicolas Mayeur, 156 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 38, 143, 201, 204 See also Vakinankaratra heteroglossia, 200, 274 n.26 Andriamahery, 127, 130 See also chronotope Andriamanalina ‘the Betsileo’, 153, bandits, 53, 228, 230, 231 294 n.55, 299 n.105 as sorcerers, 247 burial site, 172, 175 in southern Betsileo, 262 name of, 296 n.79 Barrett, John C., 101, 271 n.61, treaty with Andrianampoinimerina, 160 286 n.3 Andriamasinavalona, 111, 166, 206 Barthere,` Franc¸ois M., 226, 303 n.39 as noble rank, 166 Basso, Keith, 38 Andriambelomasina, 127, 130, 291 n.129, Bauer, Alexander, 274 n.23 299 n.111 beads, 157, 288 n.56, 290 n.106, andriana (nobles), 67, 249, 299 n.118 296 n.71, 314 n.102 andry and, 36 Bender, Barbara, 6 marriage with hova, 163 Benjamin, Walter, 39–40 rule in Betafo, 162 Berg, Gerald, 103, 122, 198, 283 n.97, Andrianamboatsimarofy, 124 287 n.12, 288 n.37, 289 n.82, Andrianampoinimerina 294 n.38, 308 n.148, 309 n.174, ancestral land, 110 310 n.10

Index 373

Betafo, Arivonimamo, 45, 274 n.21, Cole, Jennifer, 26, 39, 150, 171, 185, 275 n.57 267 n.3, 306 n.87 Betafo, Vakinankaratra, 152, 162, 181, colonialism, 11 185–95, 231, 236 British, 10, 59–61, 310 n.10 Betsileo people, 231 French, 1, 34, 232, 242, 247, 248 Betsileo region, 160 Comaroff, Jean, 62, 98 adoption in, 224 Comaroff, John, 62, 98 bandits, 53 Comte, Auguste, 23, 272 n.84 location of, 296 n.79, 310 n.16 Connerton, Paul, 25, 195 mortuary stelae, 197, 238, 304 n.58 Coppalle, Andre,´ 198 relation to Andrantsay and cosmological ordering, 94–8 Vakinankaratra, 296 n.79 standing stones, 227 Dahl, Øyvind, 39, 51 See also Vakinankaratra Daniel, E. Valentine, 92, 93, 101, 109, Betsimisaraka, 150 133 Bhabha, Homi, 12 Dawdy, Shannon L., 40 Bird, Randall, 273 n.13 Defoe, Daniel, 89, 284 n.131 Blanchy, Sophie, 240, 284 n.144 debt, 216–23, 231 blessing. See hasina missionaries and, 132 Bloch, Maurice, 14, 37, 49–53, 67, 102, reform of lending practices, 218 109, 132, 136, 147, 169, 232, 253, slavery and, 67, 149, 217, 233 276 n.85, 277 n.97, 288 n.37, standing stones and, 223 299 n.105 warfare and, 146 Bojer, Wenceslas, 67, 279 n.39–41 See also money Bourdieu, Pierre, 83, 196 Delivre,´ Alain, 5, 102, 150, 159, 165, Buchli, Victor, 271 n.61 177, 268 n.31 demes, 294 n.33 Callet, François, 9 Derrida, Jacques, 3–4, 19, 259 Calvinism, 59, 61 Dewar, Robert, 267 n.17, 315 n.116 Campbell, Gwyn, 201, 212, 230, 233, Dez, Jacques, 143, 166, 295 n.56, n.61 235, 247, 279 n.36, 294 n.38, divination. See sikidy 308 n.148, 309 n.174, 310 n.10 Domanska, Ewa, 267 n.8 Cardiganshire, 66, 68, 76 Drake, Eric, 253 Casey, Edward, 6, 72, 79, 170, 263 Catat, Louis, 181, 244, 302 n.4, efitra (wilderness), 27, 228–9 307 n.136, 312 n.53, 316 n.125 Ellis, Stephen, 10, 34, 54, 103, 235, 238, chains, gold and silver, 114–5, 288 n.56 240, 241, 247, 267 n.17, 277 n.97 Charles, Clement,´ 146 Emoff, Ron, 150, 201 chronotope, 6, 38–9, 143, 207 encounter, 10–12 churches hybridity, 12–13 decoration of, 239, 240 Esoavelomandroso, Manasse,´ 231, 243 Ranavalona II’s influence, 238 Evers, Sandra, 149, 274 n.21 churches (LMS), 31–2, 35, 36, 85, 130 Fabian, Johannes, 57, 60, 63, 82 attendance, 240 fady (taboo), 46, 150 circumcision ceremony, 50, 82, 156, 223, against working on friday, 126 283 n.102, 288 n.56, 309 n.176 around tombs, 246 clom, 66, 78. See also tamboho on spilling royal blood, 298 n.93, Cobb, Charles, 12, 253 310 n.17 Colapietro, Vincent, 21, 81, 88, 263, on stone, 35–6 275 n.50 on use of red, 314 n.105

374 Index

Faliarivo, Andrantsay, 168, 171 Fiva, Andrantsay, 152, 158, 165, 171, abandonment of, 174 172, 174 famadihana (turning of the bones), 136, abandonment of, 174 222 Fleisher, Jeffrey, 10 famato (apotropaic device), 303 n.29 Fowles, Severin, 18, 179 Fandanana, Andrantsay, 153, 156, 160, Frazer, James G., 310 n.194 171, 178 Fuglestad, Finn, 239 abandonment of, 174 fanjakana (state/kingdom) Galibert, Didier, 304 n.63 adoption and, 223 Gallieni, Joseph, 273 n.15 ancestral agency and, 26 Geertz, Clifford, 20 Christianity and, 136, 240 Gell, Alfred, 18, 43, 46, 179, 258 expansion of under Radama I, 2, ghosts 141 agency of, 262 kinship and, 144–8 ambiroa, 270 n.55, 303 n.39 land and the, 169, 216, 232 Andrianampoinimerina, 141 laws, 213, 217, 220, 223, 224, 240, angatra,15. See also fire (ghost fires) 288 n.56 avelo, 14, 303 n.39 markets and, 156, 205, 208 conquest of Vakinankaratra and, 234 Rova as symbol of, 1 dangers of, 234 state concept and, 8–10 fire and, 45 stones and, 211 highland conceptions of, 14–15 threats to, 231 lolo,15 time-space of, 143 matoatoa, 15, 270 n.55 unification under possession and, 233 Andrianampoinimerina, 2, 32, 112, presence, 263 128, 169, 170, 177 semeiotic traces, 3 war with France, 242 See also ranakandriana, razana, fanompoana (labor service), 121, 212 vazimba emancipation of slaves and, 310 n.10 gifts schools and, 68, 240 competitive, 154 Fanon, Franz, 76, 88 for the dead, 222 Farquhar, Robert T., 63, 145 governance and, 213, 249 Fee, Sarah, 250, 314 n.101 kinship and, 114, 154, 224, 233, Feeley-Harnik, Gillian, 276 n.76, 297 n.86 299 n.105 fire of coins, 105 agency and, 43, 44, 46, 53, 55 of history, 151 at Betafo, 221 See also hasina at new year, 48 Godelier, Maurice, 233 at the Rova, 31–2 Gosden, Chris 271 n.61 death of a sovereign, 42 Graeber, David, 45, 219, 274 n.21 evidence from lake sediments, 42 Gueunier, Noel¨ Jacques, 301 n.147, ghost fires, 15, 42, 48, 262, 274 n.41 303 n.42 highland history of, 41 Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich, 20, 257 menalamba and, 54, 248 gunflints, 158, 213 razana (ancestors) and, 45 semeiosis and, 44 haecceity, 16, 270 n.59 temporality of, 49 hail the Menalamba and, 262 as sign, 126 will-o’-the-wisp, 14, 42 charm against, 125 firenena, 147 Hall, Martin, 11, 196, 271 n.66

Index 375

Hamilton, Carolyn, 278 n.27 Huyghues-Belrose, Vincent, 277 n.11, Hansen, Thomas Blom, 44, 47 279 n.34 Harman, Graham, 19, 271 n.60 hasina, 102–6, 107, 120, 227 Ihde, Don, 133 adoption and, 115, 223 Imerimandroso, 128 as money, 104 Imerina, 2, 6, 8, 31, 34, 113, 160 cloth and, 115 Ambodirano, 289 n.70 coins and, 104, 226, 302 n.25 Avaradrano, 110, 118, 173, 236, disruption of, 235 302 n.22 markets and, 207 Marovatana, 111 speech and, 206 Vakinisisaony, 111, 113, 116, 160, standing stones and, 189 164 water as metaphor for, 120, 135 See also Vonizongo, Vakinankaratra Hastie, James, 48, 59, 69, 108 immateriality, 4, 16, 18, 131 Heidegger, Martin, 170 Indian Ocean, 2, 8, 11, 164 Histories of the Sovereigns (Tantaran’ ny Ingold, Tim, 143, 269 n.47 Andriana), 9, 268 n.29 inheritance, 176, 225 history institutions, 133, 209–10, 262 as semeiotic process, 170 interpretant, 46–7 denial of, 151 affective (emotional), 75, 78, 281 n.63, descent and, 163 n.70, 283 n.101 gift of, 151, 163 as thing, 226 landscape and, 149 energetic, 79, 82 Malagasy perspectives on, 150, 178 habitual (logical), 74, 82, 83, 88, signs of, 180 281 n.63, 283 n.101 See also oral history, tantara historical inference and, 264 Hilsenberg, Carl, 279 n.39–41 Peircean categories and, 73 Hodder, Ian, 17, 270 n.60 Hookway, Christopher, 78 James, William, 72 household utensils, 94, 205 Jones, Andrew, 208 houses, 92 Joyce, Rosemary, 38, 196 houses (highland), 35, 63, 66, 76, 279 n.39 kabary, 198–204, 206, 210 andry (pillars), 36, 94, 109, 112, Keane, Webb, 19, 50, 57, 58, 100, 107, 287 n.34 253, 271 n.65 archaeological traces, 252 Kelimalaza, 122. See also sampy as microcosm, 94 kinship brick-built, 36 adoption and, 115, 223–6 elite tranokotona, 36, 66 fanjakana and, 142, 151, 163, 168, 169 ﬁre and, 45 fatidra (blood siblingship), 309 n.174 hearths, 254 in the landscape, 176 missionaries and, 61, 78, 91, 93 marriage alliance, 146, 169 of the king, 127 marriage between descent groups, 163, schools and, 91 297 n.85 houses (Tswana), 63 marriage with vazimba,81 houses (Welsh), 66 missionaries and, 115 of missionaries, 70, 75–6 of past with present, 265 hova (commoners), 67, 249, 299 n.118 orimbato payment on adoption, 223 governance of the fanjakana, 236 uterine nephew (zanak’anabavy), 166 rule in Betafo, 162 See also gifts Husserl, Edmund, 23 Knappett, Carl, 19, 270 n.60

376 Index

Kockelman, Paul, 101, 108, 131, lunar calendar, 48, 94, 197, 233, 275 n.63, 287 n.26 286 n.146 Koselleck, Reinhart, 5, 142 Kottak, Conrad, 298 n.92 Madagascar Kramer, Fritz, 298 n.92 earliest history, 7, 274 n.38 Kull, Christian, 41 physical geography, 7, 268 n.18 Kus, Susan, 26, 36, 50, 97, 112, 127, 143, Mahamasina, Antananarivo, 1, 206, 234, 189, 204, 219, 222, 268 n.28, 304 n.63 n.33, 285 n.156, 287 n.20, Mahavaly, 127, 303 n.30. See also sampy 295 n.60 Mahilaka, 7 maker of days. See mpanandro Laborde, Jean, 36 Malagasy (language), 8 lamba (shawl or sarong), 154, 157, 221, Manandona, 298 n.95, 301 n.142, 249 315 n.116 lambamena (burial shroud), 35, 250, Manjakamiadana (Queen’s Palace), 31, 314 n.107 35–6 Lambek, Michael, 39, 150, 203, 206, 222 Marchal, Jean-Yves, 143, 168, 244, land tenure.Seemenakely 301 n.143 landscape Mack, John, 267 n.17 burning of, 41 markets, 204–8, 216, 240, 306 n.105, hasina and, 104 n.106 history and, 112, 141, 164 slavery and, 217 of the dead, 4 weights and measures, 156, 217, 220, orientation within, 94 295 n.61 phenomenology of, 264 materiality, 3, 15–21, 73, 184, 185 potential of, 263, 264 memory and, 196 recognition of, 58, 72, 91 of stone, 204, 208 remaking of, 63 Mayeur, Nicolas, 124, 156, 205, 220 standing stones, 189–90 menakely, 162, 211, 236 tombs and, 37–8, 148–9, 169, 177, menalamba, 34, 54, 247–51 313 n.87 Merina, 34 Wales, 68, 79 Messick, Brinkley, 196 See also ancestral land, chronotope Middleton, Karen, 26, 51, 306 n.87 Lane, Paul, 144 migration, 8, 164, 297 n.90 Larson, Pier, 34, 51, 67, 124, 126, 135, military, 88, 142, 145, 216, 229 143, 147, 156, 159, 201, 205, 206, garrisons, 148, 158, 218, 230, 296 n.70 225, 278 n.12, 293 n.16, 296 n.79 review of troops, 293 n.21 Latour, Bruno, 12, 18–20, 133, 177, 257, Miller, Daniel, 16–17 260, 271 n.60. See also missionaries (LMS), 11, 56–61 Actor-Network Theory arrival at Antananarivo, 108 LaViolette, Adria, 10 artisans, 60, 61 Layton, Robert, 43 Bevan, Thomas, 56, 66, 280 n.47 legisign.Seesign (Peircean) Brooks, Thomas, 61, 94 Leonardi, Cherry, 93, 285 n.146 Canham, John, 61, 282 n.75, 289 n.68 Levi-Strauss,´ Claude, 17 Chick, George, 61 Liszka, James Jakob,´ 281 n.63 Cameron, James, 36 Lode, Kare,˚ 239 Cousins, William, 154 London Missionary Society.See education and literacy, 89 missionaries (LMS), schools Ellis, William, 48, 57, 71, 124, 127, Loren, Diana D., 12 157, 181, 213, 217, 218, 220, 228, Lucas, Gavin, 253 234, 249, 284 n.127

Index 377

Freeman, John, 57, 212 object (Peircean), 43 Grifﬁths, David, 57, 61, 66, 76, 86, absent, 258 109, 115, 127, 135 dynamic, 134, 262, 263, 275 n.50 hasina payment to Radama, 104 immediate, 134 Jeffreys, John, 61, 112, 123, 132, relation to sign, 46, 54 148 standing stones as, 225 Jeffreys, Keturah, 61, 94, 132 See also semeiosis, sign relation Johns, David, 57, 61, 66, 69, 212 Ochs, Elinor (including Ochs Keenan, Jones, David, 56, 60, 63, 66, 69, 79, Elinor), 114, 299 n.166, 305 n.72, 108, 120, 142 306 n.87 landscape and, 64 Olivier, Laurent, 40, 304 n.51 Rowlands, Thomas, 61 olomainty. See slavery risks to mission, 132 Olsen, Bjørnar, 271 n.60 sampy and, 122–7 oral history, 5, 9, 170, 178. See also Parker, George, 218 history, tantara Shaw, George, 224, 227 Sibree, James, 96, 240, 251 Parker Pearson, Michael, 26, 300 n.136 Standing, Herbert, 162, 246, 299 n.118 Parmentier, Richard, 98, 180, 271 n.65, tour through kingdom, 113 300 n.122 missionaries (NMS), 197, 237, 239, Peel. John D. Y., 282 n.89 240 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 4, 6–7, 23 Dahle, Lars, 250 and Derrida, 4, 259 Vig, Lars, 223, 250, 302 n.26 Peirce’s categories, 74 Molet, Louis, 49, 315 n.110 personhood, 52, 58, 60, 92–3, 98, money 285 n.147 as promise, 227 Pels, Peter, 100 coins and speech, 206 phenomenology, 17, 23, 73, 170, gifts of coins, 114 264 hasina and, 104 Peircean (phaneroscopy), 20, 74, hoarding, 219 272 n.78, 281 n.63, n.66 interest, 226 Phillips, Thomas, 66 lack of, 60 possession, 203, 311 n.29, n.34 memory and, 222 history and, 150 theft of, 217, 220 in the Vakinankaratra, 234 tombs, 86, 219, 222 sampy, 122 uncut coins (vola tsy vaky), 104, 130, semeiosis and, 81 222, 223, 226 sovereigns, 54, 233 See also debt standing stones and, 203 Moutu, Andrew, 179 vazimba, 81, 235, 245 mpanandro (maker of days), 95, 98 potentiality, 46, 74, 78, 131, 144, 190, Munn, Nancy, 253 253, 254, 258, 262, 263 hasina and, 104 Nancy, Jean-Luc, 258 pottery, 251–4 Nash, John, 281 n.71 imported, 158, 164, 218, 295 n.67, Neuaddlwyd, 66 298 n.94, 300 n.135 academy, 66, 75 locally manufactured, 164, 174, 251, new year, 48, 51, 233, 248, 276 n.71, 255, 295 n.67, 315 n.114, n.115, 277 n.94. See also royal bath 316 n.124 (fandroana) Povinelli, Elizabeth, 78 Norwegian Missionary Society.See pragmatism, 13 missionaries (NMS), schools prayer, 234

378 Index

presence, 3, 4, 16, 18, 19, 259 legal code of, 218, 240 Preucel, Robert, 17, 20, 75, 274 n.23, Manjakamiadana and, 36 281 n.71 Ranavalona III body of, 1 qualisign.Seesign (Peircean) menalamba and, 54 Queen’s Palace.SeeManjakamiadana new year and, 276 n.71 ritual clothing, 250 Rabiby, 210, 214 Randrianja, Solofo, 267 n.267 Radama I Ranger, Terence, 188 attitude to education, 69, 197 Ransdell, Joseph, 47 LMS mission and, 59–60 Raombana, 9 ritual clothing, 249 as archaeologist, 268 n.33 royal bath, 51 opinion of Radama’s military, warfare, 141 144–6 Radama II, 235–7 Rasalimo, 146, 278 n.22, 293 n.26, assassination of, 232 299 n.111 LMS mission and, 59, 234 Rasamoelina, Henri, 262 Radobay (vazimba), 164 Rasoherina, 42, 48, 214, 232, 236 Raharijaona, Suzanne, 193 Ratsiraka, Didier, 32 Raharijaona, Victor, 26, 36, 97, 112, 143, razana. See ancestors 189, 204, 219, 222, 285 n.156, recognition, 72–3, 75–9 287 n.20. See also Manandona as potential, 75, 253 Raharovola, 162, 211 Casey, Edward on, 72 Rahodibato (Raodibato), 124, 125, challenges to, 79, 88 290 n.99, n.106. See also sampy chronotope of, 207 Rainihasimbola, 195, 237 Fabian, Johannes on, 57–8 Rainilaiarivony (prime minister), 224, highlanders and, 108 236 historical, 229 Rainimandaniarivo, 181, 182, 202 missionaries and, 99 Rainipiana, 214, 236 phenomenology of, 263 Rainitongavola, 216, 238 problems of, 56–7 Rainivoninahitriniony (prime minister), vazimba, 259 236 red, 250, 315 n.110 Raison, Jean-Pierre, 142, 143, 162, 228 coral, 314 n.102 Raison-Jourde, Franc¸oise, 44, 54, 64, 105, English broadcloth, 221, 249 113, 121, 135, 179, 235, hats, 249, 253, 314 n.101 290 n.106, 311 n.29 lamba, 248, 250, 253, 314 n.107.See Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aime,´ 1 also lambamena Ramanjaka, 165–6 parasols, 221, 249, 314 n.105 Ramasoandro, 156, 167, 299 n.105, n.111 Peirce’s analysis, 250 Ramilisonina, 26, 245, 247 pottery, 255 Ramitraho, 146, 168, 299 n.111 Renel, Charles, 14, 270 n.53, 303 n.39, ranakandriana, 45, 84 312 n.53 Ranavalona I representation, 73 death of, 42 agency and, 108 legal code of, 217 history and, 170 LMS mission and, 36, 58, 135 materiality and, 16, 19, 38, 262 Manjakamiadana and, 35–6 presence and, 257 possession cult, 233 standing stones and, 184 Ranavalona II, 236 See also semeiosis baptism of, 238 representation (Peircean), 74

Index 379

rice lands, 67, 111, 126, 141, 169. See also vazimba graves and, 259 ancestral land See also sign relation, sign, object, Richard, Alison, 267 n.17 interpretant Rova, 22, 41, 113, 273 n.15, 293 n.26, semeiotic.Seesemeiosis 302 n.25 semiotics, 17, 73, 261 Tranovola palace, 66 semiotic deferral, 259 royal bath (fandroana), 48–53, 82, 235, semiotic ideology, 107 248, 250 See also Keane, Webb ruins, 35, 246, 260 Shaka Zulu, 278 n.27 Runia, Eelco, 258 Shanks, Michael Sharp, Lesley, 167, 234 Sahlins, Marshall, 131, 298 n.93, n.98 Short, Thomas L., 281 n.63, n.66, n.68 Sakalava, 142, 156, 174, 222, 242 sign (Peircean) Betsiriry, 294 n.53 token (sinsign), 104, 107, 132, 251, Menabe, 144, 152, 166 253 sampy (group protectors), 97, 122–30, tone (qualisign), 104, 250, 253 136, 290 n.86 type (legisign), 106, 251 burning of, 238, 276 n.92 sign relation, 20, 21, 43, 83, 92, 103, 261, missionaries and, 122 262, 264. See also semeiosis, sign, Saussure, Ferdinand de, 17–19, 27 n.65, object, interpretant 259, 271 n.65 sikidy (divination), 80, 156, 197, 250, Scarre, Geoffrey, 177 284 n.136, 288 n.60 schools Silverstein, Michael, 106, 107 LMS sinsign.Seesign (Peircean) Amboatany, 127 Skeie, Karina Hested, 285 n.146 around Antananarivo, 71 slavery, 148–9, 294 n.38, n.42 complaints about, 121 abolition, 218, 244 design of, 91 ancestral land and, 21, 149, 206 in Antananarivo, 61, 116 andevo, 67, 149, 280 n.44 NMS, 240 categories of the enslaved, 67 reformed by the fanjakana, 240 debt relations and, 217, 218 in Wales, 75 history and, 149 See also missionaries, fanompoana Manisotra, 118, 160 semeiosis (Peircean), 4, 19, 23, 46, 47, 73, missionary accounts of, 148 257, 263 olomainty,67 Actor Network Theory and, 13, 261 penal code and, 216 affect and, 54, 258 possession and, 233 agency and, 107, 133 redemption, 67, 149, 205, 225 habit and, 83, 133 witchcraft and, 235 hasina and, 226, 227 women, 233 history and, 170, 180, 265 zazahova, 67, 149 materiality and, 3, 16, 73, 204, Smith, Adam T., 98, 101 258 Stahl, Ann, 179 mission and, 57 standing stones, 167, 176, 177, 181–204 phenomenology and, 20. See also adoption and, 225 phenomenology (Peircean) as semeiotic objects, 210 recognition and, 57, 72, 78 European Neolithic, 25, 185, 264 red pottery and, 253 fertility practices and, 226 semiosis distinct from, 17 gendered, 193, 254 standing stones and, 184, 188, 209 gift of, 212, 213 teleology of, 47, 55, 131 governance and, 213

380 Index

standing stones (cont.) standing stones and, 190 growth and, 187, 210, 226 vazimba, 81, 245, 259 history (tantara), 177, 185 See also ancestral land inheritance and, 178, 225 traces, 22 money and, 223, 227 history and, 170 orimbato, 187, 193, 223, 225 Latourian, 18–19 sites of encounter, 193 material, 6, 21, 177, 209, 257, 262 tsangambato (lit. standing stone), 191 materiality of, 3, 16 vatolahy (man stones), 193, 211 trade vatomasina (sacred stones), 188, 211, British concerns, 145 203 n.25 effects of international trade, 205 state. See fanjakana European traders, 124, 159 Stoler, Ann, 28, 269 n.41 international, 2, 11, 25, 59, 158 stone under Radama II, 232 ancestors and, 52 See also markets, slavery building in, 35, 36 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 12, 179, qualities of, 35, 185, 193 300 n.122 strangers, 109, 124, 203, 232, 234, Tsiranana, Philibert, 304 n.63 237–42 turning of the bones. See famadihana Strathern, Marilyn, 12, 260 Swahili coast, 7, 297 n.90, 304 n.55 Vakinankaratra, 25, 160, 162, 167–8, 177, 296 n.78, n.79, n.80 tamboho (adobe), 66, 158, 295 n.69 pottery, 251 tangena poison ordeal, 277 n.1, 311 n.38 rebellion, 236, 242 tanin-drazana. See ancestral land relation to Andrantsay and Betsileo, tantara (history/privilege), 149–51, 171, 160, 296 n.79, 297 n.85 195 Van Gennep, Arnold, 163 Alain Delivre´ on, 5 vazimba, 81–8, 283 n.116 attacks on, 55, 177 and race, 283 n.97, 298 n.92 descent and, 163 and socio-political change, 298 n.92 in the landscape, 21, 136 fire and, 45 See also history, oral history in Andrantsay, 81, 164, 246 temporality, 21, 150 vintana (fate/destiny), 95, 127, 264 fanjakana and, 143 Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, 224 fire and, 49 Volz, Stephen, 291 n.113 of building, 179 Vonizongo, 296 n.78 of fire, 55 thing.Seezavatra Wales, 134 thing theory, 18, 271 n.69 warfare, 142 Tilley, Christopher, 184, 264, 270 n.60 Andrantsay attacked, 153 Toamasina (Tamatave), 56 booty, 146, 230, 293 n.6 tombs, 67, 97, 148, 164 muskets, 158 abandoned, 244 See also military absence of, 149, 217 water, 190 Andrantsay monarchs, 174 as blessing, 82, 109, 114, 156 as bank, 220 baptism and, 135 care for, 224 circumcision ceremony and, 283 n.102 cold house (tranomanara), 166, 221 hasina and, 135 grave goods, 218, 221 LMS missions and, 62 of monarchs, 31, 37 vazimba and, 82, 235 robbing of, 217, 220 wilderness. See efitra

Index 381

witchcraft, 224, 226, 235, 303 n.39 Ystwyth Valley, 68 Wright, Henry, 50, 127, 173, 268 n.33, 291 n.121, 295 n.66, 300 n.118, zavatra (thing), 18, 45, 81, 233 n.139, 315 n.114 zazahova. See slavery