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The Use of Phosphoric Acid to Stiffen Asphalt Binders

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The Use of Phosphoric Acid to Stiffen Asphalt Binders The Use of Phosphoric Acid to Stiffen Asphalt Binders PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-14-086 NOVEMBER 2014 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 FOREWORD The Use of Phosphoric Acid to Stiffen Hot Mix Asphalt Binders provides guidelines for the use of the different commercially available grades of phosphoric acid to enhance the high temperature performance grade of asphalt binders derived from different crude oil sources for use in hot mix paving applications. The expected effect on pavement life, in terms of oxidative aging, moisture resistance, fatigue, rutting, and use with different types of aggregates are presented. Analytical procedures for detecting the presence of phosphoric acid using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy as well as a simple rapid test method are included. The guidelines presented in this report will be useful to producers of asphalt binders, hot mix paving contractors, State departments of transportation, and local highway agencies. Jorge E. Pagán-Ortiz Director, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HRT-14-086 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date The Use of Phosphoric Acid to Stiffen Hot Mix Asphalt Binders November 2014 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Terence Stanley Arnold CChem FRIC 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10.Work Unit No. Federal Highway Administration Pavement Materials Team (HRDI-10) 6300 Georgetown Pike 11.Contract or Grant No. McLean, VA 22101-2296 12.Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13.Type of Report and Period Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Federal Highway Administration 14.Sponsoring Agency Code 6300 Georgetown Pike HRDI-10 McLean, VA 22101-2296 15.Supplementary Notes 16.Abstract This document offers guidelines for the use of phosphoric acid to stiffen asphalt binders for hot mix paving applications. Data are presented on the likely effect on pavement life, moisture resistance, and use with limestone aggregates and liquid amine antistrip additives. Analytical methods for the detection of phosphoric acid in asphalt binders are also presented. Asphalt producers, hot-mix paving contractors, and State departments of transportation are the main audiences. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Asphalt, aggregate, phosphoric acid, No restrictions. This document is available to the public superphosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, lime, through the National Technical Information Service, antistrip additives, X-ray fluorescence Springfield, VA 22161. spectroscopy http://www.ntis.gov 19. Security Classif. (of this 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price report) Unclassified Unclassified 87 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 1 SOME PHOSPHORIC ACID CHEMISTRY ........................................................................ 2 HOW PHOSPHORIC ACID IS USED TO MODIFY ASPHALT BINDERS.................... 3 RESEARCH PLAN .................................................................................................................. 3 Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 3 Effect of Acid Grade and Binder Types ................................................................................. 4 Aging ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Reaction With Lime and Limestone Aggregates .................................................................... 4 Moisture .................................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL METHODS ................................................................................ 7 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BINDERS FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID .................................................................................................................................... 7 A SIMPLE QUALITATIVE TEST TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID IN ASPHALT BINDERS .......................................................... 12 Reagents ................................................................................................................................ 12 Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 13 SATURATE, AROMATIC, RESIN, AND ASPHALTENE ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BINDERS MODIFIED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID ............................. 14 Findings ................................................................................................................................. 19 HOW DOES THE PHOSPHORIC ACID REACT WITH THE BINDER? .................... 21 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS FROM CHAPTER 2, ANALYTICAL METHODS .............. 22 CHAPTER 3. EFFECT OF ACID GRADE AND BINDER TYPE ....................................... 23 EFFECT OF ASPHALT TYPE ............................................................................................. 23 EFFECT OF PHOSPHORIC ACID GRADE...................................................................... 24 EFFECT OF TANK AGING AT 165 °C .............................................................................. 26 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4. AGING ................................................................................................................ 29 DOES PHOSPHORIC ACID CATALYZE ASPHALT OXIDATION IN HOT MIX ASPHALT BINDERS? ..................................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 5. LIME AND LIMESTONE AGGREGATES ................................................... 35 LIME .......................................................................................................................................
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