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Download Download Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 https://doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1226 Mongolian Geoscientist Review paper New scientific direction of the bacterial paleontology in Mongolia: an essence of investigation * Dorj Dorjnamjaa , Gundsambuu Altanshagai, Batkhuyag Enkhbaatar Department of Paleontology, Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: We review the initial development of Bacterial Paleontology in Mongolia and Received 10 September 2019 present some electron microscopic images of fossil bacteria in different stages of Accepted 9 October 2019 preservation in sedimentary rocks. Indeed bacterial paleontology is one the youngest branches of paleontology. It has began in the end of 20th century and has developed rapidly in recent years. The main tasks of bacterial paleontology are detailed investigation of fossil microorganisms, in particular their morphology and sizes, conditions of burial and products of habitation that are reflected in lithological and geochemical features of rocks. Bacterial paleontology deals with fossil materials and is useful in analysis of the genesis of sedimentary rocks, and sedimentary mineral resources including oil and gas. The traditional paleontology is especially significant for evolution theory, biostratigraphy, biogeography and paleoecology; however bacterial paleontology is an essential first of all for sedimentology and for theories sedimentary ore genesis or biometallogeny Keywords: microfossils, phosphorite, sedimentary rocks, lagerstatten, biometallogeny INTRODUCTION all the microorganisms had lived and propagated Bacteria or microbes preserved well as fossils in without breakdowns. Bacterial paleontological various rocks, especially in sedimentary rocks data accompanied by the data on the first origin alike natural substances. Major types of of eukariotes, metazoan, etc. The essential role sedimentary rocks form in the photic zone of of bacteria and other microbes in the geological epicontinental basins of the past, originated and biological processes was proposed long ago. under influence of microorganisms. Photic zone, Many specialists of the 19th century claimed that surface layer of the ocean receives sunlight. The there is a tremendous role of bacteria in the uppermost 80 m or more of the ocean, which is formation of the sedimentary mineral resources, sufficiently illuminated to permit photosynthesis like phosphorite, bauxite, iron ores, oil, by phytoplankton and plants, is called the hydrocarbon, petroleum gas, gold, sulfide, sulfur euphotic zone? Within these oceanic expances, and sulfate, etc. The most significant break- © The Author(s). 2019 Open access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 through was made after the introduction of Dorjnamjaa, 2017; Anderson et al., 2017a, b, electron microscopy to the study of microbial 2018). In Mongolia the oldest microorganisms remains. Mongolian bacterial fossils from from the Paleoproterozoic were found in the Precambrian and Cambrian sedimentary rocks iron-bearing quartzite. In 1981, B.V.Timofeev and bedded phosphorite were examined using a (Russian palynologist of Leningrad Institute of Zeiss EVO50 SEM with an Oxford INCA the Precambrian geology and geochronology, microanalyzer (Energy 350) at the RAS, who pioneered the study of Precambrian Paleontological Institute of the Russian an Early Paleozoic acritarchs) described and Academy of Sciences were published repeatedly published several new genera and species of (Zhegallo et al., 2000). According to acritarchs (Protosphaeridium sp., A.Yu.Rozanov a start of forming of the bacterial Gloeocapsomorpha priscata Tim., paleontology was kick-off research of the Trematosphaeridium sp., etc). These bacterial Mongolian phosphorite (Rozanov, 2016). New microfossils of the “bodaibin” type were scientific technology revealed that almost all extracted from Khangiltsig metacomplex sedimentary rocks contain micro-scale bacteria. (Khankhukhei block). Also T.N.German The main task for bacterial paleontology is to together with B.V.Timofeev have described study the fossil microbes. The traditional number of bacterial fossils (Spheromorphides, paleontology deals with remains of ancient Filamentous algae, etc.) from Meso- organisms. As known the main “users” of Neoproterozoic sedimentary and paleontology are the evolutionary theory, the metaargillaceous rocks of the Tseel, Baidrag and history of organic world and the biostratigraphy. Tarvagatai blocks (Mitrofanov et al., 1981). The Bacterial paleontology or geomicrobiology is presence of cyanobacteria in all mentioned limited in its input data by the simplicity of the rocks could be considered as a reliable fact. objects’ morphology and specificity in Also it has importance for paleogeography and systematization of the bacterial material. So, the paleoecology in the study of epicontinental bacterial paleontology is very important for basins as Khuvsgul and Zavkhan shallow basins sedimentology, and consequently for detailed in Mongolia (Ragozina et al., 2010; study of the geneses of sedimentary mineral Serezhnikova et al., 2014). The Khuvsgul and resources, including oil, gas, iron, phosphate, Zavkhan basins host economic-grade and gold. Geomicrobiology is a scientific field phosphorite deposits (Ilyin, 1973; Dorjnamjaa at the intersection of geology and microbiology and Soyolmaa, 2001). The high preservation (Dorjnamjaa et al., 2018, 2019). It concerns the potential of organic microfossils in phosphorites effect of microbes on geological and makes Mongolia an obvious target for new geochemical processes and vice versa. Such Lagerstatten, which might inform the debate interactions occur in the geosphere (rocks, about the phylogenetic affinities of these early minerals, soils, and sediments), the atmosphere organisms (Anderson et al., 2018). Just and the hydrosphere. All kinds of microbes, Anderson et al., (2018) have recently presented including prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their systematic palaeontology of the recently symbiotic associations with each other and discovered Kheseen Lagerstatten, which higher organisms, can contribute actively to includes Doushantuo-Pertatataka-type geological phenomena, and central to many acanthomorphs and other microfossils, including such geomicrobial processes are transformations animal embryo-like forms, and discussed its of metals and minerals. biostratigraphical and palaeobiological Indeed a diverse Proterozoic-Phanerozoic significance. A Lagerstatten (German:from sedimentary stratigraphic rocks in Mongolia storage, place) is a sedimentary deposit that record and faunal, floral, and also bacterial exhibits extraordinarily preserved fossils with localities (Mitrofanov et al., 1981; Dorjnamjaa exceptional preservation, which sometimes and Bat-Ireedui, 1991, Bosak et al., 2011a, b; include preserved soft tissues. These formations Barsbold and Byamba, 2012; Byamba, 2012; may have resulted from carcass like burial in an Dorjnamjaa, 2016; Dorjnamjaa et al., 2016; anoxic environment with minimal bacteria, thus 42 Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 delaying the decomposition of both gross and Archaeooides sp., Acanthomorphs, Mega- fine biological features until long after a sphaera, Archaeophycus, so on). The lower durable impression was created in the Cambrian Bayangol and Salaanygol formations surrounding matrix. Lagerstatten span within the Khasagt Khairkhan mountain and geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to Zavkhan river area contain abundant trace the present. Worldwide, some of the best fossils (Goldring et al., 1996), stromatolite examples of near-perfect fossilization and (thrombolites), soft-bodied fossils (Spatangopsis world’s major Lagerstatten are the Precambrian mongolica, Paracharnia, Oldhamia radiata), Bitter Springs (1000-850 Ma, Southern medusoid (jellyfish) and small shelly fossils: Australia), Doushantuo Formation (600-555 protoconodonts, anabaritids, cap-shaped fossils, Ma, China), Mistaken Point (565 Ma, Salanacus, hyolithelminthes, coelosclerito- Newfoundland, Canada), Ediacara Hills (550- phorans, tommotiids, orthothecimorphs, 545 Ma, Southern Australia), White Sea (550 molluscs and calcareous brachiopods (Zhegallo Ma, Northwest Coast of Russia), the Cambrian et al., 2000; Dorjnamjaa et al., 2016; Anderson Burgess Shale (505 Ma, British Columbia, et al., 2018). Trilobites and Archaeochyathids Canada), Wheeler Shale (507 Ma, Western are confined to the Salaanygol Formation in Utah,USA), Emu Bay Shale (525 Ma, Southern Zavkhan area, Salaanygol section and Australia), the Devonian Hunsrick Slates and Erkhelnuur Formation (Kheseengol, Ongoliggol Gogo Formation, the Carboniferous Mazon and Urandush sections) in western Coast of Creek, the Jurassic Solnhofen limestone, the Khuvsgul Lake and Egiingol Formation (Myaras Cretaceous Santana, Yixian and Tanis ovoo section, Blue Montain section, Chuulgant formations, the Eocene Green River Formation, mountain section near the East Khargana river), and the Miocene Foulden Maar,
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