Use of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria to Leach Rare Earth Elements from Monazite-Bearing Ore
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Prebiological Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Life
Prebiological Evolution and the Andrew J. Pratt* Metabolic Origins of Life University of Canterbury Keywords Abiogenesis, origin of life, metabolism, hydrothermal, iron Abstract The chemoton model of cells posits three subsystems: metabolism, compartmentalization, and information. A specific model for the prebiological evolution of a reproducing system with rudimentary versions of these three interdependent subsystems is presented. This is based on the initial emergence and reproduction of autocatalytic networks in hydrothermal microcompartments containing iron sulfide. The driving force for life was catalysis of the dissipation of the intrinsic redox gradient of the planet. The codependence of life on iron and phosphate provides chemical constraints on the ordering of prebiological evolution. The initial protometabolism was based on positive feedback loops associated with in situ carbon fixation in which the initial protometabolites modified the catalytic capacity and mobility of metal-based catalysts, especially iron-sulfur centers. A number of selection mechanisms, including catalytic efficiency and specificity, hydrolytic stability, and selective solubilization, are proposed as key determinants for autocatalytic reproduction exploited in protometabolic evolution. This evolutionary process led from autocatalytic networks within preexisting compartments to discrete, reproducing, mobile vesicular protocells with the capacity to use soluble sugar phosphates and hence the opportunity to develop nucleic acids. Fidelity of information transfer in the reproduction of these increasingly complex autocatalytic networks is a key selection pressure in prebiological evolution that eventually leads to the selection of nucleic acids as a digital information subsystem and hence the emergence of fully functional chemotons capable of Darwinian evolution. 1 Introduction: Chemoton Subsystems and Evolutionary Pathways Living cells are autocatalytic entities that harness redox energy via the selective catalysis of biochemical transformations. -
Discovery, Metabolism and Functions of NAD and NADP
Coenzymes Features Discovery, metabolism and functions of NAD Downloaded from http://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article-pdf/37/1/9/3189/bio037010009.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 and NADP Magali R. VanLinden, Renate Hvidsten Skoge and Mathias Ziegler (University of Bergen, Norway) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two major players in metabolism as they participate as electron carriers in a multitude of redox reactions. Moreover, they act in life and death decisions on a cellular level in all known life forms. NAD and NADP both exist in two states; the oxidized forms are characterized by a positive charge on the nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, denoted NAD+ and NADP+ respectively. The reduced forms are denoted NADH and NADPH (Figure 1). The independent discoveries of NAD(P) as vitamins and co-enzymes Vitamin B3 is a collective term for the two NAD(P) precursors nicotinic acid (NA) (also referred to as niacin) and Nam, as well as their corresponding ribosides. Niacin and Nam were found to be essential nutrients after severe outbreaks of pellagra (originally thought to be a new pestilence) in 18th Century Europe. Large outbreaks of pellagra occurred in North America in the early 20th Century. Pellagra (from Italian: pelle = skin; agra = sour) is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia and ultimately death, and was widespread in the hundreds of thousands of poor people living on a diet mostly composed of corn or maize flour. Although successfully consumed by American Indians for centuries, degerminated maize does not contain niacin in a bioavailable form. The crucial difference was that Figure 1. -
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Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 https://doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1226 Mongolian Geoscientist Review paper New scientific direction of the bacterial paleontology in Mongolia: an essence of investigation * Dorj Dorjnamjaa , Gundsambuu Altanshagai, Batkhuyag Enkhbaatar Department of Paleontology, Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: We review the initial development of Bacterial Paleontology in Mongolia and Received 10 September 2019 present some electron microscopic images of fossil bacteria in different stages of Accepted 9 October 2019 preservation in sedimentary rocks. Indeed bacterial paleontology is one the youngest branches of paleontology. It has began in the end of 20th century and has developed rapidly in recent years. The main tasks of bacterial paleontology are detailed investigation of fossil microorganisms, in particular their morphology and sizes, conditions of burial and products of habitation that are reflected in lithological and geochemical features of rocks. Bacterial paleontology deals with fossil materials and is useful in analysis of the genesis of sedimentary rocks, and sedimentary mineral resources including oil and gas. The traditional paleontology is especially significant for evolution theory, biostratigraphy, biogeography and paleoecology; however bacterial paleontology is an essential first of all for sedimentology and for theories sedimentary ore genesis or biometallogeny Keywords: microfossils, phosphorite, sedimentary rocks, lagerstatten, biometallogeny INTRODUCTION all the microorganisms had lived and propagated Bacteria or microbes preserved well as fossils in without breakdowns. Bacterial paleontological various rocks, especially in sedimentary rocks data accompanied by the data on the first origin alike natural substances. -
Phosphorus Metabolism
rology & h T ep h e N r f a o p l e a u n t r i c Raina et al., J Nephrol Therapeutic 2012, S3 u s o J Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics DOI: 10.4172/2161-0959.S3-008 ISSN: 2161-0959 Review Article Open Access Phosphorus Metabolism Rupesh Raina1*, Gaurav Garg2, Sidharth Kumar Sethi4, Martin J Schreiber3, James F Simon3 and George Thomas3 1Fellow at Rainbow Babies and Children Hospital, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA 2Observer at Cleveland Clinic, Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA 3Staff at Glickman Urology and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA 4Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India Abstract Phosphorus plays a pivotal role in various biological processes. Therefore, a deeper understanding of Phosphorus Homeostasis is essential for management and treatment of conditions causing an imbalance in phosphate metabolism. The widely understood parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D axis that governs this phosphate homeostasis has been critiqued for its inability to explain a few rare genetic and acquired conditions associated with phosphate imbalance. Such conditions are characterized by normal PTH and activated vitamin D hormone. For example, Tumor Induced osteomalacia, Autosomal Dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, and X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Recent studies of such conditions have led to the discovery of additional factors that play an important role in phosphorus homeostasis. These phosphaturetic factors, called “Phosphatonins” include Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23), Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 (FGF7), Frizzled related protein 4 (FRP4), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE).Out of these phosphatonins, FGF-23 has been extensively studied. -
COLUMBIUM - and RARE-EARTH ELEMENT-BEARING DEPOSITS at BOKAN MOUNTAIN, SOUTHEAST ALASKA by J
COLUMBIUM - AND RARE-EARTH ELEMENT-BEARING DEPOSITS AT BOKAN MOUNTAIN, SOUTHEAST ALASKA By J. Dean Warner and James C. Barker Alaska Field Operations Center * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OFR - 33-89 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T.S. Ary, Director TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................ 1 Introduction ....................... 2 Acknowledgments ................................................. 4 Location, access, and physiography .............................. 5 History and production ............. 5 Geologic setting .................................. 9 Trace element analyses of the peralkaline granite .............. 11 Nature of Bureau investigations ................................. 13 Sampling methods and analytical techniques .................... 13 Analytical interference, limitations, and self-shielding ...... 13 Resource estimation methods ................................... 15 Prospect evaluations .......................................... 16 Shear zones and fracture-controlled deposits .................... 18 Ross Adams mine ................. 18 Sunday Lake prospect.......................................... 21 I and L No. 1 and Wennie prospects ............................ 27 Other Occurrences ............................................. 31 Altered peralkaline granite ................................. 31 Dotson shear zone ........................................... 35 Resources .................................................. -
Adenosine Triphosphate Turnover in Humans. Decreased Degradation During Relative Hyperphosphatemia
Adenosine triphosphate turnover in humans. Decreased degradation during relative hyperphosphatemia. M A Johnson, … , S P Schmaltz, I H Fox J Clin Invest. 1989;84(3):990-995. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114263. Research Article The regulation of ATP metabolism by inorganic phosphate (Pi) was examined in five normal volunteers through measurements of ATP degradation during relative Pi depletion and repletion states. Relative Pi depletion was achieved through dietary restriction and phosphate binders, whereas a Pi-repleted state was produced by oral Pi supplementation. ATP was radioactively labeled by the infusion of [8(14)C]adenine. Fructose infusion was used to produce rapid ATP degradation during Pi depletion and repletion states. Baseline measurements indicated a significant decrease of Pi levels during phosphate depletion and no change in serum or urinary purines. Serum values of Pi declined 20 to 26% within 15 min after fructose infusion in all states. Urine measurements of ATP degradation products showed an eightfold increase within 15 min after fructose infusion in both Pi-depleted and -supplemented states. Urinary radioactive ATP degradation products were fourfold higher and urinary purine specific activity was more than threefold higher during Pi depletion as compared with Pi repletion. Our data indicate that there is decreased ATP degradation to purine end products during a relative phosphate repletion state as compared to a relative phosphate depletion state. These data show that ATP metabolism can be altered through manipulation of the relative Pi state in humans. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/114263/pdf Adenosine Triphosphate Turnover in Humans Decreased Degradation during Relative Hyperphosphatemia Marcia A. -
The Road of Sustainable Development for Phosphate Fertilizer Industry in China
The Road of Sustainable Development for Phosphate Fertilizer Industry in China China Phosphate Industry Association Wu Xiyan 2013.9.Beijing Remarkable Achievements Phosphate fertilizer industry in China has kept rapidly developing since 2000; Ranked first in the world,it's production over US in 2005 ,achieved banlance between production and marketing in 2006,a surplus after 2007and became large exporter for Ammonium phosphate& coarse whiting ; The P fertilizer output reached 1693 t P2O5 in 2012, about 40 percent of the world; yr during 2000-2012 increased 8.1 percent; The growth in the first year of 2013 was slow, upto 8.372 million t from Jan.to June P2O5,Slightly increased 0.9%。 Product Structure of Phosphate fertilizer in China 2012, High concentration of phosphate &compound fertilizer took up 86% in 2012 from 35% in 2005 Total yield of 16.93 million t P2O5 in 2012 High concentration of phosphate &compound fertilizer took up 86.4% with 14.62 million t P2O5 ; AP output 12.60 million t P2O5 ,took up 74.4%; DAPphysical quantity14.6million t; MAP physical quantity 1328million t TSPphysical quantity1.07 million t; Phosphate group NPK physical quantity8.47million t Industrial Distribution of Phosphate fertilizer in China Two transfer basically realized:Basic fertilizer to Resources origin; Special fertilizer to end market Soil testing formula fertilization by Ministry of Agri.led enterprises produce accordingly output in Yunnan,Guizhou,Sichuan ,Hubei took up 71% overhall ; Hubei,Yunnan,Guizhou,C hongqing,Anhui ranked first -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0166788 A1 Pearse Et Al
US 2014O166788A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0166788 A1 Pearse et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 19, 2014 (54) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MAGNETIC (52) U.S. Cl. SEPARATION OF RARE EARTHIS CPC. B03C I/02 (2013.01); B02C 23/08 (2013.01); B02C23/20 (2013.01) (76) Inventors: Gary Pearse, Ottawa (CA); Jonathan USPC .......... 241/20: 209/212: 209/214; 241/24.14; Borduas, Montreal (CA); Thomas 241/21 Gervais, Montreal (CA); David Menard, Laval (CA); Djamel Seddaoui, Repentigny (CA); Bora Ung, Quebec (CA) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 13/822,363 A system and a method for separating rare earth element (22) PCT Filed: Aug. 15, 2012 compounds from a slurry of mixed rare earth element com pounds, comprising flowing the slurry of mixed rare earth (86). PCT No.: PCT/CA12/50.552 element compounds through at least a first channel rigged S371 (c)(1), with at least a first magnet along a length thereof and con (2), (4) Date: May 17, 2013 nected to at least a first output channel at the position of the Publication Classification magnet, and retrieving individual rare earth element com pounds and/or groups of rare earth element compounds, sepa (51) Int. Cl. rated from the slurry as they are selectively attracted by the BO3C I/02 (2006.01) magnet and directed in the corresponding output channel B2C 23/20 (2006.01) according to their respective ratio of magnetic Susceptibility B2C 23/08 (2006.01) (AX) to specific density (Ap). Ferromagnetic particles are dia?pararnegnetic particles Submitted to a magnetic torque remain relatively unaffected by the torque As a result they roll left \\ Carried right by the slow rotating drum Patent Application Publication Jun. -
WO 2011/156817 Al
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date Χ t it o n 1 15 December 2011 (15.12.2011) WO 2011/156817 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C02F1/58 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (21) International Application Number: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, PCT/US20 11/040214 DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, 13 June 201 1 (13.06.201 1) KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (25) Filing Language: English NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, (26) Publication Language: English SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 61/354,031 11 June 2010 ( 11.06.2010) (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): MOLY- GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, CORP MINERALS LLC [US/US]; 561 Denver Tech ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, Center Pkwy, Suite 1000, Greenwood Village, CO 801 11 TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, (US). -
Some Uses of Mischmetall in Organic Synthesis
REVIEW 9 Mischmetall in organic synthesis Organic synthesis Organic synthesis New from Acros Organics Marie-Isabelle Lannou, Florence Hélion and Jean-Louis Namy Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire, associé au CNRS, ICMO, Bat 420, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France Some uses of mischmetall in organic synthesis ∗ Marie-Isabelle Lannou, Florence Hélion and Jean-Louis Namy Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire, associé au CNRS, ICMO, Bat 420, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France. Abstract: Mischmetall, an alloy of the light lanthanides, has been used in a variety of organic reactions, either as a coreductant in samarium(II)-mediated reactions (Barbier and Grignard-type reactions, pinacolic coupling reactions) or as the promoter of Reformatsky-type reactions. It has been also employed as the starting material for easy syntheses of lanthanide trihalides, the reactivity of which has been explored in Imamoto and Luche-Fukuzawa reactions and in Mukaiyama aldol reactions. Keywords: mischmetall, samarium, lanthanide, catalysis, organic reactions Introduction The use of rare earth compounds in organic chemistry has grown considerably during the past twenty years. Mainly samarium, cerium, lanthanum, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium and yttrium metals and derivatives have been studied. These elements clearly differ in terms of reactivity. For instance, samarium(II) compounds can be used as powerful reductants whereas cerium(IV) ones are strong oxidants, some scandium and ytterbium(III) derivatives are very efficient catalysts in a variety of reactions and chemistry of lanthanum metal shows special features. We thought however that in many reactions, a mixture of lanthanide could be used instead of individual element without significant change in results. -
China Fertilizer Industry Outlook
China Fertilizer Industry Outlook CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Chinese agriculture 6 3. Development of fertilizer demand 8 4. China’s fertilizer supply and international impact 9 5. Recent developments and outlook 12 6. Implications for GPCA members 14 1. Introduction China is the most important and most to support domestic crop production. It influential country in the fertilizer business. has now grown to such a scale that it is the Its development has been dramatic. In the largest producer, consumer and exporter mid-1990s, fertilizer demand was on the of urea and ammoniated phosphates in the scale of a medium sized country, albeit world, and one of the leading producers and growing at a rapid rate. Production was consumers of potash. relatively modest and the country was an importer of most fertilizer products. In this report we provide an overview of the Chinese fertilizer industry, tracking the development of For a period it ranked among the largest agriculture and demand, together with the supply side importers of urea. However, as the Chinese and its increasing international influence. We also economy has seen massive transformation, describe our expectations for its development in the so too has its agriculture sector, and the future and the impact it has on the GCC region and its fertilizer business whose target is primarily fertilizer producing companies. 4 | China - Fertilizer Industry Outlook China - Fertilizer Industry Outlook | 5 2. Chinese agriculture To understand the development of the growth in harvested area, therefore, has been the result Chinese fertilizer industry it is important to of increased multiple cropping. -
Origins of Life in the Universe Zackary Johnson
11/4/2007 Origins of Life in the Universe Zackary Johnson OCN201 Fall 2007 [email protected] Zackary Johnson http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/zij/education.html Uniiiversity of Hawaii Department of Oceanography Class Schedule Nov‐2Originsof Life and the Universe Nov‐5 Classification of Life Nov‐7 Primary Production Nov‐9Consumers Nov‐14 Evolution: Processes (Steward) Nov‐16 Evolution: Adaptation() (Steward) Nov‐19 Marine Microbiology Nov‐21 Benthic Communities Nov‐26 Whale Falls (Smith) Nov‐28 The Marine Food Web Nov‐30 Community Ecology Dec‐3 Fisheries Dec‐5Global Ecology Dec‐12 Final Major Concepts TIMETABLE Big Bang! • Life started early, but not at the beginning, of Earth’s Milky Way (and other galaxies formed) history • Abiogenesis is the leading hypothesis to explain the beginning of life on Earth • There are many competing theories as to how this happened • Some of the details have been worked out, but most Formation of Earth have not • Abiogenesis almost certainly occurred in the ocean 20‐15 15‐94.5Today Billions of Years Before Present 1 11/4/2007 Building Blocks TIMETABLE Big Bang! • Universe is mostly hydrogen (H) and helium (He); for Milky Way (and other galaxies formed) example –the sun is 70% H, 28% He and 2% all else! Abundance) e • Most elements of interest to biology (C, N, P, O, etc.) were (Relativ 10 produced via nuclear fusion Formation of Earth Log at very high temperature reactions in large stars after Big Bang 20‐13 13‐94.7Today Atomic Number Billions of Years Before Present ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH Abiogenesis: 3 stages Divine Creation 1.