Aluminum Phosphate
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An Improved Process for the Production of Cumene
Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 537 389 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 91309531.1 int. Ci.5; C07C 2/66, C07C 2/86, C07C 6/12, C07C 15/085 (§) Date of filing: 16.10.91 ® Date of publication of application: @ Applicant: Council of Scientific and Industrial 21.04.93 Bulletin 93/16 Research Rafi Marg @ Designated Contracting States: New Delhi 110 001 (IN) BE DE FR GB IT NL @ Inventor: Pradhan, Ajit Ramchandra National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) Inventor: Rao, Bollapragad Seshagiri National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) 0 Representative: Collier, Jeremy Austin Grey et al J.A.Kemp & Co., 14 South Square, Gray's Inn London WC1R 5LX (GB) 0 An improved process for the production of cumene. © An improved process is disclosed for the preparation of cumene. Cumene is prepared by reacting benzene with a propylating agent in the presence of a catalyst containing metal loaded Zeolite EU-1 in a reactor in the range of a temperature of 150 to 250 °C and a pressure of 1 to 35 atmospheres, the propyl and diisopropylben- zene so formed are separated from the reactor effluent by conventional methods. The diisopropylbenzene is recycled back to the reactor. Simultaneous alkylation and transalkylation reactions occur in a single catalyst bed containing Zeolite EU-1 with a feed containing benzene, propylene and diisopropylbenzene. Cumenes are important chemical precursors in the production of detergents and polymers among others. Oi CO CO IV CO m Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.5x/3.0. -
Chemical Storage Cabinets
Storage cabinets Incompatible chemicals must be kept separately to reduce the risk of mixing in case of accidental breakage or response to an emergency within the laboratory. (A starting point is to check the Safety Data Sheet for hazard and storage requirements.) Containers must be kept tightly closed and stored in cabinets which are suitable for the chemical. It is important to check materials which have a shelf life and safely dispose of before the date expires, and generally check the label to ensure it is still suitable and provides the necessary safety information. The condition of the cabinets needs to be checked to ensure that they are providing adequate containment of the materials being stored. Ensure spill trays are used which are capable of holding 110% volume of the largest container being stored in the tray. There may be occasions where the quantities being stored are very small and secondary containment of the chemicals within a cabinet provided would be deemed as providing adequate separation. The table below provides guidance on the type of materials being stored and the type of cabinet which is suitable for that material. This is not a definitive list and does not include ‘Highly Toxic’ materials. Separate guidance is in development. Hazard Group Type of cabinet Safety Sign and suggested Other information Max allowed (where wording applicable) Flammable Liquids Metal flammable storage Flammable liquids must 50 litres of highly flammable cabinet to BS EN 14470- never be stored in a liquid stored in any one E.g. alcohols, toluene, 1:2004, offering minimum refrigerator or freezer laboratory. -
Use of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria to Leach Rare Earth Elements from Monazite-Bearing Ore
Minerals 2015, 5, 189-202; doi:10.3390/min5020189 OPEN ACCESS minerals ISSN 2075-163X www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Article Use of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria to Leach Rare Earth Elements from Monazite-Bearing Ore Doyun Shin 1,2,*, Jiwoong Kim 1, Byung-su Kim 1,2, Jinki Jeong 1,2 and Jae-chun Lee 1,2 1 Mineral Resources Resource Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Gwahangno 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (B.K.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Department of Resource Recycling Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeongno 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-42-868-3616. Academic Editor: Anna H. Kaksonen Received: 8 January 2015 / Accepted: 27 March 2015 / Published: 2 April 2015 Abstract: In the present study, the feasibility to use phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to develop a biological leaching process of rare earth elements (REE) from monazite-bearing ore was determined. To predict the REE leaching capacity of bacteria, the phosphate solubilizing abilities of 10 species of PSB were determined by halo zone formation on Reyes minimal agar media supplemented with bromo cresol green together with a phosphate solubilization test in Reyes minimal liquid media as the screening studies. Calcium phosphate was used as a model mineral phosphate. Among the test PSB strains, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, P. rhizosphaerae, Mesorhizobium ciceri, Bacillus megaterium, and Acetobacter aceti formed halo zones, with the zone of A. -
Prebiological Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Life
Prebiological Evolution and the Andrew J. Pratt* Metabolic Origins of Life University of Canterbury Keywords Abiogenesis, origin of life, metabolism, hydrothermal, iron Abstract The chemoton model of cells posits three subsystems: metabolism, compartmentalization, and information. A specific model for the prebiological evolution of a reproducing system with rudimentary versions of these three interdependent subsystems is presented. This is based on the initial emergence and reproduction of autocatalytic networks in hydrothermal microcompartments containing iron sulfide. The driving force for life was catalysis of the dissipation of the intrinsic redox gradient of the planet. The codependence of life on iron and phosphate provides chemical constraints on the ordering of prebiological evolution. The initial protometabolism was based on positive feedback loops associated with in situ carbon fixation in which the initial protometabolites modified the catalytic capacity and mobility of metal-based catalysts, especially iron-sulfur centers. A number of selection mechanisms, including catalytic efficiency and specificity, hydrolytic stability, and selective solubilization, are proposed as key determinants for autocatalytic reproduction exploited in protometabolic evolution. This evolutionary process led from autocatalytic networks within preexisting compartments to discrete, reproducing, mobile vesicular protocells with the capacity to use soluble sugar phosphates and hence the opportunity to develop nucleic acids. Fidelity of information transfer in the reproduction of these increasingly complex autocatalytic networks is a key selection pressure in prebiological evolution that eventually leads to the selection of nucleic acids as a digital information subsystem and hence the emergence of fully functional chemotons capable of Darwinian evolution. 1 Introduction: Chemoton Subsystems and Evolutionary Pathways Living cells are autocatalytic entities that harness redox energy via the selective catalysis of biochemical transformations. -
Treating Irrigation Systems with Chlorine 1
Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. CIR1039 Treating Irrigation Systems with Chlorine 1 Kati W. Migliaccio, Brian Boman and Gary A. Clark2 Introduction Irrigation systems can become partially or completely clogged from biological growths of bacteria or algae which are often present in surface water and ground water. Bacteria and algae use chemical elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or iron as nutrient sources to grow and develop (Figures 1 and 2) (Pitts et al., 2003). Thus, irrigation systems that also receive nutrients (such as natural background concentrations in the water or from fertigation) may experience greater rates of clogging. While all irrigation systems should have some Figure 1. Irrigation emitter clogged with algal growth. type of filtration system, this alone cannot effectively Credits: Brian Boman UF/IFAS remove microorganisms. Microorganism growth can result in clogged pipes, fittings, and emission devices of the chlorine chemical must be used to provide an (sprinklers, drippers, spray jets, etc.), decreasing effective water treatment program without damaging water application amounts and reducing application the irrigation system or the agricultural crop. uniformity and efficiency. The results of these are This publication provides a guide for using generally reduced agriculture productivity. A chlorine to treat inhibiting microorganism buildup in chemical method for removing microbial growth is irrigation systems. chlorination. Proper injection methods and amounts 1. This document is CIR1039, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date July 1992. -
Discovery, Metabolism and Functions of NAD and NADP
Coenzymes Features Discovery, metabolism and functions of NAD Downloaded from http://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article-pdf/37/1/9/3189/bio037010009.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 and NADP Magali R. VanLinden, Renate Hvidsten Skoge and Mathias Ziegler (University of Bergen, Norway) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two major players in metabolism as they participate as electron carriers in a multitude of redox reactions. Moreover, they act in life and death decisions on a cellular level in all known life forms. NAD and NADP both exist in two states; the oxidized forms are characterized by a positive charge on the nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, denoted NAD+ and NADP+ respectively. The reduced forms are denoted NADH and NADPH (Figure 1). The independent discoveries of NAD(P) as vitamins and co-enzymes Vitamin B3 is a collective term for the two NAD(P) precursors nicotinic acid (NA) (also referred to as niacin) and Nam, as well as their corresponding ribosides. Niacin and Nam were found to be essential nutrients after severe outbreaks of pellagra (originally thought to be a new pestilence) in 18th Century Europe. Large outbreaks of pellagra occurred in North America in the early 20th Century. Pellagra (from Italian: pelle = skin; agra = sour) is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia and ultimately death, and was widespread in the hundreds of thousands of poor people living on a diet mostly composed of corn or maize flour. Although successfully consumed by American Indians for centuries, degerminated maize does not contain niacin in a bioavailable form. The crucial difference was that Figure 1. -
186 SESSION LAWS [Chap
186 SESSION LAWS [Chap. Sec. 2. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 13, 1925. CHAPTER 187—S. F. No. 984. An act to safeguard the distribution and sale of certain danger- ous caustic or corrosive acids, alkalis, and other substances. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: Section 1. Definitions.—That in this act, unless the context or subject-matter otherwise requires, A. The term "dangerous caustic or corrosive substance" means each and all of the acids, alkalis, and substances named below: (a) Hydrochloric acid and any preparation containing free or chemi- cally unneutralized hydrochloric acid (HC1) in a concentration of ten per centum or more; (b) Sulphuric acid and any preparation containing free or chemically unneulralized sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in a concentration of ten per centum or more; (c) Nitric acid or any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized nitric acid (HNO3) in a concentration of five per centum or more; (d) Carbolic acid (C6H5OH), otherwise known as phenol, and any preparation containing carbolic acid in a concentration of five per centum or more; (e) Oxalic acid and any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized oxalic acid (H2C2O4) in a con- centration of ten per centum or more; (f) Any salt of oxalic acid and any preparation containing any such salt in a concentration of ten per centum or more; (g) Acetic acid or any preparation con- taining free or chemically unneutralized acetic acid (HC2H3O2) in a concentration of -
5. POTENTIAL for HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White
WHITE PHOSPHORUS 157 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White phosphorus can enter the environment from its production, use, accidental spills during loading and unloading for shipment, and accidental spills during transport. Hazardous wastes sites containing white phosphorus can also be a source of phosphorus in the environment. White phosphorus has been found in at least 77 of the 1,430 current or former EPA National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). However, the number of sites evaluated for white phosphorus is not known. The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-l. The persistence of elemental phosphorus in the air is very short due to oxidation to phosphorus oxides and ultimately to phosphorus acids. However, the particulate phosphorus aerosol may be coated with a protective oxide layer that may prevent further oxidation and extend the lifetime of particulate phosphorus in air. Both wet and dry deposition remove unreacted elemental phosphorus and the degradation products from the air. Similarly, elemental phosphorus oxidizes and hydrolyzes in water and in soil. A small amount of elemental phosphorus is lost from soil and water by volatilization. Phosphorus is used as a fumigant in the storage of grain. Because of ease of application, pellets of aluminum or magnesium phosphide are commonly used (Garry et al. 1993). Phosphine, a highly toxic gas, is generated from phosphide. The rate of formation of phosphine (permissible exposure limit [PEL], 0.4 mg/m3) is dependent on the ambient temperature and humidity. Its release is rapid, and it is extremely fatal to the unprotected person (Garry et al. -
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Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 https://doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1226 Mongolian Geoscientist Review paper New scientific direction of the bacterial paleontology in Mongolia: an essence of investigation * Dorj Dorjnamjaa , Gundsambuu Altanshagai, Batkhuyag Enkhbaatar Department of Paleontology, Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: We review the initial development of Bacterial Paleontology in Mongolia and Received 10 September 2019 present some electron microscopic images of fossil bacteria in different stages of Accepted 9 October 2019 preservation in sedimentary rocks. Indeed bacterial paleontology is one the youngest branches of paleontology. It has began in the end of 20th century and has developed rapidly in recent years. The main tasks of bacterial paleontology are detailed investigation of fossil microorganisms, in particular their morphology and sizes, conditions of burial and products of habitation that are reflected in lithological and geochemical features of rocks. Bacterial paleontology deals with fossil materials and is useful in analysis of the genesis of sedimentary rocks, and sedimentary mineral resources including oil and gas. The traditional paleontology is especially significant for evolution theory, biostratigraphy, biogeography and paleoecology; however bacterial paleontology is an essential first of all for sedimentology and for theories sedimentary ore genesis or biometallogeny Keywords: microfossils, phosphorite, sedimentary rocks, lagerstatten, biometallogeny INTRODUCTION all the microorganisms had lived and propagated Bacteria or microbes preserved well as fossils in without breakdowns. Bacterial paleontological various rocks, especially in sedimentary rocks data accompanied by the data on the first origin alike natural substances. -
Phosphoric Acid 706-798-4346 Section 1.0 Product and Company Information
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET PRAYON INC. P.O. Box 1473 1610 Marvin Griffin Road Augusta, GA 30903-1473 PHOSPHORIC ACID 706-798-4346 SECTION 1.0 PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION PRODUCT NAME: PHOSPHORIC ACID (36-85%) MSDS Number: P007664382 Chemical Name: Phosphoric acid MSDS Origination Date: 10/01/2000 Synonyms: Phos acid, orthophosphoric acid MSDS Revision Date: 01/05/2006 IN THE EVENT OF A CHEMICAL EMERGENCY, SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, EXPOSURE, OR ACCIDENT Call CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300. Toll free in the continental U.S., Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canada, Alaska, or U.S. Virgin Islands. For calls originating elsewhere dial 703-527-3887 (collect calls accepted). For additional non-emergency information call: 706-798-4346 SECTION 2.0 COMPOSITION / INGREDIENTS INFORMATION Component CAS No. % By Weight OSHA PEL* ACGIH TLV* Phosphoric acid 7664-38-2 36-85 1 mg/m3 1 mg/ m3 Water 7732-18-5 15-64 N/A N/A *Based on 8-hour time weighted averages SECTION 3.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION WARNING STATEMENTS: DANGER: CAUSES EYE AND SKIN BURNS MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED CORROSIVE TO MILD STEEL EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: APPEARANCE AND ODOR: Slightly viscous, clear liquid with no odor POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Likely Routes of Entry: Skin & Eye contact EYE CONTACT: This product can cause serious eye burns. Damage may be permanent. SKIN CONTACT: Corrosive to the skin. Causes burns. Burning may be delayed. INHALATION: Breathing of vapor or mist may be irritating to the respiratory tract. Serious cases of inhalation may cause respiratory problems and late pulmonary edema. INGESTION: May be harmful if swallowed. -
Phosphorus Metabolism
rology & h T ep h e N r f a o p l e a u n t r i c Raina et al., J Nephrol Therapeutic 2012, S3 u s o J Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics DOI: 10.4172/2161-0959.S3-008 ISSN: 2161-0959 Review Article Open Access Phosphorus Metabolism Rupesh Raina1*, Gaurav Garg2, Sidharth Kumar Sethi4, Martin J Schreiber3, James F Simon3 and George Thomas3 1Fellow at Rainbow Babies and Children Hospital, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA 2Observer at Cleveland Clinic, Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA 3Staff at Glickman Urology and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA 4Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India Abstract Phosphorus plays a pivotal role in various biological processes. Therefore, a deeper understanding of Phosphorus Homeostasis is essential for management and treatment of conditions causing an imbalance in phosphate metabolism. The widely understood parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D axis that governs this phosphate homeostasis has been critiqued for its inability to explain a few rare genetic and acquired conditions associated with phosphate imbalance. Such conditions are characterized by normal PTH and activated vitamin D hormone. For example, Tumor Induced osteomalacia, Autosomal Dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, and X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Recent studies of such conditions have led to the discovery of additional factors that play an important role in phosphorus homeostasis. These phosphaturetic factors, called “Phosphatonins” include Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23), Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 (FGF7), Frizzled related protein 4 (FRP4), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE).Out of these phosphatonins, FGF-23 has been extensively studied. -
United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar
3,504,046 United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar. 31, 1970 1 2 higher temperature would make such a difference in the 3 504,046 ALKYLATION OF NAPHTHALENE WITH PRO isomer product ratio. PYLENE IN THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPHORIC In accordance with the present invention the solid ACID CATALYST phosphoric acid catalyst and the naphthalene are charged Edward Jonathan Scharf, Somerville, and Herbert Ru into a suitable reaction vessel, such as an autoclave. The ‘dolph Kemme, Piscataway, N.J., assignors to American system is purged with nitrogen and then with propylene. Cyanamid Company, Stamford, Conn., a corporation of The mixture is then heated to the desired temperature, Maine agitation started and the reaction allowed to proceed un No Drawing. Filed Apr. 26, 1968, Ser. No. 724,626 der autogenous pressure. Upon completion of the reac Int. Cl. C07c 3/54 10 tion, the reactor is cooled, the product mixture with US. Cl. 260-671 2 Claims drawn and the catalyst separated. Any of the solid phosphoric acid catalysts disclosed ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE in US. Patent Nos. 2,575,457, 2,584,102, 3,183,233 and 3201,486 may be used in the invention. In general, The alkylation of naphthalene with propylene in the 15 they are comprised of phosphoric acid on an inert presence of solid phosphoric acid catalysts is conducted support, such as kieselguhr. They are used in the alkyla at temperatures above about 300° 0., whereby the ratio tion reaction in an amount, based on the total weight of beta- to alpha-isopropyl naphthalene in the product of naphthalene and proylene used, of at least about 1% is substantially increased.