An Improved Process for the Production of Cumene

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5. POTENTIAL for HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White

WHITE PHOSPHORUS 157 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White phosphorus can enter the environment from its production, use, accidental spills during loading and unloading for shipment, and accidental spills during transport. Hazardous wastes sites containing white phosphorus can also be a source of phosphorus in the environment. White phosphorus has been found in at least 77 of the 1,430 current or former EPA National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). However, the number of sites evaluated for white phosphorus is not known. The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-l. The persistence of elemental phosphorus in the air is very short due to oxidation to phosphorus oxides and ultimately to phosphorus acids. However, the particulate phosphorus aerosol may be coated with a protective oxide layer that may prevent further oxidation and extend the lifetime of particulate phosphorus in air. Both wet and dry deposition remove unreacted elemental phosphorus and the degradation products from the air. Similarly, elemental phosphorus oxidizes and hydrolyzes in water and in soil. A small amount of elemental phosphorus is lost from soil and water by volatilization. Phosphorus is used as a fumigant in the storage of grain. Because of ease of application, pellets of aluminum or magnesium phosphide are commonly used (Garry et al. 1993). Phosphine, a highly toxic gas, is generated from phosphide. The rate of formation of phosphine (permissible exposure limit [PEL], 0.4 mg/m3) is dependent on the ambient temperature and humidity. Its release is rapid, and it is extremely fatal to the unprotected person (Garry et al.
ECO-Ssls for Pahs

Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7-78 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 June 2007 This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................1 2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR PAHs......................................1 3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS....................................4 5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE.........................................8 6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE..................................8 6.1 Mammalian TRV ...................................................8 6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................9 7.0 REFERENCES .........................................................16 7.1 General PAH References ............................................16 7.2 References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ......17 7.3 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ...............................................................18 7.4 References Used in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs .........................25 7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................28 i LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 PAH Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) ..............................4 Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - PAHs ..........................................5 Table 4.1
Phosphoric Acid 706-798-4346 Section 1.0 Product and Company Information

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET PRAYON INC. P.O. Box 1473 1610 Marvin Griffin Road Augusta, GA 30903-1473 PHOSPHORIC ACID 706-798-4346 SECTION 1.0 PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION PRODUCT NAME: PHOSPHORIC ACID (36-85%) MSDS Number: P007664382 Chemical Name: Phosphoric acid MSDS Origination Date: 10/01/2000 Synonyms: Phos acid, orthophosphoric acid MSDS Revision Date: 01/05/2006 IN THE EVENT OF A CHEMICAL EMERGENCY, SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, EXPOSURE, OR ACCIDENT Call CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300. Toll free in the continental U.S., Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canada, Alaska, or U.S. Virgin Islands. For calls originating elsewhere dial 703-527-3887 (collect calls accepted). For additional non-emergency information call: 706-798-4346 SECTION 2.0 COMPOSITION / INGREDIENTS INFORMATION Component CAS No. % By Weight OSHA PEL* ACGIH TLV* Phosphoric acid 7664-38-2 36-85 1 mg/m3 1 mg/ m3 Water 7732-18-5 15-64 N/A N/A *Based on 8-hour time weighted averages SECTION 3.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION WARNING STATEMENTS: DANGER: CAUSES EYE AND SKIN BURNS MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED CORROSIVE TO MILD STEEL EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: APPEARANCE AND ODOR: Slightly viscous, clear liquid with no odor POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Likely Routes of Entry: Skin & Eye contact EYE CONTACT: This product can cause serious eye burns. Damage may be permanent. SKIN CONTACT: Corrosive to the skin. Causes burns. Burning may be delayed. INHALATION: Breathing of vapor or mist may be irritating to the respiratory tract. Serious cases of inhalation may cause respiratory problems and late pulmonary edema. INGESTION: May be harmful if swallowed.
United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar

3,504,046 United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar. 31, 1970 1 2 higher temperature would make such a difference in the 3 504,046 ALKYLATION OF NAPHTHALENE WITH PRO isomer product ratio. PYLENE IN THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPHORIC In accordance with the present invention the solid ACID CATALYST phosphoric acid catalyst and the naphthalene are charged Edward Jonathan Scharf, Somerville, and Herbert Ru into a suitable reaction vessel, such as an autoclave. The ‘dolph Kemme, Piscataway, N.J., assignors to American system is purged with nitrogen and then with propylene. Cyanamid Company, Stamford, Conn., a corporation of The mixture is then heated to the desired temperature, Maine agitation started and the reaction allowed to proceed un No Drawing. Filed Apr. 26, 1968, Ser. No. 724,626 der autogenous pressure. Upon completion of the reac Int. Cl. C07c 3/54 10 tion, the reactor is cooled, the product mixture with US. Cl. 260-671 2 Claims drawn and the catalyst separated. Any of the solid phosphoric acid catalysts disclosed ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE in US. Patent Nos. 2,575,457, 2,584,102, 3,183,233 and 3201,486 may be used in the invention. In general, The alkylation of naphthalene with propylene in the 15 they are comprised of phosphoric acid on an inert presence of solid phosphoric acid catalysts is conducted support, such as kieselguhr. They are used in the alkyla at temperatures above about 300° 0., whereby the ratio tion reaction in an amount, based on the total weight of beta- to alpha-isopropyl naphthalene in the product of naphthalene and proylene used, of at least about 1% is substantially increased.
Preparation of Diammonium Hydrogenphosphate Student Worksheet

Preparation of diammonium hydrogenphosphate Student worksheet Diammonium hydrogenphosphate (DAP) is a simple salt, but a complex fertiliser, as it is a source of two nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorous. It can be made by partially neutralising dilute phosphoric acid with dilute ammonia solution. Ammonia is titrated with phosphoric acid using methyl orange indicator to find the volume of acid that reacts with 10 cm3 of ammonia to form ammonium dihydrogenphosphate: H3PO4(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq) Then you add this volume of acid to 20 cm3 of ammonia to form diammonium hydrogen phosphate. H3PO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq) Equipment and materials • Evaporating basin • Filter funnel, filter paper and conical flask (to stand funnel on) • Tripod and gauze • Glass rod. • Bunsen burner • 1 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid • 10 cm3 pipette • 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution • Burette and stand • Methyl orange indicator solution • 100 cm3 conical flask Method Care: Wear eye protection. 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution and 1 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid are irritants to the eyes, lungs and the respiratory system. Work in a well-ventilated lab. 1. Use a pipette to transfer 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution to a conical flask. Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask, and stand it on a white background. 2. Note the initial burette reading before adding 1 mol dm–3 phosphoric acid to the flask from a burette until the indicator changes colour. Make a note of the volume of acid added. 3. Use a pipette to transfer 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution to an evaporating basin.
Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals Latest Update: July 2020

Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals Latest update: July 2020 Definitions of the trading locations for which Platts publishes daily indexes or assessments 2 Olefins 3 US aromatics 6 Latin American aromatics 8 US polymers 10 Latin American polymers 13 US intermediates 16 US hydrocarbon solvents 17 US chlor alkali 18 US oxygenated solvents 19 Liquid and gas chemical freight 21 Global petrochemical indices 22 Revision history 23 www.spglobal.com/platts Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals: July 2020 DEFINITIONS OF THE TRADING LOCATIONS FOR WHICH PLATTS PUBLISHES DAILY INDEXES OR ASSESSMENTS The following specifications guide contains the primary specifications for S&P Global Platts petrochemical assessments in the Americas. All the assessments listed here employ Platts Assessments Methodology, as published at https://www.spglobal.com/platts/plattscontent/_assets/_files/en/our-methodology/methodology-specifications/platts-assessments-methodology-guide.pdf. These guides are designed to give Platts subscribers as much information as possible about a wide range of methodology and specification questions. This guide is current at the time of publication. Platts may issue further updates and enhancements to this methodology and will announce these to subscribers through its usual publications of record. Such updates will be included in the next version of this guide. Platts editorial staff and managers are available to provide guidance when assessment issues require clarification. OLEFINS Assessment CURRENCY CODE Mavg Wavg TYPE
CUMENE Cumene Is the Main Feedstock for Phenol/Acetone

CUMENE Cumene is the main feedstock for phenol/acetone production and demand is driven by market growth for the derivatives of phenol and acetone such as bis-phenol A, phenolic resins and caprolactam. Other uses for cumene are as a thinner for paints, lacquers and enamels, and as a constituent of some petroleum-based solvents. It is also used in manufacturing polymerisation catalysts, catalyst for acrylic and polyester type resins, and as a raw material for peroxides and oxidation catalysts. Cumene is considered a primary skin and eye irritant and excessive exposure can lead to headaches and narcosis. Cumene is stable at room temperature but must be kept well away from oxidising agents. It is a fire and explosion hazard and above 31oC explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. Cumene is released to the environment as a result of its production and processing, from petroleum refining and the evaporation and combustion of petroleum products and by the use of a variety of products containing cumene. When released to the atmosphere, vapour phase cumene will react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 25 hours in polluted atmospheres and 49 hours in normal atmospheres. Cumene is a contaminant of air, sediments and surface, drinking and groundwater and a natural constituent of a variety of foods and vegetation. ICIS pricing quotes cumene in the USA. Frequency: Published weekly on Fridays. Cumene (USA) Weekly Price Assessments: Cumene Contract Prices FOB monthly (US CTS/LB & conversion to USD/MT): General information: Assessment window: Assessments are based on information supplied by market participants through the week up to 1800 hours in Houston on Fridays.
Influence of Ph-Control in Phosphoric Acid Treatment of Zinc Oxide

Cerâmica 63 (2017) 197-202 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633662149 197 Influence of pH-control in phosphoric acid treatment of zinc oxide (Influência do controle do pH no tratamento de óxido de zinco com ácido fosfórico) H. Onoda1, M. Chemel2 1Department of Informatics and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Shimogamo Nakaragi-cyo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan 2Ecol de Biologie Industrielle, 32 Boulevard du Port, 95094 CERGY Cedex, France [email protected] Abstract Zinc oxide is often used as a white pigment for cosmetics; however, it shows photocatalytic activity that causes decomposition of sebum on the skin when exposed to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, zinc oxide was reacted with phosphoric acid at various pH values to synthesize a novel white pigment for cosmetics. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activities, colors, and smoothness of these pigments were studied. The obtained materials exhibited X-ray diffraction peaks relating to zinc oxide and phosphate after phosphoric acid treatment. The ratio of zinc phosphate to zinc oxide was estimated from inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy results. Samples treated at pH 4-7 yielded small particles with sub-micrometer sizes. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide became lower after phosphoric acid treatment. Samples treated at pH 4-7 showed the same reflectance as zinc oxide in both the ultraviolet and visible ranges. Adjustment of the pH was found to be important in the phosphoric acid treatment of zinc oxide. Keywords: zinc oxide, phosphoric acid treatment, photocatalytic activity, particle size. Resumo O óxido de zinco é comumente usado como um pigmento branco para cosméticos; entretanto, apresenta atividade fotocatalítica que provoca a decomposição do sebo na pele quando exposto à radiação ultravioleta na luz solar.
Aluminum Phosphates

Dr. Ralf Giskow, The Variety of Phosphates Jörg Lind, Erwin Schmidt Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, for Refractory and Technical D-55257 Buden- heim www.budenheim- Applications by the Example cfb.com of Aluminium Phosphates In 1669 the chemical element phos- Phase-I-content influences, for phorus was discovered by H. Brandt, example, the dissolution property of an alchemist. In 1694 Boyle made STPP in water. The choice of the the first phosphoric acid by dissolv- right phosphate can already be the ing phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in crucial point even with such a “sim- water. This was the start of the phos- ple“ phosphate like sodium tripoly- phorus chemistry. Since this time phosphate. phosphoric acid and its salts have a The next step into the direction firm place in chemistry and technical of complexity is a phosphate called applications. Phosphates are part of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) our life and are used in a variety of in colloquial language. In fact, the ways also in industrial fields like chemical name is a mistake. The refractories, glass, ceramics, con- name sodium hexametaphosphate struction industry and for a lot of would stand for a sodium phosphate other technical purposes. with a ring structure (“meta”). But SHMP has a chaintype structure as can be proved. These melted glassy polyphosphates (SHMP) with pH-val- Fig. 1 Phosphates in Refractory phosphates are polyphosphates with ues between three and nine, most of FABUTIT 734, a modified STPP and Technical Industries different chain lengths. The average the products also in an instantised against a standard The most common and well known chain length and thus the properties quality (Fig.
Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene

ETHYLBENZENE 151 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL 5.1 PRODUCTION Ethylbenzene is primarily produced by the alkylation of benzene with ethylene in liquid-phase slurry reactors promoted with aluminum chloride catalysts or by vapor-phase reaction of benzene with dilute ethylene-containing feedstock with a boron trifluoride catalyst supported on alumina (Cannella 2007; Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Welch et al. 2005; Ransley 1984). Newer versions of the method employ synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors as catalysts for alkylation in the liquid phase or narrow pore synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors in the vapor phase (Welch et al. 2005). Other methods of manufacturing ethylbenzene include preparation from acetophenone, dehydrogenation of naphthenes, catalytic cyclization and aromatization, separation from mixed xylenes via fractionation, reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide and chlorobenzene, extraction from coal oil, and recovery from benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) processing(Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Ransley 1984; Welch et al. 2005). Commercial grades of ethylbenzene may contain small amounts of m-xylene, p-xylene, cumene, and toluene (HSDB 2009). Ethylbenzene is traditionally ranked as one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States. Table 5-1 shows the historical production volumes of ethylbenzene from 1983 to 2005 (C&EN 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 2006; Kirschner 1995). Table 5-2 lists the facilities in each state that manufacture or process ethylbenzene, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of ethylbenzene that are stored on site. There are currently 3,755 facilities that produce, process, or use ethylbenzene in the United States. The data listed in Table 5-2 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI06 2008).
Low Temperature Phosphoric Acid Treatment of Zinc Oxide for Nobel White Pigments

Ceramics-Silikáty 63 (3), 291-296 (2019) www.ceramics-silikaty.cz doi: 10.13168/cs.2019.0023 LOW TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORIC ACID TREATMENT OF ZINC OXIDE FOR NOBEL WHITE PIGMENTS #HIROAKI ONODA, DAIKI HIGASHIDE Department of Informatics and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Shimogamo Nakaragi-cyo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan #E-mail: [email protected] Submitted March 15, 2019; accepted accepted April 27, 2019 Keywords: Zinc oxide, Photocatalytic activity, Powder processing Zinc oxide that has the photocatalytic activity is used as white pigment for cosmetics. A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, zinc oxide was shaken with phosphoric acid to synthesize a white pigment for cosmetics. Zinc oxide was set with 0.1 mol∙l-1 of phosphoric acid at P/Zn = 1/1 and 1/2, and then shaking in water at 30, 40, 50 °C for 1, 3, 6 hours. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, color phase, and smoothness of the obtained powder were studied. The P/Zn ratio in preparation had influence on the reaction between phosphoric acid and zinc oxide. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide was inhibited by phosphoric acid treatment. The treated samples at 50 °C had enough high reflectance at the visible light region. INTRODUCTION difficult to determine because the pore sizes of the skin are affected by such factors as age, gender, and climate As a white pigment, zinc oxide is used for cosmetic [9]. Furthermore, overly large particles are inappropriate applications [1].
140. Sulphuric, Hydrochloric, Nitric and Phosphoric Acids

nr 2009;43(7) The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 140. Sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids Marianne van der Hagen Jill Järnberg arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-14-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Enviromental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Kjell Torén Tor Aasen, Bergen Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Maria Albin, Ewa Wigaeus Berit Bakke, Oslo Tornqvist, Marianne Törner, Wijnand Lars Barregård, Göteborg Eduard, Lotta Dellve och Roger Persson Jens Peter Bonde, Köpenhamn Managing editor: Cina Holmer Jörgen Eklund, Linköping Mats Eklöf, Göteborg © University of Gothenburg & authors 2009 Mats Hagberg, Göteborg Kari Heldal, Oslo Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Kristina Jakobsson, Lund SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umeå ISBN 978-91-85971-14-5 Anette Kærgaard, Herning ISSN 0346–7821 Ann Kryger, Köpenhamn http://www.amm.se/aoh