DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent Office Patiented Nov

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent Office Patiented Nov 3,112,180 United States Patent Office Patiented Nov. 26, 1963 2 borohydride and diborane gas is evolved. The preferred 3,12,130 method of conducting the reaction is to dissolve the weak METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF D30RANE inorganic acid, salt or ester in the sulfuric or chloro Rosert D. Schaatz, East Whittier, Calif., assig or to sulfonic acid, with heating if necessary to effect solution. Aerojet-General Corporation, Azusa, Calif., a corpora The reaction is usually conducted in a reactor equipped tion of Ohio with a gas outlet leading to a low temperature trap. No Drawing. Filled Mar. 10, 1955, Ser. No. 493,570 The acid solution is placed in the reactor and finely 17 Caians. (C. 23-224) divided borohydride added with agitation. During the This invention relates to a new and improved method course of the reaction, a gentle evolution of hydrogen of preparing diborane. IO) and diborane gases takes place. These gases are vented Diborane is an excellent high energy fuel. Unfor through the gas outlet and collected in the low tempera tunately, however, its use has been severely limited due ture trap. If desired, the reaction can also be conducted to a lack of a convenient and inexpensive method for in vacuum or a nitrogen atmosphere as well as in air. preparing it in high yield. To more clearly illustrate this invention, the following Heretofore, diborane has been prepared by reacting examples are presented. It is to be understood, however, alkali metal borohydrides with hydrogen chloride gas that these examples are presented merely as a means of at room temperature or with liquid hydrogen chloride illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of at a temperature of -78° C. These methods are very the invention in any way. slow, requiring reaction times of from 16 to 24 hours. EXAMPLE I in addition, the separation of diborane from the result 20 ing 70% diborane-30% hydrogen chloride azeotropic Fluorinated Phosphoric Acid Moderation mixture is very difficult. Anhydrous monofluorophosphoric acid in an amount It has long been desired as a matter of cost, con of 10% by volume was dissolved in 100 cc. concentrated venience and commercial feasibility, to produce diborane sulfuric acid. The solution was placed in a 3-necked by using sulfuric acid as the protolyzing acid, prefer 25 flask equipped with a wire stirrer, a gas outlet leading ably at room temperature. Unfortunately, when alkali to a low temperature trap, and a dropping funnel. The metal borohydrides were reacted with concentrated sul reactor was swept out with nitrogen and a nitrogen gas furic acid instead of diborane, boron oxides were pro flow was maintained through the dropping funnel. 5 duced with explosive violence. In an attempt to avoid gm. of powdered sodium borohydride was dropped into oxidation, dilute Sulfuric acid was substituted in the re 30 action. Although the borohydride-dilute Sulfuric acid the acid with rapid stirring. The reaction proceeded reaction was not explosive, hydrolysis occurred producing smoothly and quietly with no sparking or flaming. Visi boric acid instead of diborane. ble evolution of gas ceased in less than 10 minutes. Di We have now found that diborane is rapidly and safely borane was recovered in a yield of more than 80%. produced in good yield by reacting a metal borohydride 35 EXAMPLE II with concentrated sulfuric or chlorosulfonic acid in the presence of a weak, inorganic nonoxidizing acid or with Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Moderation an alkali metal salt or alkyl ester of such an acid, in 1 cc. of a solution of 10% by weight of dibasic sodium accordance with the general reaction scheme set forth phosphate, dissolved in concentrated Sulfuric acid of below: 95% purity, was placed in a test tube and an 8-mesh crystal of sodium borohydride was added to the acid wherein M is a metal radical. Due to the non-volatile salt mixture. Diborane was gently evolved. characteristics of sulfuric acid, an azeotropic mixture of EXAMPLE II gases is avoided. Although rapid, the reaction proceeds smoothly and gently without sparking, flaming, or ex 45 Boric Acid Moderation plosions. Boric acid in an amount of 10% by weight was dis Suitable modifiers are the phosphoric acids such as solved in concentrated sulfuric acid. 50 cc. of the acid orthophosphoric, metaphosphoric and pyrophosphoric mixture was placed in a 3-necked flask fitted with a wire acids; the fluorinated phosphoric acids such as mono stirrer, a gas outlet leading to a low temperature trap, fluoro and difluorophosphoric acid; boric acid; the alkali 50 and a dropping funnel. The reactor was swept out with metal salts of the above acids such as sodium dihydrogen nitrogen and a nitrogen gas flow was maintained through phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium difluorophos the dropping funnel. 1 gm. of finely divided sodium phate and lithium borate; and the alkyl esters of the borohydride was dropped into the acid mixture with stir above acids such as triquatradecyl borate, tridodecyl ring. A gentle evolution of gas occurred and a 73% yield borate, tridodecyl phosphate, pentyl difluorophosphate 55 of diborane was recovered in the low temperature trap. and diheptyl phosphate. As a matter of convenience, alkali and alkaline earth EXAMPLE V metal borohydrides such as potassium and lithium boro Boric Acid Moderation hydride are usually employed as starting materials. Com merical grade sulfuric acid, ordinarily containing from 60 Using the apparatus described in Example III, 5 gm. about 95% to about 98% by weight pure hydrogen sul of sodium borohydride was reacted with 70 cc. of 90% fate and about 5% to about 2% by weight water is or sulfuric acid and 10% boric acid. Formation of a heavy dinarily used as the protolyzing acid. Chlorosulfonic white precipitate occurred and diborane was recovered acid decomposes in water and therefore it is preferred in a 53% yield. that the system be anhydrous when this acid is em 65 EXAMPLE V ployed. Mixtures of chlorosulfonic and sufuric acid Boric Acid Moderation may also be used if desired. In accordance with the present invention, sulfuric or A 1 cc. sample of concentrated sulfuric acid containing chlorosulfonic acid containing a weak, inorganic non 10% by weight boric acid was placed in a test tube, oxidizing acid, or an alkali metal salt or alkyl ester of 70 and a 8-mesh crystal of sodium borohydride was dropped such an acid, usually in amounts of from about 2% to into the solution. A gentle evolution of gas occurred about 10% by weight of the acid, is reacted with a metal and diborane was identified by its infrared spectrum. 3,112,180 3 4. EXAMPLE VI 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the said modifier is tridodecyl borate. Tridodecyl Borate Moderation 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the said modifier To a 10 cc. sample of concentrated sulfuric acid of is tri-n-butyl borate. 97% purity was added 2 drops of tridodecyl borate. An 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said protolyzing 8-mesh sodium borohydride crystal was dropped into acid and said modifier are first mixed together and said the solution. Gentle evolution of gas occurred and di metal borohydride then added to the mixture. borane was identified by its infrared Spectrum. 10. A method of preparing diborane which comprises EXAMPLE VI reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric 0 acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% Tri-n-Butyl Borate Moderation monofluorophosphoric acid by weight of the sulfuric acid. A 1 cc. sample of concentrated sulfuric acid contain 11. A method of preparing diborane which comprises ing 5% by weight tri-n-butyl borate was placed in a test reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric tube and an 8-mesh crystal of sodium borohydride was acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% dropped into the solution. A gentle evolution of gas orthophosphoric acid by weight of the sulfuric acid. occurred and diborane was identified by its infrared spec 12. A method of preparing diborane which comprises trum. reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric Optimum results are obtained by first dissolving the acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% modifier in the protolyzing acid and subsequently adding dibasic sodium phosphate by weight of the sulfuric acid. the metal borohydride to the solution. This procedure 20 13. A method of preparing diborane which comprises provides a homogeneous reaction mixture in which max reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric imum protection of the metal borohydride particles from acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% the oxidizing influence of the protolyzing acid is obtained boric acid by weight of the sulfuric acid. as well as maximum surface area for reaction. It is 14. A method of preparing diborane which comprises often desirable to heat the modifier-protolyzing acid mix reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric ture to effect solution, however the temperature at which acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% the diborane producing reaction proceeds is not limited tridodecyl borate by weight of the sulfuric acid. by this expedient. The reactants and products of the 15. A method of preparing diborane which comprises reaction are thermally stable and the temperature at reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric which the reaction is conducted is not critical, although 30 acid in the presence of from about 2% to about 10% as a matter of convenience the reaction is conducted tri-n-butyl borate by weight of the sulfuric acid. at about room temperature. 16. A method of preparing diborane which comprises I have invented a means of moderating the reaction reacting sodium borohydride with concentrated sulfuric of borohydrides with sulfuric or chlorosulfonic acid so acid in the presence of about 10% orthophosphoric acid that diborane is produced safely, rapidly, and convenient by weight of the sulfuric acid.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Improved Process for the Production of Cumene
    Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 537 389 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 91309531.1 int. Ci.5; C07C 2/66, C07C 2/86, C07C 6/12, C07C 15/085 (§) Date of filing: 16.10.91 ® Date of publication of application: @ Applicant: Council of Scientific and Industrial 21.04.93 Bulletin 93/16 Research Rafi Marg @ Designated Contracting States: New Delhi 110 001 (IN) BE DE FR GB IT NL @ Inventor: Pradhan, Ajit Ramchandra National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) Inventor: Rao, Bollapragad Seshagiri National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) 0 Representative: Collier, Jeremy Austin Grey et al J.A.Kemp & Co., 14 South Square, Gray's Inn London WC1R 5LX (GB) 0 An improved process for the production of cumene. © An improved process is disclosed for the preparation of cumene. Cumene is prepared by reacting benzene with a propylating agent in the presence of a catalyst containing metal loaded Zeolite EU-1 in a reactor in the range of a temperature of 150 to 250 °C and a pressure of 1 to 35 atmospheres, the propyl and diisopropylben- zene so formed are separated from the reactor effluent by conventional methods. The diisopropylbenzene is recycled back to the reactor. Simultaneous alkylation and transalkylation reactions occur in a single catalyst bed containing Zeolite EU-1 with a feed containing benzene, propylene and diisopropylbenzene. Cumenes are important chemical precursors in the production of detergents and polymers among others. Oi CO CO IV CO m Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.5x/3.0.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. POTENTIAL for HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White
    WHITE PHOSPHORUS 157 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 OVERVIEW White phosphorus can enter the environment from its production, use, accidental spills during loading and unloading for shipment, and accidental spills during transport. Hazardous wastes sites containing white phosphorus can also be a source of phosphorus in the environment. White phosphorus has been found in at least 77 of the 1,430 current or former EPA National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). However, the number of sites evaluated for white phosphorus is not known. The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-l. The persistence of elemental phosphorus in the air is very short due to oxidation to phosphorus oxides and ultimately to phosphorus acids. However, the particulate phosphorus aerosol may be coated with a protective oxide layer that may prevent further oxidation and extend the lifetime of particulate phosphorus in air. Both wet and dry deposition remove unreacted elemental phosphorus and the degradation products from the air. Similarly, elemental phosphorus oxidizes and hydrolyzes in water and in soil. A small amount of elemental phosphorus is lost from soil and water by volatilization. Phosphorus is used as a fumigant in the storage of grain. Because of ease of application, pellets of aluminum or magnesium phosphide are commonly used (Garry et al. 1993). Phosphine, a highly toxic gas, is generated from phosphide. The rate of formation of phosphine (permissible exposure limit [PEL], 0.4 mg/m3) is dependent on the ambient temperature and humidity. Its release is rapid, and it is extremely fatal to the unprotected person (Garry et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphoric Acid 706-798-4346 Section 1.0 Product and Company Information
    MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET PRAYON INC. P.O. Box 1473 1610 Marvin Griffin Road Augusta, GA 30903-1473 PHOSPHORIC ACID 706-798-4346 SECTION 1.0 PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION PRODUCT NAME: PHOSPHORIC ACID (36-85%) MSDS Number: P007664382 Chemical Name: Phosphoric acid MSDS Origination Date: 10/01/2000 Synonyms: Phos acid, orthophosphoric acid MSDS Revision Date: 01/05/2006 IN THE EVENT OF A CHEMICAL EMERGENCY, SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, EXPOSURE, OR ACCIDENT Call CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300. Toll free in the continental U.S., Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canada, Alaska, or U.S. Virgin Islands. For calls originating elsewhere dial 703-527-3887 (collect calls accepted). For additional non-emergency information call: 706-798-4346 SECTION 2.0 COMPOSITION / INGREDIENTS INFORMATION Component CAS No. % By Weight OSHA PEL* ACGIH TLV* Phosphoric acid 7664-38-2 36-85 1 mg/m3 1 mg/ m3 Water 7732-18-5 15-64 N/A N/A *Based on 8-hour time weighted averages SECTION 3.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION WARNING STATEMENTS: DANGER: CAUSES EYE AND SKIN BURNS MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED CORROSIVE TO MILD STEEL EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: APPEARANCE AND ODOR: Slightly viscous, clear liquid with no odor POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Likely Routes of Entry: Skin & Eye contact EYE CONTACT: This product can cause serious eye burns. Damage may be permanent. SKIN CONTACT: Corrosive to the skin. Causes burns. Burning may be delayed. INHALATION: Breathing of vapor or mist may be irritating to the respiratory tract. Serious cases of inhalation may cause respiratory problems and late pulmonary edema. INGESTION: May be harmful if swallowed.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar
    3,504,046 United States Patent 0 "Ice Patented Mar. 31, 1970 1 2 higher temperature would make such a difference in the 3 504,046 ALKYLATION OF NAPHTHALENE WITH PRO isomer product ratio. PYLENE IN THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPHORIC In accordance with the present invention the solid ACID CATALYST phosphoric acid catalyst and the naphthalene are charged Edward Jonathan Scharf, Somerville, and Herbert Ru into a suitable reaction vessel, such as an autoclave. The ‘dolph Kemme, Piscataway, N.J., assignors to American system is purged with nitrogen and then with propylene. Cyanamid Company, Stamford, Conn., a corporation of The mixture is then heated to the desired temperature, Maine agitation started and the reaction allowed to proceed un No Drawing. Filed Apr. 26, 1968, Ser. No. 724,626 der autogenous pressure. Upon completion of the reac Int. Cl. C07c 3/54 10 tion, the reactor is cooled, the product mixture with US. Cl. 260-671 2 Claims drawn and the catalyst separated. Any of the solid phosphoric acid catalysts disclosed ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE in US. Patent Nos. 2,575,457, 2,584,102, 3,183,233 and 3201,486 may be used in the invention. In general, The alkylation of naphthalene with propylene in the 15 they are comprised of phosphoric acid on an inert presence of solid phosphoric acid catalysts is conducted support, such as kieselguhr. They are used in the alkyla at temperatures above about 300° 0., whereby the ratio tion reaction in an amount, based on the total weight of beta- to alpha-isopropyl naphthalene in the product of naphthalene and proylene used, of at least about 1% is substantially increased.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Diammonium Hydrogenphosphate Student Worksheet
    Preparation of diammonium hydrogenphosphate Student worksheet Diammonium hydrogenphosphate (DAP) is a simple salt, but a complex fertiliser, as it is a source of two nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorous. It can be made by partially neutralising dilute phosphoric acid with dilute ammonia solution. Ammonia is titrated with phosphoric acid using methyl orange indicator to find the volume of acid that reacts with 10 cm3 of ammonia to form ammonium dihydrogenphosphate: H3PO4(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq) Then you add this volume of acid to 20 cm3 of ammonia to form diammonium hydrogen phosphate. H3PO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq) Equipment and materials • Evaporating basin • Filter funnel, filter paper and conical flask (to stand funnel on) • Tripod and gauze • Glass rod. • Bunsen burner • 1 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid • 10 cm3 pipette • 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution • Burette and stand • Methyl orange indicator solution • 100 cm3 conical flask Method Care: Wear eye protection. 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution and 1 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid are irritants to the eyes, lungs and the respiratory system. Work in a well-ventilated lab. 1. Use a pipette to transfer 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution to a conical flask. Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask, and stand it on a white background. 2. Note the initial burette reading before adding 1 mol dm–3 phosphoric acid to the flask from a burette until the indicator changes colour. Make a note of the volume of acid added. 3. Use a pipette to transfer 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 ammonia solution to an evaporating basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Ph-Control in Phosphoric Acid Treatment of Zinc Oxide
    Cerâmica 63 (2017) 197-202 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633662149 197 Influence of pH-control in phosphoric acid treatment of zinc oxide (Influência do controle do pH no tratamento de óxido de zinco com ácido fosfórico) H. Onoda1, M. Chemel2 1Department of Informatics and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Shimogamo Nakaragi-cyo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan 2Ecol de Biologie Industrielle, 32 Boulevard du Port, 95094 CERGY Cedex, France [email protected] Abstract Zinc oxide is often used as a white pigment for cosmetics; however, it shows photocatalytic activity that causes decomposition of sebum on the skin when exposed to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, zinc oxide was reacted with phosphoric acid at various pH values to synthesize a novel white pigment for cosmetics. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activities, colors, and smoothness of these pigments were studied. The obtained materials exhibited X-ray diffraction peaks relating to zinc oxide and phosphate after phosphoric acid treatment. The ratio of zinc phosphate to zinc oxide was estimated from inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy results. Samples treated at pH 4-7 yielded small particles with sub-micrometer sizes. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide became lower after phosphoric acid treatment. Samples treated at pH 4-7 showed the same reflectance as zinc oxide in both the ultraviolet and visible ranges. Adjustment of the pH was found to be important in the phosphoric acid treatment of zinc oxide. Keywords: zinc oxide, phosphoric acid treatment, photocatalytic activity, particle size. Resumo O óxido de zinco é comumente usado como um pigmento branco para cosméticos; entretanto, apresenta atividade fotocatalítica que provoca a decomposição do sebo na pele quando exposto à radiação ultravioleta na luz solar.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminum Phosphates
    Dr. Ralf Giskow, The Variety of Phosphates Jörg Lind, Erwin Schmidt Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, for Refractory and Technical D-55257 Buden- heim www.budenheim- Applications by the Example cfb.com of Aluminium Phosphates In 1669 the chemical element phos- Phase-I-content influences, for phorus was discovered by H. Brandt, example, the dissolution property of an alchemist. In 1694 Boyle made STPP in water. The choice of the the first phosphoric acid by dissolv- right phosphate can already be the ing phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in crucial point even with such a “sim- water. This was the start of the phos- ple“ phosphate like sodium tripoly- phorus chemistry. Since this time phosphate. phosphoric acid and its salts have a The next step into the direction firm place in chemistry and technical of complexity is a phosphate called applications. Phosphates are part of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) our life and are used in a variety of in colloquial language. In fact, the ways also in industrial fields like chemical name is a mistake. The refractories, glass, ceramics, con- name sodium hexametaphosphate struction industry and for a lot of would stand for a sodium phosphate other technical purposes. with a ring structure (“meta”). But SHMP has a chaintype structure as can be proved. These melted glassy polyphosphates (SHMP) with pH-val- Fig. 1 Phosphates in Refractory phosphates are polyphosphates with ues between three and nine, most of FABUTIT 734, a modified STPP and Technical Industries different chain lengths. The average the products also in an instantised against a standard The most common and well known chain length and thus the properties quality (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Temperature Phosphoric Acid Treatment of Zinc Oxide for Nobel White Pigments
    Ceramics-Silikáty 63 (3), 291-296 (2019) www.ceramics-silikaty.cz doi: 10.13168/cs.2019.0023 LOW TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORIC ACID TREATMENT OF ZINC OXIDE FOR NOBEL WHITE PIGMENTS #HIROAKI ONODA, DAIKI HIGASHIDE Department of Informatics and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5, Shimogamo Nakaragi-cyo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan #E-mail: [email protected] Submitted March 15, 2019; accepted accepted April 27, 2019 Keywords: Zinc oxide, Photocatalytic activity, Powder processing Zinc oxide that has the photocatalytic activity is used as white pigment for cosmetics. A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, zinc oxide was shaken with phosphoric acid to synthesize a white pigment for cosmetics. Zinc oxide was set with 0.1 mol∙l-1 of phosphoric acid at P/Zn = 1/1 and 1/2, and then shaking in water at 30, 40, 50 °C for 1, 3, 6 hours. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, color phase, and smoothness of the obtained powder were studied. The P/Zn ratio in preparation had influence on the reaction between phosphoric acid and zinc oxide. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide was inhibited by phosphoric acid treatment. The treated samples at 50 °C had enough high reflectance at the visible light region. INTRODUCTION difficult to determine because the pore sizes of the skin are affected by such factors as age, gender, and climate As a white pigment, zinc oxide is used for cosmetic [9]. Furthermore, overly large particles are inappropriate applications [1].
    [Show full text]
  • 140. Sulphuric, Hydrochloric, Nitric and Phosphoric Acids
    nr 2009;43(7) The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 140. Sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids Marianne van der Hagen Jill Järnberg arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-14-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Enviromental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Kjell Torén Tor Aasen, Bergen Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Maria Albin, Ewa Wigaeus Berit Bakke, Oslo Tornqvist, Marianne Törner, Wijnand Lars Barregård, Göteborg Eduard, Lotta Dellve och Roger Persson Jens Peter Bonde, Köpenhamn Managing editor: Cina Holmer Jörgen Eklund, Linköping Mats Eklöf, Göteborg © University of Gothenburg & authors 2009 Mats Hagberg, Göteborg Kari Heldal, Oslo Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Kristina Jakobsson, Lund SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umeå ISBN 978-91-85971-14-5 Anette Kærgaard, Herning ISSN 0346–7821 Ann Kryger, Köpenhamn http://www.amm.se/aoh
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Dilute Phosphoric Acid Pretreatment of Wheat Straw in The
    Optimizing dilute phosphoric acid pretreatment of wheat straw in the laboratory and in a demonstration plant for ethanol and edible fungal biomass production using Neurospora intermedia Short title: Ethanol and edible filamentous fungal biomass from pretreated wheat straw Ramkumar B. Nair*, Magnus Lundin, Patrik R. Lennartsson, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE 50190 Borås, Sweden *Corresponding author Tel: +46 33 4355903 Fax: +46 33 4354003 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted Article This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/jctb.5119 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Abstract BACKGROUND: We report a method that uses dilute phosphoric acid for wheat straw pretreatment and subsequent ethanol and fungal biomass production with the edible fungus Neurospora intermedia. Dilute phosphoric acid pretreatment of wheat straw was optimized at a laboratory scale, and the results were validated in a biorefinery demonstration plant for the first time. The various conditions for the dilute acid pretreatment include such factors as phosphoric acid concentrations (0.5–3.0% w/v), temperature (150–210°C), and reaction time (5–20 min). RESULTS: The optimal pretreatment conditions were determined as an acid concentration of 1.75% (w/v) at a temperature of 190°C for 15 min, based on the maximum enzymatic digestibility with the minimum inhibitor release. The efficiency of enzymatic polysaccharide hydrolysis was 36% for untreated straw and 86% for straw pretreated with dilute phosphoric acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphorous Acid Labeling Aid
    PHOSPHOROUS ACID LABELING AID 1. Does your product contain only phosphorous acid (H3PO3)/Phosphite as a source of phosphorus? Adhere to the format presented in § 2309(a). i. X% Total phosphoric acid must be guaranteed. Total Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) % ii. State phosphate as zero in the grade (N-0-K) or include an asterisk (N-P*-K) to clarify the phosphorus stated in the grade is not in the available phosphate form. iii. Include required statements according to § 2309(a)(1)(2)(3). If an asterisk is used in the grade, an asterisk must be used before each required statement (e.g. “*(1) Phosphorous acid products…”, “*(2) Upon foliar…”). 2. Does your product contain BOTH phosphorous acid (H3PO3)/phosphite AND phosphoric acid (H3PO4)/phosphate? Adhere to format presented in § 2309(b): i. X% Available phosphoric acid must be guaranteed. Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) % ii. X% Total phosphoric acid must be guaranteed. % Total Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) iii. X% Insoluble phosphoric acid must be guaranteed (if present). % Insoluble Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) iv. Report percentage of available phosphate in the grade. v. Include heavy metals statement on the label and submit heavy metals analysis. vi. Include required statements according to § 2309(a)(1)(2)(3). Required statements [§ 2309(a)(1)(2)(3)]: (1) Phosphorous acid products are for use as a supplemental fertilizer treatment. (2) Upon foliar application, the phosphite ions are taken up directly by the plant foliage and may undergo a degree of conversion to phosphate ions, or will be used directly by plants, as phosphite ions. (3) As a soil application to annual crops, a lesser response from the initial crop, with a corresponding superior response from succeeding crops, may be observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminum Phosphate
    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE Synonyms: Aluminum Monophosphate CAS Number: 7784-30-7 Chemical Name: Phosphoric Acid, Aluminum Salt (1:1) RTK Substance Number: 0062 Date: June 1998 Revision: July 2007 DOT Number: UN 1760 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE Aluminum Phosphate is an odorless, white crystalline solid Hazard Summary which is often used in liquid or gel form. It is used in ceramics, Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA dental cements, cosmetics, paints, paper and pharmaceuticals. HEALTH 2 - FLAMMABILITY 0 - REACTIVITY 0 - CORROSIVE POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE DOES NOT BURN Reason for Citation Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; f Aluminum Phosphate is on the Right to Know Hazardous 4=severe Substance List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, DOT f Aluminum Phosphate can affect you when inhaled. and NIOSH. f Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. f This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance f Inhaling Aluminum Phosphate can irritate the nose, throat List. and lungs. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. FIRST AID Eye Contact Workplace Exposure Limits f Immediately flush with large amounts of cool water. The following exposure limits are for inorganic Aluminum Continue for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper compounds (measured as Aluminum): and lower lids. Remove contact lenses, if worn, while rinsing. Immediate medical attention is necessary. OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 15 mg/m3 (as total dust), and 5 mg/m3 (as respirable Skin Contact dust) averaged over an 8-hour workshift.
    [Show full text]