Specifications Guide Americas Petrochemicals Latest Update: July 2020
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An Improved Process for the Production of Cumene
Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 537 389 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 91309531.1 int. Ci.5; C07C 2/66, C07C 2/86, C07C 6/12, C07C 15/085 (§) Date of filing: 16.10.91 ® Date of publication of application: @ Applicant: Council of Scientific and Industrial 21.04.93 Bulletin 93/16 Research Rafi Marg @ Designated Contracting States: New Delhi 110 001 (IN) BE DE FR GB IT NL @ Inventor: Pradhan, Ajit Ramchandra National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) Inventor: Rao, Bollapragad Seshagiri National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411008, Maharashtra(IN) 0 Representative: Collier, Jeremy Austin Grey et al J.A.Kemp & Co., 14 South Square, Gray's Inn London WC1R 5LX (GB) 0 An improved process for the production of cumene. © An improved process is disclosed for the preparation of cumene. Cumene is prepared by reacting benzene with a propylating agent in the presence of a catalyst containing metal loaded Zeolite EU-1 in a reactor in the range of a temperature of 150 to 250 °C and a pressure of 1 to 35 atmospheres, the propyl and diisopropylben- zene so formed are separated from the reactor effluent by conventional methods. The diisopropylbenzene is recycled back to the reactor. Simultaneous alkylation and transalkylation reactions occur in a single catalyst bed containing Zeolite EU-1 with a feed containing benzene, propylene and diisopropylbenzene. Cumenes are important chemical precursors in the production of detergents and polymers among others. Oi CO CO IV CO m Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.5x/3.0. -
Oligomeric A2 + B3 Approach to Branched Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)
“One-Pot” Oligomeric A 2 + B 3 Approach to Branched Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s: Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By ANDREA M. ELSEN B.S., Wright State University, 2007 2009 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES June 19, 200 9 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Andrea M. Elsen ENTITLED “One-Pot” Oligomeric A2 + B3 Approach to Branched Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s: Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondenstation BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science . _________________________ Eric Fossum, Ph.D. Thesis Director _________________________ Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. Department Chair Committee on Final Examination ____________________________ Eric Fossum, Ph.D. ____________________________ Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. ____________________________ William A. Feld, Ph.D. ____________________________ Joseph F. Thomas, Jr., Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies Abstract Elsen, Andrea M. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2009. “One-Pot” Oligomeric A 2 + B 3 Approach to Branched Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s: Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation The synthesis of fully soluble branched poly(arylene ether)s via an oligomeric A 2 + B 3 system, in which the A 2 oligomers are generated in situ, is presented. This approach takes advantage of the significantly higher reactivity toward nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, NAS, of B 2, 4-Fluorophenyl sulfone, relative to B 3, tris (4-Fluorophenyl) phosphine oxide. The A 2 oligomers were synthesized by reaction of Bisphenol-A and B 2, in the presence of the B 3 unit, at temperatures between 100 and 160 °C, followed by an increase in the reaction temperature to 180 °C at which point the branching unit was incorporated. -
1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes
3 1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes 1.1 Introduction The combination of high demand for electric cars and higher automobile engine effi- ciency in the future will mean less conversion of petroleum into fuels. However, the demand for petrochemicals is forecast to rise due to the increase in world popula- tion. With this, it is expected that modern and more innovative technologies will be developed to serve the growth of the petrochemical market. In a refinery process, petroleum is converted into petroleum intermediate prod- ucts, including gases, light/heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and residue. From these intermediate refinery product streams, several fuels such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, auto diesel, and other heavy products such as lubricants, bunker oil, asphalt, and coke are obtained. In addition, these petroleum intermediates can be further processed and separated into products for petrochemical applications. In this chapter, petroleum will be introduced first. Petrochemicals will be intro- duced in the second part of the chapter. Petrochemicals – the main subject of this book – will address three major areas, (i) the production of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals: methane and synthesis gas, ethylene, propylene, butene, benzene, toluene, and xylenes; (ii) the uses of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals, and (iii) the technology to separate petrochemicals into individual components. 1.2 Petroleum Petroleum is derived from the Latin words “petra” and “oleum,” which means “rock” and “oil,” respectively. Petroleum also is known as crude oil or fossil fuel. It is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed from the remains of plants and animals. -
ECO-Ssls for Pahs
Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7-78 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 June 2007 This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................1 2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR PAHs......................................1 3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS....................................4 5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE.........................................8 6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE..................................8 6.1 Mammalian TRV ...................................................8 6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................9 7.0 REFERENCES .........................................................16 7.1 General PAH References ............................................16 7.2 References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ......17 7.3 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ...............................................................18 7.4 References Used in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs .........................25 7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................28 i LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 PAH Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) ..............................4 Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - PAHs ..........................................5 Table 4.1 -
Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development
5th Edition Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______________________________________________________________________________ Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development Prepared by INTEK, Inc. For the U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Petroleum Reserves Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Fifth Edition: September 2011 Note to Readers Regarding the Revised Edition (September 2011) This report was originally prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy in June 2007. The report and its contents have since been revised and updated to reflect changes and progress that have occurred in the domestic oil shale and tar sands industries since the first release and to include profiles of additional companies engaged in oil shale and tar sands resource and technology development. Each of the companies profiled in the original report has been extended the opportunity to update its profile to reflect progress, current activities and future plans. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by INTEK, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Petroleum Reserves, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (DOE/NPOSR) as a part of the AOC Petroleum Support Services, LLC (AOC- PSS) Contract Number DE-FE0000175 (Task 30). Mr. Khosrow Biglarbigi of INTEK, Inc. served as the Project Manager. AOC-PSS and INTEK, Inc. wish to acknowledge the efforts of representatives of the companies that provided information, drafted revised or reviewed company profiles, or addressed technical issues associated with their companies, technologies, and project efforts. Special recognition is also due to those who directly performed the work on this report. Mr. Peter M. Crawford, Director at INTEK, Inc., served as the principal author of the report. -
CUMENE Cumene Is the Main Feedstock for Phenol/Acetone
CUMENE Cumene is the main feedstock for phenol/acetone production and demand is driven by market growth for the derivatives of phenol and acetone such as bis-phenol A, phenolic resins and caprolactam. Other uses for cumene are as a thinner for paints, lacquers and enamels, and as a constituent of some petroleum-based solvents. It is also used in manufacturing polymerisation catalysts, catalyst for acrylic and polyester type resins, and as a raw material for peroxides and oxidation catalysts. Cumene is considered a primary skin and eye irritant and excessive exposure can lead to headaches and narcosis. Cumene is stable at room temperature but must be kept well away from oxidising agents. It is a fire and explosion hazard and above 31oC explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. Cumene is released to the environment as a result of its production and processing, from petroleum refining and the evaporation and combustion of petroleum products and by the use of a variety of products containing cumene. When released to the atmosphere, vapour phase cumene will react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 25 hours in polluted atmospheres and 49 hours in normal atmospheres. Cumene is a contaminant of air, sediments and surface, drinking and groundwater and a natural constituent of a variety of foods and vegetation. ICIS pricing quotes cumene in the USA. Frequency: Published weekly on Fridays. Cumene (USA) Weekly Price Assessments: Cumene Contract Prices FOB monthly (US CTS/LB & conversion to USD/MT): General information: Assessment window: Assessments are based on information supplied by market participants through the week up to 1800 hours in Houston on Fridays. -
Guidance for Monomers and Polymers
GUIDANCE Guidance for monomers and polymers April 2012 Version 2.0 Guidance for the implementation of REACH Annankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu Guidance for monomers and polymers 2 Version 2.0 April 2012 Version Changes Date Version 0 First edition June 2007 Version 1 Section 2.2 - More explanations given on the 18/03/2008 definition of polymer (including different types of additives). Most of section 3.3 transferred to here. Section 3.1 - Clarification of cases where the substance is used both as monomer and as intermediate under strictly controlled conditions. Section 3.2.1.1 - Addition of a sentence to clarify that there is no need to register stabilisers Section 3.2.1.2 - The section has been modified in order to reflect a proposal for solution for those substances already notified. Section 3.2.1.3 - Some wording change for clarification that only the substance used for the modification of the natural polymer needs to be registered when ending up chemically bound to the polymer. Section 3.2.1.4 - Need for update acknowledged. Previous Section 3.3 - Deleted and mostly transferred to section 2.2. Version 1.1 Section 3.2.1.2 - Based on the comments 27/05/2008 received from Ireland after the CA meeting in December 2007 some additional guidance on what needs to be done for notified polymers has been added (4 pages). Version 2.0 Section 2.1 and 3.1 – Reference to monomers as April 2012 intermediate reworded in order to be consistent with new clarification of intermediate definition. -
Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene
ETHYLBENZENE 151 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL 5.1 PRODUCTION Ethylbenzene is primarily produced by the alkylation of benzene with ethylene in liquid-phase slurry reactors promoted with aluminum chloride catalysts or by vapor-phase reaction of benzene with dilute ethylene-containing feedstock with a boron trifluoride catalyst supported on alumina (Cannella 2007; Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Welch et al. 2005; Ransley 1984). Newer versions of the method employ synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors as catalysts for alkylation in the liquid phase or narrow pore synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors in the vapor phase (Welch et al. 2005). Other methods of manufacturing ethylbenzene include preparation from acetophenone, dehydrogenation of naphthenes, catalytic cyclization and aromatization, separation from mixed xylenes via fractionation, reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide and chlorobenzene, extraction from coal oil, and recovery from benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) processing(Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Ransley 1984; Welch et al. 2005). Commercial grades of ethylbenzene may contain small amounts of m-xylene, p-xylene, cumene, and toluene (HSDB 2009). Ethylbenzene is traditionally ranked as one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States. Table 5-1 shows the historical production volumes of ethylbenzene from 1983 to 2005 (C&EN 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 2006; Kirschner 1995). Table 5-2 lists the facilities in each state that manufacture or process ethylbenzene, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of ethylbenzene that are stored on site. There are currently 3,755 facilities that produce, process, or use ethylbenzene in the United States. The data listed in Table 5-2 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI06 2008). -
ABS Plant Migrates from CENTUM XL to Integrated CENTUM CS 3000 Solution
SUCCESS STORY ABS Plant Migrates from CENTUM XL to Integrated CENTUM CS 3000 Solution Location: Rayong, Thailand Order Date: December 2007 Completion: November 2008 Industry: Petrochemical Executive Summary The Integrated Refinery and Petrochemical Complex Public Co., Ltd. (IRPC) in Rayong, Thailand has a refinery (215,000 b/d) as well as several petrochemical plants that produce chemicals such as olefins (360,000 t/y) and aromatics that are used as feedstock at various types of plastics plants. One of these petrochemical plants produces 140,000 t/y of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Although this plant had experienced no major problems with its CENTUM XL process control system during the 19 years that it was in use, IRPC decided to upgrade to the latest technology when Yokogawa announced the end of service for CENTUM XL. To control complex production operations in a total of 17 batch reactors at this ABS plant, Yokogawa Thailand installed the CENTUM CS 3000 Integrated Production Control System together with CCTV equipment, a plant information management system (PIMS), the Exaplog Event Analysis Package, and the CS Batch 3000 package. Customer Satisfaction Wichian Art-ong, Instrument Supervisor, said, “We are very happy that we have been able to operate the ABS plant without any major problems. We have no complains with the Yokogawa systems.” He went on to say, “The entire integrated production system is functioning well. We are able to view video from the CCTV cameras as well as other production data on large screens positioned near the CENTUM human machine interface (HMI) stations. Plant information can also be viewed from any location using a standard web browser. -
Chemical Sector Profile
Chemical Sector Profile The U.S. Chemical Sector converts raw materials into more than 70,000 diverse products essential to modern life and distributes those products to more than 750,000 end users throughout the Nation. Several hundred thousand U.S. chemical facilities—ranging from petrochemical manufacturers to chemical distributors—use, manufacture, store, transport, or deliver chemicals along a complex, global supply chain. End users include critical infrastructure sectors, making the uninterrupted production and transportation of chemicals essential for national and economic security. Impact on U.S. Economy The U.S. chemical industry is responsible for more than a quarter of the U.S. GDP, supports the production of almost all commercial and household goods, and is essential to economic growth. Generation of U.S. Employment From research and development to manufacturing, the U.S. chemical industry employs nearly 800,000 people, while creating jobs in the many other industries it touches. Contribution to U.S. Exports The business of chemistry is America’s largest exporting sector, supplying an eighth of the world’s chemical needs. Components of the Chemical Sector The U.S. Chemical Sector is made up of five distinct components: agricultural chemicals, basic chemicals, specialty chemicals, consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. Each component supports a specific and integral part of America’s chemical needs. The Chemical Sector: Integral to Everyday Life Nearly all goods in use every day in the U.S. are manufactured using Chemical Sector products. These goods are found in homes, offices, drug stores, and farms across the Nation. Page 1: American Chemistry Council (ACC), Elements of the Business of Chemistry, 2017; DHS, Chemical SSP, 2015; National Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD), 2019, NACD Responsible Distribution. -
Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on Food Packaging in the Netherlands
Bio-based and biodegradable plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Rapport nr. 1722 Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Report 1722 Colophon Title Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Author(s) Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Number Wageningen Food & Biobased Research number 1722 ISBN-number 978-94-6343-121-7 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350 Date of publication April 2017 Version Concept Confidentiality No/yes+date of expiration OPD code OPD code Approved by Christiaan Bolck Review Intern Name reviewer Christaan Bolck Sponsor RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Client RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Wageningen Food & Biobased Research P.O. Box 17 NL-6700 AA Wageningen Tel: +31 (0)317 480 084 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wur.nl/foodandbiobased-research © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher does not accept any liability for inaccuracies in this report. 2 © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research Preface For over 25 years Wageningen Food & Biobased Research (WFBR) is involved in research and development of bio-based materials and products. -
Air Quality Impacts of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries
environments Review Air Quality Impacts of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries Aiswarya Ragothaman * and William A. Anderson ID Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G3, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 June 2017; Accepted: 13 September 2017; Published: 19 September 2017 Abstract: Though refineries and petrochemical industries meet society’s energy demands and produce a range of useful chemicals, they can also affect air quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified polluted air as the single largest environmental risk, and hence it is necessary to strive for and maintain good air quality. To manage potential health impacts, it is important to implement proper air quality management by understanding the link between specific pollutant sources and resulting population exposures. These industries release pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds, greenhouse gases and particulate matter, from various parts of their operations. Air quality should be monitored and controlled more meticulously in developing nations where increased energy demands, industrialization and overpopulation has led to more emissions and lower air quality. This paper presents a review of findings and highlights from various studies on air quality impacts of petroleum refining and petrochemical plants in many regions in the world. Keywords: air pollution; Air Quality Index; air quality management; refinery; petrochemical; emissions; exposure; particulate matter; Volatile Organic Compounds; greenhouse gases; ozone; carcinogenic; toxicity; Persistent Organic Pollutants; polychlorinated biphenyls; heavy metals; cancer; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; lung cancer; air sampling; atmospheric lifetime; heat integration; emission control 1. Introduction Air pollution and air quality impacts have been studied for many years now, and there are significant concerns around the world to varying degrees.