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Burkholderia Lata Infections from Intrinsically Contaminated RESEARCH LETTERS China need to become aware of R. japonica disease presen- Burkholderia lata Infections tation, so they can administer the appropriate treatment to patients with suspected R. japonica infections. from Intrinsically Contaminated Chlorhexidine This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571963); Science Foundation of Anhui Mouthwash, Australia, 2016 Province of China (1608085MH213); Natural Science Foundation Key Project of Anhui Province Education Department Lex E.X. Leong, Diana Lagana, Glen P. Carter, (KJ2015A020, KJ2016A331); and Scientific Research of Anhui Qinning Wang, Kija Smith, Tim P. Stinear, Medical University (XJ201314, XJ201430, XJ201503). David Shaw, Vitali Sintchenko, Steven L. Wesselingh, Ivan Bastian, About the Authors Geraint B. Rogers Dr. Li is a research coordinator at The First Affiliated Hospital of Author affiliations: South Australian Health and Medical Research Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. His research interests Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (L.E.X. Leong, are pathogenic mechanisms of tickborne infectious diseases, S.L. Wesselingh, G.B. Rogers); Flinders University, Bedford Park, including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, human South Australia, Australia (L.E.X. Leong, G.B. Rogers); Royal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and spotted fever group rickettsioses. Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide (D. Lagana, D. Shaw); University of Dr. Wen Hu is an electron microscope technician at The First Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (G.P. Carter, Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of T.P. Stinear); The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South China, Hefei, China. His research interest is pathogen structure. Wales, Australia (Q. Wang, V. Sintchenko); SA Pathology, Adelaide (K. Smith, I. Bastian) References DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2411.171929 1. Uchida T, Yu XJ, Uchiyama T, Walker DH. Identification of a unique spotted fever group rickettsia from humans in Japan. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:1122–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ Burkholderia lata was isolated from 8 intensive care pa- infdis/159.6.1122 tients at 2 tertiary hospitals in Australia. Whole-genome 2. Mahara F. Japanese spotted fever: report of 31 cases and sequencing demonstrated that clinical and environmental review of the literature. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;3:105–11. isolates originated from a batch of contaminated commer- http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0302.970203 cial chlorhexidine mouthwash. Genomic analysis identified 3. Chung MH, Lee SH, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Kim ES, Lee JS, et al. efflux pump–encoding genes as potential facilitators of bac- Japanese spotted fever, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12:1122–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1207.051372 terial persistence within this biocide. 4. Gaywee J, Sunyakumthorn P, Rodkvamtook W, Ruang-areerate T, Mason CJ, Sirisopana N. Human infection with Rickettsia sp. related to R. japonica, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:657–9. urkholderia contaminans and B. lata together form http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1304.060585 Bgroup K of the B. cepacia complex (Bcc). These pre- 5. Uchida T, Yan Y, Kitaoka S. Detection of Rickettsia japonica in dominantly environmental species are a major cause of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks by restriction fragment length pharmaceutical contamination and have been linked to polymorphism of PCR product. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:824–8. 6. Ishikura M, Fujita H, Ando S, Matsuura K, Watanabe M. multiple instances of associated opportunistic infection (1). Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated Although both species are capable of causing serious infec- from ticks in Japan. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46:241–7. tions in humans (2,3), only B. contaminans has been associ- http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02692.x ated with infection outbreaks (3,4). We report a healthcare- 7. Luo LM, Zhao L, Wen HL, Zhang ZT, Liu JW, Fang LZ, et al. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks as reservoir and vector of associated B. lata infection outbreak occurring in intensive severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China. care units (ICUs) in 2 tertiary hospitals in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:1770–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/ During May–June 2016, bacterial contamination of eid2110.150126 chlorhexidine mouthwash (0.2% mg/mL) was associated 8. Tenquist J, Charleston W. A revision of the annotated checklist of ectoparasites of terrestrial mammals in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z. with an interjurisdictional outbreak in New South Wales 2001;31:481–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2001.9517666 and South Australia. Bcc isolates were obtained from blood 9. Lu Q, Yu J, Yu L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lin M, et al. Rickettsia and tracheal aspirates from 6 ICU patients in hospital A japonica infections in humans, Zhejiang Province, China, 2015. (South Australia) (sample information and isolation pro- Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Nov [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid2411.170044 tocols detailed in the online Technical Appendix, https:// wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/24/11/17-1929-Techapp1. Address for correspondence: Yan Liu, Anhui Medical University, pdf). An investigation by the hospital’s infection and pre- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui, 230032, China; email: vention control team noted discoloration of a commercial [email protected]; Bo-Yu Liu; email: [email protected] chlorhexidine mouthwash. Bcc isolates were cultured from Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 24, No. 11, November 2018 2109 RESEARCH LETTERS all 5 tested bottles from the discolored batch but not from and the hand basin in the same room (A08) (collected 2 11 bottles tested from 4 other batches. Isolates were further days apart). Three of the taxa isolated from the hospital en- obtained from the surfaces of hand basins in 3 separate ICU vironment (A07, A08, and A10) had substantial SNP varia- rooms, where bottles of mouthwash from the contaminated tions compared with contaminated mouthwash and patient batch were in use. Separately, a Bcc isolate was obtained isolates (an average of 191,893 SNPs for A07, 655 SNPs from the sputum of an ICU patient in hospital B (New for A08, and 1,408 SNPs for A10). South Wales), where the same batch of mouthwash was in Differences of 0–1 SNPs between isolates from mouth- use. After a nationwide recall of the contaminated mouth- wash in the 2 hospitals, including from unopened bottles, wash batch, no further cases were reported. strongly suggests contamination during the manufacturing The genomes of 15 Bcc isolates from the 2 hospitals process. After several previous incidents of contamination were sequenced (online Technical Appendix). A closed ge- of cosmetic, toiletry, and pharmaceutical products by mem- nome of isolate A05 was generated as a reference, consist- bers of Bcc, the US Food and Drug Administration com- ing of 3 circular chromosomes of 3.93, 3.71, and 1.15 Mbp mented that these bacteria very likely are introduced into (National Center for Biotechnology Information BioPro- the manufacturing processes through contaminated water ject accession no. PRJNA419071). (https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm559508.htm). Genome analysis identified an Australasian sublineage Direct patient-to-patient transmission of B. lata would ap- of B. lata as the cause of the outbreak. Specifically, all iso- pear unlikely in this instance, given the use of individual lates were sequence type 103 (ST103), which sits within a ICU rooms with nonshared facilities and incomplete over- subclade of B. lata isolates from Australia and New Zea- lap in periods of care. land (online Technical Appendix Figure 1). Two isolates Chlorhexidine mouthwash is perhaps a surprising from hand basins (A07 and A08) and 1 from a hospital source of B. lata infection, given its potent biocidal prop- bench (A10) were of unknown sequence type. erties. However, Bcc species have been isolated previ- Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–based phylo- ously from 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate (in irrigation genetic analysis identified the outbreak strain as a distinct apparatuses used for vaginal douching) and from 0.05% clonal lineage (0–1 SNPs) within the group K clade (Fig- preparations (used for storage of suction catheters) (5). ure), separated from other members of the group by a min- The ability of B. lata to remain viable in chlorhexidine imum of 167,662 SNPs. SNP variation within the clonal appears to be a result of a combination of efflux pump sublineage ranged from 0 to 2 SNPs across isolates from activity, biofilm formation, and cell wall impermeability contaminated mouthwash bottles and patients. A single (1,6,7). These mechanisms probably also contribute to SNP distinguished isolates from patient 4 in room 21 (A04) the common inefficacy of combination antibiotic therapy Figure. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates implicated in an outbreak Burkholderia lata infection from intrinsically contaminated chlorhexidine mouthwash, Australia, 2016. The maximum-likelihood tree is constructed from core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism alignments (N = 512,480) of the outbreak genomes, bootstrapped 1,000 times, and archival genomes from B. cepacia complex group K, relative to the reference genome B. lata A05 (identified by an asterisk). B. metallica was included as a comparator. 2110 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid •Vol. 24, No. 11, November 2018 RESEARCH LETTERS in the treatment of associated infections (8). Prolonged 6. Knapp L, Rushton L, Stapleton H, Sass A, Stewart S, Amezquita A, exposure to microbiocides, including chlorhexidine, has et al. The effect of cationic microbicide exposure against Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc); the use of Burkholderia lata been shown to result in a stable increase in the expression strain 383 as a model bacterium. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115: of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms (1,6), and elevated 1117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12320 chlorhexidine resistance has been reported in multidrug- 7. Drevinek P, Holden MT, Ge Z, Jones AM, Ketchell I, Gill RT, et al.
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