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Problems of cross-border cooperation between and the ...

QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 29(4) • 2010

PROBLEMS OF CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION BETWEEN POLAND AND THE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ta d e u s z Pa l m o w s k i

Gdańsk University, Regional Development Geography Department, Gdańsk, Poland

Manuscript received July 16, 2010 Revised version November 22, 2010

Pa l m o w s k i T., Problems of cross-border cooperation between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation. Quaestiones Geographicae 29(4), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań 2010, pp. 75–82, 1 table. DOI 10.2478/v10117-010-0033-2, ISBN 978-83-62662-30-2, ISSN 0137–477X.

Ab s t r a c t . Thanks to the opening of Europe to Kaliningrad and Kaliningrad to Europe, this region has been given an opportunity to gradually break the isolation which was the primary reason for its peripheral position. The enlargement of the Schengen Area complicated its relations and weakened cross-border cooperation with Po- land. Further cross-border cooperation trends, though facing various barriers, may lead to improving the state of the natural environment in the Polish-Russian transborder region, joint planning of its development, growing mutual contacts, and making the populations living on both sides of the border more familiar with each other. Kaliningrad’s future also requires sustainable economic, ecological, social and political development. The work­ ing out of new principles of model cooperation between the EU and may significantly stimulate the economy in the Polish-Russian cross-border areas. The mainstream options for opening Kaliningrad to regional cooperation can be an important step towards full integration of Baltic Europe.

Ke y w o r d s : cross-border cooperation, Kaliningrad Oblast Tadeusz Palmowski, Institute of Geography, Regional Development Geography Department, Gdańsk University, ul. Ba- żyńskiego 4, 80–952 Gdańsk, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Following 1990, the process of reinstating his- of barriers and prejudice and helped to build up torical relations began with new economic and official and unofficial interpersonal relations, -es cultural relations developing around the Bal- pecially between members of local societies. tic Sea. Cooperation and integration processes The Kaliningrad Oblast is a Russian exclave spread across many spheres of social, economic lying by the . Until 1991 it was closed to and political life, assuming various forms; both foreigners and completely isolated from the West institutional, governmental bi- and multiparty due to its strategic role as a base of the Soviet Un- forms as well as nongovernmental activities at ion navy as well as the land and air forces. As various levels and among a range of environ- the westernmost and strongly militarised part of mental groups. The integration of Baltic Europe the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic develops as a transnational political and insti- (RSFSR), separated by the territories of republics tutional network. The dynamic development of being part of one federation, until the late 1980s transborder relations has triggered the downfall it remained a taboo subject, as if nonexistent on 76 Tadeusz Palmowski political maps. The situation of the area changed visa restrictions. It was assumed that the major dramatically at the turn of the 1980s and ‘90s. The direct effect of the enlargement may be a decrease disintegration of the made a region in the border traffic of individuals, especially in which for decades was a closed military base the the initial period, as well as social and econom- subject of political discussions. With ic difficulties faced by the cross-border regions. gaining independence, the Oblast was separat- The introduced measures were also expected to ed from Russia first by one and then by several hinder small cross-border trade. states ( and ). Finally, the Oblast The enlargement of the Schengen Area was was marked off with the disintegration of the So- also expected to influence the effectiveness of viet Union on 8 December 1991. eastern policies of the new EU Member States, Kaliningrad has a unique position in histori- including Poland, and to weaken their positive cal, economic and geopolitical terms. This former offer addressed to the East European societies part of Eastern , which belongs to the Rus- and governments, thus diminishing the attrac- sian Federation, is 600 km away from the country. tiveness of these countries as promoters of the It is closer to Warsaw and than to . European concept. To limit the severity of the On the other hand, the Oblast is located relatively new rules and the losses anticipated as a result of close to well-developed regions of Western Eu- their implementation, national competencies of rope. The region had the status of a free economic the EU border states retained certain options for zone in 1992 and has held the status of a special relief and simplifications. economic zone since 1996. Poland, together with the countries accessing The present transformation taking place along the in 2004, started applying the the Pregola river gives rise to hope, and to a lesser entire acquis communautaire by the end of 2007. degree, to some concern. Contemporary Kalinin- By 1 September 2007, these states gained access grad, a part of Russia, is undergoing transforma- to the Schengen Information System (SIS). Before tion in all spheres of life. Cut off from the world receiving a visa, every applicant is meticulously for decades, it is now dynamically making up for checked if they are not wanted or if other Mem- lost time, for economic and cultural negligence in ber States have refused them entry. the past. An attempt to dissociate from the past The inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast, has been unsuccessful. We can see it coming back who were entitled to a visa free of charge before to its roots, though to a different state and ethnic 1 June 2007, today must pay 35 euros for a visa, origin (Jasiński 1994). following the agreement concluded on 25 June The development of economic cooperation 2006 in Sochi between the European Union and by neighbouring regions has been initiated by the Russian Federation. The same fee is binding regional and local agreements signed by Polish for applying for Russian visas. voivodeships, towns and communes with the In consequence of introducing fees, the Kaliningrad Oblast. The opening up of the Oblast number of visas issued in June 2007 by the Polish provided an important impetus for developing Consulate in Kaliningrad fell to one-third com- economic relations – transforming the closed mil- pared with the previous month. The falling in- itary zone into a free and then a special economic terest of Kaliningrad inhabitants in travelling to zone. The EU enlargement in 2004 also affected Poland had a clear impact on the local travel bu- its specific and unique geostrategic location as reaus, which recorded a drop in several-day-long a part of the Russian Federation lying inside the trips to Gdańsk by up to 80%. European Community. The decreasing number of passengers trav- The enlargement of the Schengen Area strong- elling by the only railway line between ly influenced mutual relations in cross-border co- and Kaliningrad resulted in limiting the number operation of the neighbouring communities. The of carriages from two to one in the middle of introduction of tighter visa and border policies 2008, and at the beginning of February 2009 in towards Poland’s eastern neighbours outside the suspending the connection altogether. The line area was anticipated before the enlargement, in- is to be opened for the summer . Before cluding the duty to have a visa, visa prices, and Poland’s accession to the Schengen Area, 2.5 to 5 Problems of cross-border cooperation between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast... 77

Table. 1 Human border traffic between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast in the years 2007–2009. Poles Foreigners Years Total total from Poland to Poland total from Poland to Poland 2007 2,910,458 1,479,902 727,023 752,879 1,430,556 718,017 712,539 2008 1,915,592 1,128,702 556,251 572,451 786,890 401,070 385,820 2009 1,276,339 572,218 283,261 288,957 704,121 364,679 339,442 Source: Border Guard data (www.strazgraniczna.pl). thousand persons crossed the border at Gronowo- the number of persons and vehicles has de- , as against 1.5 to 2 thousand in 2008. creased, queues have not disappeared due to the The entire human border traffic, which in 2007 procedures and the officious Russian authorities. stood at almost 3 million, dropped in 2009 to less The Schengen rules fortunately have had no than 1.3 million people (Table 1). impact on economic cooperation with the Kalin- In order to stimulate relations with the Ka- ingrad Oblast. Trade turnover shows a steady, liningrad Oblast, including economic ones, the upward trend. The Russian exports to Poland Polish Airlines LOT opened a Warsaw-Kalinin- have mainly shown an increase, 50% of which grad line on 15 May 2002. LOT airplanes flew being gas followed by oil products, wood, tim- even six times a week starting September 2002. ber, and . The Polish products dominating The Chopin Airport was a transit point for Kalin- in the import to the Oblast include foodstuffs, ingrad inhabitants to many locations in Europe household detergents, construction and finish- and worldwide. With 1 September 2008, the line ing materials, machines, furniture, footwear, and was suspended due to the falling number of pas- other consumer goods and plastic products. It is sengers and loss of profitability. estimated that 20% of the Polish exports to the In October 2007, talks were initiated involving Oblast come from the Polish-Russian border re- the Commissioner for EU external relations, the gion. There are approximately 80 Polish small Council of the Baltic Sea States and the Russian and medium-sized enterprises operating in the party during which the EU confirmed its readi- Kaliningrad Oblast. Some of them are seated in ness to introduce a special procedure for Polish -Mazuria voivodeship. and Lithuanian local border traffic of residents Polish business investment is minimal; there is within a 30-kilometre zone. However, there re- practically no direct investment. This situation is mains in the Oblast a narrow path, including Ka- connected with the existing border ”tightening” liningrad itself, not covered by the agreement. In the small Kaliningrad Oblast market and big lo- 2010 Poland and Lithuania together with Russia gistic outlays necessary to enter the huge Russian applied to the to include market. Therefore, many big Polish companies the entire Kaliningrad Oblast into the local bor- enter the market directly. Additionally, Polish der traffic zone. Perhaps on the grounds of mu- investors are limited by infrastructural problems tual cooperation, the extended area will also refer in the Oblast, as well as power and labour short- to the Polish side. Elbląg, which is located 50 km ages. from the border, is making efforts to qualify as The spatial development strategy of the Kalin- a local border traffic zone. ingrad Oblast until 2030 foresees its operation in The introduction of visas between Poland and a competitive environment and its dynamic de- Russia has hindered and restricted local border velopment in cooperation with the Russian Fed- trade, which for years was one of the measures eration and the Baltic countries. The key objec- mitigating social and economic problems of the tives set in the document at the federal and the cross-border regions. Border markets have lost regional level involve identifying social and eco- their vigour and are dying. However, this prac- nomic development trends of the Oblast. These tice is also undergoing change. The place of Ka- require: liningrad residents is being taken over by Poles, –– securing a single political, economic and de- for whom it is easier to cross the border. On the fensive space for the Oblast in Russia, and Polish side, there are no longer queues of cars –– creating conditions for social and economic waiting to cross it. On the Russian side, though development of the region comparable to that 78 Tadeusz Palmowski

in the countries neighbouring the Kaliningrad of the and Curonian Lagoons against Oblast. man-made hazards. To achieve this aim, the main measure for 7. Technological upgrading of transport means, the federal economic policy is to improve the in- including mass/public transport systems. Re- vestment climate in the Oblast and upgrade the ducing the negative impact of transport on the economy to the level and quality ensuring a sus- natural environment. tainable life standard for the Oblast residents 8. Development of power supply systems assur- comparable to that of residents in the neighbour- ing the Oblast power and environmental se- ing states. Priorities for the social and economic curity. development of the Oblast include: Aspects directly related to Poland, indicated in –– development of a transport system; the first objective, involve an inadequate number –– finding a solution to the problem of power of border crossings and poor competitiveness supply independence; of the Oblast ports as compared with the Polish –– transformation of the economic structure in ones. The anticipated measures include dredging the region seeking to develop exports and in- a sea fairway to Kaliningrad, developing the ex- crease anti-import production stimulated by isting ports, particularly their ro-ro systems, de- innovative activities and priorities in the de- veloping Baltic connections, and modernis- velopment of the high-technology sector; ing the airport. –– reconstruction of the ”amber” industry and Also planned is the development of cross-bor- the fish-processing complex; der cooperation in industry, agriculture and the –– improvement of the telecommunication infra- foodstuffs sector, tourism and recreation, envi- structure; ronmental protection, and border infrastructure. –– support for agricultural and food entrepre- In particular, this refers to the border-crossing neurship to assure consumers an adequate towns of Mamonovo – , Bagriationovsk level of supplies and independence from sup- – , and Oziersk – Gołdap. Other forms plies from outside the Oblast; of cooperation include: –– development of the tourist and recreation sec- –– international cooperation in the sphere of ecol- tor; and ogy, tourism and recreation; –– further development of scientific research in- –– cooperation in protecting cross-border water tegration processes. systems; There are also eight key objectives specified –– development of Mazurian–Curonian water for the development of the Kaliningrad Oblast: routes (Great Mazurian Lakes – Mazurian Ca- 1. Integration of the Oblast with the Baltic coun- nal – Łyna – Pregola –Deyma – Canal tries. – – Baltic); 2. Development of a balanced system for region- –– development of international communication al settlement. between Gdańsk and Kaliningrad; and 3. Improving the quality of life in peripheral, ag- –– separation of the Kaliningrad – Chernya- ricultural parts of the Oblast and a diversifica- khovsk – Augustów (Białystok) – Baranovichi tion of the economy in small towns. – Grodno transport corridor . 4. Developing an optimal network of landscape, The document foresees the development of natural-environment and culture-related sites. water sports on, inter alia, the , Developing big integrated nature zones. These the Mazurian Canal, and the river Łyna. Under areas will contribute to the environmental sta- the programme of developing cycling tourism, bility of the region. as part of the international ”Baltic Ring” in the 5. Development of regional tourist infrastructure Russian part of the Vistula , a cycling centre and its integration with Baltic Europe tourist is planned as well as the construction of bicycle infrastructure. routes. These plans also concern the Vištytis na- 6. Development of an efficient system for - pro ture reserve. tecting the water resources and coastal waters Kaliningrad, Svetlogorsk and are to develop festival tourism and congress activity. Problems of cross-border cooperation between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast... 79

The spa functions are to be further developed tion created by the USSR in 1945 when the state in Svetlogorsk, Zelenoje, Otradnoye and Pioner- border between Poland and the USSR was re- sky. New spa locations to be established include drawn as running across the Vistula Lagoon, Yantarny, and Primorie, historical and from Elbląg and other Lagoon ports through the culture-focused tourist centres, as well as ”nostal- to the Baltic Sea. In recent years gic” tourism to Kaliningrad, Svetlogorsk, Bagra- favourable conditions have appeared for the de- tionovsk, , Gusev, and Sovetsk. velopment of a modern sea port here, operated The Kaliningrad tourist-recreation systems as a municipal port, managed by the town. Its are to be included in the international cross-bor- further development depends on the openness of der cooperation network. Water tourism could shipping routes, improved technical condition of be established along such water routes as the facilities, wharfs, port and tourist infrastructure, Augustów Canal (Grodno-Augustów) and the and on port promotion. It is assumed that the Gdańsk – Elbląg – Kaliningrad – Klaipeda wa- port in Elbląg will ultimately be open to ships of ter route. The following are to be included in the 2.5 thousand GT. The direct hinterland of Elbląg international tourist routes leading from the Ka- will be the Baltic ports, mainly in the Kaliningrad liningrad Oblast: the Augustów Primeval Forest, Oblast (Baltiysk, Kaliningrad, Svetly), as well as the and Wigry National Parks, the Great small ports in Scandinavia and , and Mazurian Lake District with Mikołajki, the Łyna from time to time North Sea ports. The major car- – Pregola water route linking Mazuria with Ka- go stream planned in the international turnover liningrad, and the Mazurian Canal. The Hanseat- of the Elbląg port will embrace goods traded with ic League route is to link Gdańsk, Kaliningrad Kaliningrad. Trade with the Kaliningrad Oblast and . may embrace a wide range of both exported and The sixth objective stipulates the development imported goods. of an efficient system of protection of the water The operation of the Elbląg port has depended resources and coastal zones of the Vistula Lagoon on political factors since 1945. The present situ- and the Curonian Lagoon against man-made haz- ation results from the one-sided decision of the ards. The document points to the hyper-eutroph- USSR, surprisingly and without precedence sep- ication of the Vistula Lagoon, whose degradation arating not only the Lagoon water basin but the excludes it from performing any economic role itself. Though mutual agreements in and lowers the recreational function of its coast. force ensure free passage of Polish ships through The major pollution sources of the water basin are the Strait of Baltiysk, they remain solely declara- the towns of Kaliningrad, Svetly, Mamonovo and tions on paper. Ships and yachts under foreign . Biogenic compounds (mainly phos- flags as well as Polish vessels and sailing between phorus and nitrogen) are also discharged to the the Polish and Russian ports around the Vistula Lagoon from drainage systems. Industrial and Lagoon are prohibited. municipal waste takes up more and more space. Diplomatic talks on the dispute continued Approximately 25% of dung connected with ani- since 1991. Thanks to a more lenient attitude to mal production is located in water protection ar- shipping in the Strait of Baltiysk, the eas of the Pregola, Prochladnoje, Łyna and other opened the Lagoon to ships flying all flags along Oblast rivers. The document emphasises interna- the entire fairway to Kaliningrad. A shipping line tional responsibility for the quality of the lagoon was set up between the Polish and Russian ports waters. This means it is necessary to build a sew- in the Lagoon. Such a liberalisation of shipping age treatment plant in, inter alia, Kaliningrad and rules stimulated the ports on both sides. The only Mamonovo. remaining restriction involved a ban for ships Around the Vistula Lagoon and the mouth of flying other than the Polish and Russian flags to the Elbląg River there are a total of twelve small cross the Russian part of the Lagoon. Polish ports and havens. The biggest Polish sea However, in 2006 the Russians reinstated rig- and river port in this water basin is Elbląg. What orous observance of the 1945 treaty and shipping ended Elbląg’s links with the sea, thus degrad- between the ports of both sides came to a stand- ing it to a peripheral port status, was the situa- still. The problem of access to the Polish part of 80 Tadeusz Palmowski the Lagoon became acute, with a detrimental ef- the coastal area there are nine major pollution fect on all Polish communes round the Lagoon sources (hot points). Over half of the towns in and of the Kaliningrad Oblast. On September 1 the Oblast have no effectively operating sewage 2009, the prime ministers of Poland and Russia treatment plants, while those operating do not signed in Sopot a long-awaited agreement be- provide sufficient treatment. The construction tween the government of the Republic of Poland of a new sewage treatment plant in Kaliningrad and the government of Russia regarding shipping has not been completed. A mechanical treatment on the Vistula Lagoon. The actual enforcement of plant from the beginning of the previous century the agreement will be a major factor stimulating is still in operation. the sea port in Elbląg and the tourist sector of the To date, the biggest problem of the Vistula small ports around the Vistula Lagoon. A reviv- Lagoon is, according to Kaliningrad sources, its al of trade on the Kaliningrad – Elbląg route is hyper-eutrophication. The main polluter is the connected with the import of about 10 thousand city of Kaliningrad where untreated, aggressive tonnes of coal monthly. The import of aggregate sewage from half a million of its population flows is also planned. along an open canal directly to the Lagoon. Ports The Vistula Lagoon with the Vistula Spit, and oil terminals also discharge oil-contaminated the Elbląg Upland Landscape Park and Żuławy water and industrial waste directly to the Pregola Wiślane form a unique natural landscape and en- River. To improve the ecological situation of the vironmental complex spreading along the Polish Lagoon, joint measures are required by both the border to the Kaliningrad Oblast. The Vistula Polish and the Russian side. Programmes for the Lagoon is a waterfowl sanctuary, while the Vis- social and economic development of the Kalin- tula Spit flora and the Elbląg Upland Landscape ingrad Oblast provide for solving these environ- Park feature a multitude of rare plant species mental problems. and communities. The distinct landscape and All the Lagoon-based towns in Poland already environmental assets are also accompanied by have their sewage treatment plants. 87% of those many cultural values. However, all those values in Warmia-Mazuria voivodeship are equipped are not fully protected. While there are two land- with sanitary sewage systems. The basis of in- scape parks here, the Vistula Spit and the Elbląg ternational cooperation establishing protected Upland Landscape Park, they do not ensure suf- cross-border regions in this part of Europe could ficient protection of the Lagoon itself. Full pro- be the so called Wigry Declaration signed in 1992 tection should be comprehensive, embracing the at Wigry by government representatives, local entire Vistula Spit and Vistula Lagoon together authorities and scientists from Poland, Russia, with the coastline, and provided by the Polish Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and . The dec- and the Kaliningrad side. laration assumes close cooperation of the signa- On the Russian side of the Vistula Spit, a zoo- tories on the protection of the environment and logical reserve was created in 1963 called Vislin- eco-development. skaya Kosa. Apart from waterfowl and mammals, The entire Vistula Spit is considered to be protection also extended to the unique dunes, a nodal region of international importance with woods and beaches, as well as the adjacent sea its high saturation with unique natural plant and Lagoon waters. The reserve, covering an area communities and natural sanctuaries of Europe- of 21 km2, ranged across the entire Russian part an rank. The Vistula Spit Landscape Park, togeth- of the Vistula Spit from the Polish border to the er with a marine zone extending to a depth of 10 small village of Kosa near the Strait of Baltiysk. metres and a coastal water zone 1 sea mile wide, Unfortunately, in 2004 the Vislinskaya Kosa pre- have been included by HELCOM to the Baltic Sea serve suddenly disappeared from all new maps Protected Areas (BSPA). These are natural envi- and studies published in Kaliningrad. The Rus- ronments (or slightly altered by man) of the high- sian side explains the disappearance of the pre- est environmental value in the Baltic area. serve by the expiry of the relevant regulations. The Vistula Spit and Lagoon lie in the area The Kaliningrad Oblast, according to Rus- of a regional cross-border cooperation structure sian sources, is a region of ecological disaster. In established in 1998 as the Baltic Euroregion. The Problems of cross-border cooperation between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast... 81 main objectives of Euroregional cooperation cov- liningrad city pose a considerable hazard. The er, inter alia, the protection and improvement of direct vulnerability of the city and its residents the environment, development of tourism in cross- increases with the appalling technical state of border regions, improvement of the efficiency of the warehouses, which often do not comply with border traffic, cultural exchange, and care for the regulations for ammunition storage. common cultural heritage. All premises and con- A hazard that could be an area of future coop- ditions show a potential for developing Polish- eration may also be the drainage systems, built in Russian cross-border cooperation in tourism and the times of , now split by the state the environmental protection of the Vistula Spit border. The disastrous technical condition of the and Lagoon. The protection system of the Lagoon systems resulting from lack of maintenance and waters should cover its entire drainage basin on connections with the Russian part is the reason both sides of the border. of flooding in the border regions of Bartoszyce On the borderline of Poland, Lithuania and the and Kętrzyn poviats and on the other side of the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation lies border. Many of those areas suffer flooding and the Suwałki-Vištytis region featuring such assets bogging not only of farmland, but also of forests as the primeval Romincka Forest. To preserve the and parks. exceptional landscape and natural environment The Kaliningrad Oblast still has no waste of this area, artificially split by the state borders, treatment plant. A considerable number of land- a trilateral cross-border national park should be fills are illegal dumps. Leakage from the dumps established. pollutes surface waters. To counteract the effects Cross-border protected areas should be re- of possible emergencies and eliminate extraordi- gions of close cooperation of local authorities and nary hazards, the relevant land and marine serv- environmental protection offices of Poland and ices should be better prepared to cope with them Russia to protect the most valuable areas and pro- than they are today. mote environmentally friendly forms of tourism The reconstruction of the drainage systems and development in line with eco-development together with canals, gates and culverts should principles. The two voivodeships neighbour- be one of the new forms of cross-border coopera- ing on the Oblast, viz. and Warmia- tion. Mazuria, are interested in cooperating with the In August 2008 Poland completed the mod- exclave. Closer ties, relations and contacts are im- ernisation of the Elbląg – Grzechotki section of portant for border regions in Poland and the Ob- the S 22 road; a border crossing was also built last. Improvement in the ecological situation and in Grzechotki – Mamonovo II. After works have infrastructure would provide an opportunity for been completed on the Russian side, another the development of tourist services. border crossing will be opened, so important for Potential ecological hazards from the Russian both passenger and cargo traffic. side posed by rapidly developing shipments of Guidelines for further areas of cross-border oil and oil derivatives can turn to ecological ca- cooperation are specified in more detail by the tastrophes caused by disasters of ships (includ- Polish-Russian Council for Cooperation of Re- ing tankers) and oil rigs, as well as pollution con- gions of the Republic of Poland and the Kalinin- nected with cargo handling and discharging of grad Oblast of the Russian Federation. ballast waters etc. to the Vistula Lagoon and the Gdańsk Bay. Cross-border environmental hazards affect- References ing Poland can also derive from the operation of Ja s i ń s k i J., 1994. Historia Królewca (The history of Królewiec). the existing military stations, training grounds Książnica Polska, . and warehouses that create a number of envi- Pa l m o w s k i T. (ed.), 2007. Pogranicze polsko-rosyjskie. Problemy ronmental problems. The key ecological problem współpracy transgranicznej z Obwodem Kaliningradzkim (Polish-Russian border region. Problems in cross-border is the storage and treatment of ammunition and cooperation with Kaliningrad Oblast). Bernadinum, obsolete military equipment. Arsenals, stations Gdynia-Pelplin: 7–316. and warehouses located in a close vicinity of Ka- 82 Tadeusz Palmowski

Terytorialno-kompleksowy schemat planowania urbani- Mo d z e l e w s k i W.T., 2008. Współpraca na pograniczu polsko- stycznego rozwoju Obwodu Kaliningradzkiego i jego rosyjskim (Cooperation on the Polish-Russian border). części (Complex territorial urban development planning In: Żukowski A. (ed.), Polska a Obwód Kaliningradzki scheme for the Kaliningrad Oblast and its parts), 2003, Federacji Rosyjskiej. Publishing House Adam Marszałek, Kaliningrad: 7–127. Toruń: 159–181.