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Germination and Emergence of Four Rattan Calamus Species of Western Ghats in Response to Different Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments

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Germination and Emergence of Four Rattan Calamus Species of Western Ghats in Response to Different Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments AL SC R IEN TU C A E N F D O N U A N D D Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8 (2): 760 - 768 (2016) A E I T L I O P JANS N P A ANSF 2008 Germination and emergence of four rattan Calamus species of Western ghats in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments K. Vidyasagaran, E. D. Jisha and Vikas Kumar* College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur- 680656 (Kerala), INDIA *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 19, 2015; Revised received: February 16, 2016; Accepted: May 11, 2016 Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of ten pre-sowing treatments on germination parameter of the four Calamus species in the nursery of College of Forestry, Vellanikkara. Most of the pre-sowing treatments of Calamus spp. gave better performance compared to the control. Complete removal of outer pericarp and sarcotesta of each seed manually (T2), Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes after removing sarcotesta (T6) and Hot water treatment (500C) after removing sarcotesta for two minutes followed by soaking in water for 12 hours (T7) were found promising in all the species. The higher germination percentage (83.82, 89.96), mean daily germination (0.020, 3.39), peak value of germination (0.026, 3.45) and germination value (0.00041, 11.56) and was recorded for Calamus thwaitesii and C. metzianus in treatment with GA3 (T9) respectively. The maximum germination percentage 0 (27.74), MDG (0.41), PVG (0.46) and GV (0.20) for C. hookerianus in T7 (Hot water treatment (50 C) after removing sarcotesta for two minutes followed by soaking in water for 12 hours), and highest MDG (0.078), PVG (0.91) and GV (0.0065) for C. travancoricus in T5 (Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes without removing sarcotesta). The present study reiterated that the pre-sowing treatments hold major scope in the propagation of rattan seedlings which usually could not germinate well under ordinary conditions due to dormancy. Keywords: Calamus, Pre-sowing treatment, Germination per cent, Germination value, Pericarp and Sarcotesta INTRODUCTION markets. The Indian cane furniture industries produced materials worth Rs.50 million with the value of exports Rattan is the common name attributed to spiny old standing at Rs. 5 million during early 20th century world climbing palms belonging to the family Arecaceae (Cibele et al., 2009). (Palmae) (Baker et al., 2000). There are over 550 Due to overexploitation and deforestation have led to different species of rattan belonging to 12 genera unabated destruction of natural forest where the distributed throughout the old world tropics desired species thrives, soon there will be no more (Dransfield et al., 2002; Dransfield et al., 2008). India cane in Asia (Abasolo, 2015). Although rattans are still has a good representation of rattans with 5 genera and found in the natural forests in Kerala, they are 60 species mainly found in Western Ghats, Andaman restricted to less accessible areas in India. One among and North-East India (Renuka, 1999) and widely used the major reasons for the depletion of resources non-timber forest products (Siebert, 2012). Unlike appears to be the indiscriminate extraction of rattans most dicotyledonous lianas, rattans lack secondary because of the heavy demand for raw material. Even growth, and thus have to maintain their primary- immature rattans are extracted before they could bear formed vascular system for the entire life of the stem; flowers or fruits, which have drastically affected the any mechanical damage to the vascular system might production of seeds. On the other hand, this is partially therefore be fatal for the plant. This is especially true due to the non-adherence to the prescribed cutting for climbing palms which, for the most part, lack the cycles, and also due to inadequate information capacity to root and branch. However, despite these available on silviculture aspects of species for the apparent constraints, the abundance and species purposes of developing sound management practices. diversity of climbing rattans in many tropical forests As a result of such continuous and steady pressures on suggest an ecological and evolutionary success of this the natural habitat of rattans, the broad genetic base of growth form (Isnard and Rowe, 2008). Wood of rattan is being reduced rapidly. The increasing global rattans is strong, with medium density, yet much demand for rattans and the severe depletion in the lighter than other hardwoods and extremely pliable. rattan resources resulted in an urgent need for effective Because of these desirable characters, it is extensively conservation and propagation measures and necessitated used in the manufacture of a wide range of furniture the research on the propagation aspects of rattans and handicrafts items for low, medium and high end species (Hong et al., 2000; Hans Raj et al., 2014). ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation www.jans.ansfoundation.org 761 K. Vidyasagaran et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 8 (2): 760 - 768 (2016) Due to dormancy condition which prevents the easy Pre-treated seeds were sown in polybag (25 X 12 cm germination of rattan seeds, like other members of the size i.e gauge, 250) within 3-4 days after collection Arecaceae family, farmers and foresters are facing a since the viability of the seeds is very short. The ploybags major problem in the propagation of rattan species. But were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) this situation can be altered by seed treatments, with 3 replications with 20 seeds in each replication. The subjecting the seeds to favorable condition of moisture potting media used was a mixture of sand, soil, cow and temperature. This paper deals with the study of the dung (1:1:1). Each seed was placed in the polybag pre-sowing treatments of four common rattan species filled with the media and uniformly covered with 2 cm of Kerala namely, Calamus thwaitesii, C. metzianus, layer of sawdust. Seedlings were kept under shade C. hookerianus, and C. travancoricus. during the study period. Watering was done twice a day before germination and once a day after germination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily germination counts were recorded and from The present investigations were carried out at the tree these observations, germination percentage, mean nursery of College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural daily germination (MDG), peak value of germination University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala. The (PV) and germination value (GV) were calculated experimental site has an elevation of 40.3 m above sea (Czabator, 1962). level and located at 10o 13’N latitude and 76o 13’ E RESULTS longitude. The study area experiences a warm humid climate, having mean annual rainfall of 2890 mm, In general, the presowing treatments significantly most of which is received during the south west influenced the various germination parameters and monsoon (June to August). The mean maximum time for germination. The influence of pre-sowing temperature recorded at Vellanikkara varied from treatments on different Calamus species are as follows 20.9o C in June to 35.1o C in March. The mean C. thwaitesii : The influene of pre-sowing treatments minimum temperature varied from 20.9o C in July to on germination of C. thwaitesii differed significantly 25.3o C in April. (Table 1). Comparing all the parameters, treatments Seeds of Calamus thwaitesii and C. metzianus were viz. scarification with sand and ash (T3), hot water collected from KFRI sub centre at Palappilly, in treatment (T7) and treatment with GA3 (T9) gave good Thrissur district and C. hookerianus and C. travancoricus germination per cent within a short time span. With from natural forests of Vazhachal forest division. The regards to germination percentage, significant following pre sowing treatments were selected for the difference was observed among various treatments study. studied. A significantly higher germination per cent T1. Complete removal of outer pericarp of each seed was obtained from treatment with GA3 (T9), scarification manually. with sand and ash (T3), T8 (cold water treatment after T2. Complete removal of outer pericarp and sarcotesta removing sarcotesta), T7 (Hot water treatment), and T6 of each seed manually. (Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes after removing T3. Scarification with sand and ash to remove the peri- sarcotesta). T10 (Control) gave a lower germination carp and sarcotesta completely: Seeds were rubbed per cent of 53.82. with sand and ash to remove pericarp and sarcotesta. Significant variation was also observed in the mean T4. Fermentation of the seed after removing pericarp: daily germination (MDG) between the treatments and The seeds were soaked in water for 46 hours after the values changed from 0.006 to 0.020 (Table 1). Sig- removing pericarp. nificantly higher (0.020) MDG was recorded in T9 T5. Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes without (Treatment with GA3) while, the minimum (0.006) was removing sarcotesta: Seeds were soaked in sulphuric recorded by T10 (Control).The data pertaining to the acid for 3-5 minutes after removing pericarp followed peak value of germination (PVG) indicated that in by soaking in cold water for 24 hours. most of the treatments, peak value of germination was T6. Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes after same as MDG. The data range was also same as the removing sarcotesta: Seeds were soaked in sulphuric highest being 0.020 in T9 (Treatment with GA3) and acid for 3-5 minutes after removing pericarp and lowest being 0.006 on T10 (Control). The germination sarcotesta followed by soaking in cold water for 24 hours. value (GV) varied as high as 0.0041 to as low as 0 T7. Hot water treatment (50 C) after removing 0.00004.
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