Edited by Marco Ferretti Wildlife Population Monitoring Wildlife management is about finding the balance between conservation of Wildlife Population endangered species and mitigating the impacts of overabundant wildlife on humans and the environment. This book deals with the monitoring of fauna, related diseases, Monitoring and interactions with humans. It is intended to assist and support the professional worker in wildlife management. Edited by Marco Ferretti ISBN 978-1-78984-169-5 Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © photostockeditor / unsplash Wildlife Population Monitoring Edited by Marco Ferretti Published in London, United Kingdom Supporting open minds since 2005 Wildlife Population Monitoring http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81350 Edited by Marco Ferretti Contributors Nicole Benjamin-Fink, Laurie Marker, Yogendra Shah, Dhan Kumar Pant, Yagya Raj Pandeya, Amir Sadaula, Rabin Kadariya, Erin Stukenholtz, Richard Stevens, Tirhas Hailu, Sean Childers, Charles Leatherwood, Lonnie Evans, Don Roulain, Dale Townsley, Marty Treider, R. Neal Platt, David Ray, John Zak, Guiming Zhang, Abiud Lucas Kaswamila, Augustino Mwakipesile, Magdalena Larska, Michał Krzysiak, Md. Akhter Hossain, Rajib Mahamud, Nikhil Chakma, Mohammed Hossain, Maria Dos Anjos Pires, Anabela Alves, Fernanda Seixas, Isabel Pires, Maria De Lurdes Pinto, Adelina Gama, Filipe Silva, Roberto Sargo, Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Alexandra Esteves, Estela Bastos, Leonor Orge, Carla Neves Machado, João Carlos Silva, Ana Paula Mendonça, Paula Tavares, Carla Lima, Paulo Carvalho, Ana Matos, Luis Figueira, Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2019 The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED’s written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department ([email protected]). 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The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. First published in London, United Kingdom, 2019 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from [email protected] Wildlife Population Monitoring Edited by Marco Ferretti p. cm. 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For more information visit www.intechopen.com Meet the editor Marco Ferretti obtained a PhD in Animal Production, Health and Food Hygiene in the Mediterranean Climate Countries from the University of Pisa (2010); a master’s degree in Sciences and Management of Wildlife and Environmental Resources from the University of Florence (2006); and a bachelor’s degree in Protec- tion and Management of Wildlife Resources from the University of Florence (2001). From 1999 to 2008 he worked as a freelancer in the field of wildlife conservation and management, population dynamics, animal behavior, zoology, ecology, biology, agronomy, forestry, statistics, GIS, and wildlife and environmental law. From 2008 to 2015 Dr. Ferretti worked at the Wildlife Man- agement office in the province of Pistoia. Since 2016 he has worked at the Wildlife Management Office in Tuscany. Contents Preface III Section 1 Wildlife Management 1 Chapter 1 3 Wildlife Population Monitoring Study among Endangered Animals at Protected Areas in Nepal by Amir Sadaula, Yagya Raj Pandeya, Yogendra Shah, Dhan Kumar Pant and Rabin Kadariya Chapter 2 19 Integrating Citizen Science and GIS for Wildlife Habitat Assessment by Guiming Zhang Chapter 3 39 Ecology of Feral Pigeons: Population Monitoring, Resource Selection, and Management Practices by Erin E. Stukenholtz, Tirhas A. Hailu, Sean Childers, Charles Leatherwood, Lonnie Evans, Don Roulain, Dale Townsley, Marty Treider, R. Neal Platt II, David A. Ray, John C. Zak and Richard D. Stevens Chapter 4 53 Cheetahs Race for Survival: Ecology and Conservation by Laurie Marker Chapter 5 73 Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh by Md Akhter Hossain, Rajib Mahmud, Nikhil Chakma and Mohammed Kamal Hossain Section 2 Wildlife Diseases 101 Chapter 6 103 TSE Monitoring in Wildlife Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Genetics and Control by Carla Neves Machado, Leonor Orge, Isabel Pires, Adelina Gama, Alexandra Esteves, Ana Paula Mendonça, Ana Matos, Anabela Alves, Carla Lima, Estela Bastos, Fernanda Seixas, Filipe Silva, João Carlos Silva, Luis Figueira, Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Maria De Lurdes Pinto, Contents Preface XIII Section 1 Wildlife Management 1 Chapter 1 3 Wildlife Population Monitoring Study among Endangered Animals at Protected Areas in Nepal by Amir Sadaula, Yagya Raj Pandeya, Yogendra Shah, Dhan Kumar Pant and Rabin Kadariya Chapter 2 19 Integrating Citizen Science and GIS for Wildlife Habitat Assessment by Guiming Zhang Chapter 3 39 Ecology of Feral Pigeons: Population Monitoring, Resource Selection, and Management Practices by Erin E. Stukenholtz, Tirhas A. Hailu, Sean Childers, Charles Leatherwood, Lonnie Evans, Don Roulain, Dale Townsley, Marty Treider, R. Neal Platt II, David A. Ray, John C. Zak and Richard D. Stevens Chapter 4 53 Cheetahs Race for Survival: Ecology and Conservation by Laurie Marker Chapter 5 73 Wild Fodder Yielding Plants in the Protected Areas of Bangladesh by Md Akhter Hossain, Rajib Mahmud, Nikhil Chakma and Mohammed Kamal Hossain Section 2 Wildlife Diseases 101 Chapter 6 103 TSE Monitoring in Wildlife Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Genetics and Control by Carla Neves Machado, Leonor Orge, Isabel Pires, Adelina Gama, Alexandra Esteves, Ana Paula Mendonça, Ana Matos, Anabela Alves, Carla Lima, Estela Bastos, Fernanda Seixas, Filipe Silva, João Carlos Silva, Luis Figueira, Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Maria De Lurdes Pinto, Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo, Paula Tavares, Paulo Carvalho, Roberto Sargo and Maria Dos Anjos Pires Preface Chapter 7 147 Infectious Disease Monitoring of European Bison (Bison bonasus) by Magdalena Larska and Michał K. Krzysiak Section 3 Wildlife management has evolved in recent times. In past years, the scientific and Wildlife and Human Interaction 169 technical world has tried to set up standardized monitoring methods for each spe- cies, to give answers to the question: Which and how many animals are we talking Chapter 8 171 about? An Assessment of the Human-Wildlife Conflict across Africa by Benjamin-Fink Nicole The results of monitoring with these techniques, increasingly innovative thanks to new computer and digital tools, led to the discovery of problems related to the con- Chapter 9 181 servation of species and their habitats. These problems can manifest in cases of low Resident Hunting Ban in Serengeti District and Its Implications to People’s numbers and/or residual areas, or in many cases, problems of interaction between Livelihood and Wildlife Population animals and the population due to overabundance or damage to human activities. by Abiud L. Kaswamila and Augustino E. Mwakipesile The scientist and the technician therefore have increasingly had to deal with oppos- ing situations: conservation of endangered species and mitigation of the impacts of wildlife on humans. In these two contexts numerous factors come into play, including local interests from various stakeholders, national laws and international treaties, and perception of reality. Nowadays, with a distorted use of the Internet and social networks, the risk of misperceptions surpassing the real facts