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Status and Potential of Wild Edible Plants of Arunachal Pradesh

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Status and Potential of Wild Edible Plants of Arunachal Pradesh Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 5(4), October 2006, pp. 541-550 Status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh A Angami, P R Gajurel, P Rethy*, B Singh & S K Kalita1 Department of Forestry, NERIST, Nirjuli 791109, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh; 1Department of Herbal Remedies and Cosmetology, Rajiv Gandhi Polytechnic, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Emails: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 30 March 2005; revised 19 December 2005 The consumption of wild plants is one of the strategies, adopted by the local people for sustenance, is intrinsically linked to their strong traditional & cultural system and is inseparable. The indigenous communities continuously include wild edibles to their daily food intake and sales from the surplus add to their income. Simultaneously, an emphasis on the sustainable harvesting of wild edible plants will help enhance and maintain the region’s biodiversity. As the local people are endowed with a vast knowledge concerning the utilization of wild plants, the paper focuses on their knowledge and illustrates the need to select local priority plant species with potential to become valuable staple foods and important alternatives to the usual cultivated agricultural crops. Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, Medicinal plants, Sustainable harvesting, Wild edible plants IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P1/02, A61P1/10, A61P1/12, A61P1/14, A61P11/00, A61P11/10, A61P19/00, A61P19/02, A61P29/00 Use of large number of wild species by the tribals to contribution to the populations’ nutrition throughout meet their diverse requirements is largely due to the the year6-10. Although the principal role of these plants prevalence of diversity of vegetation in the area1. The is to supplement the food cultivated in home gardens use of wild plants is integral part of their strong and other forms of agriculture, many of the species traditional & cultural systems and practice that have grown or wild-harvested are reported to have both developed and accumulated over generations. These therapeutic and dietary functions10. The sale from the systems form the basis of local-level decision-making surplus of their collection also adds to their income in agriculture, food production, human and animal significantly. Research in several regions has also health and natural resource management2. illustrated that many wild plants that are retained in World over, tribal population still stores a vast local food cultures are inseparable from traditional knowledge on utilization of local plants as food therapeutic systems10-14. Emphasis on the conservation material and other specific uses3. The tribal and management of wild edible plants will help communities draw their sustenance mainly from the enhance and maintain the region’s biodiversity with forests, which provide them food plants and other little adverse impact on the biodiversity8. material requirement. Their lives are much dependent The climatic and ecological diversity of the state on forest or natural plant wealth4. The biological create a foundation for a very rich and diverse flora, wealth is so intrinsically important to the life style and and multi-ethnic population has a long tradition of systems of the indigenous communities that wild close relation with wild plants. A wide range of wild plants make an important contribution for sustenance plant species are used by the local population in of local communities. They play a significant role in a Arunachal Pradesh including many wild green wide range of agricultural systems as a source of wild vegetable leaves, roots and fruits as food15,16. The food and fuel wood, and have an important socio- utilization of wild plants is strongly linked to their economic role through their use in medicines, dyes, strong traditional & cultural system and is a necessary poisons, shelter, fibres and religious and cultural part of the strategies adopted by the local people for ceremonies5. Wild edible plants not only supplement sustenance as they are endowed with a vast the food quantity but also make significant knowledge concerning the use of these wild plants. __________ The contribution of the wild edibles to the diet and *Corresponding author economy of the local people is often significant and 542 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 5, No. 4, OCTOBER 2006 therefore focus on these species should remain a consume fruits and leaves however, other plant parts priority. Integration of wild species into agricultural like barks, flowers, tubers, stem, etc. were also system will not only protect biological diversity but utilized infrequently (Fig. 5). Some of the species like also provide adequate food and contribute to the rural Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Gynura cusimbua, economy. For this purpose, identification of the edible Houttuynia cordata, Phlogacanthus sp, Paederia species according to the local preferences is scandens, Plantago major, Solanum nigrum, necessary17. An attempt has been made to present Spilanthes acmella, Zanthoxylum armatum, etc. are status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunachal known for their medicinal properties. 28% of the total Pradesh. wild vegetables are used as medicine by the local people (Figs. 3-4). Wild edible plant species play a Methodology major part in supplementing other foods, especially in The study was conducted in most of the districts of rural communities. Species like Diplazium Arunachal Pradesh, including the different esculantum, Docynia indica, Elaeagnus sp, Ficus sp, geographical zones and indigenous groups (Fig. 1). Houttuynia cordata, Musa sp, Phyllanthus emblica, Extensive field surveys with the help of Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Solanum nigrum, knowledgeable local people for collection and study, Zizyphus mauritiana and Syzygium cuminii are and understanding of the natural habitats of the plant collected from the wild and from home garden, for species were undertaken. Plant species were identified consumption and for sale to supplement their income from their vernacular names and ethnobotanical (Table 2). Although among the urban and sub-urban information were recorded. Informal interviews were communities, consumption of wild plant species is conducted with some of the local people to document less but significant. and to understand the harvesting and utility patterns. A number of wild edible species, more frequently For selection of priority species, questionnaires consumed by the local people were also found to have were used17. Respondents were selected randomly some other ethnobotanical importance (Table 3). representing both sex and age groups. Important wild Different varieties of mushroom are also collected, edible species were selected by means of ‘free listing’ used and sold in the market abundantly. Some of the method on the principle that the more significant locally preferred species like Castanopsis, Ficus species are likely to be mentioned by several cunia, Mangifera sylvatica, Plantago major, Spondias informants, and are likely to be mentioned earlier in axillaris, etc. are not sold in the local markets due to each list18. Local markets of the selected areas were the easy accessibility and availability of the species surveyed and plant samples collected with necessary from the forest. Most of the local priority species market information including market demands, local recorded, has multipurpose use that includes preferences, etc. utilization as herbal medicine. Collection of plant samples and preparation of Preferred species like Elaeagnus sp. (total sugar, herbarium specimens were done as per the prescribed reducing sugar, vitamin C, proteins), Phyllanthus methodology19. The specimens were identified with emblica (TSS, vitamin C, Mg), Ficus sp (vitamin C), the help of various relevant taxonomic literatures and Fragaria sp (vitamin C, P, Ca, Mg, Fe), Prunus with consultation of herbarium specimens at State persica (non reducing sugar, total mineral, K, Fe), Forest Research Institute, Itanagar, BSI, Shillong Rubus species (sugar, Fe,), Zizyphus jujuba (sugar, (Assam) and Central National Herbarium (CAL) proteins, P, K, Ca), Morus alba (vitamin C, Fe), Howrah. Herbarium specimens were deposited with Spondias species (Ca, vitamin C), Mangifera the Department of Forestry, NERIST, Nirjuli, sylvatica (carbohydrate, reducing sugar), Castanopsis Arunachal Pradesh. sp (fats), Terminalia (carbohydrate, K), Zanthoxylum species (cu), Amaranthus species (carbohydrates, Results and discussion proteins, fats, K, Ca), Bamboo species (Ca), Calamus In the present study, about 118 wild edible plant species (P, K, Ca), Centella asiatica (Ca), Colocasia species have been recorded (Table 1). Maximum esculentum (carbohydrate, Fats, P, Fe), Diplazium utilization of parts from tree and herb species was esculentum (N, P, K, Fe, Ca), Fagopyrum esculentum observed, while the utility of climber species was (carbohydrate, protein, Fe), Houttuynia cordata (Ca), minimum (Fig. 2). People were mostly found to Oenanthe javanica (protein, K), Plantago major ANGAMI et al.: WILD EDIBLE PLANTS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 543 Table 1⎯Wild edible plants Scientific name Family Vernacular name Parts used Uses Albizia procera Benth. Mimosaceae - Leaves Vegetable Allium reballum M Beib. Liliaceae Alomana (I) Leaves Vegetable Alternanthera sessilis R.Br. Amaranthaceae - Leaves Vegetable Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Mora sag (C), Khotuka (Ak) Leaves Vegetable Medicinal Amaranthus viridis Linn. Amaranthaceae Nyipak O (C) Leaves Vegetable Medicinal Amomum aromaticum
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