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Ecology of Palms (Arecaceae) in Response to Cyclonic Disturbances in North Queensland, Australia

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Ecology of Palms (Arecaceae) in Response to Cyclonic Disturbances in North Queensland, Australia ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Latifah, Dian (2011) Ecology of palms (Arecaceae) in response to cyclonic disturbances in North Queensland, Australia. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29606/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29606/ Ecology of Palms (Arecaceae) in Response to Cyclonic Disturbances in North Queensland, Australia Thesis submitted by Dian Latifah, SP (Bachelor in Agriculture, Hons), MAppSc in March 2011 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Statement of Access I, the undersigned author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library and via the Australian Digital Theses network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act. ______________________________ _____________________ (Signature) (Date) ii Statement of Sources Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. Every reasonable effort has been made to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of copyright material. I would be pleased to hear from any copyright owner who has been omitted or incorrectly acknowledged. ______________________________ _____________________ (Signature) (Date) iii Statement on the Contribution of Others I declare that I have stated clearly and fully in this thesis the extent of contribution of others. I acknowledge the contribution of others in the list below. Nature of Assistance Contribution Names, Titles and Affiliations of Co- Contributors PhD supervision Proposal writing Dr. Robert A. Congdon (Intellectual support) Data analysis (Principal Supervisor) Statistical support Dr. Joseph A. Holtum Editorial assistance (Co-Supervisor) Research student monitor Research student monitor Dr. Jonathan Luly Research facilities Research facilities Tropical Vegetation Dynamics Research Group Plant Physiology Research Group Intellectual support Expertise in palm botany and ecology Dr. John Dowe Field survey for research proposal preparation Providing many palm references Expertise in seed ecology and botany A/Prof. Betsy Jackes Providing many related references A/Prof Ross Coventry Christopher Gardiner Scientific and editorial assistance Dr. Leone Bielig Dr. Faye Christidis Learning skills Dr Rosemary Dunn (former Academic Editorial support Advisor in Graduate Research School) Elizabeth Tynan (Graduate Research School) Andrew Stacey (Library) Katharine Fowler (Learning Skills and Library) Kellie Johns (Learning Skills) Peter Hanley (Learning Skills) Statistical support Dr. Yvette Everingham Data analysis Dr. Bob Mayer Dr. Carol W. Cartography Damon Sydes Field information Ken English (Cassowary Coast Region Council) Cartography Royal Australian Survey Corps Field information Steve Price (Environment Protection Field survey Authority Queensland) Field induction/orientation iv Statement on the contribution of others (continued) Nature of Assistance Contribution Names, Titles and Affiliations of Co- Contributors Financial support Glass house and laboratorial School of Marine and Tropical Biology experiments and field research (Scheme: IRA) Field research (Scheme: GRS Prof Helene Marsh (Dean) - Graduate Research Grant) Research School Stipend and field research Alex Salvador (AusAID Liaison Officer) (Scheme: ADS) Stipend during Write-Up School of Marine and Tropical Biology Research material collection Fruit/Seeds collection Park Services of Townsville City Council for providing fruit collection and information: Brad Diy, Scott Walker, Chris Cole, Stella, Julie and a few other curators/technicians in Palmetum, Anderson Park and Kings Garden Data collection Research assistance (field, glass Putu Liza Mustika Kusuma house and laboratory/constant- Rusaini temperature room) Estelle Deja Sarah Yuliana Annie Daryanie Volunteers (field and general) friends in Indonesian Student Association, Gustaf Mamangkey, Yansen, Desniwaty, Farida Damayanti, Maulita S H, Roger Huerlimann, Conni M. Sidabalok, Puji Prihatiningsih, Rie Hagihara, Ee Phin, Rofiq, Imran Rasyid, Arthur David, Aryadi Arsyad, Antonius Ola, Dewi Syahidah, Mita Erdiaty, Angel Korompis, Adityo Setiawan, Stephen Mastromonaco, Martin, Noordiyana Mat Saleh, Shiyoh Hays, Anita Rahajeng, Lintang AP, Agapery P and many others Additional intellectual support Data analysis Dr. Bernardo Blanco-Martin Statistical support Rostikah Ester MSi. Reference materials Providing reference materials LIPI librarian (Sutarsyah, MSi), LIPI researchers (Ir Subekti Purwantoro MSi, Mujahidin SP), FRIM librarians (Mohamad Zaki, Rohayu Yunus and K. Aslina Sarifah) Technical support Technical support Savita Francis, Rob Gegg, Ross, Colleen Finney, Gordon Bailey and Vincent Pullella (School of Marine and Tropical Biology) Others: Support on academic and Katherine Elliot (AusAID staf) and Support on academic and scholarship matters International Student Centre staff: scholarship matters Maureen Bourke (Manager), Cinzia Spinelli, Larissa Siliezar and Catherine Gegg Support on academic matters Bronwyn Goodfellow (Postgraduate Student Association) v Statement on the contribution of others (continued) Nature of Assistance Contribution Names, Titles and Affiliations of Co- Contributors Others: Institutional support Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Institutional support from my work Heads: Ir Mustaid Siregar MSi, Dr place (LIPI: Lembaga Ilmu Irawati (former), Dr Dedy Darnaedy Pengetahuan Indonesia) (former) Others: Support on ADS Application Ir. Yuzammi Msc. and Ir. Sugiarti Support on ADS Application (LIPI) Others: Institutional support (additional) Erti Ernawaty, Asep Sudaryat, Anggun Institutional support (general) Ratna Gumilang, Hary Wawang (LIPI) Others: General support Family Drs. Muhammad Jamin and Aam Aminah (parents), Edi Sasmita and Ahmad Malajaya School/Officemates Naomi Gardiner, Jennifer Parson, Scott Parsons, Allison Paley, Mary Bonin, Leanne Sparrow, Collin Wen, Jessica Haapkyla, Sarah Bell, Michael Lee vi Abstract Extensive ecological research has been conducted on vegetation changes following cyclones in northern Australia, particularly in recent times (de Gouvenain and Silander Jr 2003; Dowe 2009; Hopkins and Graham 1987; Lugo 2008; Lugo et al. 1983; Metcalfe et al. 2008; Murphy et al. 2008; Turton 2008; Turton 1992; Unwin et al. 1988; Webb 1958). However, there have been few studies on palms although they are important components of many rainforests. Dowe (2009) studied population changes of Archontophoenix alexandrae following Cyclone Larry and recommended that further studies were needed on the long term impacts of cyclones on palms and their recovery throughout their life cycle. In the current study, field observations were made of population structure, regeneration strategies and reproductive phenology; germination responses were examined under controlled conditions; and a glasshouse study examined the responses of seedling growth to different levels of shading. Thus, the aims of this research were: (1) to investigate whether the population structure of five palms, Arenga australasica, Calamus australis, C. moti, Hydriastele wendlandiana and Licuala ramsayi, as shown by size class, reflect mass recruitment after a major cyclonic disturbance (Cyclone Larry), and determine the relationship between height, dbh (diameter at breast height) and wind resistance; (2) to investigate the effects of canopy gaps following cyclonic disturbance (Cyclone Larry) on regeneration, reproductive phenology (flowering, fruiting and seed production), seed dispersal and predation of these palms; (3) to determine the effects of seed coat, light and temperature on germination; and (4) to investigate the effects of different light intensities on seedling growth. vii The field research was carried out in four plots at each of three study sites (Tam O’Shanter/Djiru National Park, Clump Mountain National Park and Kurrimine Beach Conservation Park) located near Mission Beach and Kurrimine Beach, in north Queensland. The study plots were characterised based on comparisons of canopy openness (light intensities) and damage categories. The canopy openness ranged from 27 to 80% and damage categories ranged from ‘minor to moderate’ to ‘severe’. Observations were made of life stage distribution, relationships between height, dbh and wind resistance, recruitment, growth rate, leaf turnover and life history. The field research demonstrated that increased canopy openness and damage, following Cyclone Larry, affected population structure, regeneration and reproductive phenology. Population structure was dominated by seedlings. Most of the palms were susceptible to wind stress; however, they had regeneration or life history strategies such as a multi-stemmed, clustered growth habit in A. australasica and H. wendlandiana or “tilting” in L. ramsayi, where half-fallen individuals survived. Seedlings
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