RMS Olympic

RMS Olympic was a transatlantic ocean liner, the lead being the last word in comfort and luxury.[6] The com- ship of the White Star Line's trio of Olympic-class lin- pany sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response ers. Unlike her younger sister ships, Olympic had a long to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and career, spanning 24 years from 1911 to 1935. This in- now outclassed ships from 1890, the SS Teutonic and SS cluded service as a troopship during the First World War, Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Ma- which gained her the nickname “Old Reliable”. Olympic jestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought returned to civilian service after the war and served suc- back into her old spot on White Star’s New York service cessfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and into after Titanic's loss. the first half of the 1930s, although increased competi- The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders tion, and the slump in trade during the Great Depression Harland and Wolff, who had a long established relation- after 1930, made her operation increasingly unprofitable. ship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867.[7] Har- Olympic was the largest ocean liner in the world for two land and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in de- periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the brief signing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach tenure of the slightly larger Titanic (which had the same was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the dimensions but higher gross tonnage owing to revised former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost interior configurations), before she was then surpassed considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Har- by SS Imperator. Olympic also retained the title of the land and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on largest British-built liner until the RMS Queen Mary was the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.[7] In the case launched in 1934, interrupted only by the short careers of of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the her slightly larger sister ships.[2][3] first two ships was agreed plus “extras to contract” and [8] By contrast with Olympic, the other ships in the class, Ti- the usual five percent fee. tanic and Britannic, did not have long service lives. On the night of 14/15 April 1912, Titanic collided with an ice- berg in the North Atlantic and sank, claiming more than 1,500 lives; Britannic struck a mine and sank in the Kea Channel (Greece) in the Mediterranean on 21 November 1916, killing 30 people.

1 Background

Built in Belfast, Ireland, the RMS Olympic was the first of the three Olympic-class ocean liners – the others were the RMS Titanic and the HMHS Britannic.[4] They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912.[5] The three ships had their gene- sis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star The launch of Olympic on 20 October 1910 Line’s chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American fi- nancier J. Pierpont Morgan, who controlled the White Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work Star Line’s parent corporation, the International Mercan- designing the Olympic-class vessels. It was overseen by tile Marine Co. The White Star Line faced a growing Lord Pirrie, a director of both Harland and Wolff and challenge from its main rivals Cunard, which had just the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews, launched Lusitania and Mauretania – the fastest passen- the managing director of Harland and Wolff’s design de- ger ships then in service – and the German lines Hamburg partment; Edward Wilding, Andrews’ deputy and respon- America and Norddeutscher Lloyd. Ismay preferred to sible for calculating the ship’s design, stability and trim; compete on size and economics rather than speed and and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard’s chief draughts- proposed to commission a new class of liners that would man and general manager.[9] Carlisle’s responsibilities in- be bigger than anything that had gone before as well as cluded the decorations, equipment and all general ar-

1 2 3 CAREER

rangements, including the implementation of an efficient were equipped with private bathrooms. First-class pas- lifeboat davit design.[10] sengers could have meals in the ship’s large and luxurious On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the draw- dining room or in the more intimate A La Carte Restau- ings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line exec- rant. There was a lavish Grand Staircase, built only for the utives. Ismay approved the design and signed three “let- Olympic-class ships, along with three lifts that ran behind the staircase down to E deck,[15] a Georgian-style smok- ters of agreement” two days later authorising the start of [16] [11] ing room, a Veranda Café decorated with palm trees, construction. At this point the first ship – which was [17] [18] later to become Olympic – had no name, but was referred a swimming pool, Turkish bath, gymnasium, and several other places for meals and entertainment. to simply as “Number 400”, as it was Harland and Wolff’s four hundredth hull. Titanic was based on a revised ver- The second-class facilities included a smoking room, a sion of the same design and was given the number 401.[12] library, a spacious dining room, and a lift.[3][19] Bruce Ismay’s father Thomas Henry Ismay had previously Finally, the third-class passengers enjoyed reasonable ac- planned to build a ship named Olympic as a sister ship to commodation compared to other ships, if not up to the the Oceanic. The senior Ismay died in 1899 and the order [13] second and first classes. Instead of large dormitories of- for the ship was cancelled. fered by most ships of the time, the third-class passengers Construction of Olympic began three months before Ti- of the Olympic travelled in cabins containing two to ten tanic to ease pressures on the shipyard. Several years bunks. Facilities for the third class included a smoking would pass before Britannic would be launched. In order room, a common area, and a dining room.[3][19] to accommodate the construction of the class, Harland Olympic had a cleaner, sleeker look than other ships of and Wolff upgraded their facility in Belfast; the most dra- the day: rather than fitting her with bulky exterior air matic change was the combining of three slipways into vents, Harland and Wolff used smaller air vents with elec- two larger ones. Olympic's keel was laid in December [4] tric fans, with a “dummy” fourth funnel used for ad- 1908 and she was launched on 20 October 1910. For ditional ventilation. For the power plant Harland and her launch, the hull was painted in a light grey colour for Wolff employed a combination of reciprocating engines photographic purposes; a common practice of the day for with a centre low-pressure turbine, as opposed to the the first ship in a new class, as it made the lines of the ship steam turbines used on Cunard’s Lusitania and Maureta- clearer in the black and white photographs. Her hull was nia.[20] White Star had successfully tested this engine set repainted black following the launch.[3] up on an earlier liner SS Laurentic, where it was found to be more economical than expansion engines or turbines alone. Olympic consumed 650 tons of coal per 24 hours 2 Features with an average speed of 21.7 knots on her maiden voy- age, compared to 1000 tons of coal per 24 hours for both [21] Main article: Olympic class ocean liner § Specification the Lusitania and Mauretania. The Olympic was designed as a luxury ship; her passen- Although Olympic and Titanic were nearly identical, and were based on the same design, a few alterations were made to Titanic (and later on Britannic) based on experi- ence gained from Olympic's first year in service. The most noticeable of these was that the forward half of Titanic's A Deck promenade was enclosed by a steel screen with sliding windows, to provide additional shelter, whereas the Olympic's promenade deck remained open along its whole length. Also the promenades on Titanic's B Deck were reduced in size, and the space used for additional cabins and public rooms, including two luxury suites with private promenades. A number of other variations ex- isted between the two ships layouts and fittings. These differences meant that Titanic had a slightly higher gross tonnage of 46,328 tons, compared to Olympic's 45,324 tons.[22]

The Grand Staircase of Olympic 3 Career ger facilities, fittings, deck plans and technical facilities were largely identical to those of her more famous sis- Following completion, Olympic started her sea trials ter Titanic, although with some small variations.[14] The on 29 May 1911, which she successfully completed; first-class passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, and some Olympic then left Belfast bound for Liverpool, her port 3.1 Hawke collision 3

Images documenting the damage to Olympic (left) and Hawke Olympic arriving at New York on her maiden voyage on 21 June (right) following their collision (alternate view) 1911

of registration, on 31 May 1911. As a publicity stunt the White Star Line deliberately timed the start of this terline, resulting in the flooding of two of her watertight first voyage to coincide with the launch of Titanic. After compartments and a twisted propeller shaft. HMS Hawke spending a day in Liverpool, open to the public, Olympic suffered severe damage to her bow and nearly capsized. sailed to Southampton, where she arrived on 3 June, to be Despite this, Olympic was able to return to Southampton made ready for her maiden voyage.[23] The deep-water under her own power, and no one was seriously injured or [14][30] dock at Southampton, then known as the "White Star killed. Hawke was repaired, but sunk by the Ger- Dock" had been specially constructed to accommodate man U-boat SM U-9 in October 1914. [24] the new Olympic-class liners, and had opened in 1911. Captain Edward Smith was still in command of Olympic Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from at the time of the incident. Two crew members, stew- [31] Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown, ardess Violet Jessop and stoker Arthur John Priest, reaching New York City on 21 June.[25] The maiden voy- survived not only the collision with the Hawke but also the age was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his later sinking of Titanic and the 1916 sinking of Britannic, [32] life the following year in the Titanic disaster.[26] Designer the third ship of the class. Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New At the subsequent inquiry the Royal Navy blamed York and return, along with a number of engineers, as Olympic for the incident, alleging that her large displace- part of Harland and Wolff’s “Guarantee Group” to spot ment generated a suction that pulled Hawke into her any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would side.[33][34] The Hawke incident was a financial disaster [27] also lose his life in the Titanic disaster. for Olympic's operator. A legal argument ensued which As the largest ship in the world, and the first in a new decided that the blame for the incident lay with Olympic, class of superliners, Olympic's maiden voyage attracted and although the ship was technically under the control considerable worldwide attention from the press and pub- of the pilot, the White Star Line was faced with large le- lic. Following her arrival in New York, Olympic was gal bills and the cost of repairing the ship, and keeping [29] opened up to the public and received over 8,000 visi- her out of revenue service made matters worse. How- tors. More than 10,000 spectators watched her depart ever, the fact that Olympic endured such a serious colli- from New York harbour, for her first return trip.[28] sion and stayed afloat, appeared to vindicate the design of the Olympic-class liners and reinforced their “unsinkable” reputation.[29] 3.1 Hawke collision It took two weeks for the damage to Olympic to be patched up sufficiently to allow her to return to Belfast Olympic's first major mishap occurred on her fifth voy- for permanent repairs, which took just over six weeks to age on 20 September 1911, when she collided with the complete. To speed up the repairs, Harland and Wolff British cruiser HMS Hawke off the Isle of Wight. The was forced to delay Titanic's completion in order to use collision took place as Olympic and Hawke were running her propeller shaft for Olympic. By 29 November she was parallel to each other through the Solent. As Olympic back in service, however in February 1912, Olympic suf- turned to starboard, the wide radius of her turn took the fered another setback when she lost a propeller blade on commander of the Hawke by surprise, and he was unable an eastbound voyage from New York, and once again re- to take sufficient avoiding action.[29] Hawke's bow, which turned to her builder for repairs. To get her back to ser- had been designed to sink ships by ramming them, col- vice as soon as possible, Harland & Wolff again had to lided with Olympic's starboard side near the stern, tearing pull resources from Titanic, delaying her maiden voyage two large holes in Olympic's hull, above and below the wa- from 20 March 1912 to 10 April 1912.[35] 4 3 CAREER

performed for the British enquiry in May 1912, to estab- lish how quickly the ship could turn two points at various speeds, to approximate how long it would have taken the Titanic to turn when it sighted the iceberg.[40]

3.3 1912 “mutiny”

Olympic, like Titanic, did not carry enough lifeboats for everyone on board, and was hurriedly equipped with ad- ditional, second-hand collapsible lifeboats following her return to Britain. Toward the end of April 1912, as she was about to sail from Southampton to New York, 284 of the ship’s firemen went on strike because of fears that the Olympic (left) being manoeuvred into dry dock in Belfast for ship’s new collapsible lifeboats were not seaworthy. 100 repairs on the morning of 2 March 1912 after throwing a pro- non-union crew were hastily hired from Southampton as peller blade. Titanic (right) is moored at the fitting-out wharf. replacements, with more being hired from Liverpool.[41] Olympic would sail for Southampton on 7 March, concluding the last time the two ships would be photographed together The 40 collapsible lifeboats were transferred from troop- ships and put on Olympic, and many were rotten and could not open. The crewmen instead sent a request to the 3.2 Titanic disaster Southampton manager of the White Star Line that the collapsible boats be replaced by wooden lifeboats; the Main article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic manager replied that this was impossible and that the col- lapsible boats had been passed as seaworthy by a Board of Trade inspector. The men were not satisfied and ceased On 14 April 1912, Olympic, now under the command work in protest.[42] of Herbert James Haddock, was on a return trip from New York. Wireless operator Ernest James Moore[36] On 25 April a deputation of strikers witnessed a test of received the distress call from Titanic, when she was ap- four of the collapsible boats. Only one was unseawor- proximately 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) west by thy and they said that they were prepared to recommend south of Titanic's location.[37] Haddock calculated a new the men return to work if it was replaced. However the course, ordered the ship’s engines to be set to full power strikers now objected to the non-union strikebreaker crew and headed to assist in the rescue.[38] which had come on board, and demanded that they be dismissed, which the White Star Line refused. 54 sailors When Olympic was about 100 nautical miles (190 km; then left the ship, objecting to the non-union crew who 120 mi) away from Titanic's last known position, she re- they claimed were unqualified and therefore dangerous, ceived a message from Captain Rostron of Cunard Line's and refused to sail with them. This led to the scheduled RMS Carpathia, which had arrived at the scene. Ros- sailing being cancelled.[41][43] tron explained that Olympic continuing on course to Ti- tanic would gain nothing, as “All boats accounted for. All 54 sailors were arrested on a charge of mutiny when About 675 souls saved [...] Titanic foundered about 2:20 they went ashore. On 4 May 1912 Portsmouth mag- am.”[37] Rostron requested that the message be forwarded istrates found the charges against the mutineers were to White Star and Cunard. He said that he was returning proven, but discharged them without imprisonment or [44] to harbour in New York.[37] Subsequently, the wireless fine due to the special circumstances of the case. Fear- room aboard the Olympic operated as a clearing room for ing that public opinion would be on the side of the strik- radio messages.[37] ers, the White Star Line let them return to work and the Olympic sailed on 15 May.[40] When Olympic offered to take on the survivors, she was heatedly turned down by Rostron, who was concerned that it would cause panic amongst the survivors of the dis- 3.4 Refit aster to see a virtual mirror-image of the Titanic appear and ask them to board. Olympic then resumed her voyage On 9 October 1912 White Star withdrew Olympic from to Southampton, with all concerts cancelled as a mark of [3] service and returned her to her builders at Belfast to respect, arriving on 21 April. have modifications added to incorporate lessons learned Over the next few months, Olympic assisted with both the from the Titanic disaster six months prior, and improve American and British inquiries into the disaster. Deputa- safety.[45] The number of lifeboats carried by Olympic tions from both inquiries inspected Olympic's lifeboats, was increased from twenty to sixty four (per Carlisle’s watertight doors and bulkheads and other equipment original number), and extra davits were installed along which were identical to those on Titanic.[39] Sea tests were the boat deck to accommodate them. An inner water- 3.5 First World War 5

tered again to Glasgow.[3][50] The first few wartime voyages were packed with Amer- icans trapped in Europe, eager to return home, although the eastbound journeys carried few passengers. By mid- October, bookings had fallen sharply as the threat from German U-boats became increasingly serious, and White Star Line decided to withdraw Olympic from commer- cial service. On 21 October 1914, she left New York for Glasgow on her last commercial voyage of the war, though carrying only 153 passengers.[51][50] Olympic as she appeared after her refit following the Titanic disaster, with a full complement of lifeboats 3.5.1 Audacious incident

tight skin was also constructed in the boiler and engine On the sixth day of her voyage, 27 October, as Olympic rooms, to create a double hull. Five of the watertight passed near Lough Swilly off the north coast of Ireland, bulkheads were extended up to B-Deck, extending to the she received distress signals from the battleship HMS Au- entire height of the hull. This corrected a flaw in the dacious, which had struck a mine off Tory Island and was original design, in which the bulkheads only rose up as taking on water.[52] far as E or D-Deck, a short distance above the water- line. This flaw had been exposed during Titanic's sink- ing, where water spilled over the top of the bulkheads as the ship sank and flooded subsequent compartments. In addition, an extra bulkhead was added to subdivide the electrical dynamo room, bringing the total number of watertight compartments to seventeen. Improvements were also made to the ship’s pumping apparatus. These modifications meant that Olympic could survive a colli- sion similar to that of Titanic, in that her first six com- partments could be breached and the ship could remain afloat.[46][47] At the same time, Olympic's B-Deck underwent a re- fit, which included extra cabins (the parlour suites which The crew of the stricken Audacious take to lifeboats to be rescued proved popular on the Titanic were added to the Olympic), by Olympic more cabins were fitted with private bathing facilities, and a Cafe Parisian (another addition that had proved popular Olympic took off 250 of Audacious's crew, then the de- on the Titanic) was added, offering another dining option stroyer HMS Fury managed to attach a tow cable be- to first class passengers. With these changes, Olympic's tween Audacious and Olympic and they headed west for gross tonnage rose to 46,359 tons, 31 tons more than Ti- Lough Swilly. However, the cable parted after Auda- [48] tanic's. cious's steering gear failed. A second attempt was made In March 1913, Olympic returned to service and briefly to tow the warship, but the cable became tangled in regained the title of largest ocean liner in the world, until HMS Liverpool's propellers and was severed. A third at- the German liner SS Imperator entered passenger service tempt was tried but also failed when the cable gave way. in June 1913. Following her refit, Olympic was marketed By 17:00 the Audacious's quarterdeck was awash and it as the “new” Olympic and her improved safety features was decided to evacuate the remaining crew members to were featured prominently in advertisements. [49][3] Olympic and Liverpool, and at 20:55 there was an explo- sion aboard the Audacious and she sank.[53] Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander of the Home 3.5 First World War Fleet, was anxious to suppress the news of the sinking of Audacious, for fear of the demoralising effect it could In August 1914 the First World War began. Olympic ini- have on the British public, so ordered Olympic to be held tially remained in commercial service under Captain Her- in custody at Lough Swilly. No communications were bert James Haddock. As a wartime measure, Olympic was permitted and passengers were not allowed to leave the painted in a grey colour scheme, portholes were blocked, ship. The only people departing her were the crew of and lights on deck were turned off to make the ship less Audacious and Chief Surgeon John Beaumont, who was visible. The schedule was hastily altered to terminate at transferring to RMS Celtic. Steel tycoon Charles M. Liverpool rather than Southampton, and this was later al- Schwab, who was travelling aboard the liner, sent word 6 3 CAREER

to Jellicoe that he had urgent business in London with the Admiralty, and Jellicoe agreed to release Schwab if he re- mained silent about the fate of Audacious. Finally, on 2 November, Olympic was allowed to go to Belfast where the passengers disembarked.[54]

Olympic in dazzle at Pier 2 in Halifax, Nova Scotia painted by HMT Olympic in dazzle camouflage while in service as a Arthur Lismer troopship during the First World War unsuitable for this role, because the coal bunkers, which had been designed for transatlantic runs, lacked the ca- 3.5.2 Naval service pacity for such a long journey at a reasonable speed.[57] Instead, from 1916 to 1917, Olympic was chartered by the Following Olympic's return to Britain, the White Star Line Canadian Government to transport troops from Halifax, intended to lay her up in Belfast until the war was over, but Nova Scotia to Britain.[58] In 1917 she gained 6-inch guns in May 1915 she was requisitioned by the Admiralty, to and was painted with a “dazzle” camouflage scheme to be used as a troop transport, along with the Cunard liners make it more difficult for observers to estimate her speed Mauretania and Aquitania. The Admiralty had initially and heading. Her dazzle colours were brown, dark blue, been reluctant to use large ocean liners as troop transports light blue, and white. Her many visits to Halifax Har- because of their vulnerability to enemy attack, however a bour carrying Canadian troops safely overseas, and back shortage of ships gave them little choice. At the same home after the war at Pier 2, made her a favourite sym- time, Olympic's other sister ship Britannic, which had not bol in the City of Halifax. Noted Group of Seven artist yet been completed, was requisitioned as a hospital ship. Arthur Lismer made several paintings of her in Halifax. In that role she would strike a mine and sink the following A large dance hall, “Olympic Gardens” was also named year.[55] in her honour. After the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, Olympic also transported thousands of Stripped of her peacetime fittings and now armed with [59] 12-pounders and 4.7-inch guns, Olympic was converted U.S. troops to Britain. to a troopship, with the capacity to transport up to 6,000 In the early hours of 12 May 1918, while en route for troops. On 24 September 1915 the newly designated France with US troops under the command of Captain HMT (Hired Military Transport) 2810, now under the Hayes, Olympic sighted a surfaced U-boat 500 m (1,600 command of Bertram Fox Hayes left Liverpool carry- ft) ahead.[60] Olympic's gunners opened fire at once, and ing 6,000 soldiers to Mudros, Greece for the Gallipoli the ship turned to ram the submarine, which immediately Campaign. On 1 October lifeboats from the French ship crash dived to 30 m (98 ft) and turned to a parallel course. Provincia which had been sunk by a U-boat that morning Almost immediately afterwards Olympic struck the sub- off Cape Matapan were sighted and 34 survivors rescued marine just aft of her conning tower with her port pro- by Olympic. Hayes was criticised for this action by the peller slicing through U-103's pressure hull. The crew of British Admiralty, who accused him of putting the ship U-103 blew her ballast tanks, scuttled and abandoned the in danger by stopping it in waters where enemy U-boats submarine.Olympic did not stop to pick up survivors, but were active. The ship’s speed was considered to be its continued on to Cherbourg. Meanwhile, the USS Davis best defence against U-boat attack, and such a large ship had sighted a distress flare and picked up 31 survivors stopped would have made an unmissable target. How- from U-103. Olympic returned to Southampton with at ever the French Vice-Admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet least two hull plates dented and her prow twisted to one took a different view, and awarded Hayes with the Gold side, but not breached.[61] Medal of Honour. Olympic made several more trooping It was subsequently discovered that U-103 had been journeys to the Mediterranean until early 1916, when the [56] preparing to torpedo Olympic when she was sighted, but Gallipoli Campaign was abandoned. the crew were not able to flood the two stern torpedo In 1916, considerations were made to use Olympic to tubes.[62] For his service, Captain Hayes was awarded the transport troops to India via the Cape of Good Hope. DSO.[63] Some American soldiers on board paid for a However, on investigation it was decided that the ship was plaque to be placed in one of Olympic's lounges to com- 3.6 Post-war 7

memorate the event, it read:

This tablet presented by the 59th Regiment United States Infantry commemorates the sink- ing of the German submarine U103 by the Olympic on May 12th 1918 in latitude 49 de- grees 16 minutes north longitude 4 degrees 51 minutes west on the voyage from New York to Southampton with American troops...[64]

Olympic at Southampton in 1929 HMT Olympic in 1919

During the war, Olympic is reported to have carried up During the 1920s, Olympic remained a popular and fash- to 201,000 troops and other personnel, burning 347,000 ionable ship, and often attracted the rich and famous of [65] tons of coal and travelling about 184,000 miles. Her the day; Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas impressive war service earned her the nickname Old Re- Fairbanks, and Prince Edward, then Prince of Wales, [66] liable. Her captain was knighted in 1919 for “valuable were among the celebrities that she carried.[72] Prince [67] services in connection with the transport of troops”. Edward and Captain Howarth were filmed on the bridge of the Olympic for Pathé News.[73] According to his [74] 3.6 Post-war autobiography, Cary Grant, then Archibald Leach, first set sail to New York on the Olympic on 21 July In August 1919 Olympic returned to Belfast for restora- 1920 on the same voyage on which Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford were celebrating their honeymoon. tion to civilian service. Her interior was modernised and her boilers were converted to burn oil rather than coal One of the attractions of Olympic was the fact that she was nearly identical to the Titanic, and many passengers as it lowered the refuelling time from days to hours, it also gave a steadier engine R.P.M and allowed the engine sailed on Olympic as a way of vicariously experiencing the voyage of Olympic's sister ship.[75] room personnel to be reduced from 350 to 60 people.[68] During the conversion work and drydocking, a dent with On 22 March 1924, Olympic was involved in another col- a crack at the centre was discovered below her waterline lision with a ship, this time at New York. As Olympic which was later concluded to have been caused by a tor- was reversing from her berth at New York harbour, her pedo that had failed to detonate.[69] stern collided with the smaller liner Fort St George, which Olympic emerged from her refit with an increased ton- had crossed into her path. The collision caused exten- nage of 46,439, allowing her to retain her claim to the sive damage to the smaller ship. At first it appeared that title of largest British built liner afloat, although the Cu- Olympic had sustained only minor damage, but it was later revealed that her sternpost had been fractured, necessitat- nard Line’s Aquitania was slightly longer. In 1920 she re- [76] turned to passenger service, on one voyage that year car- ing the replacement of her entire stern frame. rying 2,249 passengers.[70] Olympic transported a record Changes in immigration laws in the United States in 38,000 passengers during 1921, which proved to be the the 1920s greatly restricted the number of immigrants peak year of her career. From 1922 she was joined for an allowed to enter. This led to a major reduction in the im- express service by Majestic and Homeric, two former Ger- migrant trade for the shipping lines, forcing them to cater man liners which had been ceded to Britain as war repa- to the tourist trade to survive.[3] At the turn of 1927–28, rations, operating successfully until the Great Depression Olympic was converted to carry tourist third cabin pas- reduced demand after 1930.[71] sengers as well as first, second and third class.[77] Tourist 8 3 CAREER third cabin was an attempt to attract travellers who de- sired comfort without the accompanying high ticket price. New public rooms were constructed for this class, al- though tourist third cabin and second class would merge to become 'tourist' by late 1931. A year later, Olympic's first class cabins were again im- proved by adding more bathrooms, a dance floor was fit- ted in the enlarged first class dining saloon, and a number of new suites with private facilities were installed forward on B-deck.[78] More improvements would follow in a later refit, but 1929 saw Olympic's best average passenger lists Olympic in 1934, passing the Lightship Nantucket, the same ship since 1925. she would strike and sink a few months later On 18 November 1929, as Olympic was travelling west- bound near to Titanic's last known position, the ship sud- 3.7 Lightship collision denly started to vibrate violently, and the vibrations con- tinued for two minutes. It was later determined that this In 1934, Olympic again struck a ship. The approaches had been caused by the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake.[79] to New York were marked by lightships and Olympic, like other liners, had been known to pass close by these vessels. On 15 May 1934, Olympic, inbound in heavy fog, was homing in on the radio beacon of Nantucket 3.6.1 Last years Lightship LV-117.[85] Now under the command of Cap- tain John Binks, the ship failed to turn in time and The shipping trade was badly affected by the Great De- sliced through the smaller vessel, which broke apart and pression. Until 1930 there had generally been around one sank.[86] Four of the lightship’s crew went down with the million passengers a year on the transatlantic route, but by vessel and seven were rescued, of whom three died of 1934 this had dropped by more than half. Furthermore, their injuries – thus there were seven fatalities out of by the early 1930s, increased competition emerged, in the a crew of eleven.[87] The lightship’s surviving crew and form of a new generation of larger and faster liners such the Olympic's captain were interviewed soon after reach- as Germany’s SS Bremen and SS Europa, Italy’s SS Rex ing shore. One crewman said it all happened so quickly and France’s SS Île de France, and the remaining passen- that they didn't know how it happened. The captain was gers tended to prefer the more up-to-date ships. Olympic very sorry it happened but said the Olympic reacted very had averaged around 1,000 passengers per journey until quickly lowering boats to rescue the crew, which was con- [80] 1930, but this declined by more than half by 1932. firmed by an injured crewman.[88] Olympic's running mate Homeric was withdrawn from the transatlantic route as early as 1932, leaving only Olympic and Majestic maintaining White Star Line’s 3.8 Retirement Southampton-New York service, although this was occa- sionally augmented during the summer months by either the MV Britannic or MV Georgic. [81] During slack peri- ods in the summer, Olympic and fleet mate Majestic were employed in summer recreational cruises from New York to Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.[82] At the end of 1932, with passenger traffic in decline, Olympic went for an overhaul and refit that took four months. She returned to service in March 1933 de- scribed by her owners as “looking like new.” Her engines were performing at their best and she repeatedly recorded speeds in excess of 23 knots, despite averaging less than that in regular transatlantic service. Passenger capaci- ties were given as 618 first class, 447 tourist class and only 382 third class after the decline of the immigrant Olympic (left) and Mauretania laid up in Southampton prior to [83] trade. their scrapping Despite this, during 1933 and 1934, Olympic ran at a net operating loss for the first time. 1933 was Olympic's worst In 1934, the White Star Line merged with the Cunard year of business – carrying just over 9,000 passengers Line at the instigation of the British government, to form in total.[84] Passenger numbers rose slightly in 1934, but Cunard White Star.[89] This merger allowed funds to be many crossings still lost money.[81] granted for the completion of the future RMS Queen 9

Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth. When completed, these White Swan Hotel, in Alnwick, Northumberland, Eng- two new ships would handle Cunard White Star’s express land. The rest of her fittings found homes in scattered service, and so their fleet of older liners became redun- places throughout Great Britain.[94] One suite at Sparth dant and were gradually retired. House Hotel, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire has the orig- Olympic was withdrawn from the transatlantic service, inal furniture from one of the state rooms, including light and left New York for the last time on 5 April 1935, re- fitting, sink, wardrobes and fireplace. turning to Britain to be laid up. Her new owners con- In 2000, Celebrity Cruises purchased some of Olympic's sidered using her for summer cruises for a short while, original wooden panels to create the RMS Olympic restau- but this idea was abandoned and she was put up for sale. rant on board their new cruise ship, Millennium. Accord- Among the potential buyers was a syndicate who pro- ing to the cruise line, this panelling had lined Olympic's à posed to turn her into a floating hotel off the south coast la carte restaurant.[94] [90] of France, but this came to nothing. After being laid The clock depicting “Honour and Glory Crowning up for five months alongside her former rival Mauretania, Time” from Olympic's grand staircase is on display at she was sold to Sir John Jarvis – Member of Parliament Southampton's SeaCity Museum.[95][96] for £97,500, to be partially demolished at Jarrow to pro- vide work for the depressed region.[91] Her superstructure was demolished in 1936, and in 1937, Olympic's hull was towed to Inverkeithing to Thos W Ward's yard for final 5 Official number and code letters demolition.[92] By the time of her retirement, Olympic had completed Official numbers are issued by individual flag states. They 257 round trips across the Atlantic, transporting 430,000 should not be confused with IMO ship identification num- bers. Olympic had the UK Official Number 131345 and passengers on her commercial voyages, travelling 1.8 mil- [97] lion miles.[90][93] used the code letters HSRP.

6 Popular culture 4 Olympic artefacts In London Weekend Television's Thomas and Sarah (1978–79), episode 2 “The Silver Ghost”, a poster of the Olympic is prominently featured with just the lettering 'S.S. Olympic'. Later as the episode progresses we see the full poster showing the ship but the ship featured is the SS Leviathan in her 1920s United States Lines livery. Thomas and Sarah was a spin-off of the classic Upstairs, Downstairs in which the characters of Thomas and Sarah were a part of the household and which feature the Titanic Fittings from the in a couple of prominent episodes. ship installed in the Olympic Suite at the White Swan Hotel, Alnwick 7 See also

• SS Nomadic – surviving tender to Olympic

8 References

[1] “Mark Chirnside’s Reception Room: Olympic, Ti- tanic & Britannic: Olympic Interview, January 2005”. Markchirnside.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2009.

[2] Chirnside, Mark, RMS Olympic Specification File The marble fireplace from the (November 2007) Olympic now at the White Swan, Alnwick [3] “TGOL – Olympic”. thegreatoceanliners.com.

The Olympic's fittings were auctioned off immediately be- [4] Chirnside 2004, p. 319. fore she was scrapped; the fittings of the first-class lounge and part of the aft grand staircase can be found in the [5] Beveridge & Hall 2011, p. 27. 10 8 REFERENCES

[6] Bartlett 2011, p. 26. [35] “Classic Liners and Cruise Ships – RMS Titanic”. Cruis- eserver.net. Retrieved 16 July 2009. [7] Bartlett 2011, p. 25. [36] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 2) [8] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 12. [37] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 1) [9] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 14. [38] Chirnside 2004, p. 76. [10] McCluskie 1998, p. 20. [39] “TIP – United States Senate Inquiry – Day 18”. titanicin- [11] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 55. quiry.org. [12] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 56. [40] Chirnside 2004, p. 83. [13] Oceanic II – thegreatoceanliners.com [41] Chirnside 2004, p. 78. [14] “RMS Olympic – The Old Reliable”. titanicandco.com. [42] “FIREMEN STRIKE; OLYMPIC HELD; Part of Crew [15] (French) Les escaliers de 1 Classe, le Site du Titanic. Re- Leave Vessel as She Is About to Sail from Southampton trieved 30 July 2009 with 1,400 Passengers.” (PDF). New York Times. 25 April 1912. [16] (French) La Vie à bord du Titanic, le Site du Titanic. Re- trieved 30 July 2009 [43] “OLYMPIC STRIKERS MAKE NEW DEMAND; Now Satisfied with the Collapsible Boats, but Want Non- [17] (French) Les Bains Turcs et la Piscine, le Site du Titanic. Strikers Dismissed.” (PDF). New York Times. 26 April Retrieved 30 July 2009 1912.

[18] (French) Le Gymnase, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 [44] “FREE OLYMPIC MUTINEERS.; Magistrates Find July 2009 Charges Proved, but Forego Jailing or Fining Seamen.” (PDF). New York Times. 5 May 1912. [19] New York Times – Olympic Like A City – 18 June 1911 encyclopedia-titanica.org [45] Chirnside 2004, p. 84.

[20] Chirnside 2004, p. 28. [46] MODIFICATIONS TO OLYMPIC FOLLOWING THE TITANIC DISASTER – www.titanicology.com [21] “RMS Mauretania”.

[22] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The [47] Chirnside 2004, pp. 84–85. History Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [48] Miller, William H. (2001). Picture History of British [23] “RMS Olympic”. whitestarhistory.com. Ocean Liners, 1900 to the Present. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41532-1. [24] “Southampton in 1912”. Southampton City Council. Re- trieved 1 April 2012. [49] Chirnside 2004, p. 87.

[25] Olympic and Titanic: Maiden Voyage Mysteries, by Mark [50] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The Chirnside and Sam Halpern – encyclopaedia-titanica. org History Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.

[26] Chirnside 2004, p. 45. [51] Chirnside 2004, p. 88.

[27] “ANDREWS, Mr Thomas – Titanic First Class Passenger [52] Chirnside 2004, pp. 89–90. Biography”. titanic-titanic.com. [53] Chirnside 2004, p. 90. [28] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The History Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [54] Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab. Retrieved 26 April 2012. [29] Marriott, Leo (1997). TITANIC. PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85648-433-5. [55] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The History Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [30] “Olympic”. tripod.com. [56] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The [31] “Titanic’s unsinkable stoker” BBC News 30 March 2012 History Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.

[32] Beveridge, p. 76 [57] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The History Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [33] Bonner, Kit; Carolyn Bonner (2003). Great Ship Disas- ters. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978- [58] Chirnside 2004, p. 98. 0-7603-1336-7. [59] Chirnside 2004, p. 100. [34] “Why A Huge Liner Runs Amuck”, February 1932, Popular Mechanics. Google Books. Retrieved 29 February 2012. [60] Chirnside 2004, p. 101. 11

[61] Gibson, Richard Henry; Prendergast, Maurice (1931). [86] Doherty, John (3 September 2004). “Lightship bell raised The German submarine war, 1914–1918. Constable. p. from ocean’s depths”. SouthCoastToday.com. Fairhaven. 304. ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7. Retrieved 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2004. Re- trieved 10 September 2015. [62] McCartney, Innes; Jak Mallmann-Showell (2002). Lost Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel. [87] “de beste bron van informatie over night beacon. Deze Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-904381- website is te koop!". nightbeacon.com. Retrieved 29 04-4. February 2012.

[63] “Page 7302 – Supplement 30756, 18 June 1918 – London [88] ""Olympic” Rams Lightship”. British Pathé. 28 May Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk. 1934. Retrieved 10 September 2015.

[64] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The [89] “White Star Line Archives – 1931”. Chriscunard.com. History Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009. [65] 6 November 2008 1:30 pm by Kelly Wilson (6 November 2008). “RMS Olympic”. Members.aol.com. Retrieved [90] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The 16 July 2009. History Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.

[66] Chirnside 2004, p. 99. [91] Chirnside 2004, p. 137.

[67] “Page 11575 – Supplement 31553, 12 September 1919 – [92] Chirnside 2004, p. 140. London Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk. [93] RMS Olympic: Another Premature Death? – Mark [68] Chirnside 2004, p. 103. Chirnside – encyclopaedia-titanica.org

[69] Olympic II titanic-titanic.com [94] “Olympic Today”. atlanticliners.com.

[70] Chirnside 2004, p. 106. [95] “RMS Olympic BL24990_002”. Englishheritageim- ages.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012. [71] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The History Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [96] “Collections and Exhibitions”. Southampton City Council. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Re- [72] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The trieved 10 September 2015. History Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [97] “Lloyd’s Register, Navires a Vapeur et a Moteurs” (PDF). [73] “I'm Glad To Be Home”. British Pathé. 16 February 1925. Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2015.

[74] Archie Leach, Ladies Home Journal, January/February • Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-Class Ships. 1963 (Part 1), March 1963 (Part 2), April 1963 (Part 3) Stroud, England: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524- 2868-0. [75] Wade, Wyn Craig, “The Titanic: End of a Dream,” Pen- guin Books, 1986 ISBN 978-0-14-016691-0 [76] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The 9 Further reading History Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.

[77] Chirnside 2004, p. 120. • Beveridge, Bruce; Steve Hall (2004). Olympic & Ti- tanic. Buy Books. ISBN 978-0-7414-1949-1. [78] Chirnside 2004, p. 119. • Chirnside, Mark (2015). RMS Olympic: Titanic’s [79] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The Sister. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. History Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. ISBN 9780752491516. [80] Chirnside 2004, pp. 121–131. • Hawley, Brian (2012). RMS Olympic. Stroud, [81] Chirnside 2004, p. 135. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445600932. [82] “SS Bismark/RMS Majestic", Monsters of the Sea: The Great Ocean Liners of Time • Layton, J. Kent, Atlantic Liners: A Trio of Trios

[83] Chirnside 2004, p. 127. • Talbot, Frederick A. (June 1911). “The Coming of The “Olympic": A Ship That Has Caused Ship- [84] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The yards And Piers To Be Enlarged And Harbors To History Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. Be Dredged”. The World’s Work: A History of [85] “History of U.S. Lightships”. Palletmasterswork- Our Time. XXII: 14507–14515. Retrieved 10 July shop.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 2009. 12 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links

• Titanic Research & Modelling Association, for Olympic-Class Research • RMS Olympic, the Original Ship of Dreams: a site dedicated to the ship’s surviving relics

• Olympic Home at Atlantic Liners • “RMS Olympic; Old Reliable”. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

• Encyclopedia Titanica: RMS Olympic • Olympic on Titanic-Titanic.com

• The RMS Olympic Restaurant on the Celebrity Mil- lennium (Virtual Tour of ship’s Plaza Deck shows panoramic view). • Olympic's Fittings at White Swan Hotel, Alnwick, England • Maritimequest RMS Olympic Photo Gallery

• “Lostliners: RMS Olympic". Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2012. • “White Star Line RMS Olympic the Ship Magnifi- cent”. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

• Lego RMS Olympic • "Olympic". Chris’ Cunard Page. Retrieved 16 February 2010. • White Star Line History Website, Olympic's owners.

• Images of RMS Olympic at the English Heritage Archive • Article from Encyclopedia Titanica describing a Ti- tanic themed meal in a house with fittings from the Olympic's restaurant

• Pathé News gallery on the Olympic class 13

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text • RMS Olympic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic?oldid=747032938 Contributors: JeLuF, Absecon 59, Liftarn, Paddu, Stan Shebs, Jay, Stormie, Skeetch, Robbot, Chrism, Mervyn, Seano1, Danceswithzerglings, SoLando, Xanzzibar, DocWat- son42, Herr Klugbeisser, Angmering, AlistairMcMillan, Bobblewik, Sca, Ryan524~enwiki, Piotrus, Trevor MacInnis, Canterbury Tail, N328KF, Deadlock, Alistair1978, Pavel Vozenilek, Miraceti, Art LaPella, Viriditas, Bobbis, Alansohn, Free Bear, Mcf, Joshbaum- gartner, Craigy144, Riana, Dave.Dunford, Scott Gall, Pcpcpc, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Jeff3000, Ardfern, BartBenjamin, MechBrowman, GraemeLeggett, Emerson7, Paxsimius, Graham87, Kbdank71, Sjö, Kotukunui, Rjwilmsi, Erebus555, SMC, Tintazul, Williamborg, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Grubbybest, BlueJaeger, Quentin X, RobotE, The Storm Surfer, Rsrikanth05, Wimt, Michael Pocock, Exir Kamalabadi, Piratesswoop, Tony1, Robot Monk, Salmanazar, WHRupp, Pred, Mjroots, Pryaltonian, SmackBot, ShadowRanger, Setanta747 (locked), Eskimbot, ZS, Commander Keane bot, Hmains, IanDavies, Chris the speller, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, DMS, Bluquail, Rcbutcher, AussieLegend, [email protected], Andy120290, Leoboudv, Phind, TGC55, Cuervo7, Lawsonrob, Bejnar, Ohconfucius, BrownHairedGirl, Sambot, John, Accurizer, RoboDick~enwiki, Beetstra, Saxbryn, Darry2385, Tut74749, WilliamJE, Pixi, MrBoo, JimmyV, Cydebot, Msa1701, Insley, Gogo Dodo, JonEastham, Lothar1976, Hitrish, JohnClarknew, Xanthis, Legotech, Thijs!bot, DulcetTone, Kablammo, N5iln, FlaviaR, Stevvvv4444, Croftscv, Akradecki, Jbrian80, Jj137, Pafan, Fireice, SincereGuy, JAnDbot, Barek, Arch dude, EKindig, Airbreather, MSBOT, Markhamman, Pete- gringo, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, AtticusX, Tedickey, Scholastica547, Keallu, CommonsDelinker, Koplimek, Peter Clarke, Hans Dunkel- berg, All Is One, FarbrorJoakim, Mark Chirnside, Slithymatt, Foetusized, AntiSpamBot, Phathead, 2812, Martynd, Anfield.red, Comet- styles, Rray32539, Bankhallbretherton, OsirisV, DMCer, Jvcdude, GrahamHardy, Mateck, Lights, G2bambino, VolkovBot, The Duke of Waltham, JohnBlackburne, Letterofmarque, RPlunk2853, TXiKiBoT, Markwilliams91983, Dormskirk, Drappel, Aspdin, RD624, Nedrut- land, Richard Doherty, Steve Smith, Andrewlim1, Maegara, AlleborgoBot, Thunderbird2, Michaelsbll, SieBot, TJRC, B626mrk, Oly35, Lucasbfrbot, Andrew Steller, Titanicboss, Android Mouse Bot 3, Benea, Lightmouse, HenryRoot, Seedbot, Maralia, Tomtob1, Randy Kryn, MBK004, ClueBot, Gazza1912, Hutcher, ElectricalTill, Niceguyedc, John Barleycorn’s Revenge, Ktr101, Jammy0002, AWoodland, Wat- erairfirearth, Eddaido, Gundersen53, El bot de la dieta, John Paul Parks, Carlson288, Trulystand700, DumZiBoT, Wikiuser100, Mojska, Lephantome, Addbot, Looloopoo9, O484~enwiki, T128, Shirtwaist, Mac Dreamstate, Download, Unitarea, Gregory E. Miller, Mdnav- man, Pmcyclist, Sardur, Numbo3-bot, Wholetone, Lightbot, Vasiľ, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, ManaphyPets, Eric-Wester, Tempo- divalse, 11penguin11, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Aquitania, Davidpar, Ulric1313, Jcrct, Citation bot, DirlBot, Kirchsw, Xqbot, Printpost, Ml- pearc, Srich32977, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, Dan Conlin, AMPERIO, IShadowed, FrescoBot, Shipnerd62962, JuniperisCommunis, Russia boy, Jukka Tarvonen, Citation bot 1, Moonraker, Staralliance 01, Latios, FoxBot, Mr Mulliner, Stas Eygi, Lotje, F1jmm, Spyder GSR, Fry1989, Bahnfrend, RjwilmsiBot, DexDor, Jackehammond, EmausBot, Apaleutos25, Dewritech, Wikipedian7878, SecretName101, Lamb99, Jenks24, H3llBot, GrindtXX, Rx 100e, Donner60, Mad137, ChuispastonBot, G-13114, FreakShow911, Whoop whoop pull up, Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, RedWings ninety one, Lastbridge, Josh752, Mlamagra, Titanic24682, Danielzhuang2002, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alphacatmarnie, Thomas401, Bonjour LaLaLa, MusikAnimal, SamEtches, Soerfm, MichaelKoebnick, Marriot5, LordRedXII, Alarbus, Masonman2483, BattyBot, Bgriffler, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Kevinnguyen940, Hotshot23, ÄDA - DÄP, Dexbot, Hmains- bot1, Trifox19, Joshtaco, Ponies89, Kevin12xd, Dillonthomo01, Walter.tylosaurus, GrafZeppelin127, Newsreellover, JackBrad419, A Certain Lack of Grandeur, Glaisher, Jared905, TimH89, Aspire5740, RMSKennebec2036, Monkbot, NathanielJS, Shane50785, I2Z014, Asdfghjkllolkbye, WikiKing14, Jmorton2014, 9BUJA, Rubbish computer, Mostafa1289, Supermeow20, Adam9007, Dallas S12345, Pam- javelin, Shipgirl09, Cunard freak, GreenC bot, Jjfredregill, SeanB2016, Antonio scord., Bender the Bot, Get it right and Anonymous: 324

11.2 Images • File:29_olympic_1922.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/29_olympic_1922.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Olympic p6 Original artist: Unknown • File:Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Sameboat • File:Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Sameboat • File:Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/ Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/ exhibitions/guerre/photos/2800/19710261-0343.jpg Original artist: Arthur Lismer • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Cunard_White_Star_Line_Logo.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Cunard_White_Star_ Line_Logo.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: 105 Hallam Street W1W • File:Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/ Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This file was derived from: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Original artist: Pumbaa80 • File:Grand_staircase.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Grand_staircase.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Tran_Quoc123 using CommonsHelper. First Published in The Shipbuilder in 1911 Original artist: The original uploader was Daniel Chiswick at English Wikipedia Original author unknown • File:HMS_Audacious_crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/HMS_Audacious_ crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Amateur photograph taken by Mabel and Edith Smith of Derby, passengers on RMS Olympic, returning from USA Original artist: Edith and Mabel Smith deceased 14 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Hawke_-_Olympic_collision.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Hawke_-_Olympic_ collision.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: “Popular Mechanics” Magazine December 1911 Original artist: Un- known • File:ICS_Hotel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/ICS_Hotel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:ICS_Papa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:ICS_Romeo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/ICS_Romeo.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:ICS_Sierra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/ICS_Sierra.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Launch_of_Olympic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Launch_of_Olympic.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Maritimequest: Olympic page 2 Original artist: Unknown • File:Olympic,_Southampton,_1929.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Olympic%2C_ Southampton%2C_1929.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: maritimequest.com Original artist: Unknown • File:Olympic_Suite_fireplace.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Olympic_Suite_fireplace.jpg Li- cense: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Own work • File:Olympic_WWI.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Olympic_WWI.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: maritimequest.com Original artist: Unknown • File:Olympic_and_Mauretania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Olympic_and_Mauretania.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.maritimequest.com/liners/mauretania_page_2.htm Original artist: MaritimeQuest • File:Olympic_and_Titanic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Olympic_and_Titanic.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Masur using CommonsHelper. A source for the image can be found at [1]. First published in maritime press in 1912. Original artist: Robert John Welch (1859-1936), official photographer for Harland & Wolff • File:Olympic_in_New_York_cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Olympic_in_New_York_ cropped.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Pho- tographs division under the digital ID ggbain.09363. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Bain News Service • File:Olympic_pictures_(HS85-10-35058A).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Olympic_pictures_ %28HS85-10-35058A%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is part of the Canadian Copyright Collection held by the British Library, and has been digitised as part of the "Picturing Canada" project. It was deposited with copyright number 35058, and is indexed with Dalhousie number 1913. Original artist: British and Colonial Press • File:Olympic_sea_trials.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Olympic_sea_trials.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Maritimequest: Olympic page 4 Original artist: Unknown • File:SS_Olympic_-_1934.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/SS_Olympic_-_1934.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:White_Star_flag_NEW.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/White_Star_flag_NEW.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yar • File:White_Swan_Hotel_Olympic_Suite.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/White_Swan_Hotel_ Olympic_Suite.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Own work

11.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0