DOCSLIB.ORG

A Tall Ship: the Rise of the International Mercantile Marine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Tall Ship: the Rise of the International Mercantile Marine University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2019 A Tall Ship: The Rise of the International Mercantile Marine Jeffrey N. Brown University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Economic History Commons, History Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Scholar Commons Citation Brown, Jeffrey N., "A Tall Ship: The Rise of the International Mercantile Marine" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8341 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Tall Ship: The Rise of the International Mercantile Marine by Jeffrey N. Brown A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Julia Irwin, Ph.D. K. Stephen Prince, Ph.D. John Belohlavek. Ph.D. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Graydon Tunstall, Ph.D. Date of Approval February 22, 2019 Keywords: Steamship, J.P. Morgan, Clement Griscom, Titanic, Business, Shipping, U.S. Foreign Relations, Anglo-American Relations Copyright © 2019, Jeffrey N. Brown DEDICATION To Mom, John and Gramma. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There is a long list of people I would like to thank for their support and encouragement. First off, I want to thank my mom and step-father Sandi and John Tipps and my grandmother, Dorothy Douglas for their support. Even though the dissertation is dedicated to them, a thank you is still more than needed for all their support: emotional, financial, time and more. I'd also like to thank my dissertation committee; Professors Julia Irwin, K. Stephen Prince, John Belohlavek , Christian Wells, and Graydon Tunstall. Their advice, guidance, and patience have been more valuable than words can express. A special thank you and acknowledgment to Mr. Malcolm Cheape, a direct descendent of J. Bruce Ismay, who kindly shared family and White Star Line documents not publicly seen since the 1960s. His family archive proved invaluable and answered many questions. Additionally, these papers humanized J. Bruce Ismay – a man history and public opinion frequently has not been kind to. I'd also like to thank my high school history teacher, Mr. C. M. "Mack" McKenzie. People talk about history teachers who bring the subject to life. "Mr. Mack" didn't do that; he did more. He made it exciting, relevant, and clear. He also taught me how to be an effective high school educator. Thanks, Mr. Mack. Finally, a thank you to the JDLLO for their support during moral failures, bad die rolls and surprise combat rounds encountered during the doctoral dungeon crawl at the University of South Florida. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. iii Abstract......................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One: Launching the Ship of State ................................................................................1 Context of the Times: Formal and Informal Imperialism and the Place of IMM in U.S. International Relations ..................................................................7 Growing Economic Power, Revolutions in Industrialism and Transportation and the Development of IMM ...............................................19 The Influence of Alfred Mahan on Commercial Affairs; IMM as a Compliment to the History of Naval Expansion ........................................................26 Dissertation Structure and Conclusion ........................................................................47 Chapter Two: Oceanic Majesty .................................................................................................53 Clement Griscom and United States Shipping in the late 1800s. .............................63 Griscom and the Inman Line .........................................................................................70 Enter Morgan ...................................................................................................................85 The White Star Line ........................................................................................................92 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................114 Chapter Three: Olympic Dreams, Titanic Troubles and Gigantic Responses ..................117 1902 and Full Steam Ahead .........................................................................................125 Cunard’s Evasive Action .............................................................................................143 Albert Ballin and Germany ..........................................................................................149 Increasing Pressure in Britain .....................................................................................152 Lusitania, Mauretania and Empire ...............................................................................158 The Birth of IMM ...........................................................................................................163 i Olympic Dreams: ..........................................................................................................172 Titanic Troubles .............................................................................................................179 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................189 Chapter Four: Abandoning Ship ............................................................................................193 Mid-Atlantic, 1912 .........................................................................................................196 Who’s the Safest of Them All? ....................................................................................201 At Headquarters ............................................................................................................208 HAPAG Giants and Cunard ........................................................................................217 Bond Fights and World War I .....................................................................................226 Wartime and Post-War, 1917-1920 .............................................................................235 Offloading Ballast and Correcting Course ................................................................250 Chapter Five: Sailing into the Sunset .....................................................................................253 They all… Well, Some, lived Happily Ever After ....................................................259 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................272 Appendices ................................................................................................................................293 Appendix A: ...................................................................................................................294 Appendix B: ...................................................................................................................295 Appendix C: ...................................................................................................................296 Appendix D: ...................................................................................................................297 Appendix E: ...................................................................................................................298 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: RMS Mauretania, River Tyne 1907. ........................................................................ 159 Figure 2: RMS Titanic, 1912. The lifeboat placement and numbers were the same on Olympic at this time. ...............................................................................175 Figure 3: RMS Olympic, 1922. Notice the additional lifeboats. ...........................................203 Figure 4: His Majesty's Hospital Ship Britannic, 1916, showing the difference from Titanic. .............................................................................................................204 Figure 5: RMS Aquitania, showing the odd lifeboat arrangement on the stern ...............222 iii ABSTRACT Between 1890 and the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, nations on both sides of the Atlantic attempted to gain prestige by building the world's greatest steamships for their merchant marines. In 1901, the United States entered this competition with the advent of J.P. Morgan's International Mercantile Marine, which built on the previous work of shipping magnate Clement Griscom. This project will explore why and how Morgan built his monopoly and the implications and repercussions this project had for both Atlantic shipping and U.S. foreign relations. Moving beyond Morgan the man, it also tells the story of the key figures in American politics and business that supported his venture. To reconstruct this history, this dissertation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Captain Arthur Rostron
    CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROSTRON CARPATHIA Created by: Jonathon Wild Campaign Director – Maelstrom www.maelstromdesign.co.uk CONTENTS 1 CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROSTRON………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………3-6 CUNARD LINE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7-8 CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROSTRON CONT…….….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….8-9 RMS CARPATHIA…………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………….9-10 SINKING OF THE RMS TITANIC………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…11-17 CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROSTRON CONT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18-23 R.M.S CARPATHIA – Copyright shipwreckworld.com 2 CAPTAIN ARTHUR ROSTRON Sir Arthur Henry Rostron, KBE, RD, RND, was a seafaring officer working for the Cunard Line. Up until 1912, he was an unknown person apart from in nautical circles and was a British sailor that had served in the British Merchant Navy and the Royal Naval Reserve for many years. However, his name is now part of the grand legacy of the Titanic story. The Titanic needs no introduction, it is possibly the most known single word used that can bring up memories of the sinking of the ship for the relatives, it will reveal a story that is still known and discussed to this day. And yet, Captain Rostron had no connections with the ship, or the White Star Line before 1912. On the night of 14th/15th April 1912, because of his selfless actions, he would be best remembered as the Captain of the RMS Carpathia who rescued many hundreds of people from the sinking of the RMS Titanic, after it collided with an iceberg in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Image Copyright 9gag.com Rostron was born in Bolton on the 14th May 1869 in the town of Bolton. His birthplace was at Bank Cottage, Sharples to parents James and Nancy Rostron.
    [Show full text]
  • STOCK CERTIFICATES Information Compiled by Dr
    STOCK CERTIFICATES Information Compiled by Dr. Paul Goodwin Stock certificates in their own right reflect a slice of the history of the times in which they were produced. In this sense they are useful as a striking visual primary source. The following certificates, in addition to the images shown on them, show the consolidation and mergers of companies that in some cases created monopolies. They also, by extension, illustrate lines of communication and navigation. United Fruit Company This certificate is an excellent starting point for a discussion of the conflicted history of the United Fruit Company. Founded in 1899 as a merger of two other companies, United Fruit was instrumental in bringing attention to American and later global consumers the delights and benefits of the banana. It converted thousands of acres of land in Central America (primarily Guatemala) to the production of the fruit, built railroads and port facilities, and maintained its own “Great White Fleet” of “banana boats” (that also carried mail). It also meddled in the internal affairs of Central American governments, was the target of anti-trust legislation, and cited for poor labor relations. It may well have been the source of the term “Banana Republic”. And who can forget “Chiquita Banana”? The company was also the target of Latin American literary figures such as Pablo Neruda, Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Miguel Angel Asturias. An examination of the stock certificate reveals the following: In the medallion on the left banana bunches and trees and a section of railroad. In the medallion on the right one of the ships of the “Great White Fleet”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Provision of American Medical Services at Or Via Southampton During WWII
    The Provision of D-Day: American Medical Stories Services at or via from Southampton the Walls during WWII During the Maritime Archaeology Trust’s National Lottery Heritage Funded D-Day Stories from the Walls project, volunteers undertook online research into topics and themes linked to D-Day, Southampton, ships and people during the Second World War. Their findings were used to support project outreach and dissemination. This Research Article was undertaken by one of our volunteers and represents many hours of hard and diligent work. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all our amazing volunteers. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright hold-ers and obtain permission to reproduce this material. Please do get in touch with any enquiries or any information relating to any images or the rights holder. The Provision of American Medical Services at or via Southampton during WWII Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Planning for D-Day and Subsequently ............................................................................................. 2 Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley near Southampton ......................................................................... 3 Hospital Trains .................................................................................................................................. 5 Medical Services associated with 14th Port ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Keystone State's Official Boating Magazine
    -Keystone State's Official boating Magazine — - 1,"•• ."..1•0 Ara: 4711 a _ ti) VIEWPOINT On Wearing a PFD The weather was nice even though the temperature was a bit on the chilly side. The water temperature was cold because the ice had just broken up, but the fish were biting. After all, it had been a long winter and it was time to get out of the house and toss a few plugs at the bass that had been waiting since last fall. It was a fine day—fine, that is, until something unexpected occurred. No one will ever know exactly what happened. One minute he was in the boat; the next, he was in the water fighting for his life. He lost. Twice already in this short season, two Pennsylvania boaters lost their gam- ble with nature. Early season accidents continue to plague our boaters. Some accidents were almost unavoidable. Many were not. A little common sense would have prevented many of these tragedies. Fully half of last year's fatali- ties could have been avoided if the victims had only worn life jackets. Not wanting to wear a life jacket on a hot July .day is understandable. Not wearing one on a chilly spring day is simply ridiculous. Who do you think you are going to impress? What do you hope to gain—a little convenience? More freedom of movement? If you think a life jacket is going to inconve- nience you, think for a moment how inconvenienced your family would be if you didn't come home.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Little Light on What's Going On!'
    Volume VII, No. 69 ~ Winter 2014-2015 Starshell ‘A little light on what’s going on!’ CANADA IS A MARITIME NATION A maritime nation must take steps to protect and further its interests, both in home waters and with friends in distant waters. Canada therefore needs a robust and multipurpose Royal Canadian Navy. National Magazine of The Naval Association of Canada Magazine nationale de L’Association Navale du Canada www.navalassoc.ca On our cover… To date, the Royal Canadian Navy’s only purpose-built, ice-capable Arctic Patrol Vessel, HMCS Labrador, commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy July 8th, 1954, ‘poses’ in her frozen natural element, date unknown. She was a state-of-the- Starshell art diesel electric icebreaker similar in design to the US Coast Guard’s Wind-class ISSN-1191-1166 icebreakers, however, was modified to include a suite of scientific instruments so it could serve as an exploration vessel rather than a warship like the American Coast National magazine of The Naval Association of Canada Guard vessels. She was the first ship to circumnavigate North America when, in Magazine nationale de L’Association Navale du Canada 1954, she transited the Northwest Passage and returned to Halifax through the Panama Canal. When DND decided to reduce spending by cancelling the Arctic patrols, Labrador was transferred to the Department of Transport becoming the www.navalassoc.ca CGSS Labrador until being paid off and sold for scrap in 1987. Royal Canadian Navy photo/University of Calgary PATRON • HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh HONORARY PRESIDENT • H. R. (Harry) Steele In this edition… PRESIDENT • Jim Carruthers, [email protected] NAC Conference – Canada’s Third Ocean 3 PAST PRESIDENT • Ken Summers, [email protected] The Editor’s Desk 4 TREASURER • King Wan, [email protected] The Bridge 4 The Front Desk 6 NAVAL AFFAIRS • Daniel Sing, [email protected] NAC Regalia Sales 6 HISTORY & HERITAGE • Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ships!), Maps, Lighthouses
    Price £2.00 (free to regular customers) 03.03.21 List up-dated Winter 2020 S H I P S V E S S E L S A N D M A R I N E A R C H I T E C T U R E 03.03.20 Update PHILATELIC SUPPLIES (M.B.O'Neill) 359 Norton Way South Letchworth Garden City HERTS ENGLAND SG6 1SZ (Telephone; 01462-684191 during my office hours 9.15-3.15pm Mon.-Fri.) Web-site: www.philatelicsupplies.co.uk email: [email protected] TERMS OF BUSINESS: & Notes on these lists: (Please read before ordering). 1). All stamps are unmounted mint unless specified otherwise. Prices in Sterling Pounds we aim to be HALF-CATALOGUE PRICE OR UNDER 2). Lists are updated about every 12-14 weeks to include most recent stock movements and New Issues; they are therefore reasonably accurate stockwise 100% pricewise. This reduces the need for "credit notes" and refunds. Alternatives may be listed in case some items are out of stock. However, these popular lists are still best used as soon as possible. Next listings will be printed in 4, 8 & 12 months time so please indicate when next we should send a list on your order form. 3). New Issues Services can be provided if you wish to keep your collection up to date on a Standing Order basis. Details & forms on request. Regret we do not run an on approval service. 4). All orders on our order forms are attended to by return of post. We will keep a photocopy it and return your annotated original.
    [Show full text]
  • NJDARM: Collection Guide
    NJDARM: Collection Guide - NEW JERSEY STATE ARCHIVES COLLECTION GUIDE Record Group: Governor Franklin Murphy (1846-1920; served 1902-1905) Series: Correspondence, 1902-1905 Accession #: 1989.009, Unknown Series #: S3400001 Guide Date: 1987 (JK) Volume: 6 c.f. [12 boxes] Box 1 | Box 2 | Box 3 | Box 4 | Box 5 | Box 6 | Box 7 | Box 8 | Box 9 | Box 10 | Box 11 | Box 12 Contents Explanatory Note: All correspondence is either to or from the Governor's office unless otherwise stated. Box 1 1. Elections, 1901-1903. 2. Primary election reform, 1902-1903. 3. Requests for interviews, 1902-1904 (2 files). 4. Taxation, 1902-1904. 5. Miscellaneous bills before State Legislature and U.S. Congress, 1902 (2 files). 6. Letters of congratulation, 1902. 7. Acknowledgements to letters recommending government appointees, 1902. 8. Fish and game, 1902-1904 (3 files). 9. Tuberculosis Sanatorium Commission, 1902-1904. 10. Invitations to various functions, April - July 1904. 11. Requests for Governor's autograph and photograph, 1902-1904. 12. Princeton Battle Monument, 1902-1904. 13. Forestry, 1901-1905. 14. Estate of Imlay Clark(e), 1902. 15. Correspondence re: railroad passes & telegraph stamps, 1902-1903. 16. Delinquent Corporations, 1901-1905 (2 files). 17. Robert H. McCarter, Attorney General, 1903-1904. 18. New Jersey Reformatories, 1902-1904 (6 files). Box 2 19. Reappointment of Minister Powell to Haiti, 1901-1902. 20. Corporations and charters, 1902-1904. 21. Miscellaneous complaint letters, December 1901-1902. file:///M|/highpoint/webdocs/state/darm/darm2011/guides/guides%20for%20pdf/s3400001.html[5/16/2011 9:33:48 AM] NJDARM: Collection Guide - 22. Joshua E.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration REGISTER
    U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration REGISTER A Daily Summary of Motor Carrier Applications and of Decisions and Notices Issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration DECISIONS AND NOTICES RELEASED June 2, 2014 -- 10:30 AM NOTICE Please note the timeframe required to revoke a motor carrier's operating authority for failing to have sufficient levels of insurance on file is a 33 day process. The process will only allow a carrier to hold operating authority without insurance reflected on our Licensing and Insurance database for up to three (3) days. Revocation decisions will be tied to our enforcement program which will focus on the operations of uninsured carriers. This process will further ensure that the public is adequately protected in case of a motor carrier crash. Accordingly, we are adopting the following procedure for revocation of authority; 1) The first notice will go out three (3) days after FMCSA receives notification from the insurance company that the carrier's policy will be cancelled in 30 days. This notification informs the carrier that it must provide evidence that it is in full compliance with FMCSA's insurance regulations within 30 days. 2) If the carrier has not complied with FMCSA's insurance requirements after 30 days, a final decision revoking the operating authority will be issued. NAME CHANGES NUMBER TITLE DECIDED FF-12491 NDLI INC. - HOUSTON, TX 05/28/2014 MC-299433 VS LOGISTICS, LLC - CONYERS, GA 05/28/2014 MC-302454 SAM VILLARREAL TRUCKING LLC - OTHELLO, WA 05/28/2014 MC-428589 TRAVELERS OF AMERICA EXPRESS INC - DORAL, FL 05/28/2014 MC-469288 J & T TRUCKING, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • SHIPPING NEWS from ALL PARTS of the WORLD Ii Nlthonlan
    SHIPPING NEWS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD ii Nlthonlan . 3d. Jamas McGee SO NNE Hattcras 3d. BREST, March 20.Sailed. »tr Western and Pedro via Philadelphia; 1 V DEPARTURE OF STEAMERS. Agwl world -to K Nantucket Arrow J15 .SSW 2d. Hero, Rotterdam. (Br), Portlu'.Ml; (War 1> Bennett, Tainpk;0; Alabama 410 13 Tampko 2d. Japtui Newport Ham¬ WEDNESDAY. 150 E Henry 2d. John WorLhington 232 a Hatteras 2d. CQRUNNA, March 81.Arrived, str Ori¬ Pawnee. New York: Poughk> epsle, SAIL MONDAY. SAIL American Cape L'7.') K Galvtr.ton 2d. zaba. Santauder (to sail April 1 for Vigo burg-, San Bruno (Br). Port Li man and Crta- &>.. Noon Bremen and Danzig. 3:00 PM Audita F Euckenbach 978 E Ambrose 2d. Macy NOTICE TO MARINERS Gothland. Hamburg, Susquehanna, Anna E Morse lat 31 02. Ion 81 00 2d. Juniata 30 B Flro I.i a.rtd L V 3d. and Havana;. tobul; lugs Confldi-nce, Sandwich, towing City of Montgomery, Savannah.. 3:00 PM Santa Hlisa, Cristobal, Callao, &c AM Kameiett 85 K Capo May ;id. CRISTOBAL, April 1.Arrived. vtrs Ohloan, barge Clara, New York; Nottingham, towing go» Ardmore 17n N Talaru 2d. Suulli 1'aas L 4 W B C C No Port¬ Kau t ah 180 SE 2d. New Camlto Avoiimouth; Tyne barge 2, SAIL TUESDAY. 10:00 AM 3d. * York; (Br). (atnposed) Fort Hamilton, Bermuda Artlgai 45 W8W Nantucket Kek/wkiw 230 a Galveston 2d. (llr). Port West Isleta, land for New York: I'anll, New York. 10:00 AM Ashbee lat 32 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanic's Crew
    TITANIC'S CREW 0. TITANIC'S CREW - Story Preface 1. TITANIC - INSIDE AND OUT 2. TITANIC'S CREW 3. MAIDEN VOYAGE 4. THE PASSENGERS 5. ICEBERGS 6. TITANIC'S WIRELESS 7. ICE WARNINGS IGNORED 8. ICEBERG RIGHT AHEAD 9. A DOOMED SHIP 10. DOOMED PASSENGERS 11. WIRELESS TRANSMISSIONS 12. RESCUE OF THE LIVING 13. RECOVERY OF THE DEAD 14. NEWSFLASH! 15. HEROES 16. A DISINTEGRATING VESSEL 17. THE REST OF THE STORY Ten teams of chain makers worked on Titanic’s anchor chains. Those chains were 3 3/8 inches in diameter. Note the cross piece on each chain link. It is called a "stud link chain." That middle bar is intended to stop the link from kinking or from deforming if it is under a heavy load. This 1911 photograph appears in Chain and Anchor Making in the Black Country, a 2006 book by Ron Moss. After she was launched on May 31, 1911 the ship was outfitted for sea duty. It took many months before those tasks were completed. She was finally ready for a sea trial on April 2, 1912. Who was in charge of Titanic? Although most of the officers were the same, the crew that managed the sea trials was different from the crew assigned to the maiden voyage. Significantly, the chief executive officer William Murdoch was replaced by the less-well-liked (but friend-of-the-captain) Henry Tingle Wilde. E.J. (Edward John) Smith was the captain. Murdoch served as 1st officer during the voyage. With the addition of Wilde to the officer staff, the crew had an extra officer on board.
    [Show full text]
  • Ship Shape As We Embark Upon a Project to Replace THV Patricia, We Take a Look at the Project Set-Up, Fact-Finding Missions and Progress So Far AUTUMN 2019 | ISSUE 31
    The Trinity House journal // Autumn 2019 // Issue 31 Ship shape As we embark upon a project to replace THV Patricia, we take a look at the project set-up, fact-finding missions and progress so far AUTUMN 2019 | ISSUE 31 9 10 1 Welcome from Deputy Master, Captain Ian McNaught 13 2-4 Six-month review 5 News in brief 6 Coming events 7-8 Appointments/obituaries 9 27 Staff profile 10-12 THV Patricia replacement 13-14 Royal Sovereign decommissioning 15 Lundy North modernisation 16-17 Portland Bill upgrade 18 38 Swansea Buoy Yard lift 19-21 World Marine AtoN Day 22-24 Investments on the way IALA and the inception of an IGO Welcome to another edition of Flash; our staff have been hard at work driving forward 25 a number of projects with a great deal of progress to show for it. Many thanks are due IALA AtoN Manager course to everyone who contributed news and features to the issue, as always. Multi-skilled project teams have been working on two significant projects: one to 26-31 procure a vessel to replace the 1982-built THV Patricia, and another to manage the Charity update safe removal of the now-deteriorating Royal Sovereign Lighthouse. Elsewhere it was great to see the twin successes of Maritime Safety Week and 32-35 World Marine Aids to Navigation Day—both on 1 July—as our maritime partners at Partner profile: UK the Department for Transport and IALA further commit themselves to raising the Hydrographic Office profile of the national and global maritime sector.
    [Show full text]
  • A Night to Remember Study Guide
    A Night to Remember Study Guide Know these people: 1. Baker Joughin- chief baker, famous for being drunk and surviving 2. Benjamin Guggenheim- an American businessman, got dressed in best clothes for the sinking 3. Bruce Ismay- president of the White Star line, survived by jumping into a lifeboat 4. Captain Lord- captain of the Californian 5. Captain Smith- captain of the Titanic, went down with the ship 6. Charles Lightoller- 2nd officer, helped load lifeboats, after the boat sank helped keep Collapsible B afloat 7. Fifth Officer Lowe- went back to pick up survivors 8. First Officer William Murdoch- in charge when the Titanic hit the iceberg 9. omit 10. Jack Thayer Jr.- 1st class passenger, as the boat was sinking he jumped off the boat and survived 11. John Jacob Astor- richest man on board, smoke stack fell on him 12. Lookout Frederick Fleet- the lookout who saw the iceberg 13. Loraine Allison- only 1st class child to die 14. Margaret Brown- 1st class passenger, ‘Molly’, history calls her the “unsinkable” 15. Thomas Andrews- designer of the Titanic, last seen in the smoking room looking at a painting Know these questions: 16. How is Robertson’s book similar to the true story of the Titanic? Famous people, same size, both hit an iceberg and sank, names were similar, both labeled unsinkable, sank in April, not enough lifeboats, similar speeds 17. How did the people react to ice falling onto the ship from the iceberg? 3rd class passengers played with it 18. What things were lost in the cargo of the Titanic? Not the Mona Lisa :) 19.
    [Show full text]